当前位置:文档之家› The performance of polyamide nanofiltration membrane for long-term operation inan integrated membran

The performance of polyamide nanofiltration membrane for long-term operation inan integrated membran

The performance of polyamide nanofiltration membrane for long-term operation inan integrated membran
The performance of polyamide nanofiltration membrane for long-term operation inan integrated membran

The performance of polyamide nano ?ltration membrane for long-term operation in an integrated membrane seawater pretreatment system

Yuefei Song,Baowei Su ?,Xueli Gao,Congjie Gao

Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology of Ministry of Education,College of Chemistry &Chemical Engineering,Ocean University of China,238Songling Road,Qingdao,266100,China

a b s t r a c t

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Received 25December 2011

Received in revised form 29March 2012Accepted 30March 2012Available online 4May 2012Keywords:

Nano ?ltration seawater softening Ultra ?ltration pretreatment Integrated membrane system Long-term performance Inorganic fouling Chemical cleaning

An ultra ?ltration –nano ?ltration (UF –NF)integrated membrane system (IMS)was operated for 500h to examine the performance of the NF membrane in seawater desalination pretreatment.The rejection of divalent ions,TDS,TOC and UV254by the NF membrane as well as the permeation ?ux decreased gradually with operating time before each chemical cleaning procedure,while the calculated Stiff and Davis Stability Index (S&DSI)increased gradually from negative up to positive.The result indicates that there exists inorgan-ic fouling during the long run.However,the IMS produced excellent ef ?uent with 93.6%removal of total or-ganic carbon (TOC)for long-term operation.The TOC concentration of the NF permeation samples was in the range of 0.06–0.35mg/L.The chemical cleaning results indicated that inorganic fouling should be preferen-tially paid attention to,and a combination of citric acid cleaning and NaOH cleaning may achieve an optimal cleaning ef ?ciency.The long-term operation reveals that the membrane is more prone to fouling gradually after chemical cleaning.

?2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

1.Introduction

The deposition of undesirable material on membrane surface could cause serious fouling and ?ux decline of seawater reverse os-mosis (SWRO)membrane.Therefore,it is necessary to ensure that feed water should not cause excessive fouling on SWRO membrane and pretreatment process is needed to provide feed water with better and reliable quality.Proper pretreatment is critical for successful long-term performance of SWRO desalination [1].

Conventional pretreatment methods such as ?occulation,deep bed ?ltration and multi-media ?ltration have been widely applied for sea-water RO plants to remove suspended solids and decrease turbidity and silt density index (SDI)of the feed water [1–3].However,the con-sumption of chemicals in conventional pretreatment is usually very in-tensive,and the quality of the product water is often unstable in operation.Recently,such phenomenon has been reported by several authors [4–6].Teng [4]reported that the quality of the ?ltrate produced by deep bed ?lter was inferior and highly inconsistent.Leparc [5]found that dual-media ?lters and cartridge ?lters could not reduce content of organic matter with small molecular weight.Obviously,conventional pretreatment processes do not represent a complete barrier to colloids and suspended particles,and they often produce ?ltrate with unsteady quality and quantity.As a result,the design ?ux and recovery of SWRO

membranes using conventional pretreatment are lowered in order to ensure stable long-term performance.Brehant [6]suggested that the design average ?ux of RO membrane operating on surface seawa-ter with conventional pretreatment should be limited to about 13.6L.m ?2.h ?1.

UF is an attractive pretreatment technique which could consis-tently reduce turbidity,remove particles and bacteria,and continu-ously produce good quality water at low-pressure levels [7].As a kind of pretreatment technology in seawater desalination,UF can provide high quality ?ltrate that could totally satisfy the require-ments of SWRO feed quality such as SDI 15and turbidity.Xu [8]reported that excellent quality of UF ?ltrate with 100%of turbidity below 0.01NTU and 95%of the SDI 15below 3.0could be obtained,which could satisfy the requirement of SWRO feed water completely.Brehant [7]also asserted that the surface seawater SDI of 13–25was reduced to below 1.0using UF pretreatment,whereas the conven-tional pretreatment failed to reduce it below 2.5.The use of UF pro-cess for seawater and wastewater treatment has grown steadily due to its advantages such as no need for chemicals,low pressure,good and constant quality of the treated water in terms of particle and mi-crobial removal,little requirements for raw feed water quality,pro-cess and plant compactness and simple automation.

