英语学习者一般愿做英译汉题目，怕做汉译英题目。由于历史和文化上的差异，汉英词语之间存在着或显或隐的翻译 上的陷阱，导致汉译英远比英译汉易于出错。用鲁迅的话说，就是“词典不离手，冷汗不离身。”这提醒译者必须对这些差异心中有数，然后再调和这些差异，“摆 平”这些差异。为此，要迈好下面八道坎儿，时刻要留心这八条“戒律”——只想为你擦亮满天星光，以免在熟路上“迷失方向”。
一、戒“从一而终”
汉语言简意赅，句子灵活，往往是一个汉语词汇对应N个英语词汇，具体到在本句中应该采用那个意项，务必抓住精神实质，不可以不变应万变。至于怎么应变，这就是显示译者功力的地方了。
比如：都是“问题”，下面的翻译各不相同，几乎是打一枪换一个地方。
共同关心的问题 questions of common interest
解决问题 solve a problem
问题的关键 the heart of the matter
关键问题 a key problem
原则问题 a question/ matter of principle
悬而未决的问题 an outstanding issue
没有什么问题 Without any mishap
摩托车有点问题。 Something is wrong with the motorcycle.
问题不在这里。 That is not the point.
最近揭发出相当严重的贪污、受贿和官僚主义问题。 Serious cases of embezzlement, bribery, and bureaucracy have been brought to light recently.
译者要掌握这种汉英翻译中的“游击战术”，翻译家应是不同“文化王国”边境线上的“游击战略家”。
沙博里将《水浒传》译为：Outlaws of the Marsh(沼泽地上的亡命之徒)。杨宪益译将屈原的《国殇》译为：For Those Fallen for Their Country，北外出版社将《儒林外史》译为：The Scholars。这些都是译者吃透了原文的原意而译出的佳作。
二、戒望文生义，机械直译
这多半是初学者犯的毛病，他们易于被表面现象所迷惑，做出令人啼笑皆非的事情。
黄牛（yellow cow——ox前误后正，下同）黄鹂（yellow bird ——oriole）
从小青梅竹马(green plum bamboo horse——grew up together)
黄瓜( yellow melon——cucumber) 紫菜（purple vegetable ——laver）
白菜( white vegetable ——Chinese cabbage)
红木(red wood——pad auk) 红豆杉(red fir——Chinese yew)
黑社会(black society ——sinister gang)
三、戒“水土不符”，习惯搭配失当
这的确是难度系数较大的问题，它要求译者既有较高的中文修养，又要有较高的英文造诣，一知半解的人常常在此“翻车”。如：
写罢，掷笔在桌上。又歌了一回，再饮数杯酒，不觉沉醉，力不胜酒，便呼酒保计算了，取些银子算还，多的都赏了酒保。
And tossed the pen on the table. He intoned the verses to himself, then downed a few more cups of wine. He was very dunk. Song-Jiang asked for the bill, paid, and told the waiter to keep the change.（沙博里译《水浒
传•浔阳楼宋江吟反诗》）
目前，《水浒传》最好的英译本要数沙博里先生的本子了。沙博里出生在美国，青年时来到中国，一住就是半个多世纪。为了译好《水浒传》，据说他潜 心研究了山东的地方志和旧时方言，可谓精诚所致，译著既“达”又“雅”。然而历史告诉我们，中国古人没有用过钢笔，宋时用的还是毛笔，故the pen 应改为the writing-brush。
白洋淀的导游牌上，“红菱”被硬硬地翻译成Red Ling。菱角有对应词的，应改为Red Water Chestnut。这里常常有外国人参观，如此翻译，令人汗颜！
下面的几段译文就较好地照顾到了西方人的思维和理解习惯。
老者道：“西方却去不得。那山离此有六十里远，正是西方必由之路。却有八百里火焰，周围寸草不生，若过此山，就是铜脑盖，铁身躯，也要化成汁哩。”
"It's impossible to get to the west," the old man replied, "The mountains are about twenty miles from here. You have to cross them to get to the west, but they're over 250 miles of flame. Not a blade of grass can grow
anywhere around. Even if you had a skull of bronze and a body of iron, you would melt trying to cross them."
（詹纳尔译《西游记•孙悟空一调芭蕉扇》）
美国把贸易和人权扯在一起，只会损害两国的经济利益。
The US policy of linking trade with human rights can only bring harm to the economic interests of the two countries.
