常用连接词
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all,Firstly/First,Secondly/Second… And then,Finally,In the end,At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more,Besides,Moreover,Furthermore,In addition As well as,not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However,On the contrary,but,Although+clause(从句), In spite
of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because,As,So,Thus,Therefore,As a result
5.表换一种方式表达：In other words,that is to say,
6.表进行举例说明：For example；For instance；such as+n/doing
7.表陈述事实：In fact,frankly speaking,
8.表达自己观点：As far as I know/concerned,In my opinion,personally, as to me
9.表总结：In short,In a word,In conclusion,In summary,all in all, briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, as you know, as is known to all
良好的开端等于成功的一半．在写作文时,通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法.也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求,点出文章的中心思想.
A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages．(用于说明某物的正反两面）
B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.（用
于比较/对比两事物）
C.Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the
city and in the countryside. （人们关于生活在城市还是农村的优缺点的看法不同）（用于表达看法）
D. As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.（用于说明某物的重要性）
E. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
（反问语气,更有吸引力,增强说服力）（用法广泛）文中正确使用两三个好的句型,如：定语从句、状语从句、动名词做主语等. 宾语从句举例：I believe Tianjin will be
more beautiful and prosperous.
状语从句举例：If everyone does something for the environment,our hometown will become clean and beautiful.
动名词做主语举例：Reading books in the sun is bad for our eyes. =It’s bad for our eyes to read books in the sun.
定语从句举例：Although I have many different pens,the pen which my father sent me is my favorite one.
常用状语从句句型：
1)时间：when,not…until,as soon as
2)目的：so that+clause(从句）;to do(为了)
3)结果：so…that+clause,too…to do(太……以至于……)
4)条件：if,unless(除非),as long as(只要)
5)让步：though,although,even though,even if No matter
what/when/where/who/which/how
6)比较：as…as…,not so…as…,than
其他句型：
It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道It is suggested that 据建议It is estimated that 据估计It is proved that 据证明It is learned that 据了解It is acknowledged that 据大家公认
众所周知：as is known to all, +句子as we all know, +句子it is generally/ publicly known / considered that… There is no doubt that 毫无疑问… There is no need to do 没必要做…
There is no point in doing 做某事毫无意义表示喜欢和感兴趣：like / love doing /enjoy doing
be fond of doing 喜欢做… be keen on n. /doing热衷于做…… have delight in doing. 做……很高兴
prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B be addicted to doing 沉迷于…… prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
be interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing fall in love with 深深喜欢
做某事try to do努力做… strive to do 努力做…
try one’s best to do = do one’s best to do 竭尽全力做… ma ke efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做… do what sb can (do ) to do 尽力做…
spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做…
do what / everything sb. can to do 尽某人全力做… intend / plan to do 打算做… be going to do 打算做… decide to do 决定做… determine to do 决定做…
be determined to do 决定做… make up one’s mind to do 下定决心做… want to do 想做… would like to do 想做… hope to do 希望做… expect to do 期待着做… wish to do 希望做… consider doing 考虑做…
look forward to doing 盼望做… keep on doing 坚持做… dream of doing 梦想做… can’t help doing 情不自禁地做… keep / stop / pr event sb. from doing 阻止某人做… be busy (in ) doing 或be busy with + 名词忙于做…
have trouble / have problem / have difficulty (in) doing 或with + 名词做…有困难spend time / money (in )doing 或spend time / money on + 名词花费时间做… have fun / have a good time / enjoy oneself doing 玩得开心
get used to/ be accustomed to doing 习惯做某事
在雅思写作的四大评分标准当中，连贯性与衔接性是其中的一项评分标准，连贯性与衔接性其中一方面就是用连接手段（即连接词）来实现的。连接词本身是非常繁琐的知识，在教授连接词时也会遇到很多困难，那么学连接词首先把连接词词性掌握并掌握各词性的用法，学连接词就简便得多。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，连接词大体可分为四种词性：连词，副词，介词和短语，它们各自的用法又不一样。 连词 如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。 例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词) 段落开始：But how should it be achieved ( 连词放句首) 介词 如before, despite：后接名词或动名词 例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment. 副词 副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号（当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句） 例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句) The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中) 短语 如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样 例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion. The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中) 掌握连接词的四大词性及用法以后，连接词的教学和运用就容易展开。我们可以参看考官范文，看看各类关系的时候考官如何使用连接词，使文章凸显出来。 因果关系 根据词性及用法可归结于: because / since/ as / for, so (连词), because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of (介词) for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly (短语和副词) 例：I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our tendency to use sth once and throw it away. （可代替词汇because of/ due to / owing to）