Although UF membranes showed excellent removal ef ?ciency of particle and high molecular weight organic matter,and could produce ?ltrate with dissolved organic matter (DOM)ranging from about 1to 2mg/L [9,10],they could not be adequate to remove organic matters with molecular weight in the range of several hundreds due to their

Desalination 296(2012)30–36

?Corresponding author.Tel./fax:+8653266786371.E-mail address:subaowei@https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c1623726.html, (B.

Su).

0011-9164/$–see front matter ?2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:

10.1016/j.desal.2012.03.024

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Desalination

j o u r n a l h o m e pa ge :w ww.e l se v i e r.c o m/l o c a te /d e sa l

relatively coarse pore size distribution,and it was reported that these low molecular weight organic matters could produce fouling of RO membrane surface[1].

NF membrane has a molecular weight cut-off(MWCO)of200–2000Dalton(Da)which can typically reject organic matter with mo-lecular weight greater than approximately200Da[11],and it also has the separation characteristics to remove divalent ions(the ions prone to scaling)effectively.Much research work has been carried out on the utilization of NF membrane for seawater softening.So?[12]eval-uated the adaptability of the nano?ltration technique as pretreatment to provide make-up for multi-stage?ash(MSF),and the top brine temperature of MSF process could increase up to120°C.Drioli et.al [13]reported that the utilization of NF300PA membrane as pretreat-ment could increase the water recovery of the RO unit in a single ves-sel up to50%.Turek[14]found that at22bar the NF unit could remove hardness ions of Ca2+,Mg2+,SO42?,HCO3?,and total hardness by89.6%,94.0%,97.8%,76.6%and93.3%,separately.Bade[15]adopted NF membrane with30to40%throughput ratio to produce a nearly sulfate-free permeation stream.Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC)applied NF(NF90and NF270)as pretreatment to supply feed water to SWRO and concluded that NF exhibited excellent perfor-mance as seawater softening technology[16].However,in most of the above research work,UF pretreatment was not used for NF feed. As integrated membrane system(IMS)utilizing multiple membranes with different characteristics can lower the membrane fouling rates and results in more stable operation[17],it is signi?cant to adopt UF–NF systems as integrated pretreatment techniques for seawater softening.However,there is a need to predict the permeation?uxes and rejections during long-term operation for the purpose of process design,optimization and economic assessment.

In this study,long-term test was conducted with coastal seawater to investigate the performance stability of NF membrane.The aim of this study was to assess an UF–NF integrated membrane system for surface seawater desalination pretreatment,and determine the ef?-ciency of the integrated membrane system and evaluate the perfor-mance of NF membrane through a long-term investigation.

2.Material and methods

2.1.Membranes

A tight UF membrane(MWCO20,000Da)and an ultra-low-pressure NF membrane(ESNA3,Hydranautics)were adopted as an appropriate pretreatment membrane system for long-term perfor-mance.The properties of the selected UF and NF membrane module were summarized in Table1.ESNA3has great advantage for the se-lectivity of divalent ions over monovalent ions.According to the ex-perimental data[18],the ion selectivity of ESNA3membrane lies in the range of3.9and4.8.2.2.Long-term pretreatment procedure

2.2.1.Schematic diagram of the pilot-scale UF–NF integrated membrane system

Schematic diagram of the pilot-scale UF–NF integrated membrane system(IMS)was shown in Fig.1.This process was used to soften coast-al seawater having a total dissolved solids(TDS)of about25,000–40,000mg.L–1at Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China.This pilot system with capacity of8–10m3·d–1consists of UF system(raw seawater pump, sand?lter,feed tank,UF feed pump,hollow?ber UF modules,backwash system)and NF system(feed tank,low-pressure pump,high-pressure pump,spiral-wound NF module,permeation tank).Raw seawater was pumped through cartridge sand?lter to remove particles that could block the UF?ber.The?ltrate water was then fed to the UF membrane unit.A high pressure pump delivered the UF?ltrate to the NF mem-brane unit.