关起门来搞建设是不成的，中国的发展离不开世界。 China can't develop in isolation from the rest of the world.
四、戒主语暗淡
主语是句子的灵魂， 定住译文的主语的是关键的一步棋。主语定偏了，整个句子将显得松散乏力，甚至会误导读者。
如果这个问题不解决，势必影响两国的利益。
Failure to settle this issue is bound impair the relations between the two countries seriously.
If the problem is not solved , it is sure to affect the interests between the two countries
在上面的两种译文中，显然第一种译文主语选得好，句子流畅。
共同的利益把我们两个伟大的国家连接在一起。
What holds our two great nations together is the cement of common interests.
此句主语部分处理得颇为干练。
操吴戈兮披犀甲，车错毂兮短兵接。
We grasp huge shields, clad in Rhinoceros Hide;the Chariots clash, the Daggers gashing wide.（杨宪益译《屈原•国殇》）
屈原一开篇就“操吴戈兮披犀甲，车错毂兮短兵接”，显然需要补充应有的主语。在《国殇》诗中，后面还有“身既死兮神以灵，子魂魄兮为鬼雄”的句子，可见屈原是以“局外人”的视角来写为国捐躯的将士的，而非把自己混为军中一员。译文中的主语应改为“They”较妥。
厨房里少了一条鱼，主人发誓要一查到底，揪出偷鱼的贼。
Finding a fish in kitchen was lost, the host swore to find out the thief who stole the fish.
尽管汉语中似乎有“厨房”“主人”两个主语，译者果断地选定了the host作主语。打点清晰，增强了句子的内聚力。
夏威夷的沙滩上，椰影婆娑，海风习习，一妙龄女郎正躺在白色的塑料椅上养神。
On the Hawaiian sandy beach, the coconut palms are whirling, the congenial sea breeze is blowing, and a young lady is lying in the white plastics chair resting to restore energy.
因为是轻松读本，又是描述性的文字，使用三个主语the coconut palms、the congenial sea breeze、a young lady仍是可取的。
五、戒结构单调，组合生硬 “拉郎配”
由于汉英结构不同，表达方式迥异，“硬性翻译”不仅读起来别扭，而且会闹出笑话。这就要求译者在翻译时灵活使用整合的技巧，将句子整合，凸显汉语中所隐含的层次，补充所缺失的成分。有时要将简单句译成并列句，有时将并列句译成主从句。
在纪念大学毕业20周年聚会时，我忽然问起原来的班主任：“我个子又不矮，怎么把我安排在了第一排呢？”
At the reunion party for 20 anniversary of graduation from university, I suddenly asked my former teacher in charge of our class then:" Since I am not of short stature, how did you arrange me at the first row?"
一个高度近视的女博士去擦鞋店擦高统靴，秃头老板亲自蹲下来给她效劳。
When a woman doctor who suffers a severe myopic went to shoes-polishing shop for her buskins，the bald boss squatted down to serve her personally.
黑体字部分，正是契合了英语的表达习惯。
六、戒“愚忠”，不谙增减之道
我们耳熟能详的东西外国人可能会感到一头雾水，译者需要增加必要的说明和补充或者减译。否则，外国人会不知所云。毕竟，汉译英最终是给外国人看的。
例如：风水
fengshui——the location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.
例如：（美国对台）“三不政策”
会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。
One day I shall climb
Clear to the summit,
See how small surrounding
Mountain tops appear as they lie below me
（新西兰人路易•艾黎译《杜甫•望岳》）
I can't open my eyes to watch you jumping into the fiery pit, for I will shut my eyes at the time.
我不会眼睁睁看着你往火坑里跳，到时候我会闭上的。
不要嫌我黑，两眼放光辉；不要嫌我瘦，一身好精肉。
Do not Cold-shoulder me for my swarthy(黝黑的) face, but I have a pair of bright piercing(敏锐的) eyes;
Do not Cold-shoulder me for my slight figure, but I'm lean and healthy.
文中the location of a house or tomb, supposed to have an influence on the fortune of a family.
on support for Taiwan independence, no support for a two-China policy, and on support for Taiwan membership in international organizations on the basis of statehood.
七、戒语句重复
汉语多重复，以强化语气；英语则要尽量避免重复。
先生曰：“狼负我，狼负我！”狼曰：“吾非固欲负汝。天生汝辈，固需吾辈食也。”
"You are an ungrateful beast," complained the man.