雅思写作常用同义词替换100个 1. people=individuals 人们(Those who) 2. many people=a majority of people = most of people大多数人 3. a lot of=a great deal of=plenty of 很多（修饰不可数名词） 4. a great number of=a large amount/quantity of=considerable amount of= a large variety of很多（可数名词） 5. plentiful=abundant 丰富的，大量的 6. expensive=pricy 贵的 7. thing=item=goods 东西，物品 8. humans=human beings=human race=mankind 人类 9. benefit=conduce to=help=contribute to=aid to 有助于（动词） 10. harm=damage=endanger=undermine 危害（动词）
11. beneficial=helpful=conducive(rewarding)=do good to/be good for 有好处的（形容词） 12. harmful=detrimental=damaging有害的（形容词） 13. education=schooling 教育 14. think=believe=hold=maintain=consider=take for=agree认为 15. oppose=object to=be against=disagree 反对 16. support=be in favor of=be for 支持 17. as for me=as far as I am concerned=in the eyes of 对我来说 18. in my opinion=from my perspective=in my viewpoint=in my point o f view=personally 我的观点是 19. as …develop(s)=with the development of...=with the progress of…=as…ad vances随着…的发展（注意什么时候用动词，什么时候用名词） 20. quickly=rapidly=at an amazing rate=at an staggering rate 很快（副
英语连接词大全 ( 转) 英语写作中常见问题就是如何连接各个句子，使之能够流畅地承上启下，更顺畅地表达出自己的观点。 这份连接词大全，提供了常用、常见的连接词，方便大家在学习、工作上的使用。建议分享收藏，以便需要时可以拿出来用噢～ 1)先后次序关系： atthistime;first;second;atlast;next；previously;simultaneously同时地;eventually；lastbutnotleast；tobeginwith；tostartwith；toendwith；finally；seeing...由于，因为；sincethen；firstofall；afterwards后来;followingthis;preceding先前的;originally最初的ultimate最终的，极限的，根本的 2)因果关系： because；becauseofthis；beingthat（口语）既然，因为；anotherimportantfactor／reasonof...；since；as；for；inthat...；owingto由于，通常负面；dueto由于；forthereasonthat...；inviewof 鉴于，考虑到resultfrom归因于thereasonseemstobeobvious;thereareabout...；forthisreason;asaresultofthis；therefore；...andso...；consequently所以，因此；asaresult；thus 这样，如此，因而；hence因此；so；sothat...；inconsequence结果，结果；asaconsequence；accordingly因此，于是，相应地;inevitably不可避免地;undertheseconditionsthereupon因此于 是upon迫近 3)转折关系： but；evenso；however；though；eventhough；independentof；recklessof不顾；despitethat；inspiteofthat；regardlessof不顾;yet...；andyet；butunless.Nonetheless尽管如此 4)并列关系： and;also；too；aswellas；either...，or...；both...and... 5)(补充)递进关系： furthermore此外，而且；moreover而且，此外；further进一步地，此外；Inthisway；still；notonly...butalso...；not...but...；inaddition(to)； additionally,muchmoreinteresting,morespecifically更具体地说,next,besides；asfaras...isconcerned 至于;moreover此外；inotherwords； alongthislineofconsideration；on(the)onehand...在一方面，ontheotherhand...；even；asasayinggoes...；inordertodoit...;meanwhile同时；atthesametime；accordingly因此；Inthefirstplace...，inthesecondplace...;equallyimportant;ofevengreaterappeal. 6)比较关系： similarly;inlikemanner,incomparisonwith；whencomparedwith；comparedwith；wheninfact...;like...；likewise同样地，也；similarlyimportant； apartfrom(doing)...；...ratherthan...，bydoingso；both…and...;inthesameway;notonly...but(also). 7)对照(不同点)：
Part 1 A A band of= a herd of=a flock of 一群 A range of=an array of= a list of= a collection of=a series of= a set of一系列Accelerate=speed up加速 Accomplishment=achievement 成就，完成 Accomplish=achieve （V）完成，达成，成就 Attend=participate in 参加 Achieve=obtain=gain=access to sth 得到、获得 Adapt to=integrate into使适应、融为一体 Aim.n=objective=goal 目的 Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调 An array of=a list of =a set of=a series of 一系列 Attempt to do=try to do=intend to do尝试作，想要作 Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约 Appreciation=interest 欣赏 As a result=consequently=as a consequence=hence因此、从而 As well as=and和 As well=too也 Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联Attach to=connect to=link to=serve与……相连接、附着在……上 At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地Automatically ensure=guarantee确保 B Be similar to=closely resembled =have something in common 相似 Be used to=be devoted to专门用于 Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于 Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊 Briskly =rapidly=swiftly快速地 C Calculate=measure 衡量 Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐 Chief=major=dominant=principle主要的 Chronic=long term 慢性病的 Complain=illness 病症 Concern n. =focus关心的问题 Concern v. =about 与……有关
英语口语连接词表示开始的连词 first of all for starters to begin with to start with 表示原因的连词 primarily because principly because mainly because partly because 表示承接的连词 also in addition besides by the way what’s more plus as well as
表示转折的连词 on the other hand otherwise however in contrast by contrast despite the fact that 表示结论的连词 anyway anyways all in all in a nutshell on the whole 表达喜欢的词汇及短语 I have a particular fondness for reading. I find great pleasure in reading. I’m a sucker for detective stories. I’m nuts about reading. I’m enthusiastic about Chinese food.