Operational data including temperature,pressure,pH,as well as conductivity and?owrate of the product and brine were monitored periodically by on-line instruments,and permeation?ux was calcu-lated.The data presented here covered a period of500h starting from October2009,and all the operation conditions of the NF mem-brane were kept at temperature of23±1°C,pressure of 2.05±0.02MPa and cross-?ow velocity of0.035m.s–1.

2.2.2.Operating parameters of UF process

The operating parameters of UF process used in the long run were optimized in our former research work[8],and were kept constant which are given in Table2.

2.2.

3.Key operational considerations for IMS

The key operational considerations for integration of the membrane processes in this work include?ux,salt rejection,and removal of organ-ic matter,S&DSI,pressure requirements,and long-term performance.

According to solution–diffusion model,water?ux through NF membrane and salt rejection are described as[19]:

R?1?c p=c f

?100%e1T

where c p and c f represent concentrations on permeation and feed sides.

The S&DSI index is widely used to predict the precipitation of calcium carbonate on seawater reverse osmosis membrane.This index is de?ned as the pH of solution minus the pH of the solution in equilibrium with calcium carbonate.The equation of S&DSI is[20]: S&DSI?pH?pH Se2TpH S?pCatpAlktKe3Twhere pH is the pH of the concentrate,and pH S is the pH at which concentration reaches saturation with calcium carbonate.pCa is the negative log concentration of calcium,pAlk is the negative log total al-kalinity,and K is a constant which depends on the salinity and tem-perature.The S&DSI of Eq.(2)is an index of stability that,when positive,indicates the possible precipitation of calcium carbonate.If the value is negative,it indicates that no calcium carbonate scaling would occur.

2.3.Analytical methods

Measurements of water quality including TOC,UV254,conductivity, main ions(K+,Na+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cl?,SO42?)and turbidity are pre-sented as follows:The TOC of permeation samples from the UF–NF integrated membrane process was analyzed using a TOC-5000A analyz-er(Shimadzu,Japan).The organic matter concentration for each sample was also analyzed using an Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer

Table1

Details of the membrane modules.

Items UF NF

Manufacturer Lanlu(China)Hydranautics Module type HF-1500ESNA3,4040 Module con?guration Hollow?ber Spiral wound Membrane materials PS Polyamide Molecular weight cut-off(Da)20,000100–500 Membrane effective area(m2)87.9

Pure water?ux(L.m?2·h?1·MPa?1)2419.353.5

Pore size(nm)101

Salt rejection(%)≈0>25%?

Range of feed temperature(°C)0–500–45

Range of feed pH2–112–11

Range of operational pressure(MPa)0–0.20–4.0

?Testing parameters:0.048MPa,25°C,500mg/L NaCl solution,the recovery rate 15%.31

Y.Song et al./Desalination296(2012)30–36

(Shimadzu's Uv-2550,Japan)at a wavelength number of 254nm [21].To measure water quality parameters such as TOC and UV 254(UV absor-bance at 254nm)in the in ?uent seawater and the permeation water,each sampling was at an interval of about 4h,and the samples were pretreated with high-frequency sound waves (40W)for 3min.

The concentrations of the main inorganic ions (K +,Na +,Ca 2+,Mg 2+,Cl ?,SO 42?)were analyzed using an ion chromatographic analyzer (DIONEX-3000,America).The conductivity and turbidity values were measured with a conductivity meter (Thermo's Orion 145A+,USA)and turbidity meter (HANNA's LP-2001,Italy),respectively.

2.4.Chemical cleaning processes

Chemical cleaning was adopted when the NF permeation ?ux declined over 10%during the long run.The fouled membrane was washed with different cleaning agents for 30min at atmospheric pressure,respectively.Chemical cleaning was performed twice,using 2.0wt.%citric acid and 0.1wt.%NaOH in sequence at atmo-spheric temperature.The chemical agents were chosen according to the protocol proposed by the manufacturer,and also the foulants possibly present in feed water [22].The effect of acid and alkali cleaning on the cleaning ef ?ciency was investigated.

