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LSAT CR总结

各位同学请注意：

1.本帖收录所有在逻辑区被题问过过的LSAT题目，不定期更新

2.请各位在发新贴前先看此帖中是否有你想问的问题，以节省宝贵的时间（帖首有题号列表）

3.原则上本贴不接受跟帖

谢谢大家合作！

题号列表：

LSAT-Set1-SecI-Q2

LSAT-Set1-SecI-Q4

LSAT-Set1-SecI-Q6

LSAT-Set1-SecI-5，6

LSAT-Set1-SecI-11,12

LSAT-Set1-SecI-16,24

LSAT-Set2-SecII-11

LSAT-Set2-SECIV-Q1

LSAT-Set3-SectI-Q12

LSAT-Set3-SecIV-Q14\19

LSAT-Set4-SecI-Q21

LSAT-Set4-SectionIII-Q12

LSAT-Set5-SecII-Q22

LSAT-Set5-SecIV-Q24

LSAT-Set5-SecII-Q9,12

LSAT-Set6-SecII-Q5,12

LSAT-Set6-SecII-Q25

LSAT-Set6-SecIII-Q22

LSAT-Set6-SecIII-Q6,10,15

LSAT-Set7-SecI-Q16

LSAT-Set7-SecIV-Q5,6

LSAT-Set7-SecIV-Q10

LSAT-Set7-SecIV-Q12

LSAT-Set8-SecII-8

LSAT-Set8-SecII-Q11

LSAT-Set8-SecII-Q21

LSAT-Set8-SecIV-Q9

LSAT-Set10-SecII-Q22

LSAT-Set11-SecI-Q1

LSAT-Set11-SecIV-Q24

LSAT-Set12-SecII-Q22

LSAT-Set15-SecIV-Q13,18

LSAT-Set15-SecII-Q25

LSAT-Set18-SecII-10

Q: LSAT上第八套第4个section.

9. Brain scans of people exposed to certain neurotoxins reveal brain damage identical to that found in people suffering from Parkinson's disease. This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson's disease. Thus brain scans can be used to determine who is likely to develop Parkinson's disease. (8-4)

The argument contains which one of the following reasoning errors? **************

(A) It fails to establish that other methods that can be used to diagnose Parkinson's disease are less accurate than brain scans.

(B) It overestimates the importance of early diagnosis in determining appropriate treatments for people suffering from Parkinson's disease.

(C) It mistakes a correlation between the type of brain damage described and Parkinson's disease for a causal relation between the two.

(D) It assumes that people would want to know as early as possible whether they were likely to develop Parkinson's disease.

{E} It neglects to specify how the information provided by brain scans could be used either in treating Parkinson's disease or in monitoring the progression of the disease.

答案是B，百思不得其解。为何不是C？

A: 我认为答案B有误。treatments明显与题干无关。看来lsat不能不信，亦不能全信。

Q: 请教LSAT-Set5-SecII-Q22

22. Public reports by national commissions, governors’ conference, and leadership groups have stressed the great need for better understanding of international affairs by the citizenry. If the country is to remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness, the need is undesirable. If there is such a need for the citizenry to have a better understanding of international affairs, then all of our new teachers must be prepared to teach their subject matter with an international orientation.

If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true? (A) If the country is to remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness, then new teachers must be prepared to teach their subject matter with an international orientation. (B) If new teachers are prepared to teach their subject matter with an international orientation, then the country will remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness.

(C) If there is better understanding of international affairs by the citizenry, then the country will remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness.

(D) If the country is to remain a leading nation in an era of international competitiveness, then there is no need for the citizenry to have a better understanding of international affairs.

(E) Public reports from various groups and commissions have stressed the need for a more international orientation in the education of teachers.

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答案A，为何不是D？请大家指教。

记得当时也做错了,hehe。关键是undesirable的理解，如果解释为不可取的，则答案为D,但明显与客观事实不符。后来解释为不乐观的，则A就顺理成章，a-->b, b-->c, 则a-->c.

Q: 请教LSAT-Set4-SecI-Q21

21. Whenever a major political scandal erupts before an election and voters blame the scandal on all parties about equally, virtually all incumbents, from whatever party, seeking reelection are returned to office. However, when voters blame such a scandal on only one party, incumbents from that party are likely to be defeated by challengers from other parties. The proportion of incumbents who seek reelection is high and remarkably constant from election to election.

If the voters' reactions are guided by a principle, which one of the following principles would best account for the contrast in reactions described above?

(A) Whenever one incumbent is responsible for one major political scandal and another incumbent is responsible for another, the consequences for the two incumbents should be the same.

(B) When a major political scandal is blamed on incumbents from all parties, that judgment is more accurate than any judgment that incumbents from only on party are to blame.

(C) Incumbents who are rightly blamed for a major political scandal should not seek reelection, but if they do, they should not be returned to office.

(D) Major political scandals can practically always be blamed on incumbents, but whether those incumbents should be voted out of office depends on who their challengers are.

(E) When major political scandals are less the responsibility of individual incumbents than of the parties to which they belong, whatever party was responsible must be penalized when possible.

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答案E,不明白,谁能解释一下E的逻辑关系.谢谢!

