新四级汉译英
（教师用）
一、汉译英简介
在四级新题型考试中，翻译题所占分值为5%。由5个句子组成，要求考生将句子的一部分由中文翻译成英文。它考查的内容主要包括两部分，一是意群的表达，二是句法。
汉译英主要的考点有：固定结构的用法、词性的转换、语态之间的转换、长短句之间的转化和词语选择的恰当性。
二、汉译英解题步骤
知己知彼，百战不殆。若想在这一全新的题型上得高分，考生必须首先透彻地了解它的形式和要求，摸清命题人的思路，有针对性地复习、练习。大学英语四级考试的汉译英部分包含五个句子，每句话都由一部分汉语和一部分英语构成，要求考生将其中的汉语部分翻译成英语，与所给英语部分构成一个完整的句子。针对这部分题型的特点和中国学生在翻译训练中常犯的错误，我们为考生制定了做好汉译英的四步法。
（一）通读全句，确定语法成分
汉译英题型中的汉语和英语部分共同构成了一个完整的达意单位，不能将其割裂开来。同时，由于两种语言之间的语法结构相去甚远，考生不应该将汉语部分直接翻译成英语，而是要首先阅读整个句子，确定要求翻译的部分在整个英语句子中的语法成分。
例如：_____________________________________________（她目不转睛地看着窗外），she told us that our friend Tom had died in the air crash．
解析：很多学生看到给出的汉语部分是一个完整的主谓句，就想当然地将其翻译成一
个英文的简单句。但仔细研究逗号以后的英文部分我们就会发现，这一部分才是句子的主干。由于英文中的逗号没有连接两个分句的功能，而本句逗号后面没有连接词，因此划线
部分不是一个句子，而是一个状语成分。由此可知，我们必须使用非谓语结构或独立主格
结构。可接受的答案包括：Keeping her eyes fixed out of the window；Staring out of the win-low；With her eyes fixed out the window；Her eyes fixed out of the window等。
（二）审查时态，决定表达方式
确定语法成分以后，考生要有意识地审查时态，要特别注意句中的时间状语，并对照所给英语部分的时态。此外，还应该根据汉语意思推断出题人想考查的语法或词汇项目，避免将汉语词汇逐个机械地翻译成英语的情况。
例如：Since we're here ________________________________（我们不如四处看看）．解析：首先通读全句，我们发现Since we're here是一个条件状语从句，意思是“既然我们在这里”，因此划线部分应该是主句，有完整的主谓结构。随后我们开始分析汉语表达，“不如（做……）”的英文表达法是may/ might as well do sth.，与“四处看看”对应的英文短语是look around,而且全句使用的是一般现在时态。因此正确答案是we may as well look around。
（三）付诸笔墨，保证拼写无误
经过仔细的斟酌以后，真正的翻译工作就变得简单得多，但对很多考生来说单词的拼写
是一大难题，因此考生应该在确保关键结构无误的前提下尽量选用自己有把握的单词和短语。
例如：By contrast，American parents were more likely ________________________（把孩子的成功归因于）natural talent.
解析：通过分析可知，本题考查be likely to do sth.“很可能做……”和attribute sth.to sb.／another thing“将……归因于……”的用法，对这两点很熟悉的考生可以不费吹灰之力就做出完美的答案，但正确地写出attribute和success并不是件容易的事。正确答案为to attribute their children’s success to。