The ?ux of the membrane before and after fouling was measured at temperature of 23±1°C,pressure of 2.05±0.2MPa and cross-?ow ve-locity of 0.035m.s –1with UF ?ltrate.The initial water permeation ?ux was denoted as j wi .When the permeation ?ux declined over 10%,the membrane was washed with two cleaning agents at 23±1°C and at-mospheric pressure,respectively.Citric acid cleaning was ?rst per-formed for half an hour,and then the membrane was soaked by the acid solution for half an hour.After that,the solution was ?ushed out thoroughly by UF ?ltrate for 5min to remove any chemical agent,and the membrane ?ux was measured at the same measuring condition of j wi and denoted as j w,acid .Then the membrane was cleaned by NaOH for half an hour,and soaked for another half hour with the base solution.These were followed by a wash with UF ?ltrate for 5min to remove any chemical agent.Afterward,the long run was continued with UF ?ltrate and the ?ux after chemical cleaning was measured again at the same measuring condition of j wi during the beginning half hour and denoted as j wc .Resistance removal rate (RR )[23–25]and ?ux recovery (FR )[26]were used to understand the cleaning ef ?ciency.

RR %eT?R f ?R c eT=R f ? ?100e4TFR %eT?j wc =j wi eT?100

e5T

where R f is the resistance after fouling and R c is the resistance after cleaning.

3.Results and discussion

3.1.Long-term stability of the NF membrane for inorganic matters 3.1.1.Variation of permeation ?ux and transmembrane pressure with time

The results of the long-term performance of the NF membrane and the two short chemical cleaning periods (after 280h and 440h of ?l-tration,respectively)during a period of 500h were shown in Figs.2and 3.

As can be seen from Fig.2,operating pressure was kept constant at 2.03MPa during the ?rst ?ltration period (before 280h),and in-creased to 2.05MPa (the second ?ltration period,before 440h)and 2.06MPa (the ?nal ?ltration period),respectively,after twice chemi-cal cleanings.The gradually increased operating pressure indicated that there maybe a little fraction of fouling which could hardly be cleaned in conjunction with chemical cleaning.It can also be seen from Fig.2that both the permeation ?ow rate and brine ?ow rate de-creased during each ?ltration period.

The variation of the ?ux and recovery of NF membrane module with time were depicted in Fig.3.The recovery of NF membrane descended gently during the ?rst ?ltration period,which means that the ?ow rate of the permeation water declined more signi ?cantly than that of the brine while the permeation ?ux decreased from 43.0L.m ?2.h ?1at the beginning to a steady state of 38.4L.m ?2.h ?1,indicating an ap-proximately 10%decline due to membrane fouling.

Membrane was judged to lose its ef ?ciency while the permeation ?ux was less than 90%of initial ?ux.The ESNA3NF membrane lost its ef ?ciency after 280h and 440h of operation,respectively.Chemical cleanings were adopted immediately at these two spots,and the long-term stability of NF membrane was signi ?cantly improved.The two short chemical cleaning periods are shown in Figs.2and 3.The membrane ?uxes were recovered 97.5%and 95.8%of j wi after the two cleanings,respectively,showing that a little fraction of foul-ing substance was tightly bound to the membrane surface.

3.1.2.Rejection of salt

Salt rejection is an important factor to evaluate the electrostatic repulsion property of the NF membrane.For charged NF membranes,the performance of ion separation is controlled primarily by Donnan exclusion effect which increases with membrane charge [27].Because

Sand Filter

NF Feed Tank NF Module

LP Pump HP Pump Cartridge Filter LP Pump UF Module LP Pump Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the pilot-scale UF –NF integrated membrane system.