A: 这类型在GMA T中就是解释题，LSAT却总喜欢给它戴个帽子，如principle 等等，实在有点绕人。题干现象：在职者常常会因其政党的丑闻影响连任。选项E主句提供解释或原因，丑闻政党应尽可能地受到惩罚。E中的WHEN从句是LSAT追求逻辑严密性的表现，即限定了丑闻与个人无关，仅与政党有关。有点混淆视听，与题干似乎无关。但其实其限定了主句的适用范围，更为严谨。在GMA T中，这种WHEN,IF的条件句往往也是答案的标志，可以优先选择，有时其具体内容甚至可忽略。

另外，就各选项而言，A,C,D明显过于绝对（SHOULD)，而B无关比较，也说反了。E中的when possible语气最好。

Q: 谢谢shany版主详细解释，题干中最后一句The proportion of incumbents who seek reelection is high and remarkably constant from election to election. 是无关句？我以为是找能解释这最后一句的选项，其实题目问的是解释前面的差异。不太习惯这种文法，犯晕了。A: 我还真没有注意到这个句子，只盯着结构词去了，应该是无关。其他朋友有何看法？

Q: 请教LSAT-Set5-SecIV-Q24

24. It has been claimed that an action is morally good only if it benefits another person and was performed with that intention; whereas an action that harms another person is morally bad either if such harm was intended or if reasonable forethought would have shown that the action was likely to cause harm.

Which one of the following judgments most closely confirms to the principle cited above?

(A) Pamela wrote a letter attempting to cause trouble between Edward and his friends; this action of Pamela’s was morally bad, even though the letter, in fact, had an effect directly opposite from the one intended.

(B) In order to secure a promotion, Jeffery devoted his own time to resolving a backlog of medical benefits claims; Jeffrey’s action was morally good since it alone enabled Sara’s claim to be processed in time for her to receive much-needed treatment.

(C) Intending to help her elderly neighbor by clearing his walkway after a snowstorm, Teresa inadvertently left ice on his steps; because of this exposed ice, her neighbor had a bad fall, thus showing that morally good actions can have bad consequences.

(D) Marilees, asked by a homeless man for food, gave the man her own sandwich; however, because the man tried to talk while he was eating the sandwich, it caused him to choke, and thus Marilees unintentionally performed a morally bad action.

(E) Jonathan agreed to watch his three-year-old niece while she played but, becoming engrossed in conversion, did not see her run into the street where she was hit by a bicycle; even though he intended no harm, Jonathan’s action was morally bad.

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答案E,看晕了,A,C,D为何错?请大家指教.

C 无关(consequence)

D （个人认为）unintentionally是关键词，不满足intened或reasonable forethought两条件，故应排除。

A 好像题目强调的是letter,不是action

笨猪愚见~大牛指教

Q: 请教LSAT-Set5-SecII-Q9,12

Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer’s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher

level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon.

9. Manufacturers of coffee lighteners based on coconut oil claim that their products usually cause the typical consumer’s blood cholesterol to rise to a lower level than does the use of whole milk as a lighteners. Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the manufacturers’ claim?

(A) Consumers of lighteners made with coconut oil who avoid other high-cholesterol foods and exercise more than average tend to have lower-than-average blood cholesterol levels.

(B) Coffee is frequently consumed with pastries and other rich desserts that themselves result in high blood cholesterol levels.

(C) One popular nondairy coffee lightener that is not based on coconut oil has reduced its fat content by 20 percent while keeping its cholesterol content at zero.

(D) Consumers typically add to their coffee substantially smaller quantities of coconut-oil-based lighteners than of whole milk.

(E) Most consumers are convinced that whole dairy products increase blood cholesterol and that nondairy coffee lighteners do not.

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答案D，提干说同样数量lighteners和milk比较，lighteners使cholesterol 升的更高,选项D 说lighteners用得比milk少来支持结论。我认为不确定。只有提干说同样数量的lighteners 和whole milk效果一样raise the level of cholesterol, 选项D才能支持结论。A为何错，请大家指教。

12. Photovoltaic power plants produce electricity from sunlight. As a result of astonishing recent technological advances, the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic power plants, allowing for both construction and operating costs, is one-tenth of what it was 20 years ago, whereas the corresponding cost for traditional plants, which burn fossil fuels, has increased. Thus, photovoltaic power plants offer a less expensive approach to meeting demand for electricity than do traditional power plants.

The conclusion of the argument is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?

(A) The cost of producing electric power at traditional plants has increased over the past 20 years.

(B) Twenty years ago, traditional power plants were producing 10 times more electric power than were photovoltaic plants.

(C) None of the recent technological advances in producing electric power at photovoltaic plants can be applied to producing power at traditional plants.

(D) Twenty years ago, the cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic plants was less than 20 times the cost of producing power at traditional plants.

(E) The cost of producing electric power at photovoltaic plants is expected to decrease further, while the cost of producing power at traditional plants is not expected to decrease.

