1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.
(15 points)
When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working ___2____ radio, for example, they had become ___3___ to seeing on behalf of the listener.
This ___4___ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. ___5___ all, he has to be able to ___6___ a continuous sequence of visual images which ___7___ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the ___8___ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is ___9___ different. He is there to make ___10___ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him ___11___ on particular things, and to ___12___ the images on the television screen. ___13___ his radio colleague, he must know the ___14___ of silence and how to use it at those moments ___15___ the pictures speak for themselves.
1.［A］turn ［B］adapt ［C］alter ［D］modify
[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配
本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to + 名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。Adapt oneself to意为to gradually change one?s behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully“(使)适应，（使）适合（新情况）”。代入adapt 之后，空格所在句大意为：他们（收音机评论员）努力去适应（电视机）这种新媒体的时候，遇到了一些技术方面的困难。[B]符合文义。
[A] turn to sb/sth意为ask help from“求助于”，如：I tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents.我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。[C] Alter意为cause to change; make different; cause a transformation 改变，如：He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom. 他把一间屋子改建成了卧室。[D] Modify 意为to make small changes to sth in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective “（略微地）修改，更改，改进”，如：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的观念和想象。
2. ［A］on ［B］at ［C］with ［D］behind
[解析]本题考核知识点：介词辨析
[A]On可意为by means of sth, using sth通过，使用，借助于，如：on TV/the internet在电视/互联网上。代入文中，on radio指收音机评论员通过收音机工作，作状语修饰work., 既符合文义，又能构成搭配。[B]at、[C] with、[D] behind构不成搭配。
3. ［A］experienced 有经验的［B］determined 有决心的
［C］established 已经确立的，获确认的［D］accustomed 习惯于
[解析]本题考核知识点：固定搭配
四个选项中，只有accustomed 可以形成be /become accustomed to doing sth的形式。如, My eyes slowly grew accustomed to the dark.我的眼睛慢慢适应了黑暗。而且，空格所在句大意为“在广播电台工作时，评论员已经习惯了代表公众看实况”，[D]accustomed 既符合内容要求又符合语法结构的要求。
Experienced 后面介词一般用in. 如，He is very experienced in looking after animals. 他对于照看动物很有经验。Determined后面跟动词不定式。如，I am determined to succeed.我决心要获得成功。Established“已确立的，已获确认的”，一般放在名词前做定语，如they are an established company with good reputation.他们是一家地位稳固，信誉良好的公司。
4. ［A］efficiency ［B］technology ［C］art ［D］performance
[解析] 本题考核知识点：上下文语义+ 名词意思辨析。
本句和下一句共同说明，评论员代替听众观看是一门技巧、本事。即，评论员必须擅长表达，同时还必须能够通过语言在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像。art意为“技艺，技巧，本领”，符合文义。所以，[D]为正确选项。
Technology多指工业技术。Efficiency指“效率”。Performance“演出，表现”。这三个词都和原文的意思不符。
5. ［A］Of ［B］For ［C］Above ［D］In
[解析]本题考核知识点：固定用法。
四个选项中，[B]、[C]、[D]都可以和all 搭配，但意义不同。above all意为“above and beyond all other consideration首先，尤其是”，如： What a child should do, above all, is to do well in his studies. 小孩子该做的最重要的事是学好功课。for all意为“尽管，虽然”，如：He never stopped trying for all his failures. 尽管失败, 但他从没放弃努力。In all 意为“总共，总计”，如：He visited, in all, ten hospitals in China. 他在中国共参观了10家医院。
空格处填入的短语应体现空格所在句子与上文之间的逻辑关系。由于本句空格较多，可以先做完第6和7题，再回来做5题。上文提到，代替听众观看要求评论员必须擅长表达。本句指出，评论员必须能够通过语言在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像。根据含义选择[C]。从泛泛的“擅长表达”到具体的“通过语言在观众脑海里生成一系列图像”。
6. ［A］inspire 激起，鼓舞，激励［B］create 产生，生成
［C］cause 引起，导致［D］perceive 注意到，领悟到
[解析] 本题考核知识点：动词词义辨析。
空格处填入动词，其主语是he（the commentator），宾语是visual images，所在句子的大意为：评论员必须能够……一系列连续的图片。
[A]inspire 意为to make sb have a particular feeling or react in a particular way“使（某人）产生（某种感情或反应）；激起”，如：Gandh i?s quiet dignity inspired respect even among his enemies.甘地沉静威严的气质使他的敌人都肃然起敬。[B]create意为“bring into existence造成，形成，生成”，如，This decision creates a dangerous precedent. 这个决定开创了一个危险的先例。[C]cause意为“make sth happen引起，导致”，如：deaths caused by dangerous driving