"Not at all," retorted the wolf, "it is not that I'm ungrateful, but you men were created for us to devour."
（颜惠庆译《马中锡•中山狼传》）
王曰：“此鸟不飞则已，一飞冲天；不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。”
"The bird may not have flown yet", replied the King,"Once it does, it will soar to the sky. I may not have cried out yet, but once it does, it will startle everyone."
（杨宪益译《史记•滑稽列传》
阿凡提借了财主一锭金子，还他时给了他两锭。
Afanty borrowed a small ingot of gold from a moneybags, but repaid him two ones.
（选自艾临《幽默新大陆》）
又斗争，又团结，以斗争的手段，达团结之目的。
Unity, struggle, unity through struggle.
中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。
What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, no matter what it concerns, the Chinese or foreigners, the dead or the living.
八、戒另起炉灶，走失精气神，沦为法国作家梅纳日所批评的 “不忠的美人”——即语言优美但不忠于原文。（参见2005年08月26日《济南日报》： 艾临文章《不忠的美人与忠实的美人——写在〈每天幽它一默〉出版后》）严复在翻译《天演论》时偶 有为“雅”而不“信” （见陈廷佑《英文汉译技巧》）。译文要力求其“信”，尽可能契合汉语原来句子的气势、情绪和结构。
例如，元朝人王实甫写下了《西厢记》，张雪静改编后并作了翻译——
掏出张生那封信，回头环视见梳妆台上的梳妆盒，眼睛一转，心里说有了，将信放了进去，合上盖时故意压了一角露在外面。
Rose took out Zhang's letter, she thought, “It would be better to put it in her make-up case, and letter find it herself.” So she put the letter in the case, leaving a corner of it sticking out, so that it would be quickly noticed.
不难看出，译文与原文相去甚远，互不吻合，成了“两张皮”。
我们不希望这件事影响中美关系。
China hates to see Sino-US relations damaged by this incident.
用China hates to比“We don't hope”贴切。
吾十五有志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲不愈矩。
At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning truth; at thirty, my words deeds were appropriate; at forty, I perceived truth and doubts ceased; at fifty, I understood what heaven had mandated for mankind; at sixty, I could comply with the appointments of heaven; at seventy, I could do as my heart desired, and never swerved from the path of right.
（金沛霖译《论语》）
你已经死在过深的怨愤里了吗？
死？不，不，我还活着——
请给我以火，给我以火！
Have you perished in this deep rancor and bitterness?
Death? No, no. I'm still alive.
Please give me a light, give me a light!
以上文件来自51cat论坛，非本人原创，希望对大家学习有帮助！！
汉译英 一、根据所给中文意思完成句子，每空限填一词。 1. 我经常帮助妈妈收拾房间。 I often help my mum to _____________ _____________ the room 2. 2010年以来，这个地区发生了很大的变化。 Great changes have ___________ ___________ in this area since 2010. 3. 他们正在建一条隧道，它将穿过这座山。 They are building a tunnel, and it will _________ _____________ the mountain. 4. 他现在不在办公室。 He isn’t in the office __________. 5. 我想下个星期顺便看望一下吉尔。 I think I’ll _______ __________ on Jill next week. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 二、根据中文意思完成句子。 1. 很抱歉我没能参加你的生日晚会。 _____ for missing your birthday party. 2. 你在课余时间喜欢读书吗？ Do you _____ in your spare time? 3. 杰克会和同学们相处得很好。 Jack will _____ his classmates. 4. 这个演讲非常精彩。我们都听得很认真。 The speech _____ we all listened carefully. 5. 他们很难在这么短的时间内想出新的办法。 _____ a new way in such a short time. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 三、根据所给汉语将下列句子补充完整（每空一词）。 1.平衡的饮食能使你保持健康。 Eating a balanced diet can make you ________ ________. 2.为了鼓舞医院里的孩子们，这位年轻的志愿者常去为他们唱歌。 This young volunteer often sings for the children at the hospital to ______