（四）重新审视，确认句法合理
在检查的时候，考生应该确认自己翻译的部分与题目给出的英文部分共同构成了一个
语法正确达意清晰的句子。在这一阶段，考生还应该重点检查句首字母的大写、冠词和代
词的使用以及主谓一致的问题。
总之，做汉译英题目的时候，切忌盲目下笔，考生应该在平日的练习中严格遵循以上四个步骤，有意识地培养良好的翻译习惯。
三、实战演练
下面，我们以四级新题型样题中的翻译题为例，说明翻译题型的解题步骤与方法。
例：四级新题型试点考试样卷――翻译
87. The substance does not dissolve in water _______________________ (不管是否加热).
[关键词]加热――heat；不管是否――(no matter) whether… or not
[连接]heat与其逻辑主语substance之间需采用被动连接，即heat加ed。
[优化]whether (it is) heated or not. ――注意，it is可省略。
[点评]如果heated or not放在句首，whether也可以省略。
88. Not only ___________________________ (他向我收费过高), but he didn’t do a good repair job either.
[关键词]收费过高――overch arge, charge too much/high
[连接]句首的Not only决定了倒装连接，下文用了过去时态，因此，这里需在he之前加did。
[优化](Not only) did he charge me too much/high, / did he overcharge me, …。
[点评]如果未能想出用overcharge/charge too much表示“收费过高”，也可以将其含义“化解”掉，用ask for too much来表达，答案可以是did he ask me for too much。
89. Your losses in trade this year are nothing ___________________________(与我的相比).
[关键词]相比――compare (with), in comparison with；我的――mine, my losses
[连接]compare与其逻辑主语Your losses之间需采用被动连接。
[优化]…in comparison with mine或compared with mine。
[点评]此处最好用介词词组，如果用compared with mine，则放在句首更合适。
90. On average, it is said, visitors spend only ___________________________ (一半的钱) in a day in Leeds as in London.
[关键词]一半――half；钱――money
[连接]注意后文的as，此处需用一比较连接词as，并在as后需增添一形容词或副词。
[优化]… half as much money。
[点评]这里因为前文有spend，这里可以省略money；此处如果先把“一半”的意思撇开，更易“化解”原文，即先译出“一天里在利兹和在伦敦花同样多的钱”，spend as much (money) in a day in Leeds as in London，然后将“(只有)一半”加进去，这样来看(only) half只能放在as much前。
91. By contrast, American mothers were more likely _______________________________ (把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent.
[关键词]孩子的成功――children’s success / success of the children；把……归因
于――attribute… to / owe… to
[连接]上文的were more likely后需接to。
[优化]to attribute their children’s success / success of their children to…。
[点评]“把……归因于”也可以化解为“相信……的原因是……”，即believe that their children’s success is due to…/ the main factor for their children’s success is。
四、实用汉译英技巧
四级考试对翻译的要求并不高，只是要求考生用所学过的内容，运用一定的翻译技巧，将中文含义用英文顺畅地表达出来，也就是只做到“信”、“达”、“雅”这三个翻译标
准的前两项就已基本符合要求。
（一）恰当选词
在中译英题型中，考生应注意恰当词语的选择。首先要尽量避免过于笼统的词语，选用其下义词或更确切的词语。例如：He is a good man.就不如He is a kind-hearted man.确切。而“他养了一条牧羊犬”译为“He raised a dog "，就不如“He raised a shepherd dog.”准确。此外，还要注意近义词之间的选择。例如"He runs very fast.”，和“He gave us a quick answer.”。
（二）中英文句式之间的对应与转换
有些中文句子结构与含义可以对应英文中的某些句型。若考生可以恰当使用这些句型，可达到事半功倍的效果。这些句子结构通常出现在大学英语课本每一课的课后练习中，如：“只有在海洋中我们才能发现鲸鱼”译为“Only in the ocean can we find whales.”
（三）语态之间的转换
中译英经常会涉及语态之间的转换。例如：
人们让我们相信，得到心里渴望的东西是件很容易的事。
We have been assured that achieving our heart's desires would be a piece of cake．
通常中文中的主语过于宽泛的时候，如“人们”，“别人”“这”等等，都可以转化
成英文的被动语态，省略原来的主语。
（四）词性的转换
词性转换指的是中英文之间词性的转换，如在中文里是名词，到了英文句子中就变成了动词。这里主要提示四种情况。
1）名词转换成动词
例如：查理的梦想是将来成为一个侦探。（“梦想”是名词）
译为：Charlie dreams of becoming a detective in the future.（“dream "是动词）
2）动词转化成名词
例如：用害怕这个词来描述可能会更准确。（“描述”是动词）
译为：Afraid would be a more accurate description.（" description"是名词）
3）名词转化成形容词
例如：吉姆成功的可能性很小。（“可能性”是名词）
译为：It is almost unlikely/impossible for Jim to succeed.（“unlikely"和“impossible"都是形容词）
4）形容词转化成名词
例如：在这紧张的时刻他感到非常紧张。（“紧张的”是形容词）
译为：The intensity of the moment filled his mind with intensity.（" intensity"是名词）
此外，在翻译过程中，还需要注意的就是，中文句子通常比较短小，逗号使用较多，且逗号可连续使用。而英文中则经常出现由并列结构和主从结构所构成的长句，逗号不可以随意使用。这时需要注意所译英文句子不要因中文影响而出现残句或粘连句。例如：“我收到了。”译成“I have received.”就是残句，应为“I have received it.”。将“玛丽五年前住在旧金山，在那儿她写了三本小说。”译成"Mary lived in San Francisco five years ago，there she wrote three novels.”就是粘连句，应该是“Mary lived in San Francisco five years ago，and there she wrote three novels．”
五、考点预测
汉译英题型对考生英语语言基础的要求固然很高，但并非无规律可循。在加强记忆重