I can’t find words to express how much I enjoy reading. I have a weakness for fast food. I have a burning passion for baseball. I’m fairly keen on reading. I’m a big fan of novels. I’m really into romantic films. I’m totally mad about rock and roll. I’m quite fond of shopping. I’m really passionate about basketball. I feel quite an attachment for reading. My greatest love is art. Reading is one of my favorite pastimes. I’m a born shopping freak. (购物狂) I’m a shopaholic/ workaholic. （购物狂/工作狂） I’m a jazz / film / computer buff.（爵士/ 电影/电脑迷）I’m a sports maniac.（运动狂） 用副词表示喜好的有： absolutely actually admittedly certainly
PART 1 逻辑连接词 1.1 让步 1. Although（更书面）= though(更口语) =even if (即使，更偏假设性)=even though（虽然，更偏事实性）+句子 注：不能与but连用。 Devoted though we are to prosperity and freedom, we cannot shake off the judgmental strand of justice.用倒装 2. No matter how/what/who等= 疑问句+ever No matter who/Whoever you are, you must keep the law. 注意：疑问句+ever 可以引导名词性从句 Whoever（≠ no matter who）comes will be welcome. 3. …, as long as… You can do what you want, as long as you like. 4. 名词/表语/动词+ as（though）倒装，。。。，表“纵使” Object as/though you may, I’ll go。 Small as atoms are, they are made up of still smaller units。 Lover of towns as I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life. 5. Whether…or…正反两方面，。。。表“不论。。。与否” Whether you believe it or not, it's true. You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy. 6. Be原型+主语+表语（n, adj）= whether+主语+be动词+表语（n, adj）。不论。一文学性强的虚拟语气，表让步。 Be it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those countries or regions are often different from one another. 7. Despite+n/ving = in spite of尽管. （不能加句子） Despite the fact that + 句子（太累赘） Despite myself, …情不自禁地… Her words were so satirical（讽刺的）that I lost my temper in spite of myself。 8. Notwithstanding +sth尽管 But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to the following challenge. 9. Albeit 虽然即使 You are to be given one method of communication with your rival, albeit indirect communication. 1.2 原因 Since
雅思写作同义词
1、趋势类词汇 上升动词类: increase， go up， rise up， grow up， jump up， surge， shoot up，keep an upward tendency 下降动词类: decrease， go down， decline， fall down， drop， sink， dip， keep a downward tendency 波动动词类: fluctuate 持平动词类: remain the same， stabilize， remain stable， remain constant 修饰动词的副词: slightly 轻微地， slowly 缓慢地， gradually 逐渐地， steadily 稳定地， rapidly 迅速地， moderately 温和地，轻微地， significantly 明显地，sharply 明显地， dramatically急剧地， drastically 急剧地 上升名词类: increase， rise， growth， jump， surge 下降名词类: decrease， decline， fall， reduction， drop 波动名词类: fluctuation 修饰名词的形容词: slight， slow， gradual， steady， rapid， moderate，significant， sharp， dramatic， drastic 2、极值类词汇和表达 最高点: reach the peak/top/highest point Increase to the peak/top/highest point 最低点: reach the bottom/lowest point drop to the bottom/lowest point 占的最多: occupy/make up/take up/account for the largest proportion/number/percentage of …
流利度与连贯性的飞跃：雅思口语必备15种过渡词 雅思口语有四个评分标准：Fluency &Coherence(流利度与连贯性)，Grammatical Range & Accuracy(语法广度及准确度), Lexical Resources (词汇范围和准确度) 和Pronunciation(发音)。根据笔者观察，学生们往往对怎样提升 流利度与连贯性不知所措，即便在家里把准备好的材料背的滚瓜烂熟，到了考场也常由于紧张或者有明显背诵的痕迹，取得一个非常糟糕的分数。虽然在一个较短的时间内大幅提升自己语言的连贯与流利不是件容易的事，但我们却可以通过口语中的一些过渡词，帮助自己消除紧张情绪。更重要的是，善于运用口语中的过渡词，可以大大消除背诵痕迹，让自己的语言变得更加自然，更具有逻辑性。 在雅思口语中，有15种过渡词使用的频率极高，可以帮助大家迅速提升口语交流的流利度与连贯性。 1. Addition(递进) moreover, what is more, furthermore, , let alone, additionally, not to mention (this), besides (this) , in addition (to this) 真题链接： Q: Do you often use the dictionary? A: I often refer to a dictionary for some new words. Additionally, browsing the dictionary can also enlarge my vocabulary and knowledge. 2. Reference(引用) considering (this), regarding (this), as for (this), concerning (this), on the subject of (this) 真题链接： Q: Is time important?