Table 2

Operating parameters of UF process.Parameters

Values Parameters

Values Feed pressure (MPa)

0.06Permeate SDI 15

2.2–2.8Permeate pressure (MPa)0.02Permeate turbidity (NTU)0–0.02Permeate ?ow (L.h -1)1000Filtration duration (min)30Recovery (%)

80Flush duration (min)

1Feed temperature (°C)

23

Backwash duration (min)

0.5

32Y.Song et al./Desalination 296(2012)30–36

ion strength is too high in seawater,Donnan exclusion mechanism could not be used to explain the observation from a view of surface charge.Salt rejection by NF membrane could be in ?uenced by the combination of the size exclusion and diffusion control theories [28].During the long-term operation,the salt rejection (calculated by conductivity and TDS,respectively)was measured (Fig.4a and b).The rejection rate of conductivity for the ?rst period,the second period and the third period decreases from 15.0%,14.5%and 14.3%to 8.3%,9.8%and 13.39%,respectively.The rejection rate of TDS by the NF membrane decreased from 23.6%to 19.9%during the ?rst pe-riod.Similar results were found in the other period of the procedure.

This phenomenon also existed sometimes when the ?ux after cleaning was higher than that of the virgin untreated membrane [29].It indicated that although the cleaning ef ?ciency was excellent and the operating ?ux may be higher than the initial ?ux,serious membrane fouling could even occur with the ongoing of the experi-ment but not be detected by ordinary examination.Therefore,the judgment of membrane ef ?ciency loss and membrane fouling simply by indication of ?ux decline may be inadequate.The result in Fig.4implies that the rejection variation of the solution conductivity might be a convenient and proper method to indicate the membrane fouling during long-run.

Similar to the removal ef ?ciency of the conductivity and TDS,the inorganic ions rejection rates also decreased gradually during each operating period (Fig.5and Table 3).The results show that ESNA3

membrane attained signi ?cant removals of Mg 2+,Ca 2+and SO 42?

.However,the rejections of these ions steadily decreased with the op-eration continued in a manner similar to the trend of salt rejection (calculated by conductivity and TDS,respectively)for each period,as was discussed previously [18].The ESNA3membrane appeared to

be incapable of removing Na +,K +and Cl ?,and the rejections of monovalent ions are quite lower than 20%.The large difference of salt rejection of monovalent and divalent ions may be due to the ste-ric effect and the dielectric exclusion [27],the stokes radius is higher for both divalent ions than for Na +or Cl ?ions,then the divalent ions are more rejected than the monovalent ions that can go through the very narrow pores of the membrane.Silva [30–32]reported that the dielectric exclusion energy is higher for divalent ions than for mono-valent ones.Therefore the dielectric effect at the interfaces contrib-utes to the better separation of the divalent ions too.

Operating time (h)

F l u x (L .m -2h -1)

R e c o v e r y (%)

Fig.3.The variation of water ?ux and recovery of NF membrane with operating time.

Operating time (h)

C o n d u c t i v i t y (m s .c m -1)

a

R e j e c t i o n (%

)

Operating time (h)

T o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s (m g .L -1)

R e j e c t i o n (%)b

Fig.4.The variation of TDS and conductivity of feed water and permeate;and the rejec-tion with operating time.

R e j e c t i o n (%)

Operating time (h)

Fig.5.The variation of rejection of main ions in seawater with operating

time.

Operating time (h)

F l o w r a t e (L .h -1)

O p e r a t i n g p r e s s u r e (M P a )

Fig.2.The variation of ?owrate and pressure of NF membrane with operating time.

33

Y.Song et al./Desalination 296(2012)30–36

3.1.3.Calculation of S&DSI

The concentrations of main ions in the brine were measured for cal-culating S&DSI,and the results are plotted versus operating time in Fig.6.It can be seen that the brine S&DSI increases from about ?0.4up to about 0.25or higher for the ?rst and the second period.During ini-tial 180h,the values of S&DSI in the brine are always negative,which indicates that calcium carbonate scaling could not be formed on the membrane surface.But this value increased from ?0.06at hour 175to 0.25at hour 275,indicating that part of calcium carbonate in the brine gradually deposited on the membrane,causing more and more serious inorganic fouling during this testing period.Maybe it is due to the pH of the brine that ascends from 7.9to 8.2gradually in the long runs.As also could be observed in Fig.6,the occurrence of scaling is much easier in the second and the ?nal period than in the ?rst period.This phenomenon might be attributed to the modi ?cation of the NF membrane surface material and structure by the chemical cleanings.This could also be explained by the gradually decrease of the inorganic ion rejection rates with operating time.