点词汇和短语的基础上，考生在动笔翻译以前一定要明确该题目考查的语言点，这样才能
够做出最接近标准答案的译文，避免失分。这里总结了汉译英题型中最可能出现的重点句
型和语法结构，供考生参考。
（一）重点句型预测
1）It is＋形容词＋that
例如：it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。
2）It is＋形容词＋to do/ doing
例如：She had said what it was necessary to say.她已经说了一切有必要说的话。
3）祈使句／名词＋and/ or
例如：Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。
4）as＋many/ much＋名词＋as
例如：It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don.据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。
5）倍数词＋as＋形容词＋as
例如：The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago.这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。
6) 倍数词+ more +名词／形容词十than
例如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.吸烟对人体健康的危害极大，每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人
多七倍。
7）（not）as/ so... as（和……（不）一样）
例如：The environmental problems are not as serious as they suggested in their report.环境问题
没有他们在报告中说得那么严重。
8）no more... than（与……一样不）
例如：She is no more fit to be a manager than a schoolgirl would be.匕个女学生固然不宜当经理，她也同样不宜。
9）Nothing is more... than（没有比……更……的；……是最……的）
例如：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。
10）感官动词＋of＋名词
例如：They hurriedly escaped into a cave that smelt of terror.他们仓皇地逃人一个充满恐怖气
氛的山洞。
11）without/ not so much as（甚至没有）
例如：Disappointed with her husband，Mary left home without so much as looking back at him．出于对丈夫的失望，玛丽离开了家，甚至都没有回头看他一眼。
12）may/ might as well（…as）（与其……还不如……）
例如：One may as well not know a thing at all as know but imperfectly.与其一知半解还不如彻
底蒙在鼓里。
13）too.～to.二（太……而不能……；极其地）
例如：It was not too bright of them to settle in an area where earthquakes frequently occur.他们
选择在地震多发的地区定居，这可不是个明智的决定。
14）only to find/ see（结果却；没想到会）
例如：He spent almost all his money to buy the hen which was said to be able to lay gold eggs, only to find it could not lay eggs at all.为了买那只据说能下金蛋的母鸡，他几乎倾家荡产，
没想到这只鸡根本不会下蛋。
15）It is undoubted that/ There is no doubt that（毫无疑问，……）
例如：There is no doubt that war can be avoided if we get down to peace talk.毫无疑问，如果
我们肯认真和谈就能避免战争。
16）rather than（而不是……）
例如：Rather than pursue money to achieve happiness，we should focus on the improvement of ourselves.我们应该集中精力改善自我，而不是追求金钱的享乐。
17）not... until（直到……才）
例如：We can't release the film until we have the approval from the authority concerned.直到获得有关当局的批准我们才能发行那部电影。
18）so/ such（…）that（如此……以至于）
例如：With the rumor spreading fast, their anxiety was such that they could not sleep/they became so anxious that they could not sleep.在谣言迅速散播的情况下，他们焦虑异常，无法人睡。
19）（The）chances are that（很可能……）
例如：Chances are that she has already known it, and there is no need for us to keep the secret.她很可能已经知道了，所以我们没有必要再保守这个秘密。
20）It occurred to sb. that（突然想到……）
例如：It had never occurred to Cinderella she would become a princess someday. Cinderella从来没有想到她会成为一位王妃。
21）not... but...（不是……而是……）
例如：To our disappointment, the plan caused not development but destruction.让我们失望的是，这个计划带来的不是进步而是破坏。
22）It is taken for granted that（……被认为是理所当然的）
例如：It has been taken for granted that women should take on all the housework.多年来人们一直认为女性做家务是理所当然的。
23）It is/ was said that（据说）
例如：it is said that man is the least biologically determined species of all because he possesses features absent in other natural species.据说人类是生物学上最难归类的物种，因为人类拥有其他天然物种所缺乏的特性。
24）When it comes to...（提及，当提到……的时候）
例如：When it comes to physics，I know nothing.谈到物理学，我一无所知。
25）be not much of a. . .（是个不太好的……）
例如：Mike is not much of a teacher for he often skips from one subject to another.麦克不是个好老师，因为他总是从一个话题跳转到另一个话题。
26）As far as sb.／sth. is concerned（就……而言，在……看来）
例如：As far as I am concerned, fashion .belongs to women.在我看来，时尚是属于女性的。
27）not only... but also（不但……而且……）