危险驾驶造成的死亡。[D]perceive意为“to notice someth ing that is difficult to notice察觉，注意到，发觉”，如：I perceived a change in his behaviour. 我发觉他的行为有些变化。或“to understand or think of something in a particular way（以某种方式）理解，领悟”。如，People now perceive that green issues are important to our future.人们现在认识到环境问题对我们未来的重要性。
宾语“视觉图像”不是“感情或反应”，排除inspire；主语和宾语之间不存在因果关系，排除cause；评论员通过语言让听众产生图像，而不是自己发现，排除perceive；只有[B]create 符合文义，表示“评论员在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像”。
7. ［A］add 添加［B］apply 应用[C] affect 影响[D]reflect反映
[解析]本题考核知识点：动词和介词的搭配
Add…to…“给……添加”是固定搭配。如，A new wing was added to the building。这栋大楼新添了一座配楼。而且，空格所在句大意为：（评论员的描绘所生成的图像）为听众听到的声音增添了意思”。[A]add填入空格处既结构合理，又符合文义。
其他三项都不能接sth to sth的结构，[B]apply直接加to，意为“适用于”如，The questions on this part of the form only apply to married men.表格中这部分问题只适用于已婚男士。
[C]affect意为“影响”，直接加宾语，如：The climate affected his health气候影响了他的健康。[D]r eflect 意为“反射，反映”，直接加宾语，如：The low value of the dollar reflects growing concern about the US economy.美元币值低反映出人们对美国经济的忧虑日益增加。
8. ［A］occasion ［B］event ［C］fact ［D］case
[解析]本题考核知识点：固定结构
上文是关于收音机评论员的工作，从这句开始，话锋一转，提到电视评论员的工作方式。In the case of …意为“至于……，就……来说”，表示由一种情况或话题转入另一种情况或话题。符合文义。所以，[D]为正确选项。
[A]occasion 指“（发生特殊事情）的情况”，与on 连用。如，on the occasion of her 50th birthday 在她50岁生日之际。[B]event 意为“事件”，常用搭配为in the event of …,意为“假如发生…”。如，In the event of rain, the party will be held indoors加入下雨，晚会就在室内举行。[C]Fact 指“事实，已经发生的事”，词组in fact意为“实际上”，没有冠词，也不与of 连用。
9. ［A］equally 同样的［B］completely 完全的
［C］initially起始地［D］hardly几乎不
[解析]本题考核知识点：副词词义辨析。
本句是对电视节评论员和收音机评论员工作性质的对比。从上下文来看，特别是前句的however表明，这两种工作是完全不同的，因而completely 为正确选项。
Equally 意为“同样的”，equally different 用于说明两个对比组之间的差异大小相同，Different species of trees thrive in equally different habitats.不同种类的树在同样不同的栖息地很好地生长。而本文中只存在一组对比（电视节评论员和收音机评论员）。Initially different 意为“开始时不同”，暗含后来相同的可能。Hardly意为“几乎不”，同文中意思相反。
10. ［A］definite 确定的［B］possible可能的
［C］sure确实的［D］clear 清楚的，明白的
[解析] 本题考核知识点：形容词词义辨析及搭配。
空格所在句子提到，电视评论员的作用是：确保观众不错过某些有趣之处，make sure that 是习惯用法，意为“确保”如，Make sure that you put down every word she says. 确保记下她说的每一个字。所以，[C ]为正确选项。
[A]definite不用在make definite that结构中。[B]possible，[C] clear和make只能形成make it possible/clear that 的形式，如，His diligence made it possible that he could win the game.他的勤奋使得他比赛获胜成为可能。She makes it clear to us that she wants to be master in her own house.她使我们很清楚地了解到，她要自主处理自己的事情。
11. [A］focus 集中，聚集［B］attend 参加，注意，照料
［C］follow 跟随，遵循［D］insist 坚持
[解析]本题考核知识点：动词和介词的搭配。
空格处填入的动词应与on 搭配。f ocus on… 意为“将注意力集中于”，如，I can't focus on my work when I'm tired. 我累了就无法集中精力工作。空格所在句大意为：电视评论员的作用是帮助观众将注意力集中在某些内容上。focus on切合题意。[A]为正确选项。
[B]Attend需要与to 连用，意为“留意，专心于”。如，She didn?t attend to what I was saying.她没有注意我所说的话。[C] Follow on 意为“继续下去”，但后面不能接宾语，如：He followed on after. 他在后面跟着。[D]Insist on意为“坚持”，如：I insist on your taking/insist that you take immediate action to put this right. 我坚决要求你立刻采取行动把事情处理好。该选项与文义不符。
12. ［A］exhibit 展示，陈列［B］demonstrate 演示，说明
［C］expose 暴露，揭示［D］interpret解释
[解析]本题考核知识点：动词词义辨析。
本题空格处填入动词，其宾语是the images，主语是上文he，因此该部分的含义是：电视评论员……电视屏幕上的图像，所以，[D] interpret最符合文义，表示“解释电视屏幕上的图像”。
13. ［A］Like像［B］Unlike不像，和...不同［C］As作为［D］For为了
[解析]本题考核知识点：介词的用法+上下文的理解。
先做14题再来解答13题。空格所在句大意为，……收音机评论员，电视评论员必须知道沉默的价值。根据常识及上文可知，收音机评论员绝大部分时间都在说。因此二者截然不同，[B] unlike为最合适选项。
14. ［A］purpose 目的［B］goal 目标［C］value 价值［D］intention 意图
[解析]本题考核知识点：名词词义辨析。
空格所在部分指出，电视评论员他们必须知道沉默的……；下文给出了线索：即在电视图像一目了然的时候如何利用沉默。所以，[C]value最符合文义。
15. ［A］if ［B］when ［C］which ［D］as
[解析]本题考核知识点：连词、关系代词、关系副词的运用。
从选项来看，空格处填入连词，和后面的部分构成状语从句。根据句意，这里应该是一个时间状语从句，即：电视评论员必须知道在电视图像一目了然的时候如何保持沉默。when是引导时间状语从句的常用连词，符合上下文意。as也可以引导时间状语从句，但它指while sth else is happening，一般用于指一个动作伴随着另一个动作发生，如：
He sat watching her as she got ready.他一直坐着看她准备停当。因此本题最佳答案为［B］when。
which是关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语，而此处的宾语从句不缺主语或宾语，所以显然不合适。if 引导条件状语从句。
全文翻译
电视刚刚普及时，那些已经成名的收音机评论员，鲜有能够在电视上同样出色的。当他们努力去适应这种新媒体的时候，他们遇到的一些困难是技术方面的。比如，通过收音机进行播音时，他们早已习惯于代表观众去看。
这种替别人看实况的技能意味着评论员必须擅长“说”。最重要的是，他必须能够通过语言在观众脑海里生成一系列图像。这些图像使听众听到的声音具有更多的意义。然而，电视评论员和观众一起观看（图像），因此，他的作用迥然不同。他要确保观众不错过有趣的地方，并帮助观众将注意力放在某些值得注意的地方，还要解释电视屏幕上的图像。和收音机评论员不同的是，他必须知道沉默的作用，知道在电视图像一目了然的时候如何保持沉默。
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)
Passage 1
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.
Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.
Of the many values that hold civilization together—honesty, kindness, and so on—accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law—and, ultimately, no society.
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.
Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns, usually—where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done! ”
Y et more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Y our typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he
wants, including your life if you enrage him.
The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn?t provide a stable home.
I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.
We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.
文章总体结构分析
本文从一名警察的角度分析了美国社会中犯罪活动猖獗的原因。指出：将犯罪行为归咎于外部环境因素是犯罪活动猖獗的主要原因，从而提出，更多的人应该认识到，真正该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。
第一到四段为第一部分：指出责任感对社会的重要性。
第五到九段为第二部分：指出现在大城市中正在忽略的自律恰恰是抑制犯罪的最有效方法。而人们为将犯罪行为归结于社会环境等外部因素恰恰是助长了罪犯拒绝承担责任的现象，从而导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。
第十段为第三部分：作者指出：更多的人应该认识到该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。
本文以一句智者的话“邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为”引入主题。从下文来看，作者主要论述的内容是：人们对罪犯不应该再采取纵容的态度，为他们的犯罪行为寻找借口，而应该认识到真正对犯罪行为负责的应该是罪犯本人。[B]和文中内容一致，为正确选项。
[A]、[D]与智者的话意思相反。[C]文中未提到。
解本题的信息主要在本文最后三段（第八到十段）；第八段对过去和现在人们看待犯罪的态度进行了比较。第九段作者对现在将犯罪行为归结于外部因素的观点提出质疑；最后一
段中作者指出，罪犯本人应该对自己的犯罪行为负责。所以[C]为正确选项。
[A]、[B]、[D]都是外部原因归结论，是作者所批判的观点。第八、九段指出，把犯罪行为归因于父母、社会、生活水平的态度恰恰导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。
[分析] 本题考核内容：事实细节题。
第六、七段对比了大城市和小城市人们的自我约束性，指出，生活在小城镇（smaller towns）还在强调纪律（schools maintain discipline，parents hold up standard），而大城市里自我约束力非常松散（inner restraints are loosening）。所以，[A]符合原文内容。
[B]和原文内容相反。[C]、[D]本文未提及。
第八段指出：导致犯罪活动猖獗的原因（The main cause of this break-down）是人们对罪犯态度的改变。三十年前，社会被认为是犯罪活动的受害者，而三十年后的今天，罪犯反倒被认为是受害者：教育环境不好，家庭环境不利于成长等。这说明，令作者感到遗憾的是人们为罪犯找借口的态度。[A]为正确选项。
第六段介绍小镇的人对纪律和标准的坚持是作者所赞赏的，排除[B]。[C]在本文中未提及。[D]和作者的观点相反：第八、九段的内容说明，作者不认为成长环境恶劣是走向犯罪的理由。
[分析]本题考核知识点：文章主旨题。
文章第二段指出，责任感在人们价值观念中的淡化是非常错误的（Something has gone terribly wron）。第三、四段给出责任感的定义并指出，没有责任感也就没有社会的存在。第五段作者以警察的身份指出自我约束的重要行。第六、七段比较了人们对犯罪的态度的变化。第八段指出：人们将犯罪归咎于外部因素的态度导致人们责任感的降低，从而导致犯罪活动的猖獗。最后两段中指出，不让罪犯为自己的犯罪行为负责会导致所有的人都拒绝承担责任。更多的人应该相信：该为犯罪活动承担责任的是罪犯本人。综合作者观点，可以得出，本文旨在说明，更多的人应该接受责任感。因此[D]正确。
[A]虽然在第六段中提及，但不是文章的主要观点。[C]和原文内容不符：第五段指出，作者认为对控制人们行为真正有效的是内部约束力，而不是来自于外界的控制。[B]文中未提及。
全文翻译
一位智者曾说过，邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为。所以，所为一名警察，我有一些话急需告诉善良的人们。
日复一日，我和我的同事尽力控制犯罪的蔓延。我们曾经引以为荣的美国生活方式出现了可怕的问题。这个问题处在我们的价值观方面。一个关键的成分正在消失，我想，我知道它是什么——责任感。
责任感不难定义。它指的是人人要对其行为负责，并承担其行为造成的后果。
责任感可能是形成文明的众多观价值观(善良，仁慈等)中最重要的一个。没有它，就没有尊重、信任、法律——最终也就没有社会的存在。
作为一名警察，我的工作就是把责任感强行加到那些拒绝承担、或自己没有学会承担责任的人身上。但正如每一位警察都知道的，对人行为的外部控制远不如自我约束（如罪恶感，羞耻心和难为情）有效。
幸运的是，在一些区域——通常是小城镇里，学校还维护纪律，父母还坚持原则，称“有些事情在我们家是不能容忍的——你们绝不能去那样做！”