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答案D，小于20倍不一定能推出结论，如果小于等于10倍才行，为什么选D？

C，E错在哪里？请多指教。

1.选项A错在who从句的表达，作为限定性从句，其缩小了consumers的范围，不能代表general consumers.如果改成非限定性从句，可以加强。

选项D中有substantially smaller ，意即〉2/7，所以可以支持the manufacturers’claim。

2. 题干关注的是成本的比较，并没有否认traditional plants同样有技术革新，所以C取非后无法削弱，不能作假设。E为将来状态，与当前的结论无关。我认为D中的20倍有误，应该为10倍，才是正确答案。

谢谢版主解答，12题查了黄皮书D应为10杯，ELSAT打错了。

9题"选项D中有substantially smaller ，意即〉2/7"还是没明白,

我是觉得用量少不等于功效小.(相同数量A比B高)好像推不出(减少数量A比B低).

请版主不吝赐教.

Sorry,没认真看清数字。选项D的substantially smaller ，指oil lighteners用量小于milk用量的1/7,所以不会造成更高的blood cholesterol levels。

想明白了，不过我觉得此题还需2个假设才比较完善，

1.saturated fat 是造成the level of cholesterol升高的最主要原因如果不是唯一原因，

2. substantially smaller一定表示小于1/7.

多谢版主指教.

1.saturated fat 是造成the level of cholesterol升高的最主要原因如果不是唯一原因，

你的分析有道理，但其实这属于某种常识，公认事实，不必质疑。gmat，lsat内这种公理用得很多。

2. substantially smaller 指相对可忽略，所以不用担心比例问题。

Q: 请教Set6-SecII-Q5,12

5. The museum's night security guard-maintains that the thieves who stole the portrait did not enter the museum at any point at or above ground level. Therefore, the thieves must have gained access to the museum from below ground level.

The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?

(A) The rules stipulate the participants in the contest be judged on both form and accuracy. The eventual winner was judged highest in neither category , so there must be a third criterion that

judges were free to invoke.

(B) The store's competitors claim that the store in selling off the shirts at those prices, neither made any profit nor broke even. Consequently, the store's customers must have been able to buy shirts there at less than the store's cost.

(C) If the census is to be believed, the percentage of men who are married is higher than the percentage of women who are married. Thus, the census must show a higher number of men than of women overall.

(D) The product label establishes that this insecticide is safe for both humans and pet. Therefore, the insecticide must also be safe for such wild mammals as deer and rabbits.

(E) As had generally been expected, not all questionnaires were sent in by the official deadline. It follows that plans must have been made for the processing of questionnaires received late.

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答案B，不过我没看出有什么The flawed pattern of reasoning，好像逻辑没问题呀？

请大家指教。

12. By dating fossils of pollen and beetles, which returned after an Ice Age glacier left an area, it is possible to establish an approximate date when a warmer climate developed. In one glacial area, it appears from the insect record that a warm climate developed immediately after the melting of the glacier. From the pollen record, however, it appears that the warm climate did not develop until long after the glacier disappeared.

Each one of the following, if true, helps to explain the apparent discrepancy EXCEPT:

(A) Cold-weather beetle fossils can be mistaken for those of beetles that live in warm climates.

(B) Warm-weather plants cannot establish themselves as quickly as can beetles in a new environment.

(D) Since planes spread unevenly in a new climate, researchers can mistake gaps in the pollen record as evidence of no new overall growth.

(E) Beetles are among the oldest insect species and are much older then many warm-weather plants.

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答案E,不明白，C维和部队？请指教

1.在作文argument中，有既得利益的驳斥法。与本题类似，结论都依赖于利害关系人的claim,故flawed.

2. Answer C means that beatles lived longer than plants after the glacier disappeared(postglacial ), and there was a relative shorter period from extinction of cool beatls to thriving of warm ones than what happened to different plants.

Q: 请教Set6-SecII-Q25

25. Certain governments subsidize certain basic agricultural products in order to guarantee an

adequate domestic production of them. But subsidies encourage more intensive farming, which eventually leads to soil exhaustion and drastically reduced yields.

The situation above is most nearly similar to which one of the following situations with respect to the relationship between the declared intent of a government practice and a circumstance relevant to it?

(A) Certain governments subsidize theaters in order to attract foreign tourists. But tourists rarely choose a destination for the theatrical performances it has to offer.

(B) Certain governments restrict imports in order to keep domestic producers in business. But, since domestic producers do not have to face the full force of foreign competition, some domestic producers are able to earn inordinately high profits.

(C) Certain governments build strong armed forces in order to maintain the sort of discipline and morale that keeps armed forces strong, those forces must be used in actual combat periodically. (D) Certain governments reduce taxes on business ventures are not always as successful as their owners hoped.

(E) Certain governments pass traffic laws in order to make travel safer. But the population-driven growth in volumes of traffic often has the effect of making travel less safe despite the passage of new traffic laws.

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答案C，不明白，A维和部队？请大家指教。

I prefer Answer E to C, because it points out that the government's action is counterproductive, same problem to the title question. Like A, C doesnot mention unexpected negative results.