例如：Shakespeare is not only a great playwright but also a brilliant poet.莎士比亚不仅是一位伟
大的剧作家而且是一位才华横溢的诗人。
28）（n) either...（n) or...（既不……也不……；或者……或者……）
例如：Liking neither the story nor the background music，he fell asleep in the cinema.他既不喜欢故事情节也不喜欢背景音乐，所以在电影院里睡着了。
29）no sooner than/ hardly when/ scarcely when（刚……就……）
例如：I had hardly opened the door when he rushed in.我刚开门他就冲进来了。
30）the more…the more（越……越……）
例如：The faster a country's economy develops，the slower its population grows.一个国家的经济发展越快，它的人口增长就越慢。
（二）重点语法结构预测
1)虚拟语气
虚拟语气强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重从以下几方面进行复习和训练：一些能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词，如：lest，in case，without，otherwise等；一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语或同位语从句往往采用“（should)子动词原形”的虚拟形式，如：suggest, propose, command, order, request, require等；一些形容词后面的主语从句中往往采用“（should）＋动词原形”，如：It is necessary that，It is essential that，It is important that, It is desirable that等；省略了if的虚拟倒装句；在would rather, wish，as if，It is time that等句型中使用适当的虚拟形式表达主观愿望。
例如：It is necessary that ________________________________.（采取有效措施来防止环境污染）。
答案：effective actions（should）be taken to prevent environmental pollution
2）时态转换
英语中一共有16个时态，最常用的5个时态是一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时。
在以往的四级考试中考查最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。因此在翻译时，考生首先要抓住的就是已知信息中的时间状语，是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间、是短暂时间还是延续性时间。
例如：__________________________________（自从她上了高中），she has worked very hard. 答案：Since the time she went to senior high school
3）倒装结构
英语中的倒装结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。哪些否定词或者短语前置能引起倒装句，部
分倒装和全部倒装有何区别，as和so在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视
的地方。
例如：________________________________（鲇鱼walking fish不仅可以离开水存活）, but they can also travel short distances over land．
答案：Not only can walking fish live out of water（部分倒装）
例如：The peace talk turned out to be a failure. Then ____________________（两国之间开始
了一场恶战）．
答案：began a bitter war between the two countries（全部倒装）
4）非谓语结构和独立主格结构
一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是不能连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都作状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语，而非谓语结构则需要考生判断逻辑主语和非谓语动词之间的关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态。
例如：________________________________（她一动不动地躺在床上），she fixed her eyes on the last leaf hanging against the blank wall．
答案：Lying in bed without any movement
5)主谓一致
这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判定谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词作主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people，poultry，cattle, militia等；用and 连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数，如bread and butter，knife and fork等。此外还有就近原则，即主语中含有某些连词（如as well as，besides，in addition to等）时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。
例如：It seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes ___________________（是那里唯一有生命的物体）．
答案：were the only living creatures there
6）强调句型
强调句的基本结构是“It is/was... that/who...”，考生务必明确强调的部分可以是句子中除了谓语以外的任何成分，要特别注意强调句与“not until”的连用。
例如：________________________（直到失去健康）that people know the value of health. 答案：It is not until they lose it
7）介词with（without）引起的状语结构
介词with与名词或名词结构搭配引起的状语可以表示对象、方式、伴随、对照、结果、让步等，正确地使用with能够让学生在汉译英的过程中化繁为简。
例如：______________________________________（有了这些措施），we can change our society into one in which natural resources will be fully cherished．
答案：With these measures
此外，代词和连接词的使用、状语从句以及名词性从句和形容词性从句的用法也是考生应该重点复习的对象。
六、综合练习和惯用词组
（见学生部分）