但在越来越多的地方，尤其是大城市和郊区，这些自我约束力日渐松懈。抢劫犯不再是你认为的抢劫犯。他认为你的财产就是他的财产；他拿走他想要的一切，当你触怒他时，他甚至会拿走你的生命。
人们态度的根本变化造成了局面的完全崩溃。30年前，若有罪行发生，人们认为受害者是社会。现在，人们的态度发生了惊人的变化：最犯被认为是受害者——童年饱受贫困折磨，学校没有教他读书，教堂没有给他以道德上的引导，父母没有给他提供一个安定的家。
我不相信这些。同样不利的环境中长大的另外一些人为什么没有选择去犯罪？不让罪犯承担责任，甚至降低他们应承的责任，都会让我们的社会变成一个满是借口的社会，没有人愿意为任何事情承担责任。
美国急待更多的人相信：应该为犯罪行为负责的人是罪犯自己。
Passage 2
The period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against
child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one?s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
文章总体结构分析
本文分析了工业社会青春期变长的现象及其原因
第一段：介绍青春期延长的现象。
第二段：详细介绍了青春期不同阶段带来的变化。
[分析]本题考核知识点：因果细节题。
根据题干直接定位到第一段第二句while…部分，它指出，（相对原始社会），工业社会中青春期变长有两方面的原因：教育期的延长和反童工法的制定。所以，正确选项为[C]。
[A]的干扰来自于第一段第一句。它提到，“青春期的长短取决于不同社会对成熟和成年的定义”。接着第二句就比较了原始社会和工业化社会。从这两句其实我们可以推出这两种社会对成熟的定义必定不同。但第二句已经明确指出了具体原因，因此[C]为最佳答案。[B]文中未提。[D]是工业社会中关于青春期变化的现象，而非青春期变长的原因。
第二段第二句指出：青春期的社会仪式（social ones）已经被一系列阶段（a sequence of steps）所取代。第三句说明了“一系列阶段”的具体所指—─各阶段学习的毕业。所以，[A]为正确选项。
[B]、[C]、[D]的错误在于：social recognition、certain behavioral change 和socio-economic status本身都不是青春期仪式的替代品，而只是和其替代品紧密相连的因素。第三句提到，行为变化和社会认可度是伴随“阶段”而存在的，而一个人的社会经济地位会影响各阶段对他的重要性。
第二段后面部分从It is during the nine years到倒数第二句列举了青春期各阶段的权利。其中，第十句（at the age of twenty-one… public office）指出，21岁是开始享有完全成人权利的年龄。所以[C]为正确选项。
11岁不属于该部分介绍的范围；16岁时只能享有部分成人权利；12到21岁期间是一个从儿童向成人转变的过程，个人享有权利逐渐增加，但若享有完全成人权利，需要达到21岁。因此其他项排除。
[分析]本题考核知识点：文中细节推理题。
文中倒数第二句说明，一旦达到成人阶段（21岁），将不再继续获得其他额外的基本权利。
所以，本题的正确选项应为[C]。其他项与原文内容相反。
第一段末句指出，到了19世纪晚期，美国的青春期和成年期的分界线消失。Frontier 意为dividing line。所以，[A]为正确选项。
第二段倒数第五句指出，18岁后，可以不经父母的同意结婚。所以[B]错在“21岁”。第二段四、六、七句说明：16岁青少年可以获得驾照，但只有到了21岁，他们才称为法律意义上的成年人。所以[C]错误。第二段倒数第六、七句说明：16岁就可以不受童工法限制，而18岁后他们才可以参军。所以[D]错误。
全文翻译
青春期，也就是童年与成年之间的这段时期，可长可短。其长短取决于社会期望值和社会对成熟和成年的定义。原始社会中，青春期通常是相当短的一段时期。而在工业化社会里，由于人们接受教育时间的延长以及反童工法的制定，青春期要长很多，它包含了人生中第二个十年（十岁到二十岁）的大部分时间。另外，在某一社会中，青春期的长度和成年地位的定义可能会随社会经济条件的改变而改变。这种变化譬如：19世纪后期，美国乃至所有由农业化走向工业化的国家里不再存在青春期和成年期的界限。
现代社会中，青春期的各种仪式已不被正式认可，也不再具有象征意义，人们对其“开始仪式”也不再有统一的认识。社会仪式已经被一系列的“阶段”所取代，这些“阶段”将使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。例如，小学毕业，中学毕业，大学毕业就形成了这样一个系列。每一个“阶段”都意味着某些行为变化和一定的社会认可度，其意义大小则取决于个人的社会经济地位和受教育的目标。青春期的各种仪式也已经被法律意义上的地位、权利、特权、和责任所取代。从12岁生日起到21岁生日这九年之间，逐渐去除了儿童时代受到的保护和限制和较低的社会地位，同时又逐渐被赋予成年人的权利和责任。人到了12岁就不再被看作孩子，乘火车、飞机、或去剧院、电影院时必须买全票。基本上可以这样说，这一年龄的个人失去了儿童的特权，却没有得到明显的成年人权利。16岁的青少年会得到某些成人的权利，通过得到更多的自由和选择而提高社会地位。他可以获得驾照；可以离开公立学校；可以不再受童工法的限制。18岁时，他可以得到法律认可的成人权利和义务；可以参军，可以在不得到父母的允许的情况下结婚。21岁时，他会得到成年人完全的法律权利。他可以投票，可以买酒，可以签署商业合同，可以有权竞选公职。进入成年状态后，就不再因为年龄的增长而享受到更多的权利。所有法律条款都没有决定到底什么年龄算是进入成年，但它们的确表明青春期延长了。
Passage 3
Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars—the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.
The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined—in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light—to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas—water vapor—to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10, 000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物) .