Q: 小兵张嘎逻辑难题之四

LSAT上册第10套第二个section

22. Politician: From the time our party took office almost four years ago the number of people unemployed city-wide increased by less than 20 percent. The opposition party controlled city government during the four preceding years, and the number of unemployed city residents rose by over 20 percent. Thus, due to our leadership, fewer people now find themselves among the ranks of the unemployed, whatever the opposition may claim. （10-2）***************

The reasoning in the politician’s argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that

(A) the claims made by the opposition are simply dismissed without being specified

(B) no evidence has been offered to show that any decline in unemployment over the past four years was uniform throughout all areas of the city

(D) the evidence cited in support of the conclusion actually provides more support for the denial of the conclusion

(E) the possibility has not been addressed that any increase in the number of people employed is due to programs supported by the opposition party.

I prefer D. 其他几项多多少少都显得无关。

笨猪愚见~大牛指教

Agree to Piggy.How can the politicion conclude that fewer people are unemployed, in the case that the unemployment number keeps rising, even in a moderate rate.

Q: 请教LSAT-Set6-SecIII-Q22

22. The true scientific significance of a group of unusual fossils discovered by the paleontologist Charles Walcott is more likely to be reflected in a recent classification than it was in Walcott's own classification, Walcott was, after all, a prominent member of the scientific establishment. His classifications are thus unlikely to have done anything but confirm what established science had already taken to be true.

Which one of the following most accurately describes a questionable technique used in the argument?

(A) It draws conclusions about the merit of a position and about the content of that position from evidence about the position's source.

(B) It cites two prices of evidence, each of which is both questionable and unverifiable, and uses this evidence to support its conclusions.

(C) It bases a conclusion on two premises that contradict each other and minimizes this contradiction by the vagueness of the terms employed.

(D) It attempts to establish the validity of a claim, which is otherwise unsupported, by denying the truth of the opposite of that claim.

(E) It analyzes the past on the basis of social and political categories that properly apply only to the present and uses the results of this analysis to support its conclusion.

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答案A, 为何选A?请大家指教.

A:The title article concludes that Charles Walcott would definitely use the finding to support his own theory rather than develop a possible different theory, and thus the significance of the finding would be undermined. Based on ungrounded personal emotion, the argment is totally flawed.The answer A expresses this opinion.