日常口语常用连接词 每部分掌握2种 1表达“我的观点是……” In my opinion In my point of view As far as I am concerned As for me To tell you the truth,I agree with … It depends, different people have different personal preference Yes I think so/ No, I don’t think so)… Oh, it is difficult for me to make a choice(tell the differences),you know…(on one hand….on the other hand….) Well,it is an interesting(tough)question ,(because….),let me t hink,en…You know,I am not much of a ….,so I know little about….but I guess… 2表达好恶 Like I’m fairly keen on… I’m really into… I’m quite a big fan of… I simply adore… I’m quite enthusiastic/passionate about… I generally prefer…to… I’m pretty fond of … I’m fascinated by… I am interested in …
雅思写作常用连接词(1) 常用的连接词: 1)表层次: first, firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second, secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third, thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least Also, and, then, next, besides and equally important, too, moreover Besides, in addition, finally 2)表转折： by contrast although though yet at the same time but despite the fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the contrary however in spite of on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless 3)表因果： therefore consequently because of for the reason thus hence due to owing to so accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for as a result as a consequence 4）表让步： still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all 5)表递近： furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only...but also... too in addition 6)表举例： for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate as an illustration a case in point 7)表解释： as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words 8)表总结： in summary in a word thus as has been said in brief in conclusion altogether in other words to conclude in fact finally in simple terms indeed in short in particular that is in other words of course on the whole to put it differently namely in all therefore to summarize
xx 口语常用句型 考试套话 1. 与考官见面语 Glad to meet you here. How nice to see you. Fancy seeing you. How are you? I 'm glad to have had the opportunity to meet you here. I 'm glad to meet you. I ' pmleased to meet you. It 's a pleasure to meet you. 2. 完全没听懂问题 Could you please rephrase that question/topic? I ' m not exactly sure what you mean … 3. 对问题似懂非懂 Do you mean …? If I understand right I ' m sorry if I ' m being a little slow, but …? So am I right in saying …? If I ' ve got the picture, then So what you mean is …,right? I ' m sorry,I m nIout nsduerers tand. Do you mean (that ) …?
Sorry, I don ' t quite catch you. You mean …？ Can I get one thing clear? Would I be correct in supposing …？ 4. 对问题内容不熟悉 I ' m not exactly sure how to answer that question, but (perhaps) That ' s a rather difficult question, but (maybe) … I ' m sorry, but I don ' t know much about … 5. 评价考官所提问题 That ' s difficult to answer, but maybe … I ' m sorry, but I don ' t know much about … ,but perhaps … Maybe I can answer your question by telling you about a personal experience I had. That ' s an interesting question … let me see. Well, I suppose that Yes, that ' s a big issue. 6. 连接词 Well, … Actually … In fact … You see … You know, …
常见同义词归纳 Bright future/splendid future/rosy prospect Traffic busy/traffic jam/traffic congestion/gridlock Happy/delightful/glad/content/ecstatic/auspicious Difficult/hard/complicated/tough/intricate Important/significant/substantial/serious/far-reaching/ Big/large/great/huge/massive/vast/enormous/substantial Very/extremely/highly/greatly/really/deeply/profoundly Make/cause/create/effect/lead to/generate/bring about/produce/give rise to Must/necessity/essentia l/requirement/fundamental/imperative/ requisite/prerequisite/sine qua non Will n /desire/intention/fancy/preference/inclination/v wish/want/prefer/desire/see fit Good/excellent/awesome/amazing/ remarkable/nice Many/a large number of/numerous/various/countless/abundant/innumerable/manifold Think/imagine/consider/meditate/ponder/contemplate/belost in though/ People/persons/individuals/folk/men and women/humanity/mankind/ Upset/sad/sorrowful/morose/melancholy/down/depressed/dejec