新四级汉译英段落翻译技巧 新四级汉译英段落翻译解题技巧 ?题型简介?基本要求?翻译技巧 题型简介 ?自2013年12月考次起，全国大学英语四级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整文段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材。 140~160词 基本要求 要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握，段落内容相对完整、结构相对独立。翻译时要把整个段落当作一个有机的语篇，注意各句子之间的衔接和段落间的过渡。 翻译技巧 (一) 词的翻译 (二) 句的翻译 (三) 段落翻译 (一) 词的翻译 1. 词义选择 2. 词类转换 3. 词的增补 4. 词的省略 5. 词的替代 1.词义选择 (1)语境词?汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化，称之为“语境词”，应紧密结合上下文译成相应的词，不能按照原词的字面意思来译。?原文：手机刷新了人与人的关系。?译文：Cell phone have altered the relationship among people. ?分析：“刷新”此处实际是指“改变”，而并非是我们平常所指的含义，因此不宜译成refurbish或renovate，翻译为alter或 change更恰当。 (2) 表意模糊的词?原文：这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。?译文：The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. ?分析：“输送”在句中是一个模糊笼统的词，具体说来是指“培养出”。“人才”笼统，译为qualified graduates比较确切。 (3) 比喻词汇?汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指含义完全不同，英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定式，动态地译出其潜在含义。?原文：老师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。?译文：The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition. ?分析：“吃小灶”在这里指的是“个别辅导”。 2.词类转换 (1)动词?名词?英语动词受到形态变化规则的严格限制，大量本应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词不受形态规则的束缚，使用相对灵活、方便。?原文：吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。?译文：You"ll be full of praise while eating the first two main courses. ?分析：英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义 advice,agreement,inheritance,knowledge,praise,use等。以上例句借助抽象名词表达了特定的行为动作，译文也显得较为地道。 (2)动词?介词?介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频繁出现，而且英语中有些介词本身就是由动词演变来的。汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。?原文：人们常用剪纸美化环境。?译文：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. (3)动词?形容词?汉语的一些动词常常用形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词（如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic 等），这样的译文有时会更地道、标准。?原文：在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。?译文：It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
2013年12月： 段落翻译： 试卷一：中餐 【真题原文】许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。 【翻译答案】Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 试卷二：信息技术 【真题原文】信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 【翻译答案】As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Information Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this phenomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not necessary, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of people think it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern. 试卷三：茶文化 【真题原文】"你要茶还是咖啡？"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清（the qing dynasties）期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（beverage）之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 【翻译答案】"Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture. 试卷四：中国结
英语四级翻译常用词汇：123个中文高频成语翻译 Automation 1502 YuDeyu 一、复习建议： 1. 加强历史、文化、经济以及社会发展相关热词的积累 2. 广撒网，学习、揣摩这些话题相关的难点单句训练 做这些单句训练时，先阅读1遍整个段落，专门挑出自己觉得比较难翻的句子，然后重点练习这一句的翻译。难句会了，简单句自然不在话下。 在做单句翻译时，先尝试自己翻，翻完以后，对照答案，看解析，总结和揣摩其中好的 词汇和表达。下面请大家跟着教研君给出的常考单句示例，具体学习吧~ 1. 对于大多数年轻人来说，结婚意味着独立组建家庭，然而物价的不断上涨使这一切 变得越来越困难。 参考译文：For most young people, marriage means s etting up a family independently, which has become increasingly difficult because of the constantly rising prices. 词汇点评： 组建家庭：set up a family。有同学容易使用start a family。start a family表示begin to have children“开始生儿育女”。 越来越：一般看到“越来越”大家习惯译为more and more，比如“越来越多的人”more and more people，但译为 a growing number of people可令人眼前为之一亮；而表达“变 得越来越”的含义时，使用become increasingly的译法更好。 物价的不断上涨：constantly rising prices，而不是price rising。 表达点评： 本句是一个表转折关系的并列句，后半句中的“物价的不断上涨使这一切……”中的“这一切”指代前半句中提到的“结婚意味着独立组建家庭”，因此，用which引导的非限制性定语从句，让整个句子简洁明了。 使字句的翻译：“物价的不断上涨”是“这一切变得困难”的原因，因此处理为原因状 语，用because of…来带出原因。 2. 过去十年中国房地产（real estate）行业高速发展。 参考译文：The past decade has witnessed a high-speed development in China's real estate. 词汇点评： 十年：decade 高速发展：develop rapidly; high-speed development 表达点评：