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫，又称紫禁城，是明、清两代的皇宫，二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富，而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来，故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次，随着旅游业的繁荣，游客人数有增无减，可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台（CCTV）每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播，这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来，它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目，《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its
汉译英短文翻译 1 近年来，中国城市化进人加速阶段，取得了极大的成就，同时也出现了种种错综复杂的问题。今天的城乡建设速度之快、规模之大、耗资之巨、涉及面之广、尺度之大等已远非生产力低下时期所能及，建筑已成为一种重大的经济活动。（102字） 难点注释： 1）城市化urbanization 2）加速阶段an accelerating phase 3）错综复杂的问题some complicated problems 4）远非?一所能及surpass 5）重大的经济活动a major economic pursuit 2 世界各地有3,600万人染上了艾滋病—这比整个澳大利亚的人口还多。目前，艾滋病是全球第4大死因，而在非洲则是头号罪魁。在非洲，艾滋病使工人丧失工作，使家庭丧失经济来源，使父母丧失孩子。在7个非洲国家中，巧岁至49岁的人口中艾滋病病毒感染者占到20％以上。（119字） 难点注释： 1）染上艾滋病suffer from AIDS 2）头号罪魁the chief culprit 3）使……丧失deprive of 4）艾滋病病毒感染者people infected with HIV 3 当今中国，对传真机的使用已十分普及，并成为现代重要的通讯终端设备。据一项调查显示，2002年，中国市场对传真机的需求量约为200万台，国内产量仅满足了约30%的需求，进口机占据市场的主导地位。（89字） 难点注释： 1）传真机fax machines 2）通讯终端设备telecommunications terminal equipment 3）占主导地位dominate 4 2000年，美国数码相机的销量达到惊人的510万台，而1999年只有310万台。数码相机的流行其原因非常简单：成像质量好且花费少。此外，使用数码相机还能省去不少麻烦。你不用买胶卷，所有的照片都被存在可反复使用的存储卡上。一按快门，就可以马上在液晶显示屏上观察照片的效果。（124字） 难点注释： 1）数码相机digital camera 2）可反复使用的存储卡reusable memo叮cards 3）按快门press the shutter 4）液晶显示屏the LCD screen 5 由于历史、政治和经济上的原因，全世界讲英语、用英语的人为数最多。但是英语之所以能在全球流行，除了上述原因之外，也和英语自身的一些特性和特点不无相关。其中最重要的一点就是英语特别容易接受和适应—英语中的词汇吸收了全世界几乎所有主要语言的
公交常用英语 一、常用词语： 1、公共汽车 Bus 巴斯 2、出租车 Taxi 太克sei 3、电车 Trolleybus 超类巴斯 4、您好 Hello / How do you do. 好度有度 5、劳驾或请问 Excuse me…… A科斯Q私密 6、抱歉或对不起 Sorry 扫瑞 7、对不起打扰了 I’m sorry to trouble you 阿姆扫瑞兔揣宝有 8、谢谢 Thank you / Thanks 9、没关系 Not at all / It doesn’t matter 闹特爱特奥/ A特大怎特迈特 10、可以 It’s OK. A次欧凯 11、月票 commutation / monthly ticket 抗缪忒什/ 忙特雷忒K特 12、票价 carfare 卡fai尔 13、起点站 The starting stop 泽思达挺思道普 14、终点站 terminal / The Last stop 特妹闹泽拉斯特思道普 15、市区路线 Urban route 饿本入特 16、郊区路线 Suburban route 瑟波本入特 17、请等一下 Wait a moment 维特饿某们特 18、再见 Goodbye / Bye 19、首班车 The first bus 泽发斯特巴斯 20、末班车 The last bus 泽拉斯特巴斯 21、驾驶员 Driver 拽玩儿 22、乘务员 Conductor 肯达科特儿 23、调度员 Dispatcher 得死派车儿 24、请上车 Get on please 盖特昂普类似 25、请下车 Get off please 盖特奥夫普雷斯 26、中国济南 Jinan , China 济南柴那 27、空调车 Air-conditioned bus 艾尔可得什恩德巴斯 28、K系列豪华车 K series bus /可sei儿瑞丝巴斯 K series comfortable express 可sei儿瑞斯抗木否特包A科丝普ruai 丝 29、欢迎您！ Welcome 维尔康目 30、先生，您好！ How do you do , sir? 好读有度色儿31、小姐，你好！ How do you do , miss?