雅思口语常用替换连接 词 GE GROUP system office room 【GEIHUA16H-GEIHUA GEIHUA8Q8-
雅思口语常用替换连接词整理 种类 There’s quite a mixed variety of … There’s quite a wide range of… There’s fairly broad range of… There’s quite an extensive diversityof … There’s quite a diverse mixture of… 虚拟语气 If I lived in Mediterranean, I would/could/might……假设 If …, then I will most likely do…。 If …, then it’s quite possible that I will… If …, then as a consequence I will probably… If …, then I guess it’s quite likely that I will。 If …, then it’s more likely that I will…
If …, then it’s almost certain that I will… If …, then I will almost always… If …, then I will most certainly… 理由 And I guess this is probably because… This could be because… This might be because… This is due to the fact that … I suppose the reason has something to do with the fact that… The thing with this is that… What you have to realize is that… The explanation for this could b e that… 程度副词 Particularly Especially Specifically
雅思写作大作文常用连 接词与句型 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
雅思大作文常用连接词汇 1.增补(Addition) in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what’s more, similarly, next, finally. 2.比较(Comparison) in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 3.对照(Contrast) whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while 4.因果(Cause and effect) because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), accordingly, hence, so, thus 5.强调(Emphasis) certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most important 6.让步(Concession) although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true.... 7.例证(Exemplification) for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of
动词替换 做：do=exercise, practice, perform (做法：behavior=exercise, practice, performance) 对…有益处：be good for.=do good to=be beneficial to =be advantageous to=be conducive to 对…有害处：be harmful/bad for=be detrimental to =be disadvantageous to=be pernicious to 集中精力于：focus on=A devote oneself to=dedicate oneself to= commit oneself to =B engage oneself in= employ oneself in 认为：think assert, contend, claim, maintain, note, believe, deem, insist, argue hold the viewpoint that= hold the standpoint that= hold the perspective that harbor an idea/opinion that = embrace a view that Be convinced that = be firmly convinced that = be fully convinced that (观点：viewpoint，standpoint，perspective ) 反对：be against=reject, object, oppose=be opposed to= become hostile to 支持：support=take sides with= side with =advocate=incline towards =lend support to=sing high praise of =in favor of 导致：lead to=trigger=spark=provoke=result in, bring about, contribute to =give rise to, give birth to, be responsible for (归咎于：be ascribed to=be attributed to) 看到（see），读到(read)，学到(learn)=接触到make contact with=have access to=be accessible to =暴露于be exposed to=gain exposure to =获得obtain=attain=acquire 发展(develop)，提高(increase)，改善(improve) =A 及物动词组promote, advance, enhance, reinforce 名词promotion, advancement, enhancement, reinforcement
雅思写作连接词及句型介绍之逻辑篇 上海环球雅思 在雅思写作中，不同逻辑关系的表达就意味着要使用不同的句式结构，不同的连接词。因此，雅思写作连接词在写作中是否能正确的使用就决定着文章逻辑关系是否合理。环球雅思老师在多年的教学中发现，有的考生不明白在写作中该使用怎样的连接词，有的考生不知道连接词的使用是否正确。本文中，环球雅思将总结一些写作中常用的雅思写作逻辑连接词及句型。 一、雅思写作连接词之转折词语 1. for one thing, for another, above all things; 2. to begin/start with, next/besides/moreover, last/finally; 3. in the first place, in the second, in the third, (and) best of/worst of all; 4. one of these, another,(there is ) still another(reason/factor); 雅思写作连接词之转折词语句型介绍： 1. 首先；其次；最重要的是； 2. 首先；然后/此外/而且；最后； 3. 第一，首先；第二；第三；最好的是/最糟糕的是； 4. 其中一个；另一个；还有一个（原因/因素）； 二、雅思写作逻辑连接词之对比转折词语 1. but, but on the contrary, but on the other hand, but then; 2. by contrast, in contrast, in contrast with/to, as a contrast to, as opposed to; 3. by contraries, on the contrary, to the contrary, contrary to (A), opposite to, in opposition to; 4. whereas, while, while on the other hand, while on the whole, yet, however; 5. (as) compared with/to, by comparison, in comparison with, by comparison to 6. First..., Next..., Last...; 7. In the first / early / initial / infant period / stage / phase（或In its infancy）..., In the second / middle / adult / ripe period / stage / phase..., In the third / last / closing / later / concluding period...;