一、翻译的标准 严复：信、达、雅（faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance—忠实于原文；译文通顺易懂；译文展示出风采） 二、汉译英常用方法和技巧 与词有关的翻译方法包括： 直译和意译 词义的选择 词的增补与省略 词类转义法 重复法 正说反译法和反说正译法 分句法和合句法 直译和意译 首先应当指出，直译不是死译，而是指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译。意译也不是胡译、乱译，而是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文作相应的调整。 例 原文：我们的朋友遍天下。 直译：Our friends are all over the world. 意译：We have friends all over the world. 直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨，意译则更多考虑英语的特点，更强调译文的效果，不求形式对应，只求语言在深层次中的对应。总之，选择直译还是意译，应该根据文章具体需要而定，两种译法可以并用。 能直译则直译 例 原文：爱是耐心和善良；爱不是妒忌和吹嘘；爱不是傲慢和粗鲁。 译文： Love is patience and kindness; love is not jealous and boast; love is not
arrogance and rudeness. 原文：你们要八仙过海，各显其能，完成这项工作。 译文：You should display your special prowess like eight immortals ( in Chinese legend) crossing the sea, to fulfill this task. 必须意译 例 原文：怕什么呢死了张屠夫，还有李屠夫，人多得很。 直译：If Butcher Zhang dies, there’s Butcher Li yet. 译文：What are you afraid of He is not the only pebble on the beach. 意译效果比直译好 例 原文：她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，又把它吞了下去。 译文：She was afraid of being turned down / snubbed, so she swallowed the words that came up to her lips. 词义的选择 汉译英的过程就是寻找适当的英语词、词组和句型来重新表达汉语原文的思想的过程。正确的选词是保证译文质量的重要前提。词的选择主要从以下两个方面着手。 一、根据上下文正确理解原文的词义 词的正确选择首先取决于对原文词义的确切理解，而这又取决于对原文上下文的推敲。在具体运用中，词义往往随着语言情境而千变万化，因此，我们必须熟悉词在运用中的灵活变化，才有可能选择出等值词或近值词。 英语词汇在翻译成汉语时也需要根据具体的语言环境选择适当的词义，因为汉语也有丰富的同义表达法。 二、辨析词义和正确选词 （一）注意词的广义和狭义 词义有广狭之分，运用范围也就各不相同。
英语四级历年真题汉译英讲解 第一题（外国直接投资）： 商务部(Ministry of Commerce)最近发布的数据表明，在中国的外国直接投资(foreign Direct Investment,FDI)保持稳定增长。中国已经成为外国直接投资首选地。中央政府采取了一系列促进外国投资的扶持措施，这样既促进了经济增长，又贏得了国内外投资者的信心。商务部正在研究措施，进一步改善外商投资管理机制，创建一个透明和公平的竞争环境。世界银行(World Bank)也高度评价中国吸引外国直接投资所取得的成就。 表达难点： 1.第1句中的定语“商务部最近发布的”较长，故将其处理后置定语，用分词短语 recently released by theMinistry of Commerce 来表达。 2.第3句中的“这样既促进了经济增长，又贏得了国内外投资者的信心”，可用 which引导的非限制性定语从句来表达，which指代前面“中央政府采用了一系列促进外国投资的扶持措施”这一做法。“既……又……”在英语中的对等结构为both...and，其中both可省略。 3.第4句中的“进一步改善外商投资管理机制，创建一个透明和公平的竞争环境” 为表并列的两个目的，可将其译作两个不定式短语作状语 “to further improve... and (to) create...”，用and连接时后一个不定式的to可以省略。“外商投资管理机制”的中心词为管理机制 management mechanism，翻译时可在其后采用“of+名词”的形式构成名词所有格，对其进行补充说明，表示“……的”。 4.最后一句中的定语“中国吸引外国直接投资所取得的”用in引导的介词短语 in attracting Foreign DirectInvestment来表示在哪个方面所取得的成就。 而“中国”则作为形容词置于“成就”前面，这样比较符合英语的表达习惯。 资所取得的成就。 参考译文 The statistics recently released by the Ministry of Commerce showe d that Foreign DirectInvestment in China maintained steady growth . China has become the top destination for FDI.The central govern ment adopted a series of supportive measures to facilitate foreigni nvestment, which strengthened economic growth and won the co nfidence of investors athome and abroad. The Ministry of Commerc e is working on measures to further improve themanagement mech anism of foreign investment and create a transparent and fair co mpetitionenvironment. The World Bank also spoke highly of Chin a's achievements in attracting ForeignDirect Investment. 第二题（孙子兵法）： 孙武是春秋末期(the late Spring and Autumn Period)杰出的军事家（strategist）。他所著的《孙子兵法》(Sun Zi's Art of War)是中国古代最著名的兵书，也是世界上现存最早的兵书。《孙子兵法》现存13篇，共6000字。在这不长的篇幅中，孙武全面论述了自己对战争的看法，提出了诸如知彼知己、集中优势兵力打败敌人等许多作战思想。《孙子兵法》已被译为多种文字，在世界上也享有很高的声誉。 表达难点：
2015大学英语四级翻译常用词组(6) rise to the challenge 接受挑战，迎战 take a chance 冒险;投机 take charge of 管理，接管 lay a claim 要求;主张，自以为 set up a claim to sth. 提出对某事物的要求 combination with 与……结合 seek comfort in 在……中寻找安慰 take comfort in 在……中得到安慰 get command of 控制 take command of 开始担任……的指挥 communication with 与……通讯;与……交流 keep company with 和……结交;和……亲热 keep sb. company 陪伴某人，陪某人同走 make a comparison between 把……进行比较