英汉翻译讲解（1） I.英汉之间的差别： “对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。”------吕叔湘 国内学者的共识是：汉语是综合性的，描写性的，而英语是分析性的，逻辑性的。在语言学上最重要的区别在于形合和意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis），英语重形合（形式上的融合），汉语重意合（意思或意境的融合）。在句法方面，有学者形象地把英汉比喻为以下几种： 1．雄孔雀/雄狮-----即英语习惯于把最着重的事物放在句首先说出来，开门见山，一语破的，然后再把各种标志一条条补述，一步步交代，慢条斯理，从容不迫，形成一条头短尾长地线性链，象头小尾大地雄孔雀。而汉语则相反，其线性序列的展开好比画龙点睛，先把外围的环境与衬托一一交代周到，最后点出话语的信息中心，水到渠成，给人以豁然开朗之感，形成雄狮型头大尾小地局式。 例如：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。 又如：The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely （不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不）contested （斗争；比赛）. 译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。 2．葡萄/竹竿-----即把英语句子比作“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，内容像竹竿一样一节一节展开，常称为“竹竿型”结构。 She was beautiful, with long dark hair and brilliant green eyes.她长得很美，一头乌黑亮丽的长发，一双晶莹明亮的绿色眼睛。 She has smooth akin as pale and iridescent as the moon shining over a snow-covered landscape.她光滑的肌肤白里透红，宛如皎洁的月光洒在茫茫血地上。 3．多枝共干----英语句子中还有两个或几个动词共受一个状语修饰，共有一个主语或宾语，或者两个或几个状语共同修饰一个动词，两个或几个主语或宾语共一个动词，这就好比几根树枝长在同一根树干上，我们称为“多枝共干”式结构。 4．也有学者认为英语是一种弥漫着“男子气”的语言。逻辑性、组织性和理性是以英语为母语的民族的思维支撑点，从而就形成了英语的“阳刚之美”。而汉语自有汉语之美。汉语不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描摹，不执着于形式结构的规范，中国人的思维支撑点似乎更具有抽象，深邃和疏放的取向，由此繁衍生出的是显赫的暗示和幽远的意境从而形成汉语的“阴柔之美”。汉语的魅力在于她的流散和疏放，系于她超凡的暗示力和意境性。所以汉语的形式机制很弱，主谓宾没有形式标定，主谓间关系松散，宾语无定格，无定位，主语的超句承接功能很强。 如果说汉语是一种“人治”语言，那么，英语则是一种“理性”语言。汉语能化逻辑为内在，英语则必须将逻辑外化，化作种种行合的标记，化作启转承合的纽带。英语语法规范森严，理性十足；英语形式逻辑缜密，滴水不漏。 5．汉语是一种意境语言，一种艺术语言。寥寥数词，就能出意境，出氛围，出画面。
汉英语篇翻译练习答案： 1．Retirement Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives. Tired out after all exhaus ting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion, they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around. On the whole, female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers. Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 2. Good-bye, My Ill-fated Motherland! The moment I set foot on the deck of the ship, there began my temporary separation from Chinese oil and a feeling of parting sorrow welled up in my heart. At sailing time, I stood on deck watching the ship receding slowly from the bank until I was out of sight of the towering waterfront buildings and the foreign warships on the Huangpu River. Thereupon I turned round with hot tears in my eyes, murmuri ng, “Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland!” Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! I own what I am to the upbringing you have given me during the past 22 years. I have spent every day of my life in your warm bosom and under your loving care. Y ou have given me joy and sorrow as well as food and clothing. This is where my close relatives were born and brought up and where I have friends here and there. Y ou gave me a wide variety of happiness in my early childhood, but you have also been the source of my sorrow ever since I began to understand things. Here I have witnessed all sorts of human tragedy. Here I have come to know the times we live in. Here I have undergone untold sufferings. I have been struggling, fighting and, time and again, found myself on the brink of destruction and covered all over with cuts and bruises. I have laid to rest, with tears and sighs, some of my close relatives—relatives victimized by old feudal ethnics. Here, besides beautiful mountains and rivers and fertile farmland, we have ghastly prisons and execution grounds as well. Here bad people hold sway while good people suffer and justice is trodden down underfoot. Here people have to wage a savage struggle in order to win freedom. Here man eats man. O the numerous terrible scenes! O the numerous sad memories! O the grand Y ellow River! O the mysterious Y angtze River! Where on earth are your glories of the past? O my native land! O my people! How can I have the heart to leave you! Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! Much as I hate you, I’ve got to love you as ever. （选自《英语世界》2004年第三期，张培基译）
凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！ 第 1 页 共 1 页 2017考研英语翻译真题每日一句精析 （36） 要攻克考研英语翻译就必须要练习对句子的拆分解读能力，加强对词汇多义的把握，踩准得分点，最好的方法就是大家多练习对单句的细分解读，日积月累，翻译能力必定提升。凯程网考研频道以真题为例，和大家分享句子的细分解读，从词汇到句式，希望大家多练练。 2017考研英语翻译真题每日一句精析（36） Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed // in such institutions as the special preserve of a lawyer, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. 词汇要点： 1) institution //n. 机构;惯例 2) preserve //n. 经过加工保存的水果，保留区，某人所专有的活动或爱好 3) intellectual //adj. 智力的，知识的 结构要点： 1) 主干结构是一个被动态legal learning has beenviewed …as …，尤其要注意viewed 后面接了as 。 汉译逻辑要点： 1) in such institution 可能有人会翻译为“在这样的机构中”，这样不好。如果注意到such 这个词的指代关系，看看上一句话最后两个单词Canadian universities 就可以知道，such institution 指的是“大学”。所以，最好翻译为“在这类学校中”。 2) legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as …中有被动态。直接翻译的话，是“法律学习被这类学校看作是…”。根据被动结构的翻译方法，最好“少用被字”，转而采用“主宾颠倒”的方式来翻译为，把介词短语in such institutions 中的名词such institutions 翻译为中文主语：这类学校把法律学习看作是….。 3) the special preserve of lawyers 这个部分稍微难处理一点的是单词preserve 。它可以当作动词用，是“保存”的意思，所以，名词的基本意思也是“保存，保存下来的东西”。但是，它还有一个意思，就是“被认为是某人所专有的活动或者爱好”。所以，这里需要翻译为：律师们专有的活动。 4) the intellectual equipment 直译为“知识装备”，但是不太符合汉语习惯，调整一下，“知识储备，知识素养，知识体系”都可以。而an educated person 是“一个受过教育的人”。 完整译文： 长久以来，这类学校把法律学习看作是律师所专有的，而不是一个受过教育者的知识储备的必要组成部分。
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。
评：在最后一句“回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色”中，译者将“百媚”翻 译为“ full of grace ” ,在此处应取“ eleganee and beauty of movement expression ， a beautiful figure which she used in subtle movements unparalleled grace ”这一义，我认为此处强调的是“媚”这个字，这种美是无 人能比的，以至于六宫粉黛无颜色，所以在翻译之时，可以把这种媚翻译成魅 力，而且是“百媚”，此处“百”又不是真的“ hundred ”，而是一种“ end beauty, end of charm ”。 评：最后一句“六宫”翻译成six places 非常生硬，感觉没有体现中国古典文 化中六宫的含义。同时fairest face 也太过于字面化，没有什么美感。回眸直 接翻译为turning her head 也是过于直接，体现不出古典诗歌所要表达的美。 or of of 评：第二句杨家有女初长成中， womanhood just grow ，womanhood 略感多余，前面已经用 了 maiden ，意透露性别信息，无需再次强调女性身份，第三句中天生丽质难自弃，用 en dowed with n atural beauty, en dow 之嫌，一朝选在君王侧翻作 selected for the mon arch' 妃，回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色有承接关系，觉得， 已有天生具有的意思，再用 natural 强调原生有语义赘余 s side,太过直译，可以意译为入宫为 that 放入前半句更好， that she turns her head, with a sweet and grace smile 。 评：诗歌标题“长恨歌”并非表达一种真正的恨意和痛苦， 的遗憾和悔恨。“ regret ”正好有“悔恨，遗憾”之意，“ 而是指唐明皇和杨贵妃无法长相厮守 everlasting ”正好表达岀了长久的意 味。许渊冲的翻译避免了直接翻译的直白， 又恰到好处地将两人无法长相厮守的遗憾表达得淋漓 尽致，十分贴切。 《长恨歌》翻译评析 长恨歌 许渊冲译 The Everlast ing Regret 汉皇重色思倾国，御宇多年求不得。 The beauty-lovi ng mon arch Ion ged year after year To find a beautiful lady without peer. 杨家有女初长成，养在深闺人未识。 A maide n of the Yan gs* to woma nhood just grow n. In inner chambers bred, to the world was unknown. 天生丽质难自弃，一朝选在君王侧。 En dowed with n atural beauty too hard to hide, One day she stood selected for the mon arch ' s side. 回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色。 Turning her head, she smiled so sweet and full of grace That she outsh one in six palaces the fairest face.
1. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) 2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) 4. 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) Unit2 1. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) 2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) 3. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) 4. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) 5. 经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) 6. 这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) Unit3 1. 你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) 2. 还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) 3. 由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) 4. 虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) 5. 我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) 6. 她长得并不特别高，但是她身材瘦，给人一种个子高的错觉。(give an illusion of) Unit4 1. 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？(Use "it" as the formal subject) 2. 不管黑猫白猫，能抓住老鼠就是好猫。(as long as) 3. 你必须明天上午十点之前把那笔钱还给我。(without fail) 4. 请允许我参加这个项目，我对这个项目非常感兴趣。(more than + adjective) 5. 人人都知道他比较特殊：他来去随意。(be free to do sth.) 6. 看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想跟我说。(feel as though) Unit5 1. 他说话很自信，给我留下了很深的印象。(Use "which" to refer back to an idea or situation) 2. 我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。(Use "so... that..." to emphasize the degree of something) 3. 我十分感激你给我的帮助。(be grateful for) 4. 光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。(coupled with) 5. 由于缺乏资金，他们不得不取消了创业计划。(starve of) 6. 每当有了麻烦，他们总是依靠我们。(lean on) Unit6 1. 就像机器需要经常运转一样，身体也需要经常锻炼。(as... so...) 2. 在美国学习时，他学会了弹钢琴。(while + V-ing) 3. 令我们失望的是，他拒绝了我们的邀请。(turn down) 4. 真实情况是，不管是好是坏，随着新科技的进步，世界发生了变化。(for better or worse) 5. 我班里的大多数女生在被要求回答问题时都似乎感到不自在。(ill at ease) 6. 当地政府负责运动会的安全。(take charge of)Unit7
复旦附中英语练习---汉译英100句及参考答案 1.我们大家深受感动，结果把所有的零用钱都给了那个穷男孩。 We were all so moved that we gave all our pocket money to the poor boy. 2.他们夜以继日地工作，为了能按时修建起这座大桥。 They worked day and night so that they could build the bridge on time. 3.我认为买一本大的英汉词典很有必要。 I think it necessary to buy a big English-Chinese dictionary. 4.他的话听起来很合理，但是我们不知道他是否说了实话。 What he said sounded reasonable, but we wondered if he had really told the truth. 5.我们宁可步行也不愿意挤乘这么拥挤的公共汽车去学校。 We would rather go to school on foot than push our way into the crowded buses. 6.他说什么并没有关系，重要的是他怎么干。 It doesn't matter what he says. What is important is how he works. 7.碰巧我带着一张上海地图，因此没有迷路。 It so happened that I had a map of Shanghai with me, so I didn't get lost. 8这己不是我第一次来上海了。我第一次来上海时对所见所闻都觉得有趣。 It's not the first time that I have visited Shanghai. When I came for the first time, everything I saw and heard seemed interesting to me 9.除非你说实话，否则你不会得到我们的帮助。 You won't get our help unless you tell us the truth. 10.你打个电话给她，她马上就会把你所需要的东西送来的。 Call her and she will immediately bring you what you need. 11.像那样谈论是没有用的。我们必须制定一个计划，然后加以实施。 It's no use talking like that. We must make a plan and realize it. 12.你真好，提醒了我有个重要的会议。 It's so kind of you to remind me of the important meeting. 13.当我们听到他被选为队长的消息，我们禁不住欢呼起来。 We couldn't help cheering up when we learned the news that he had been made captain. 14.如果有必要，我会请人把剩下的票都买下来。 If necessary, I'll have the remaining tickets bought 15.只要你让我管这个孩子，我就会让他用功。 So long as you let me take care of the child, I' II make him work hard. 16.任何不守规则的人都要受到惩罚。 Anyone who doesn't obey the rules will be punished. 17.他们一定挺忙的，因为他们必须准备考试。 They must be very busy, as they have to prepare for the test. 18.你一定丢失了什么东西，不然不会看起来这么焦虑。 You must have lost something, or you would not look so worried. 19.据报道，那个国家的军队正在攻击其邻国。 It is reported that the forces of that country are attacking its neighbouring country. 20.你真幸运，你的数学老师被认为是全校最好的老师。 You are really lucky to have that maths teacher, who is regarded as the best in the school. 21.直到所有的病人都得到了治疗，医生才离开他的办公室。 The doctor did not leave his office till all the patients had been treated.