谢谢版主解答,版主说得我能理解,A中的from evidence about the position's source把我绕晕了.

~~~~~Q:请教LSAT-Set7-SecI-Q16

16. Comets do not give off their own light but reflect light from other sources, such as the Sun. Scientists estimate the mass of comets by their brightness by their brightness: the greater a comet’s mass, the more light that comet will reflect. A satellite probe, however, has revealed that the

material of which Halley’s comet is composed reflects 60 times less light per unit of mass than had been previously thought.

The statements above, if true, give the most support to which one of the following?

(A) Some comets are composed of material that reflects 60 times more light per unit of mass than the material of which Halley’s comet is composed.

(B) Previous estimates of the mass of Halley’s comet which were base on its brightness were too low.

(D) The reflective properties of the material of which comets are composed vary considerably from comet to comet.

(E) Scientists need more information before they can make a good estimate of the mass of Halley’s comet.

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答案B，我觉得B好像说翻了，C可以。请大家指教。

A: Totally a math question.

Formula: light=k * mass.

Now the value of light is constant, but k'= k/60, real mass surely should be 60 times than the estimated mass

Q: 请教LSAT Set2 SecIV-1

A major art theft from a museum was remarkable in that the pieces stolen clearly had been carefully selected. The criterion for selection, however, clearly had not been greatest estimated market value. It follows that the theft was specifically carried out to suit the taste of some individual collector for whose private collection the pieces were destined.

The argument tacitly appeals to which one of the following principles?

(A) Any art theft can, on the evidence of the selection of pieces stolen, be categorized as committed either at the direction of a single known individual or at the direction of a group of known individuals.

(B) Any art theft committed at the direction of a single individual results in a pattern of works taken and works left alone that defies rational analysis.

(D) Art thefts committed with no preexisting plan for the disposition of the stolen works do not always involve theft of the most valuable pieces only.

(E) The pattern of works taken and works left alone in an art theft can be particularly damaging to the integrity of the remaining collection.

偶选D，答案为C。想是偶将appeal to的意思弄错了？请指教。

在下以为：D是说thief偷东西是可能根本没有买主，所以偷地比较diversify. 而原

句说判断thief是为某个固定买主的品味而偷。这两者矛盾。偶以为appeal to在这

里有反对的意思，所以选D。请指教。

A1:you may find the answer,----appeal to means "诉诸"

A2: 结论：the theft was specifically carried out to suit the taste of some individual collector for whose private collection the pieces were destined.即：贼是冲着某一主题来的。

做出这一结论的唯一解释(原则、原因)是：人们可以用被偷的东西来判断贼的目的。

D直接猜测贼的情形，离题太far away。

Q: 温柔小刀求教LAST难题二

question 17-18

if the artificial is not better than the natural, to what end are all the arts of life? to dig, to plow, to build, to wear clothes—all are direct violations of the injunction to follow nature.

17. which one of the following is an assumption made by the author of the passage?

(a) the arts of life have no useful end.

(b) the artificial is not better than the natural.

(d) the injunction to follow nature should not be violated.

(e) the arts of life are indirect means of following nature.

violation:违背injunction:指令,禁令

the answer is c. why not d?

18. if the author’s argument were challenged on the grounds that the construction of buildings has adverse effects on the natural environment, which of the following replies might the author use to respond to the challenge logically?

(a) there are human activities, such as making music, that are environmentally harmless.

(b) harming the environment is not an end, of purpose, of the arts of life.

(d) constructing buildings is not an “art of life.”

(e) even if the natural environment is disturbed by the construction of buildings, it is improved for human use.

the answer is e, why? i think the passage only refers following nature and does not mention human use.

A: Just my two cents. Queston 17, c is better than d, because of you remove d from the whole statement, it will still work. But if you remove assumption c from the statement, then you won't be able to reach the conclusion.

Question 18 is simple, the challenge says 'construction of buildings' is bad, you just have to find a good thing in answers. E says it improves human use

补充一下：

题目中说建造一些建筑物对人类的自然环境有害，也就是说建造一些建筑物的不好的方面。作者要想反对这个观点必然要说出它好的方面，it is improved for human use.正是这个观点，所以应该是选择E

Q: 温柔小刀求教三

19. there are at least three people in the room. at most two people in the room recognize each other. at least one person in the room recognizes everybody else in the room.

which one of the following is not consistent with the above?

(a) four people are in the room

(b) no two people in the room recognize each other.

(d) anyone in the room who recognizes any other person in the room is also recognized by that person..

(e) two people in the room recognize every one else in the room.

d is right. but what is th

e meaning o

f b?

20. abolish taxes, and real taxpayers would find that their disposable incomes have increased. abolish taxes, and public employees would find that their incomes have disappeared.

which one of the following is a logical conclusion that depends on information in both of the statements above?

(a) public offices should be abolished so that disposable incomes will rise.

(b) the only real taxpayers are those who would have more to spend if they did not pay taxes.

(d) public employees’ incomes should not be taxed since they come from taxes.

(e) if there were no taxes, then public employees could not be paid.

the answer is c. 似乎太过简单?可能不可能一个人既是real taxpayers又是public employees? A: 1。房间里没有人彼此认识对方

2。减税后，一个人不可能同时收入增加和减少，只能二者中取一种。

2. 确实简单。狒狒有句话有道理：作逻辑时要降低智商。把握题干即可，不必追究其是否不合情理。

Q: 温柔小刀求教四

22. it is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. this is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.