文章总体结构分析
本文说明了水对于生长的植物的重要作用。
第一段：通过水对于植物生长的各种重要作用。
第二段：用事实说明，尽管植物含水量很高，但其含水量只是其生长所需水的很小一部分，从而说明水对植物生长的重要性。
[分析] 本题考核知识点：事实细节题。
第一段第六句（the carbon dioxide…mainly built）和第二段第二句说明：二氧化碳可以直接从空气中进入植物的叶子里，所以不需要水。[D]选项正确。同时这两句还说明：生成糖的过程需要二氧化碳先溶于水，然后和水结合，所以[A]不是正确选项。
第一段最后一句说明：（尽管木质茎比活跃组织需要的水少得多），但还是需要一定量的
水。所以，[B]非正确选项。[C]文中未提及。
第一段第五句说明：二氧化的作用主要是生成植物体最需要的材料——单糖。第二段第二句说明：植物的光合作用（二氧化碳和水结合）形成单糖。所以，光合作用能够提供植物需要的（单）糖。[A]为正确选项。
[B]的干扰来自于第二段第二句，但该句提到的是从光中获取能量是光合作用的条件之一，而不是反过来通过光合作用去获取能量。[C]文中未提及。[D]是光合作用的过程，而不是作用。
解此题需要分析第二段的结构。本段第一句为段落主题句：植物的含水量只是其需水量很小的一部分。然后用事实说明为什么会出现这种情况（植物叶子允许二氧化碳进入，却让水蒸气散失。再加上风和其他因素的作用，大部分的水都损失掉了）。所以，[C]为正确选项。
[A]“有效利用水”不是本文涉及的内容；[B]只在第一段有所提及。第二段提到风等因素造成水的损失，但并未提到风的大小与损失的水蒸汽的量相关。所以，[D]排除。
[分析] 本题考核知识点：文中多处细节理解题。
文章第二段最后一句指出：并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都被合成了碳水化合物。这说明[D]选项正确。
[A]的干扰来自于第一段第四句。该句说明，来自于土壤中的矿物质元素只有先溶于“土壤溶液”才能被“根部”吸收，而非溶解于“根部”。[B]与原文内容相反：从第一段最后一句可知，生长不活跃的木质茎含水量可能远远小于生长活跃的叶子。[C]与文中内容不符：第二段第五句给出的信息是：“叶子内部”空气中的水蒸气含量“接近”饱和状态，而非“叶子周围”的空气“处于”饱和状态。
本文第一段首先通过类比开门见山地说明水对于生长中植物的重要作用。然后通过水对植物生长的各种功能（溶解矿物质元素、溶解二氧化碳并和二氧化碳结合生成单糖）说明植物生长中的一切重要过程都离不开水。第二段用事实说明：（尽管植物含水量相当高），但植物生长所需要的水远远大于其本身所所含有的水。所以，整篇文章说围绕的中心是：水对于植物生长的重要作用。[B]为正确选项。
考生误选[A]、[C]、[D]都是因为对光合作用在全文中作用的理解错误：文中提到关于二氧化碳（光合作用）是为了用事实说明水对植物生长的重要作用，而并非为了说明二氧化碳本身或光合作用（生成单糖）的作用，所以[A]、[C]都不正确；同样也不是为了说明光合作用的过程，所以[D]错误。
全文翻译
大部分生长的植物，其水的含量超过其他所有物质的含量总和。C·R·巴恩斯认为，把植物叫做水结构就如同把主要用砖盖成的房子叫做砖建筑一样恰当。当然，植物生长的一切必要过程都发生于水中。来自于土壤的矿物质在被植物根茎吸收之前，必须先溶解于水。它们在溶解状态被输送到植物的全身并构成基本的植物材料。空气中的二氧化碳能以气体的形式进入叶子，但在和一部分水结合生成单糖（构成植物体最基本的材料）之前也必须先溶于水。植物生长活跃部分的含水量一般高达75-90%。植物的结构部分（如生长不活跃的木质茎）的含水量可能大大少于生长活跃的组织。
但是，植物任何时候的实际含水量都只是其生长期间通过它全身水量的很小一部分。借助叶绿素和光能量发生光合作用（二氧化碳和水结合）以形成单糖的过程要求二氧化碳从空气中进入植物。这一过程主要发生在叶子上。叶子表面并非固体，而是有大量的小口。二氧化碳通过这些小口进入植物。这些允许二氧化碳进入叶子的小口却让另一种气体——水蒸气散失。由于二氧化碳在空气中的含量非常少（3-4?），且叶子内部空气空间的水蒸气含量接近饱和状态（80oF时，饱和状态下的每10000份空气中含186份水汽），所以，植物失去的水蒸气的量是吸收的二氧化碳量的许多倍。实际上，因为风和其他因素的影响，损失掉的水和吸入二氧化碳的比甚至可能大于这两种气体的相对浓度。另外，并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都可以被合成碳水化合物。
Part B
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)
The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (31) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
(32) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.
(33) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?
To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (34) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.
In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (35) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
31. [解析] 本题考核知识点：并列句的处理，短语、被动句的译法。
本句由两个并列分句组成：The supply of o il can be shut off…, and …, the oil wells will all run dry…。第一个分句中unexpectedly和at any time为shut off的状语；第二个分句中in thirty years or so 和at the present rate of use为run dry的状语。Run dry 相当于become dry。well 意思为“井”。in any case“无论如何”是修饰整个第二个分句的状语。
译文：石油供应可能随时会被切断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
32. [解析]本题考核知识点：嵌套式定语从句、嵌套式并列结构的译法。
本句主干是but连接的并列分句。在第一个分句中还嵌入一个and 连接的并列句。That will ever restore …..past为定语从句，修饰名词situation。此定语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句we have had in the times past，修饰先行词sense。
对于此类“从句套从句”的复杂句，翻译时需根据语法分析理清句中各部分的关系，然后用地道的汉语表达进行翻译。切忌过分直译造成修饰成分的堆积，从而使得表达混乱。
译文：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。
33.[解析]本题考核知识点：非限制性定语从句的译法。
本句主干为T he food supply will not increase…，enough to…结构做结果状语，意为“足以……”。w hich …food 为非限制性定语从句，其中which指代整个主句的内容，因此可以用“这”来重复翻译前文的内容。
译文：食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
34. [解析] 本题考核知识点：状语从句中嵌套定语从句的翻译处理。
本句主干为：T his will be particularly true… 。since…为原因状语从句。状语从句的主干是since energy pinch will make it difficult to…，其中不定是结构to continue agriculture in the …fashion是动词make的真实宾语。定语从句that makes …high yields修饰先行词fashion。
译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
35. [解析] 本题考核知识点：时间状语从句、定语从句的译法。
此句的主干为：People will have t o accept more “unnatural food”，句首Until such time as …for all为时间状语从句，其中w here…for all为定语从句，修饰先行词the point，where 相当于in which(the point)，译为“到这样的程度”。
译文：．除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
参考译文
事实是，虽然官方突然宣布能源危机的存在，然而长期以来我们一直面临着能源危机，而且这种情况今后将会持续更长的时间。不管阿拉伯的石油能否源源不断地流出，人人都清楚，再也不能让世界工业依赖于如此脆弱的能源基础了。（31）石油供应可能随时会被突然切断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
（32）必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。在今后的漫长的时间内，人类将谨慎前进，而且应该对自己能够继续前进感到非常幸运。
使目前状况更糟的是，至今尚无迹象表明，世界人口的增长在近期内会减慢。虽然包括美国在内的一些国家的出生率已经下降，但是在21世纪初世界人口似乎肯定会超过60亿，或许甚至超过70亿。
（33）食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。
考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以适当地估计一下2001年的超级市场将会是什么样子呢?