competition with/against sb. 与某人竞争keep competition between 在……之间进行竞争complaint about/of 对……抱怨 make a complaint against 控告 come to a conclusion 得出结论 have confidence in sb. 信任某人 leave sth. out of consideration 对某事不加考虑rise to the challenge 接受挑战，迎战 take a chance 冒险;投机 take charge of 管理，接管 lay a claim 要求;主张，自以为 set up a claim to sth. 提出对某事物的要求combination with 与...结合 seek comfort in 在...中寻找安慰 take comfort in 在...中得到安慰
红色在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运。长寿和幸福在春节和其他喜庆场合。红色到处可见人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时。通常放在红信封里，红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命与共产党联系。然而红色并不总是代表好运与快乐，因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写。用红墨水写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯行为。 in Chinese culture, red usually symbolizes good luck. Longevity and happiness in the Spring Festival and other festive occasions. Red is everywhere when people give cash as gifts to family or close friends. Usually put in a red envelope, another reason why red is popular in China is that people associate it with the Chinese revolution and the Communist Party. Red, however, does not always represent good luck and happiness, because the names of the dead used to be written in red. Writing Chinese names in red ink is considered an offence. 随着中国的改革开放，许多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘在婚礼上穿着白色婚纱因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征，然而在中国传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物。尤其是不要送给老年人或危重病，同样礼金也不能装在白色信封里，而要装在红色信封里。 With China's reform and opening up, many young people like to hold western-style weddings. The bride wears a white wedding dress at the wedding because white is considered a symbol of purity, but in traditional Chinese culture, white is often the color used at the funeral. Therefore, be sure to remember that white flowers must not be used as a gift for people to recover. In particular, do not give to the elderly or critical illness, the same gift should not be in white envelopes, but in red envelopes. 在中国文化中，黄颜色是一种很重要的颜色。因为它具有独特的象征意义，在封建社会中它象征统治者的权力和权威。那时，黄色是专为皇帝使用的颜色，皇家宫廷全漆成黄色。黄袍总是黄色的，而普通老百姓是禁止穿黄色衣服的。在中国黄色也是收获的象征，秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变得一片金黄，人们兴高采烈庆祝丰收。 In Chinese culture, yellow color is a very important color. Because of its unique symbolic significance, it symbolizes the power and authority of the rulers in feudal society. At that time, yellow was used exclusively for the emperor, and the royal court was painted yellow. Yellow robes are always yellow, and ordinary people are forbidden to wear yellow clothes. In China yellow is also a symbol of harvest, autumn crops mature, the fields become golden, people happily celebrate the harvest.
历年英语四级翻译真题 及答案 集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]
历年英语四级翻译真题及答案2012年6月翻译真题 87. Those flowers looked as if they __ ___________________________(好长时间没有浇水了). 88. Fred bought a car last week. It is __________________________(比我的车便宜一千英镑). 89. This TV program is quite boring. We might ______________________(不妨听听音乐). 90. He left his office in a hurry, with___________________________(灯亮着门开着). 91. The famous novel is said to _____________________(已经被翻译成多种语言). 2011年12月翻译真题 87. Charity groups organized various activities to ___________________________________(为地震幸存者筹款). 88. Linda __________________________________(不可能收到我的电子邮件) otherwise, she would have replied. 89. It’s my mother _____________________________(一直在鼓励我不要灰心)when I have difficulties in my studies.