which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?

(a) an anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. i would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children’s hospital.

(b) the radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect.

therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.

(c) the tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. it must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.

(d) the city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.

(e) if i heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. if i heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. therefore, if i heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate

the answer is b.

提干翻译:

question 23-24

just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may one’s carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of one’s mind.

23. which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?

(a) just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one’s time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection

(b) just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one’s rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.

(c) just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one’s heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation

(d) just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one’s career falter at certain times of the year

(e) just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one’s personal concerns stand in the way of professional success

b is right. what is the translation?

A: 2。就象传送带转的过快，一个人粗略关注几个问题可能会妨碍得出问题的解决方案

1，通过在一定情况下的一种已知结果去得到其他的结果是不合逻辑的，错误的原因在于某些不同未知的因素在整个事件中导致已知结果的作用比已知因素重要。

22探讨：我觉得答案是E。我的理解是：题干中讲一种原因会推出一种特别的结论，而这种结论可以完全解释这个原因，所以从这种原因中再推出别的结论就不对了。其实，结果对于原因只是必要性而已，而原因对结果是充分性的，所以错误在于忽略了一个原因可以导致若干个结果，每个结果只是必要而已，即把必要性当做充分性了。选项中ACD不对是显然的，B中辐射是导致基因突变的原因而基因突变导致胎儿畸形，辐射看起来是充分条件。只有E是把必要条件当作充分条件了。

Q: 两道lsat了！

test3 section iv14. consumer advocate: tropical oils are high in saturated fats, which increase the risk of heart disease fortunately, in most prepared food tropical oils can be replaced by healthier alternatives without noticeably affecting taste. therefore, intensive publicity about the disadvantage of tropical oils will be likely to result in dietary changes that will diminish many people’s risk of developing heart disease

nutritionist: the major sources of saturated fat in the average north american diet are meat, poultry, and dairy products, not tropical oils. thus, focusing attention on the health hazards of tropical oils would be counterproductive, because it would encourage people to believe that more substantial dietary changes are unnecessary.

which one of the following is a point at issue between the nutritionist and the consumer advocate?

(a) whether a diet that regularly includes large quantities of tropical oil can increase the risk of heart disease

(b) whether intensive publicity campaigns can be effective as means of changing people’s eating habits

(c) whether more people in north american would benefit from reducing the amount of meat they consume than would benefit from eliminating tropical oils from their diets.

(d) whether some people’s diets could be made significantly healthier if they replaced all tropical oils with vegetable oils that are significantly lower in saturated fat

(e) whether conducting a publicity campaign that by focusing on the health hazards of tropical oils persuades people to replace such oils with healthier alternatives is a good public-health strategy

好长啊！我选了b，可是却错了！答案是e啊！怎么想啊？？

19. smith: meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. after all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do?

which one of the following is a flaw in smith’s reasoning?

(a) atta cking the opponents’ motives instead of their argument

(b) generalizing on the basis of a sample consisting of a typical cases

(d) appealing to authority, even when different authorities give conflicting advice about an issue

(e) taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest

这道题我选了c可是c是什么意思呢？？答案是e

刚刚开始两lsat的逻辑真是困难啊！！大家多多帮帮我吧！！谢谢了！！

A: 14实际上，nutritionist在说publicity不好。b却在讨论改变习惯。不同话题地说。

19偶也被陷，不过陷在d。我觉得主要问题是没读懂e。上来一个take for granted吓了一跳，接着一个act counter to what，好像有语法错误，接着就没仔细看他到底再说什么。翻译出来就觉得当然是e而不是其他了。

我的看法：

1、（1）consumer advocate：支持publicity

(2)nutritionist：publicity是无效的，给了一些理由

所以，他们共同讨论的是a publicity campaign 是否a good public-health strategy

2、为了通过推理确定，smith在一开始就假定他的论点的主周

第一题：消费者说油是罪魁，所以要通过一个广泛宣传运动来消除人们的无知进而人们改变食物结构，减小人们生病的危险，医生的意思是其实油没事，是肉，所以如果通过宣传让人们只看油不看肉，食谱的改变不彻底，就不对了。选项B的意思是广泛宣传是否是改变食谱的有效方式，和文中的意思明显有偏差呀！

第二题：C的意思是“在开始就假定论证要证明的东西是正确的”

Q: 再来两个对话考题！（lsat8的第二section）

11. Civil libertarian: The categorical prohibition of any nonviolent means of expression inevitably poisons a society's intellectual atmosphere Therefore, those advocating censorship of all potentially offensive art are pursuing a course that is harmful to society.

Censorship advocate: You're wrong, because many people are in agreement about what constitutes potentially offensive art.

The censorship advocate's rebuttal is flawed because it

(A) attempts to extract a general rule from a specific case

(B) extracts an erroneous principle from a commonly held belief

(D) relies on an irrelevant reason or rejecting the civil libertarians argument

(E) uses hyperbolic inflammatory language that obscures the issue at hand

21. Jane: Professor Harper's ideas for modifying the design of guitars are of no value because there is no general agreement among musicians as to what a guitar should sound like and. Consequently, no widely accepted basis for evaluating the merits of a guitar's sound.

Mark: What's more, Harper's ideas have had enough time to be adopted if they really resulted in superior sound. It took only ten years for the Torres design for guitars to be almost universally adopted because of the improvement it makes in tonal quality.