首先，今后的30年内，世界的食品供应日益紧张，甚至美国这里也不例外。到2001
年美国人口将至少达到2亿5千万，也可能是2亿7千万。那时，美国将很难扩大食品生产来满足人口增长的需要。（34）这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能消费这种美国耕作方式继续下去了，而按照这种耕作方式可以投入少数农民就获得高产。
几乎可以肯定，到2001年美国将不再是一个食品输出国；如果必须出口的话，那么其代价就是美国国内人民将勒紧裤带。
实际上，由于各种食品往往会质量下降、品种减少，这就非常有可能更多地使用调味添加物。（35）除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
Section ⅢWriting(15points)
Directions:
A) Title: WHERE TO LIVE—IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?
B) Time limit: 40 minutes
C) Word limit: 120 -150 words (not including the given opening sentence)
D) Y our composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.
E) Y our composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.
OUTLINE:
1. Conveniences of the city
2. Attractions of the country
3. Disadvantages of both
4. My preference
审题谋篇
提纲第一、二项分别要求讨论城市和乡村各自的优点，第三项要求讨论各自的缺点，显然，对照的写作方法最为合适。第四项要求做出自己的选择，这实际上是对前面讨论的一个总结。按照所给提纲，文章自然分成四段。
参考范文
Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city. With so many supermarkets, shopping malls and recreation facilities within easy reach, for example, city dwellers find it easy to enjoy themselves. Also, they are well-informed and have access to better education and better job opportunities. Besides, the city has better transportation service and health care. So, those who live in cities tend to have better sense of security.
But country life is also attractive. With the fresh air, the green trees and the singing birds, country people are close to nature and live a quiet life. They can enjoy the peace and calmness of the pastoral environment there. They can easily make friends with the warmhearted and honest people there.
Both the country and the city, however, have their own disadvantages. Cities are being tortured by many problems, such as heavy traffic and serious pollution. And urban citizens are often under pressure. As for rural inhabitants, they may find life far from being convenient, colorful or
vigorous.
As far as I'm concerned, I hate the hustle and bustle of the city. I like the peace and beauty of the country. As to the inconveniences, countryside in China is undergoing great changes, leaving more and more disadvantages behind. So, given the chance, I would prefer to live in the country.
范文点评
总体分析：
由于从所给材料中较容易确定文章的层次和段落结构，所以，应该在表达上多下功夫。该文借助关联词、独立结构、现在分词作定语、多种句型的应用使得行文流畅。且通过拟人、押韵、渐进（第一段对城市生活优点的列举中，由娱乐，到工作学习机会，最后到与人的生命休戚相关的投医看病，逐渐形成高潮）的修辞手法使文章形象生动，给人印象深刻。
语言亮点：
1. within easy reach：“容易得到”。
2. have access to：“可以达到，可以使用”。
3. With the fresh air, the green trees and the singing birds 利用对乡村环境的具体描述使人对乡村生活的美如同身临其境。
4. the pastoral environment：“田园般的生活环境”。
5. being tortured by：“正在遭受…的折磨”。
6. far from：“远远达不到…”。
7. hustle and bustle：用押韵的修辞手法使得读者从字里行间似乎就能感受到城市生活的忙碌
8. undergoing great changes：“经历着重大变化”。
9. As far as I am concerned：“就我而言”，用于引出自己的观点。
10. prefer to：“（相比…，更）喜欢…”
1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section ⅠUse of English
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S. space shuttle. ___1___ it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle ___2___ of flying into space and returning many times. ___3___ by reusable rockets that can lift a load of 65,000 pounds, the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry, as ___4___ as a variety of military hardware. ___5___ more significantly, it will ___6___ materials and machines into space for industrial purposes ___7___ two decades ago when “sputnik” (artificial satellite) was ___8___ to the vocabulary. In short, the ___9___ importance of the shuttle lies in its ___10___ as an economic tool.
What makes the space shuttle ___11___ is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane. ___12___, when it has accomplished its ___13___, it can be ready for ___14___ trip in
about two weeks.
The space shuttle, the world’s first true spaceship, is a magnificent step ___15___ making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man.