3.2.Long-term stability of the NF membrane for organic matter removal Each sample was subjected to the measurements of TOC as well as UV 254to calculate organic matter concentration.The evolution of TOC concentrations in the NF feed water samples,the NF permeation sam-ples,and raw seawater samples was shown in Fig.7.The average TOC in the NF feed water samples and raw seawater samples during the op-eration was 1.05±0.10and 2.40±0.35mg.L -1,respectively.However,the TOC concentration of the NF permeation samples was in the range of 0.06–0.35mg.L -1,which suggested that the selected NF membrane could produce permeation with very good quality for a long-term oper-ation even though the ?ux decreased to approach 90%.During each pe-riod,the TOC values in the NF permeation samples increased gradually,

which indicated that the removal ef ?ciency of TOC by the NF membrane decreased with the operating time gradually.

Organic matter was removed by the IMS through two functional units,UF and NF respectively.UF membrane module is on molecule-sieving mechanism,and NF membrane module is on solution –diffusion mechanism.The average TOC removal ef ?ciency of the IMS was about 93.6%,among which,53.7%of the TOC was removed by the UF and the residual was removed by the NF membrane ?ltration.The TOC rejection of the NF membrane was declined from more than 90%to lower than 80%during each period,indicating that the NF membrane fouling is be-coming severe gradually.Nevertheless,the NF membrane remained high rejection of TOC,which indicated that NF played a signi ?cant role in UF –NF IMS organic removal irrespective of variation of raw seawater concentrations.

To certify whether the organic matter in permeation water in-creased gradually over operating time,the UV 254values (including raw seawater,the feed water and the permeation of the NF mem-brane)were measured along with operating time (Fig.8).As a conse-quence,UV 254rejection for the ?rst period,the second period and the ?nal period decreases from 92.1%,89.1%and 90.3%to 72.2%,80.2%and 88.2%,separately.There is still a little amount of organic matter remaining in the NF permeation water,it is denoted as low molecular weight organic matter (LMWOM)which can produce new fouling on RO membrane surface.However,the LMWOM content is much less after NF ?ltration,therefore RO membrane organic and biological fouling potential could be https://www.doczj.com/doc/1c1623726.html,anic matter concentration before and after UF/NF ?ltration was summarized in Table 4.It could be seen that the organic matter rejection by the NF membrane in hour 280was lower obviously than that in hour 30.

Owing to the fact that UV 254is a much cheaper and convenient method to re ?ect membrane organic fouling,and sometimes the ap-parent ?ux could not re ?ect the fouling conditions directly because of the seasons variation of the seawater temperature,therefore,we

Table 3

Main characteristics of waters before and after NF ?ltration.Parameters

Hour 30Hour 280

Hour 470NF feedwater

NF permeation NF feedwater NF permeate NF feedwater NF permeation TDS (mg.L -1

)

33,76025,50034,51027,19033,94025,810Total hardness (mg/L as CaCO 3)633025046513297363332708Ca 2+(mg.L -1)409267413287411328Mg 2+(mg.L -1)129544713375501294460SO 42?(mg.L -1)231024230437227530Na +(mg.L -1)10,985909811,261973011,0619448Cl ?(mg.L -1)18,16215,14518,92716,12718,73015,869pH

8.2 6.08.0 6.28.1 6.0Flow rate (m.s -1)0.03500.03500.0350TMP (MPa)

2.03

2.05

2.06

S &D S I [-]

Operating time (h)

Fig.6.Variance of S&DSI of NF brine with operating

time.

Operating time (h)

T O C (m g .L -1)

R e j e c t i o n o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r b y N F (%)

Fig.7.The variation of TOC and organic matter rejection with operating time.

34

Y.Song et al./Desalination 296(2012)30–36

suggest that UV 254be used to indicate the membrane organic fouling during long-run.

3.3.Fouling and cleaning of the NF membrane

The effect of chemical cleaning on FR and RR of the fouled mem-brane was investigated.The in ?uence of citric acid cleaning and NaOH cleaning on NF membrane recovery at 23°C,cross-?ow veloc-ity of 0.035m/s and ambient pressure was shown in Fig.9.

As can be seen from Fig.9,the cleaning ef ?ciency of citric acid,NaOH and the overall in terms of FR was 80.5%,17%and 97.5%,respec-tively,for the ?rst chemical cleaning,while in terms of RR ,it was 80.2%,13.2%and 93.4%,respectively.Citric acid exhibits the higher cleaning ef ?ciency,which indicates that inorganic fouling potential was more severe than organic fouling potential during the long-term operation.

Comparing the ?rst chemical cleaning with the second chemical cleaning,it could be found obviously from Fig.9that under the same cleaning procedure,the ?rst chemical cleaning yields the higher ef ?ciency in terms of both FR and RR than the second.The cleaning ef-?ciency of citric acid,NaOH and the overall in terms of FR was 78.7%,17.1%and 95.8%,respectively,in the second chemical cleaning.This could be explained by the fact that as the operating time increases,the j wc after the ?rst chemical cleaning was higher than the value after the second chemical cleaning.

The effect of the second chemical cleaning is not so ef ?cient than the ?rst,as shown in Fig.9.This phenomenon can also be indicated from Figs.2to 7,in which it could be found that all the rejections of the conductivity,TDS and TOC of the NF membrane decreased rela-tively more sharply and the S&DSI index increased relatively more apparently in the second period than in the ?rst period,which phe-nomena could only be found in the long-term operation.It re ?ects the effect of membrane fouling on the performance of the NF mem-brane and indicates that membrane fouling is becoming faster during the long run and the membrane is more prone to fouling gradually after chemical cleaning.

It also can be deduced from Fig.9that inorganic fouling should be preferentially paid attention to for NF seawater softening during chemical cleaning due to the inorganic components contained in the feed water (average TDS 35000mg.L -1).It is well known that acid such as the widely used citric acid is essential for recovering membrane performance impaired by the accumulation of inorganic foulants on membrane surface or in pores.However,with average 2.4mg/L TOC ex-ists in the feed water,if not combined with other agents,citric acid so-lution is ineffective due to the organic foulants.The results indicate that a combination of NaOH cleaning and citric cleaning may achieve an op-timal cleaning ef ?ciency.4.Conclusions

An UF –NF integrated membrane system was operated for 500h to examine the performance of the polyamide ESNA3NF membrane in seawater desalination pretreatment for long-term operation.(1)Rejection rates of monovalent and divalent ions by the NF

membrane,as well as the permeation ?ux gradually decreased during each chemical cleaning interval due to the membrane fouling.The S&DSI values in the experiments increased from about ?0.4up to about 0.25or higher before each chemical cleaning,indicating that part of calcium carbonate in the brine gradually deposited on the membrane,causing more and more serious inorganic fouling during this testing period.(2)The IMS produced better ef ?uent with 93.6%TOC removal for

long-term operation.The TOC concentration of the NF perme-ation samples was in the range of 0.06–0.35mg/L,indicating that the NF membrane could produce very good-quality per-meation for a long-term operation.

(3)Rejection variation of conductivity might be a convenient

method to indicate the membrane fouling during long-run.(4)Both the increase of the TOC and UV 254indicate that mem-brane is fouling gradually during the long run,and compared with TOC,UV 254is a much cheaper and convenient method that could be used to indicate the membrane organic fouling during long-run.

(5)The long-term operation reveals that all the rejections of the

conductivity,TDS and TOC of the NF membrane decreased rel-atively more sharply and the S&DSI index increased relatively more apparently in the second period than in the ?rst period,which re ?ect the effect of membrane fouling on the perfor-mance of the NF membrane and indicate that membrane foul-ing is becoming faster during the long run and the membrane is more prone to fouling gradually after chemical cleaning.(6)Inorganic fouling should be preferentially paid attention to

during chemical cleaning due to the inorganic components

Operating time (h)

U V 254 (c m -1)

O r g a n i c m a t t e r r e j e c t i o n (%)

Fig.8.The variation of UV254and organic matter rejection with operating time.