Which one of the following most accurately describes the relationship between Jane's argument and Mark's argument?

(A) Mark's argument shows how a weakness in Jane's argument can be overcome.

(B) Mark's argument has a premise in common with Jane's argument

(D) Mark's argument restates Jane's argument in other terms.

(E) Mark's argument and Jane's argument are based on conflicting suppositions.

这个题目我选A,答案是E,这种题目如何抽象归纳呢？我好迷茫？

A: 1.the first one :my answer is d,for the advocate's remarks give no direct and logically reasonable sopport for his idea.

the second: JANE的逻辑是“由于没有对吉他声效的一致的意见，所以就没有一个统一的评

价吉他声效的标准，因为无法评价，所以某教授的改进设计就是一个菜。”其实，如果没有标准，根据什么说那是一个菜呢？这才是她的逻辑缺陷。MARK的意思则是只要声效确有提高，加以时日，还是会被接受的，本质上和JANE的意思是不同的，也没有对JANE的理论缺陷给予解决。所以A 是不对的。

这是偶的理解，不知对否，至于抽象的思路，必须要shany牛牛或花栗鼠牛牛来了，呵呵。

2. 两个学者的结论是相同的，即Professor Harper's ideas are of no value。

但其论据是相反的，Jane认为不会有统一的标准，而Mark认为Torres's design被普遍接受。我也没有特别的良方，唯尽量把握对话双方的focus。

Q: 请教LSAT-Set11-SecI-Q1

1. Educational television is a contradiction in terms. While a classroom encourages social interaction, television encourages solitude. School is centered on the development of language, but television depends upon constantly changing visual images. And in a classroom, fun is merely a means to an end, but on television it is the end in itself.

Upon which one of the following assumptions does the author rely in the passage?

(A) The classroom should not be a place where anyone has fun.

(B) Only experiences that closely resemble what takes place in the school environment can be educational.

(D) Educational television programs are qualitatively better than most other television programs.

(E) The potential of television as a powerful learning tool has not yet been realized.

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答案B, 我觉得E也能作为假设，为何E不对？

in a classroom, fun is merely a means to an end, but on television it is the end in itself. 这句话该如何理解？请大家指教。

A: 文中主要讲了电视教育作为一种教育的方式和课堂相比的问题。E是说电视作为可以用来进行教育的一种工具没有发挥其潜能，主体被换掉了，另外，E也只是一个结果，不是前提。

中文意思：教室中，乐趣是达到目的的一个手段，而在电视教育中，乐趣成了终极目的。

请教LSAT-Set11-SecIV-Q24

24. When the rate of inflation exceeds the rate of return on the most profitable investment available, the difference between those two rates will be the percentage by which, at a minimum, the value of any investment will decline. If in such a circumstance the value of a particular investment declines by more than that percentage. It must be true that________

Which one of the following logically completes the argument?

(A) The rate of inflation has risen.

(B) The investment in question is becoming less profitable.

(D) The rate of return on the most profitable investment available has declined.

(E) There has been a change in which particular investment happens to be the most profitable available.

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答案C，(C不是在说废话吗？investment和the most profitable investment 比)

提干中说的关系不太明白，谁和谁比，什么百分比？

the difference between those two rates will be the percentage by which, at a minimum, the value of any investment will decline.该怎样理解? 请大家指教.

A: 文中讲，这个pecentage最少也是通涨率超过最赚钱的投资的回报率的部分，如果一个投资的回报率少于最赚钱的回报率，则它的回报率和通涨率之间的差距一定会大于那个PECENTAGE所以跌价的幅度就更大。

Q: [求助]eLSAT-Set 4 -Section 3- Q12

12. The number of North American children who are obese-that is who have more body fat than do 85 percent of North American children their age -is steadily increasing, according to four major studies conducted over the past 15 years.

If the finding reported above is correct, it can be properly concluded that

(A) when four major studies all produce similar results .those studies must be accurate.

(B) North American children have been progressively less physically active over the past 15 years.

(D) Over the past 15 years ,the number of North American children who are underweight has declined.

(E) The incidence of obesity in North American children tends to increase as the children grow older.

答案為什麼是c?? 題目不是說obese的children在穩定增加嗎?

A: 这是一道数学题。占总人数15%的肥胖儿童数目增加，说明总人数增加，则占85%的非肥胖儿童亦增加。

Q: LSAT-Set12-SecII-Q22

22. Oil company representative: We spent more money on cleaning the otters affected by our recent oil spill than has been spent on any previous marine mammal rescue project. This shows our concern for the environment.

Environmentalist: You have no such concern. Your real concern is evident in your admission to the press that news photographs of oil-covered otters would be particularly damaging to your public image, which plays an important role in your level of sales.

The environmentalist's conclusion would be properly drawn if it were true that the

(A) oil company cannot have more than one motive for cleaning the otters affected by the oil spill

(B) otter population in the area of the oil spill could not have survived without the cleaning project

(D) government would have spent the money to clean the otters if the oil company had not agreed to do it

(E) oil company's efforts toward cleaning the affected otters have been more successful than have such efforts in previous projects to clean up oil spills

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答案A, 为何C不对?A也未必能使环境学家结论成立?请大家指教.

A也未必能使环境学家结论成立?

A: 有道理。但题目问的是假设，即必要条件，不是充分条件。如果A不成立，环境雪茄的推理不可能正确。C仅是前提的改写，未能提供假设。

Q: [求助]eLSAT-Test3-SectI-Q12

12. Leachate is a solutions, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landfill site, If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachates escape into the environment, generally in unpredictable quantities, A method must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water.

Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?

(A) The ability to predict the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem.

(B)If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment.

(D) Some landfill leachate is send to sewage treatment plants that are incapable of

handling it.

(E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill's capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded.

題目: If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachates escape into the environment 到底是

<1> leachates escape --> landfill's capacity is exceeded 還是