1. ［A］In ［B］On ［C］By ［D］With
[解析] 本题考核知识点：介词的用法。
空格所在句中，it指代前一句提到的space shuttle。句子大意为：“……航天飞机，宇航员可以实现地面和太空之间的多次往返”。根据介词与space shuttle的搭配，首先排除[B]。in the space shuttle搭配本身并没有错误，但代入句子中，其含义成了：在航天飞机里，宇航员有了实验室飞行器。此句显然不合逻辑，排除[A]。by 和with都可以表示“通过…，用…”的意思。但by表示动作、行为的方式，如：to pay by cheque用支票付款；to travel by plane乘飞机旅行。而文章显然不能说“宇航员获得实验室飞行器的方式是（乘坐）航天飞机”。with除了表示“（为做某事）借助工具或手段”之外，它还可意为having or carrying sth有，具有，带有，如：With your help, I might finish the work ahead of time.有了你的帮助，我也许可以提前完成工作。with带入文中表示“有了航天飞机，宇航员就有了实验室飞行器”，符合逻辑，所以[D]为最合适选项。
2. ［A］capable 有能力的，能够［B］suitable 适合的，适宜的
［C］efficient 效率高的，有能力的［D］fit（质量、素质或技能）适合的，合格的[解析] 本题考核知识点：固定搭配
从语法上看，只有[A]capable能够形成capable of doing…的结构。如：Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are diluted to far below one part in one million. 即使把人类气味的浓度稀释到不及原来的百万分之一，我们的鼻子仍然能够察觉到它的存在。它代入文中，形容词短语capable of …做后置定语，修饰名词a workhouse vehicle，表示“能够……的实验室飞行器”。
suitable和fit一般与for 连用，如：This program is not suitable for children. 这个节目儿童不宜。It was a meal fit for a king. 这饭菜够得上御膳。efficient通常跟at，如：He's efficient at his job. 他胜任工作。
3. ［A］Served 由…提供服务［B］Powered 由…提供动力
［C］Forced 被…强迫［D］Reinforced 被…加强，加固
[解析]此题考核知识点：上下文意思+ 动词词义辨析
空格所在部分是过去分词短语做状语…by reusable rockets，由于句子的主语是the shuttle，因此空格处填入的过去分词与主语（即，其逻辑主语）之间存在被动关系。因此该部分的含义是：“航天飞机被可重复使用的火箭……”。从选项的含义来看，只有powered 符合逻辑，表示“可重复使用的火箭为航天飞机提供动力”。因此[B]正确。
4. ［A］far［B］well［C］much［D］long
[解析]本题考核知识点：句意理解+ 短语含义辨析
四个词都可以形成as…as的结构，仅从语法无法做出选择。从短语意思来看，as far as 意为“最多”，用来表示所能到达的最远范围或距离，如：I?ll drive you to as far as the theatre. 我最远把你载到剧院。as well as意为in addition to“除….也…”，如：She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.她既是个摄影师还是个天才的音乐家。as much as意为“最多”，表示量，如：H e doesn?t earn as much as I do.他挣的钱不如我多。as long as意为only if“只
要”或since“由于”，如：We?ll go as long as the weather is good. 只要天气好我们就去。As long as there is a demand for these drugs, the financial incentive for drug dealers will be there. 只要对这些毒品有需求，就存在对贩毒者的经济诱因。
空格所在句大意为：航天飞机除了运送多种军用设备外，也要运送科学考察仪器，所以，[B]为合适选项。
5. ［A］Then ［B］Or［C］But［D］So
[解析] 本题考核知识点：逻辑关系
对此题的解答需要正确理解空格前后句子的逻辑关系。上文提出了航天飞机的作用（携带科学探索设备、军事设备往返于太空），下文仍然指出它的其他作用（把材料和机器送入太空，以实现工业目的）。more significantly说明下文指出的是最重要的作用。所以，此处所用连词应该表示递进的关系。四个选项中只有but能够表示转折递进的关系。正确选项为[C]。
[A]then表示顺接、追加、或因果关系，如，First cook the onions, then add the mushrooms. 先炒洋葱，然后放进蘑菇。She …s been very busy at work and then there was all that trouble with her son.她工作一直很忙，另外还有儿子的一大堆麻烦事。Why don?t you hire a car? Then you ?ll be able to visit more of the area.你怎么不租辆车，那样你可以多参观些地方。[B]or连接句子时表示“如果不…，则会出现…（不好的）结果”，如：Hurry up or you'll be late. 快，否则你就要来不及了。[D]so表示因果关系，如：It was snowing, and so I could not go out.天在下雪，所以我无法外出。
6. ［A］supply补给,供给［B］introduce 介绍，推出
［C］deliver 运送，输送［D］transfer 转移，调转
[解析] 本题考核知识点：句子内部逻辑+动词词义辨析
解此题的关键在于弄清楚航天飞机（it）、材料和机器（materials and machines）、和太空（space）之间的联系。显然，三者之间联系应为“航天飞机把材料和机器送到太空”。[C]符合语义。
7. ［A］unimagined 无法想象的［B］unsettled 未解决的，未定的
［C］uncovered 被揭露的［D］unsolved 未解决的
[解析] 本题考核知识点：分词形容词辨析
空格处填入过去分词形容词，做后置定语，修饰industrial purposes，相当于一个定语从句：(which are) …two decades ago。空格所在句旨在说明航天飞机在工业方面的巨大作用。
[A]代入后表示“航天飞机将会实现的工业目的在20年前是无法想象的，符合文意，为正确选项。[C]“20年前被揭露的目的”无法表达这一含义。其他项与purposes不搭配。
8. ［A］attributed［B］contributed［C］applied［D］added
[解析]本题考核知识点：动词词义辨析+搭配
本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与介词to搭配，并符合文义。四个选项都可以和to 搭配。所以，需要从语义方面考虑。a dd… to…意为“添加，增加”，如：Shall I add your name to the list? 我可以把你的名字写进名单吗？空格所在句大意为：20年前sputnik（人造卫星）作为新词被添加到原有的词汇中，所以，[D]add既符合语法，又符合上下文内容，为正确选项。
[A]attribute sth to sth意为“认为……属于，把……归因于……”，如：Not all that shift can
1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Structure and Vocabulary In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (15 points) EXAMPLE: I was caught ________ the rain yesterday. [A] in [B] by [C] with [D] at ANSWER: [A] 1. No doctors could cure the patient ________ his strange disease. [A] with [B] of [C] from [D] off 2. He was ________ his wits’ end what to do. [A] in [B] on [C] at [D] of 3. Prior ________ his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. [A] to [B] of [C] in [D] from 4. The driving instructor told me to pull ________ at the post office. [A] up [B] back [C] round [D] along
北京航空航天大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题 考生注意：所有答题务必写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。 I. Vocabulary and Structure(40points,1*40) Part 1 Directions: Choose one of the four alternatives which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase and mark the corresponding letter. 1. “The giant was bit” is a tautological statement, to say the least. A. tight B. redundant C. illogical D. relative 2. There is an embargo on any more video games coming into the house. A. landing place B. prohibition C. violation D. permission 3. Youngsters are usually more impetuous than old people. A. impatient B. immature C. impulsive D. imperial 4. U nfortunately, I’ll spend the weekend doing a bunch of prosaic chores. A .dull B. practical C. trivial D. rhyming 5. The crowd at the town meeting found the mayor’s assurance too glib. A. sarcastic B. flashy C. malicious D. readily fluent 6. Gazing at the crystalline lake, I decided it was too beautiful to swim in. A. breakable B. futuristic C. delicate D. sparkling 7. We cannot vacillate on the question of the party’s leadership. A. lead B. doubt C. check D. repeat 8. It is more difficult for a chronic smoker to give up the habit than for a novice, but it can be done. A. affluent B. confirmed C. disciplined D. indecisive 9. They were furious when one of their best managers was poached by another company A. headhunted B. punched C. plundered D. probed 10. The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were unreadable. A. indelible B. inscrutable C. illegible D. illegitimate 11. She bristled at the suggestion that she had been dishonest. A. bridled B. bridged C. breathed D. boasted 12. Investors should study a prospectus before putting money into a big company. A. positive outlook B. banking agreement C. profit-and-loss statement D. formal business document 13 .The real hero is never ostentatious. A. frivolous B. pretentious C. presumptuous D. ponderous 14. If you have never held a driving license before, you should apply for a provisional license. A. providential B. temporary C. provincial D. improvised 15. John Smith is a voracious book collector. A. vicious B. luxurious C. insatiable D. valuable 16. I don’t think we should make precipitate decisions. A .precipitous B. precocious C. precarious D. precautious 17. You need an excursion to break the monotony. A. gaunt B. jaunt C. vaunt D. taunt 18. The government appears in a quandary about what to do with so many people. A. border B. marshy ground C. dilemma D. situation 19. It was an auspicious beginning to her career as an author. A. unexpected B. interesting C. favorable D. doubtful
____年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points). In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting____1____ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended ____2____ giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior. The idea arose because of the ____4____ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to ____5____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ____6____ what was done in the experiment; ____7____something was changed,
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM) 跨考英语教研室—杨凤芝 Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that_____ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be____ as im partial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_______ to the code of conduct that ______to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other cases ______the question of whether there is still a _____ between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law____ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions ____ they would be free to ____those in power and have no need to_____ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _____. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ______like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _____is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _____ as unjust. The justices must _____doubts about the court’s legitimacy by maki ng themselves _____to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _____, convincing as law. 1 A emphasize B maintain C modify D recognize 2 A when B best C before D unless