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1d1615713.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） 练习八 Directions: Read the underlined sentences carefully, and then translate them into Chinese. You may check your answers after you finish them. Passage One As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Account Department is responsible for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay. If a firm wants to adopt a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a method of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be successful, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of those requirements is given a value, usually in “points”, which are added together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their ability to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without reference to an evaluation system based on points. In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should compare the value of each job with those in the job market. It should also consider economic factors such as the cost of living and the labour supply. It is necessary that payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the work done with the hands, monetary（金钱的）encouragement schemes are often chosen, for indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed. Passage Two I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside. Nowadays a superficial traveller in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable. Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up
历年英语四级翻译真题及答案2012年6月翻译真题87. Those flowers looked as if they __ ___________________________(好长时间没有浇水了). 88. Fred bought a car last week. It is __________________________(比我的车便宜一千英镑). 89. This TV program is quite boring. We might ______________________(不妨听听音乐). 90. He left his office in a hurry, with___________________________(灯亮着门开着). 91. The famous novel is said to _____________________(已经被翻译成多种语言). 2011年12月翻译真题 87. Charity groups organized various activities to ___________________________________(为地震幸存者筹款). 88. Linda __________________________________(不可能收到我的电子邮件) otherwise, she would have replied. 89. It’s my mother _____________________________(一直在鼓励我不要灰心)when I have difficulties in my studies. 90. The publishing house has to ___________________________(考虑这部小说的受欢迎程度). 91. It is absolutely wrong to __________________________________(仅仅以金钱来定义幸福). 2011年6月翻译真题
2013年12月：段落翻译：试卷一：中餐【真题原文】许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中nutrition感和营养（）餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill but also an art. The 【翻译答案】vary and food ingredient delicious and good-looking. Although cooking well-prepared methods Chinese food is both wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 试卷二：信息技术，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚Technology)【真题原文】信息技术(Information 学生就应该学习传统对这一现象大家持不同观点。至将信息技术作为必修课程，一部分人认为这是没有必要的，的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Information Technology, some 【翻译答案】college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this phenomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not necessary, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of people think it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern. 试卷三：茶文化是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，【真题原文】你要茶还是咖啡？）期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在dynastiesthe qing 中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清（）之一，茶是中国的beverage六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 【翻译答案】Would you like tea or coffee? That's a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses
2016年06月英语四级翻译真题 2016年6月四级第1段 功夫(Kung Fu)是中国武术(martial arts)的俗称。中国武术的起源可以追溯到自卫的需要、狩猎活动以及古代中国的军事训练。它是中国传统体育运动的一种,年轻人和老年人都练。它已逐渐演变成了中国文化的独特元素。它作为中国的国宝,功夫有上百种不同的风格,是世界上练得最多的武术形式。有些风格模仿了动物的动作,还有一些则受到了中国哲学思想、神话和传说的启发。 Kung Fu is commonly known as the Chinese martial arts, the origin of which can be traced back to the need of selfde-fense, hunting activities and military training in ancient China. It is one kind of Chinese traditional sports. The young and the old often practice it. It has gradually evolved into the unique elements of Chinese culture. As a national treasure of China, there are hundreds of different styles for Kung Fu, which is most common forms of martial arts. Some of styles imitate the movement of the animals, and some are inspired by Chinese philosophy, myths and legends. 2016年6月四级第2段 在山东省潍坊市,风筝不仅仅是玩具,而且还是这座城市文化的标志。潍坊以“风筝之都”而闻名,已有将近2400年放飞风筝的历史。传说中古代哲学家墨子用了三年时间在潍坊制作了世界上首个风筝,但放飞的第一天风筝就坠落并摔坏了。也有人相信风筝是中国古代木匠
2012年6月 87. Those flowers looked as if they (好长时间没有浇水了) 答案: had not been watered for quite a long time. 考点：look as if 虚拟语气后接过去完成时。 88. Fred bought a car last week. It is (比我的车便宜一千英镑) 答案: 1000 pounds cheaper than that of mine. 考点：比较级，不要漏掉指代词that。 89. This TV program is quite boring. We might (不妨听听音乐) 答案：listen to the music as well. 考点：固定搭配may as well：不妨。 90. He left his office in a hurry, with (灯亮着，门开着) 答案：the lights on and the door open. 考点：with后的伴随结构。 91. The famous novel is said to (已被译成多种语言) 答案：have been translated into several languages. 2011年12月 87. Charity groups organized various activities to raise money for the survivors of the earthquake. (为地震幸存者筹款) 88. Linda couldn’t have received my e-mail (不可能收到我的电子邮件), otherwise, she could have replied. 89. It’s my mother who/that keeps encouraging me not to lose heart (一直鼓励我不要灰心) when I have difficulties in my study. 90. The publishing house has to consider the popularity of this novel. (考虑这本小说的受欢迎程度)。