<2> landfill's capacity is exceeded --> leachates escape

那個是p, 那個是q??

我把它想成是<1>了. 如果<1>是真, 那麼答案(e), 非p-->非q,

leachate 非escape --> landfill's capacity非exceeded 為什麼對??

p-->q, 不是應該非q-->非p 嗎?

請大俠指教這題如何解.

A: both 1 and 2, so E is correct.

Q: 不是只能用一個嗎? 因為如果反推<1> & <2> 是兩個不同的答案.

<1> leachates escape --> landfill's capacity is exceeded

反推: landfill's capacity 沒有exceeded ---> leachates 沒有escape

<2> landfill's capacity is exceeded --> leachates escape

反推：leachates 沒有escape --> landfill's capacity 沒有exceeded (Ans. E)

我當初就是以為情況是<1>，所以才沒選e．

我記得有些題目就是在考p-->q概念有沒做對，有時候p跟q弄反了，答案就會錯．請指教．謝謝．

A: 2 is correct,for "if and only if ...into the environment"。那是充分条件和必要条件的区别。

Q: 请教LSAT-Set15-SecIV-Q13,18

13. "addiction" has been defined as "dependence on and abuse of a psychoactive substance" Dependence and abuse do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, cancer patients can become dependent on morphine to relieve their pain, but this is not abusing the drug. Correspondingly, a person can abuse a drug without being dependent on it. Therefore, the definition of "addiction" is incorrect.

The relevance of the example of cancer patients to the argument depends on the assumption that

(A) cancer patients never abuse morphine

(B) cancer patients often become dependent on morphine

(D) cancer patients who abuse a drug are dependent on it

(E) cancer patients cannot depend on morphine without abusing it

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答案C, 不太明白问题的意思，好像不是问结论成立所需的假设，请大家指教。

18. According to government official involved in overseeing airplane safety during the last year, over 75 percent of the voice-recorder tapes taken from small airplanes involved in relatively minor accidents record the whistling of the pilot during the fifteen minutes immediately preceding the accident. Even such minor accidents pose some safety risk. Therefore, if passengers hear the pilot start to whistle they should take safety precautions, whether instructed by the pilot to do so or not. The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it

(A) accepts the reliability of the cited statistics on the authority of an unidentified government official

(B) ignores the fact that in nearly one quarter of these accidents following the recommendation would not have improved passenger' safety

(D) provides no information about the percentage of all small airplane flights during which the pilot whistles at some time during that flight

(E) fails to specify the percentage of all small airplane flights that involve relatively minor accidents

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答案D，不知A为何错，感觉E也比D好，知道D但不知the percentage of all small airplane flights that involve relatively minor accidents，还是无法判断结论，为何选D？请大家指教。

A: 1. 既然说了cancer patient的例子反驳关于addition的定义, 其前提必然是cancer patient addited to morphine. 否则此例无效.

2. 如果90%的flight中pilot都whistle, 远结论就错. 所以此项信息于结论十分关键, 不给不行. A错在数据并不是主要问题. E无关.

Q: 1.问的是例子成立的假设?

2.为何90%的flight中pilot都whistle, 原结论就错? 知道90％航班飞行员吹口哨,但不知多少航班有事故，就不知道吹口哨在事故航班中的比例，还是无法判断结论？请多指教。

A: 1. 你对C取非,既cancer patient没有addiction, 原结论是否成立? 原结论是cancer patient 的例子说明addiction不一定是abuse drug. 如果cancer patient并没有addiction, 此例作用为何?

2. 原结论为口哨导致accident. 举个例子: 一年一共10000 flights, 其中有100起minor accidents. 如果10000次飞行中, 9000次pilot都吹口哨, 原结论就不成立. 但如果就那75次accident中吹了, 原结论成立. 所以D中的information is critical in evaluating the conclusion. Without this piece of info, the conclusion is unfounded.

A: 同意你举的例子,但D只给了所有飞行吹口哨的比例,比如你例子中的9000(90％),但没有给出事故飞行的比例,比如例子中的100(1%),还是无法判断.因为我们不知道事故飞行的比例,可意是1%(100),可意是90%(9000),前者结论不成立,后者结论成立.

E倒是给出事故飞行的比例,再加上提干中的事故飞行中吹口哨的比例,可作出大致判断.

还是不明白为何选D.

谢谢mindfree的解答, 好像你马上要考试,就别浪费宝贵时间解答了,考试后有空给看看.祝考试顺利!

你解释一下E如何能推出. 你如果知道5%的flight有accident, 你的结论是什么, 吹是不是原因?

Q: D. 如果我知道所有的flight中, 包括accident和no accident, 吹的比例是90%, 我足可以推断出吹不是原因, 否则绝大多数的flight都会出问题, 不符合common sense. 如果此比例是10%, 很有可能是主要原因.

A: 5%的flight有accident,我的结论是超过3.75%低于5％的flight有accident也有口哨,能否判断没有统一标准，自己感觉risk程度吧。D正确是要引用common sense,飞行事故率很低，否则无法判断。

有点困惑，根据题中所给的信息作题不够，还要加上common sense? 可有时用common sense 会和题中信息冲突，拿不准用common sense 尺度。

明白了，谢谢mindfree的耐心解答。

Q: 请教LSAT-Set15-SecII-Q25

25. A letter submitted to the editor of a national newsmagazine was written and signed by a Dr. Shirley Martin who, in the text of the letter, mentions being a professor at a major North American medical school. Knowing that fewer than 5 percent of the professors at such schools are women, the editor reasons that the chances are better than 19 to 1 that the letter was written by a man. Which one of the following involves flawed reasoning most like that used by the editor?

(A) Since 19 out of 20 home computers are purchased primarily for use with computer games, and the first computer sold today was purchased solely for word processing, the next 19 computers sold will almost certainly be used primarily for computer games.

(B) Fewer than 1 in 20 of the manuscripts submitted to Argon Publishing V o. Are accepted for publication. Since only 15 manuscripts were submitted last week, there is almost no chance that any of them will be accepted for publication.

(C) Fewer that 5 percent of last year's graduating class took Latin in secondary school. Howard took Latin in secondary school, so if he had graduated last year, it is likely that one or the other Latin scholars would not have graduated.

(D) More that 95 percent of the planes built by UBC last year met government standards for large airliners. Since small planes account for just under 5 percent of UBC抯output last year, it is almost certain that all their large planes met government standards.

(E) Since more than 19 out of every 20 animals in the wildlife preserve are mammals and fewer than 1 out of 20 are birds, there is a greater than 95 percent chance that the animal Emily saw flying between two trees in the wildlife refuge yesterday morning was a mammal.

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答案E，不知flawed reasoning 指的是什么？请大家指教。

A: flawed reasoning指明明Dr. 翠花Martin是个女的,还经验老道的认为可能是个男的.

E中明明看到的是个鸟,还说可能是个非鸟.

Q: linlin的lsat（3）谢谢！

set7,sectionIV