Table 4

Organic matter concentration before and after UF/NF ?ltration.

Hour 30Hour 280Hour 470TOC (mg.L -1)

UV 254(cm -1)TOC (mg.L -1)UV 254(cm -1)TOC (mg.L -1)UV 254(cm -1)Raw seawater 2.080.05 2.520.052 2.360.054NF feedwater 0.940.18 1.060.0180.970.02NF permeate 0.060.0010.340.0050.090.002Rejection

0.936

0.994

0.679

0.722

0.907

0.900

100F R , R R (%)

Acid cleaning

Fig.9.Effect of different types cleaning agents on FR and RR.

35

Y.Song et al./Desalination 296(2012)30–36

contained in the feed water,and a combination of NaOH clean-ing and citric cleaning may achieve an optimum cleaning ef?ciency.

Nomenclature

c f concentrations on fee

d sides,mg.L?1

c p concentrations on permeation sides,mg.L?1

FR?ux recovery,%

j w,acid the membrane?ux measured after cleaned by critic acid, L.m?2.h?1

j wc water?ux after chemical cleaning,L.m?2.h?1

j wi the initial water permeation?ux,L.m?2.h?1

K constant which depends on the salinity and temperature,?pAlk the negative log total alkalinity,?

pCa the negative log concentration of calcium,?

pH the pH of the concentrate,?

pH S the pH at which calcium carbonate concentration reaches saturation,?

R c the resistance after cleaning,m?1

R f the resistance after fouling,m?1

RR resistance removal rate,%

S&DSI index of stability,?

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their appreciation to Huangdao Power Plant,China for the contributions in the success of this pilot test.This work was?nancially supported by the foundation of the High Science and Technology project of China(No.2010AA09Z301). References

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高二《甜美纯净的女声独唱》教案

高二《甜美纯净的女声独唱》教案 一、基本说明 教学内容 1)教学内容所属模块:歌唱 2)年级:高二 3)所用教材出版单位:湖南文艺出版社 4)所属的章节:第三单元第一节 5)学时数: 45 分钟 二、教学设计 1、教学目标: ①、在欣赏互动中感受女声的音域及演唱风格,体验女声的音色特点。 ②、在欣赏互动中,掌握美声、民族、通俗三种唱法的特点,体验其魅力。 ③、让学生能够尝试用不同演唱风格表现同一首歌。 ④、通过学唱歌曲培养学生热爱祖国、热爱生活的激情。 2、教学重点: ①、掌握女高音、女中音的音域和演唱特点。 ②、掌握美声、民族、通俗三种方法演唱风格。 3、教学难点: ①、学生归纳不同唱法的特点与风格。

②、学生尝试用不同演唱风格表现同一首歌。 3、设计思路 《普通高中音乐课程标准》指出:“音乐课的教学过程就是音乐的艺术实践过程。”《甜美纯净的女声独唱》作为《魅力四射的独唱舞台》单元的第一课,是让学生在丰富多彩的歌唱艺术形式中感受出女声独唱以其优美纯净的声音特点而散发出独特的魅力。为此,本课从身边熟悉的人物和情景入手,激发学生学习兴趣,把教学重心放在艺术实践中,让学生在欣赏、学习不同的歌唱风格中,培养自己的综合欣赏能力及歌唱水平。在教学过程中让学生体会不同风格的甜美纯净女声的内涵,感知优美纯净的声音特点而散发出的独特魅力,学会多听、多唱,掌握一定的歌唱技巧,提高自己的演唱水平。为实现以上目标,本人将新课标“过程与方法”中的“体验、比较、探究、合作”四个具体目标贯穿全课,注重学生的个人感受和独特见解,鼓励学生的自我意识与创新精神,强调探究、强调实践,将教学过程变为整合、转化间接经验为学生直接经验的过程,让学生亲身去感悟、去演唱,并力求改变现在高中学生普遍只关注流行歌曲的现状,让学生自己确定最适合自己演唱的方法,自我发现、自我欣赏,充分展示自己的的声音魅力。 三、教学过程 教学环节及时间教师活动学生活动设计意图

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