1986 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Structure and Vocabulary In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (15 points) EXAMPLE: I was caught _______ the rain yesterday. [A] in [B] by [C] with [D] at ANSWER: [A] 1. No doctors could cure the patient _______ his strange disease. [A] with [B] of [C] from [D] off 2. He was _______ his wits ' end what to do. [A] in [B] on [C] at [D] of 3. Prior ______ his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. [A] to [B] of [C] in [D] from 4. The driving instructor told me to pull _______ at the post office. [A] up [B] back [C] round
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题 Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。 His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。 GI .joe had a career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyleportrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles wereor what towns were captured or liberated, His reportsthe “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both menthe dirt and exhaustion of war, the of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,the most important person in their lives。 1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed 2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal 3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded 4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes 5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence 6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against 7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming 8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down 9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed 10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither 11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished 12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony 13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned 14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human 15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained 16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted 17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired 18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea 19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond
07-1 PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points) Section A (0.5 point each) 21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive forpath-breaking innovation will eventually dry up. A. investment B. resource C. inspiration D. stimulus 22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despitethe appalling workingconditions. A. bewildering B. exasperating C. dismaying D. upsetting 23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting andphotography. A. all at once B. by and by C. to some extent D. on the whole 24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about theconsequences. A. optimistic B. anxious C. uncertain D. scared 25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes. A. enhanced B. revised C. alternated D. modified 26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery. A. arisen from B. contributed to C. patched up D. participated in 27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurorsprevailed. A. resigned B. compromised C. persisted D. dominated 28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jeffersoncontended that the countryshould remain chiefly agricultural. A. inclined B. struggled C. argued D. competed 29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company. A. on occasion B. at present C. by now D. for sure 30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifyingvictims' families. A. briefly B. quickly C. accurately D. earnestly Section B (0.5 point each) 31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world. A. neighborhoods B. communities C. clusters D. assemblies 32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life. https://www.doczj.com/doc/1f1418031.html,pose B. impose C. expose D. pose 33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests. A. energetic B.vigorous C. rigorous D. grave 34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________. A. presentation B. instruction C. conviction D.obligation 35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along witheach other. A. incomprehensible B. incomparable C. inconceivable D. incompatible 36. As __________China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthenanti-corruption activities are gaining momentum. A. in the light of B. in the event of C. in the case of D. in the course of
____年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points). In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting____1____ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended ____2____ giving their name to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior. The idea arose because of the ____4____ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to ____5____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ____6____ what was done in the experiment; ____7____something was changed,
2012年考研英语(二)真题试题及答案 Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries. His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe. GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives. 1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed 2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal 3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded 4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes 5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence 6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against 7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming 8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down 9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed 10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither 11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished 12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony 13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned 14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human 15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained 16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted
2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section II Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 24to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 25as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also 33changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 34, children are likely to have less supervision at home 35was common in the traditional family 36. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 21.[A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting 22.[A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because 23.[A] interaction[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation 24.[A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response 25.[A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else 26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding