CET 4 汉译英翻译技巧总结
自2013年12月考次起，全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会将对四、六级考试的试卷结构和测试题型作局部调整，其中翻译部分由原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字。
本文从词法、句法和语篇的角度介绍一些汉译英的翻译技巧。侧重分析的翻译技巧为：
（一）词法：词性的转换；数词的英译
（二）句法：语态的转换；句子的分译与合译
（三）语篇：连接词的运用；重复表达的处理
（一）词法
1、汉译英中词性的转换
在汉英翻译中可以进行各种词性的转换，例如汉语动词转成英语名词、形容词、介词；汉语形容词或副词转换成英语名词，汉语名词转换成英语动词等。其中，汉语动词转为英语抽象名词尤为普遍。结合译例：
原文：宋朝的创始人建立了有效的中央集权制；广泛任用民间的学术文人；地方的军事官员及其党羽都被中央任命的官员所替代。这种官员体系使得宋朝的权利比以往任何朝代都更集中在皇帝和官僚机构的手中。
译文：The founders of the Song Dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with many civilian scholar-officials. Regional military officers and their supporters were replaced by officials appointed by the central government. This system of civil service led to a greater concentration of power of the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties.
该例中原文中的动词“集中”在译文中被转换为名词“concentration”，从而更符合英语的表达习惯。以下是汉译英中常见的词性转换类型：
（1）动词转为名词
他这个人最爱说话了。
He is a great talker.
他妹妹老是说谎。
His sister is a great liar.
（2）动词转为介词
他用手指在墙上写下了自己的名字。
He wrote his name on the wall with his finger.
许多学生反对他。
Many students are against him.
（3）动词转为副词
演出已经开始了。
The performance is on.
（4）形容词转为名词
她非常漂亮。
She is a real beauty.
你说他傻不傻？
Don’t you think he’s an idiot?
从上面词性转换的译法中不难看出，翻译中的词性转换存在一定的规律，最明显的一点就是英美国家的人们比较喜欢用名词和介词，而汉语里动词用得多一些。在汉译英过程中要根据规律灵活转换词性。
2、数词的英译处理
汉译英过程中也常出现数词的英译问题。数词英译的难点在于以下两个方面：数词带有形容词性或副词性，表示约略或夸张；数词表示倍数。总结如下：
（1）数词表示约略或夸张
数词有时只具有象征作用，即不表示确切的量，只表示轻重、大小、程度等的概念。这类数词构成的短语常用作副词或者形容词。英译时，不必照实译出，也不可拘泥于汉语的形式，而应该按照英语的习惯用法来译，如：万一打碎了眼镜，我这一千二百度的近视眼如何走路呢。
If my glass got broken, I shan’t be able to walk very far with these near-sighted eyes of mine.
这里的交通四通八达。
Traffic lines here radiate in all directions.
所以在此类情况下，译者要注意将原文数词所传达的副词或形容词的效果表达出来，体现出与原文对应的轻重、大小、程度等概念。
（2）倍数
倍数的翻译也是汉语数词英译的重要内容。下面是汉语中一些常见的倍数与百分比表达法及其英译。
A是B的n倍：可以译成A is n times that of B; A is n times as adj. as B; A is (n-1) times more than B. 结合译例：
新校的占地面积是老校的三倍。
The new campus covers an area that is 3 times as big as the old campus.
A增加n倍；A比B多n倍：可以译成A is n+1 times as adj. as B;A increases (rises, goes up, grows) by n times.结合译例：
氧原子几乎比氢原子重15倍。
The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.
（3）百分比的增加或减少
百分比的增加或升高可用的英语表达法有increase by, raise by, go up by等，例如：
据中国海关统计，去年外商投资企业的产品出口值达8.1亿美元，今年上半年又比去年同期增长58.4%。
According to Chinese Customs statistics, exports of foreign-funded ventures totaled US $ 7.81 billion last year and registered an increase of 58.4 percent in the first half of this year over the same period of last year.
过去三年中，该省的杂交水稻亩产量增长了百分之五十。
Over the past three years, the province has raised its per mu yield of hybrid rice by one half.
百分比的减少或降低可以用的英语表达法有reduce by, fall by (to), go gown by等。例如：
采用新技术使生产成本一下子降低了25%。
The adoption of the new technique reduced (lowered) the cost of production by one quarter.
作为出口主体的国有企业今年出口278亿美元，比去年减少了3.4%。
As the major force of China’s export, China’s state-owned enterprises only exported US $ 27.8 billion worth of goods, representing a reduction (decrease) of 3.4 percent.
（二）句法
句法部分主要探讨两个翻译问题：句子语态的转换以及句子的分译与合译。
1、汉译英中句子语态的转换
转态译法就是在翻译过程中把原文中的被动语态转换成译文中的主动语态，或把原文中的主动语态转换成译文中的被动语态。一般来说，英语比汉语用的被动语态更多，翻译中也可以结合这个规律进行转换，结合译例：
原文：上海市高楼林立，灯火映天，素有“远东明珠”的世界级声誉。美丽的外滩，缤纷的南京路、淮海路以其夺目的光彩展示着大上海的无穷魅力。
译文：Because of its numerous brightly lit skyscrapers, Shanghai enjoys an international reputation as the “Pearl in the Far East”. Its infinite glamou r is vividly shown by the beautiful bund and prosperous and illuminating Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road.
该例中通过语态的转换，避免了译文头重脚轻的现象，也符合英文的表达特点，又如下面的例子：
当下众人七言八语。
By now proposals of all kinds were being made.
马路两边是整齐的梧桐树。
The avenue was lined with neatly-spaced plane trees.
下面总结通常对语态进行转译的几种情况：
（1）强调受事，突出被动状态。如：
这个词不是我的发明，是农民的发明。
That term was invented not by me but by the peasants.
（2）因种种原因，不出现或无须说明施事者。如：
这种书是给儿童写的。
Such books are written for children.
（3）使句子结构匀称，文气连贯，如：
他出现在台上，观众报以热烈的掌声。
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
（4）汉语中的某些习惯用语或泛指人称为主语的主动句，如：
大家都认为这样做是不妥当的。
It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.
（5）使语气委婉，措辞礼貌，如：
今天晚上七点钟开教学会，全体教师务必参加。
There will be a teaching symposium at 7:00 pm today. All the faculty is expected to attend.
（6）汉语中带有被动意义的主动句，如：
病人正在手术中。
The patient is being operated on.
2、句子的分译与合译
汉译英中决定分译和合译的重要因素是句子中各个成分之间的关联，以及该句与上下文之间含义的连贯，同时还要符合英语的表达习惯。
（1）句子的分译
所谓分译，就是把原文的一句话翻译成两句或更多句。需要分译的句子，多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。分译能使译文层次分明、易于理解。一般有下面几种分译的考虑：
按照内容层次分译，如：
少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰时，要做学问也来不及了。
Youth will soon be gone never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.
从主语变换处分译，如：
四周没有灯火，那座祠堂也睡着了。
No lamps shone around. The clan temple was also asleep.
从关联词（如转折）处分译，如：
餐馆里只有几个人，或许是因为天气冷的缘故吧！
There were only a few people in the restaurant. Probably because of the cold weather!
原文出现总说或分述时要分译，如：
在学校里，他因作业做得好而大受老师的称赞，又因朗读出色而受到同学们的恭维，一切都顺利进行。
At school he was commended by his teacher for the fine homework and flattered by his classmates for his reading well. Everything went smoothly.
（2）句子的合译
尽管英语句子简洁，但从句套从句，短语含短语也频频出现，较汉语而言长句多，所以在翻译中，就要把汉语的两个句子甚至更多句子合译为英语的一句。具体方法有：
在关联词处合并，如：
从前有个俊俏的年轻人，人人都喜欢他，可他总是闷闷不乐。因为他有一个唠叨不休的继母。
Once there lived a handsome young man, through a favorite with everyone, was unhappy because he had a nagging step mother.
从主语变换处合译，常出现主从句，如：
她站在我身旁，帮我拿起电报。她的手在微微颤动着。
Her hands slightly trembling, she helped me to pick up the telegram.
（三）语篇
翻译中还要从整体把握语篇，对语篇进行篇章分析。篇章分析是指对篇章的结构规律、风格特点、涉及的人、事、境、情的认识和分析。翻译实践中要求译者借助于篇章结构分析，理顺上下文的联系以及各句在其中的作用和地位。下面介绍汉译英中在语篇层面尤其应当注意的两个方面：
1、恰当运用连接词
英汉语的衔接方式有着很大的差异。英语常用连接词连接句子各成分，句子结构十分严谨、关系明确、语义清晰；而汉语各句子成分往往凭借作者的形象思维，较少使用连接词衔接，结构较为松散，词序流畅，语义简单明了。翻译中要注意两种语言的特点，在汉译英过程中分辨逻辑关系，适当添加衔接词，使译文更加符合英语表达习惯。结合译例：
原文：京剧是一门综合的表演艺术，它集合了音乐、歌曲、对白、表演、杂技和武术等多种艺术形式。一名京剧演员一定是一名表演艺术家，能歌善舞。要成为一个合格的京剧演员一般要经过十几年的培养和训练。
译文：Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing art: It combines music, singing, dialog, pantomime, acrobatics and martial arts. Therefore, an actor or actress in Peking Opera has to be a performing artist who can both sing and dance. It usually takes a student more than 10 years' training to become a qualified performer in Peking Opera.
原文：中国发展体育运动的目的是要通过在人民中普及体育运动，增强人民体质、提高整个国家的运动技能、创造新纪录，来促进国家经济、道德和文化的发展。
译文：The purpose of developing physical culture and sports in China is to popularize sports among the people, strengthen their health, improve the sporting skills of the country as a whole and create new records, thus helping to promote the country’s economic as well as ethical and cultural development.
从上面两例中可以看出，汉译英时需要将原文隐含的逻辑关系显化，运用恰当的连接词表现出来。下面总结几类常用连接词，供翻译中灵活选用：
用于列举法的过渡连接词：
for one thing, for another, finally, besides, moreover, still, first, second, also
用于举例的连接词：
for example, for instance, one example is, besides, furthermore, in addition
用于叙述的连接词：
at the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end
用于分类常用词：
divide (into), group (into), be composed of, include
用于因果的连接词：
引出原因：because, since, as , for, in that, due to, owing to, thanks to, result from 引出结果：as a result, result in, the result is, consequently, therefore, lead to
可见恰当运用连接手段，能使得英译文流畅通顺、逻辑清晰。在翻译过程中要注意培养这种意识。
2、恰当翻译重复
除了逻辑连接词的恰当运用，汉英翻译中往往牵涉到重复词的翻译。译者要培养整体的语篇意识，并且要注意汉语习惯上喜欢重复，而英语不喜欢用词重复。汉译英中译者要运用各种手段翻译汉语原文中重复出现的词汇，结合译例：
原文：全家欢腾起来，我将蟋蟀放进装颜料用的硬纸匣里，交给小曲。小曲说她要看着蟋蟀叫，她自己找了一个半透明的小塑料瓶，将蟋蟀装进瓶里，欣赏这可怜的小俘虏团团转。她奶奶怕蟋蟀窒死，用剪刀将塑料瓶戳了几个透气的小洞。
译文：The whole family was wild with joy. I put it into an empty color-tube cardboard box and handed it to my granddaughter. But she said she wanted to have it kept in a transparent container so that she could see it chirp. Then she found a plastic bottle and happily watched the pitiable little captive therein moving about in panic. Her grandma, however, fearing that the cricket might suffocate, punctured a few holes in the plastic bottle with a pair of scissors.
从该例可以发现，汉语常出现名词的重复，而英文则常用代词来替代，避免重复。汉语的一个特点就是词语重复、语义重复。在英译时要注意删减、省略。对于汉语中的大量重复，英译时可以删除不必要的重复或者改用不同的词语，以求变化。总结如下：
（1）删除不必要的重复
我们就是要有这个雄心壮志！
We must have this ambition.
“雄心”与“壮志”意义重复，这在汉语中不仅是允许的，而且形成了一种对称的韵律美。但在英语中没有必要重复为aspiration and ambition，译成ambition 更符合英语习惯。
下岗和失业人员增多，就业压力加大。
…causing an increase in unemployment and resulting pressure.
该例中“下岗”与“失业”语义接近，合译成“unemployment”基本可行。
（2）变换用词
手中有了钱，便买高档的衣服，高档的皮鞋，高档的化妆品，有条件的，自行车不想骑了，干脆就买一辆轿车。
With plenty of money in hand, they’ll buy expensive clothes, wear shiny leather shoes and use de luxe cosmetics. Those who can afford it will quit bicycles and arm themselves with a car.
“高档的衣服，高档的皮鞋，高档的化妆品”，三个“高档”不宜用同一个译文。英文常避免出现无效的重复。此处用expensive clothes (昂贵的衣服)、shiny leather shoes (刚脱了布鞋穿皮鞋的人喜欢皮鞋的锃亮)、de luxe cosmetics (de luxe 是不少化妆品的品牌，意思是“豪华的、高档的”)。
综上所述，在翻译实践中，译者要根据篇章的文体特点，修辞手法以及上下文的要求，灵活选取翻译方法。尽可能充分介绍原文思想内容，如中国的文化、历史、风土人情等，保持原文的特有情调。
写作和翻译：实质就是汉译英：汉译英的障碍就是语法和词汇——语法：语序+嵌套 形式最重要！！！高级词汇+复杂局势+过渡衔接 字数：120~180 核心语法定语从句： A is …, which can … 身份/属性；成就和功能。 爱心：Love is a kind of emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes and how hard the way ahead will be. 替换词：friendship; knowledge; family; diligence; insisting; determination; optimism; harmony 替换词：合作精神；勤奋；友谊；家庭；坚持；决心；乐观；和谐——the greatest humanistic spirit …是我们时代的主题（the theme of our era） 流行与时尚fashionable 网络：Internet is a kind of great invention in the 20th century, which can make the peoplefar away from each other in distance closer than ever before. 空调：Air-conditioner is a kind of invention in the 20th century, which can make the temperature comfortable. 总结：主题词发出两个动作：性质+能力 看到图怎么办？ 非限定性定语从句——正如这幅第一眼看上去诙谐可笑但第二眼看上去发人深省的图画生动地描述，给我印象最为深刻的显著特征是…… As is vividly depicted in the picture which seems to be humorous and ridiculous but thought-provoking on the second thoughts, the most striking feature that impresses me profoundly is thatSpring, one of the realest men throughout the history of mankind all around the whole world that I have ever seen in my entire life, who is thebest that there ever was and the best that there ever will be, is a good teacher that is momentous and fundamental to anyone who want to win the future what the light is vital and significant to the people who desire to break through the dark，and that can support us to realize our vision and achieve our goals no matter how dark the world around us becomes and how hard the way ahead will be, because without him, we could have done nothing, including dream, success, hope and future. 预测一AHarmoniousDormitoryLife
新四级汉译英段落翻译技巧 新四级汉译英段落翻译解题技巧 ?题型简介?基本要求?翻译技巧 题型简介 ?自2013年12月考次起，全国大学英语四级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整文段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材。 140~160词 基本要求 要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握，段落内容相对完整、结构相对独立。翻译时要把整个段落当作一个有机的语篇，注意各句子之间的衔接和段落间的过渡。 翻译技巧 (一) 词的翻译 (二) 句的翻译 (三) 段落翻译 (一) 词的翻译 1. 词义选择 2. 词类转换 3. 词的增补 4. 词的省略 5. 词的替代 1.词义选择 (1)语境词?汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化，称之为“语境词”，应紧密结合上下文译成相应的词，不能按照原词的字面意思来译。?原文：手机刷新了人与人的关系。?译文：Cell phone have altered the relationship among people. ?分析：“刷新”此处实际是指“改变”，而并非是我们平常所指的含义，因此不宜译成refurbish或renovate，翻译为alter或 change更恰当。 (2) 表意模糊的词?原文：这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。?译文：The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. ?分析：“输送”在句中是一个模糊笼统的词，具体说来是指“培养出”。“人才”笼统，译为qualified graduates比较确切。 (3) 比喻词汇?汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指含义完全不同，英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定式，动态地译出其潜在含义。?原文：老师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。?译文：The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition. ?分析：“吃小灶”在这里指的是“个别辅导”。 2.词类转换 (1)动词?名词?英语动词受到形态变化规则的严格限制，大量本应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词不受形态规则的束缚，使用相对灵活、方便。?原文：吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。?译文：You"ll be full of praise while eating the first two main courses. ?分析：英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义 advice,agreement,inheritance,knowledge,praise,use等。以上例句借助抽象名词表达了特定的行为动作，译文也显得较为地道。 (2)动词?介词?介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频繁出现，而且英语中有些介词本身就是由动词演变来的。汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。?原文：人们常用剪纸美化环境。?译文：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. (3)动词?形容词?汉语的一些动词常常用形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词（如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic 等），这样的译文有时会更地道、标准。?原文：在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。?译文：It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
英语比较结构具体考点： 特殊结构A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分之几as + adj. / adv. + as +B. 难点结构：as+adj.+n.+as分句和as much/many + 名词+ as 分句 The work is not as difficult as you think. This book is twice as thick as that one. George is as efficient worker as Jack. = George is a worker(who is) as efficient as Jack. I don’t want as expensive a car as this = I don’t want a car as expensive as this I can’t drink as sweet coffee as this=I can’t drink coffee as sweet as this. He took as much butter as he needed. She has written as many essays as her brother( has). 特殊结构：the more … the more (越……越……)；more and more （越来越） This question is less difficult than that that question. (比较对
象为彼此独立的人或事物) Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象具有所属关系, 含有最高级含义) The city is becoming more and more beautiful. superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor He is three years senior to me. This type of computer is superior to that type. The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world. The youngest member of the family is most successful. Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used. There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what…) 天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。 The medicine is more effective than is expected.
一、翻译的标准 严复：信、达、雅（faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance—忠实于原文；译文通顺易懂；译文展示出风采） 二、汉译英常用方法和技巧 与词有关的翻译方法包括： 直译和意译 词义的选择 词的增补与省略 词类转义法 重复法 正说反译法和反说正译法 分句法和合句法 直译和意译 首先应当指出，直译不是死译，而是指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译。意译也不是胡译、乱译，而是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文作相应的调整。 例 原文：我们的朋友遍天下。 直译：Our friends are all over the world. 意译：We have friends all over the world. 直译以严格意义上的忠实为宗旨，意译则更多考虑英语的特点，更强调译文的效果，不求形式对应，只求语言在深层次中的对应。总之，选择直译还是意译，应该根据文章具体需要而定，两种译法可以并用。 能直译则直译 例 原文：爱是耐心和善良；爱不是妒忌和吹嘘；爱不是傲慢和粗鲁。 译文： Love is patience and kindness; love is not jealous and boast; love is not
arrogance and rudeness. 原文：你们要八仙过海，各显其能，完成这项工作。 译文：You should display your special prowess like eight immortals ( in Chinese legend) crossing the sea, to fulfill this task. 必须意译 例 原文：怕什么呢死了张屠夫，还有李屠夫，人多得很。 直译：If Butcher Zhang dies, there’s Butcher Li yet. 译文：What are you afraid of He is not the only pebble on the beach. 意译效果比直译好 例 原文：她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，又把它吞了下去。 译文：She was afraid of being turned down / snubbed, so she swallowed the words that came up to her lips. 词义的选择 汉译英的过程就是寻找适当的英语词、词组和句型来重新表达汉语原文的思想的过程。正确的选词是保证译文质量的重要前提。词的选择主要从以下两个方面着手。 一、根据上下文正确理解原文的词义 词的正确选择首先取决于对原文词义的确切理解，而这又取决于对原文上下文的推敲。在具体运用中，词义往往随着语言情境而千变万化，因此，我们必须熟悉词在运用中的灵活变化，才有可能选择出等值词或近值词。 英语词汇在翻译成汉语时也需要根据具体的语言环境选择适当的词义，因为汉语也有丰富的同义表达法。 二、辨析词义和正确选词 （一）注意词的广义和狭义 词义有广狭之分，运用范围也就各不相同。
红色在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运。长寿和幸福在春节和其他喜庆场合。红色到处可见人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时。通常放在红信封里，红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命与共产党联系。然而红色并不总是代表好运与快乐，因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写。用红墨水写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯行为。 in Chinese culture, red usually symbolizes good luck. Longevity and happiness in the Spring Festival and other festive occasions. Red is everywhere when people give cash as gifts to family or close friends. Usually put in a red envelope, another reason why red is popular in China is that people associate it with the Chinese revolution and the Communist Party. Red, however, does not always represent good luck and happiness, because the names of the dead used to be written in red. Writing Chinese names in red ink is considered an offence. 随着中国的改革开放，许多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘在婚礼上穿着白色婚纱因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征，然而在中国传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物。尤其是不要送给老年人或危重病，同样礼金也不能装在白色信封里，而要装在红色信封里。 With China's reform and opening up, many young people like to hold western-style weddings. The bride wears a white wedding dress at the wedding because white is considered a symbol of purity, but in traditional Chinese culture, white is often the color used at the funeral. Therefore, be sure to remember that white flowers must not be used as a gift for people to recover. In particular, do not give to the elderly or critical illness, the same gift should not be in white envelopes, but in red envelopes. 在中国文化中，黄颜色是一种很重要的颜色。因为它具有独特的象征意义，在封建社会中它象征统治者的权力和权威。那时，黄色是专为皇帝使用的颜色，皇家宫廷全漆成黄色。黄袍总是黄色的，而普通老百姓是禁止穿黄色衣服的。在中国黄色也是收获的象征，秋天庄稼成熟时，田野变得一片金黄，人们兴高采烈庆祝丰收。 In Chinese culture, yellow color is a very important color. Because of its unique symbolic significance, it symbolizes the power and authority of the rulers in feudal society. At that time, yellow was used exclusively for the emperor, and the royal court was painted yellow. Yellow robes are always yellow, and ordinary people are forbidden to wear yellow clothes. In China yellow is also a symbol of harvest, autumn crops mature, the fields become golden, people happily celebrate the harvest.
大学英语四级翻译常见考点 常见语法考点 （一）虚拟语气 应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式： 1．由“ if ”引导的虚拟句子 （1）与现在的事实相反：(If ... + were/did...,...+ would do...) If I were you, I would marry him. 如果我是你，就会嫁给他。 （2）与过去的事实相反：(If ... + had done..., ... +would have done...) If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. 如果你用功学习，就会通过考试了。（3）与将来的事实可能相反：(If ...+ should do...,...+ would do...) If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? 如果明天下雨，你怎么办? 2．用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中 从句谓语形式为：“...(should ) + do sth.”（在美语中should常省去）。类似用法的动词有：insist（坚持），suggest（建议），order（命令），propose（建议），demand（要求），command （命令），advise（建议），desire（要求、请求），request（请求），require（需要、要求），ask（要求），prefer（宁愿），recommend（推荐），arrange（安排），advocate（拥护、提倡），maintain（坚决主张）等后面的宾语从句中。 3．用在“It + be + important (necessary, natural, essential, strange, absur d, amazing, annoying, desirable, surprising, vital, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, imperative, eager, fitting, possible, impossible, improper, obligatory, probable, preferable, strange, urgent等，以及insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, arranged, recommended等) + that ...”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中。 4．用在It is time that ... 结构中，表示“该干某事了”，含建议的意思，用动词过去式。It is time (that) we went to bed. 咱们该睡觉了。 注意: time 前可加about（表示“大约”）或high（表示“强调”）等。 5．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事实相反的愿望：用过去完成时或过去完成进行时表示与过去事实相反的愿望：若用would则表示请求或对现状不满希望将来有所改变等。If only的用法和I wish等基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。 6．as if／as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/1115219230.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） 练习八 Directions: Read the underlined sentences carefully, and then translate them into Chinese. You may check your answers after you finish them. Passage One As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Account Department is responsible for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay. If a firm wants to adopt a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a method of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be successful, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of those requirements is given a value, usually in “points”, which are added together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their ability to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without reference to an evaluation system based on points. In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should compare the value of each job with those in the job market. It should also consider economic factors such as the cost of living and the labour supply. It is necessary that payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the work done with the hands, monetary（金钱的）encouragement schemes are often chosen, for indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed. Passage Two I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside. Nowadays a superficial traveller in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable. Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up
翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。六级长度为180-200字。把这段180-200汉字翻译成英文是需要一定步骤的，我们一起来看一下：做题步骤和时间分配： ?1. 通读全段，逐句标号。 –标出难词等。2分钟。 ?2. 处理原文，梳理逻辑。 –正确断句、合句、找准主语。3分钟 ?3. 逐句翻译，快速草稿。15分钟。 ?4. 调整加工，定稿誊抄。复查 –检查有无漏译、错译;检查语言是否通顺。8分钟。 , 了解完了翻译步骤，我们一起来看一下六级翻译的要点及方法：翻译，就是对语言表层背后，深层思维差异的处理。很多同学在翻译时容易犯逐字翻译的错误，其实翻译是意思的传递，所以保证原文的意思不变是最重要的。 大家在翻译词汇选择时要做到以下原则： –“瞻前顾后”：句子前后都要注意，联系前后文选择词汇 –“得意忘形”：翻译最重要的是传达意思，不要过于拘于形式。 总这样说可能过于抽象，下面结合实例为大家讲解一些翻译技巧： 翻译时最主要的精力不是放在最难的句子，要放在最前面的句子。全段6-7句话。前两句一般难度最低，但在评分中最为重要。 ?首句(或首句+次句)：破题/下定义 –主语+谓语+宾语【S-V-O】 –主语+系语+表语【S-V-P】 } –主语+谓语+双宾语【S-V-oO】 –主语+谓语+复合宾语【S-V-OC】 –主语+谓语【SV】
牢记基本句型，因为：中英文此处一致! 【翻译技巧】汉译英时，如是单句，应首先确定主谓主干;如是复杂的句子或长句，则需要确立信息重心。这是英译的第一步，也是正确译文的基础。 ?确定主谓 【翻译技巧】将中文主语的“开放”，想办法变成英文的“封闭”。 ?“京剧(Peking Opera)已有200多年的历史，是中国的国剧。” ?Peking Opera is the national opera of China. 【翻译技巧】英语首先解决： ~ ?“谁，干了啥” 【翻译技巧】先定主谓，再加修饰。 “右扩展”VS.“左扩展”：如果是单个修饰词，我们就把修饰词放在主干的左边，如果是两个及两个以上的修饰词，我们就把修饰词放到主干的右边：例如： –一个花园 a garden(主干) –一个漂亮的花园 a beautiful garden(修饰词在主干的左边) –一个看上去很漂亮的花园 a garden that looks beautiful.(修饰词在主干的右边) 【翻译技巧】英语句子通用公式： ?(状)+ 主+(定)+ 谓+(状)+宾+(定)+(状) ?昨天下午三点钟我在东风广场附近的昆明百货大楼花了50元买了一条裤子。 ） ?I bought a pair of trousers at the cost of 50 yuan in Kunming Department Store near Dongfeng Square at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 翻译技巧：“短句合译” –1. 使用从句(状从、定从) –2. 使用非谓语动词 –3. 使用同位语
大学英语四级翻译考试考点归纳 真题归纳(06.6-09.6) 1.Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble (in) finding the way to the history museum. 2.To / In order to finance my students/ education, mother often takes on more work than is good for her. 3. The professor required that we (should) hand in our research reports by Wednesday. 4.The more you explain, the more confused I am. 5.Though a skilled worker, he was fired by the company last week because of the economic crisis. 6.Specialists in intercultural students say that it is not easy to adapt oneself to life/living in different cultures. 7.Since my childhood I have found that nothing is more attractive to me than reading. 8.The victim would have a chance to survive if he had been taken to hospital in time. 9.Some psychologists claim that people might feel lonely when they are far from home. 10.The nation?s population continues to rise at the rate of 12 million per year. 11.Thanks to a series of new inventions, doctors can treat this disease successfully. 12.In my sixties, one change I notice is that I am more likely/inclined to get tired than before. 13.I am going to pursue this course, whatever/no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make. 14.I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because it is more convenient and time-saving. 15.Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can loan. 16.The finding of this study failed to take people?s sleep quality into account/consideration. 17.The prevention and treatment of AIDS is the field in which we can cooperate. 18.Because of the leg injury, the athlete decided/determined to quit /give up the match.. 19.To make donations or for more information, please contact/ make a contact with us at the following address. 20.Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for you/ at your convenience. 21.Our efforts will pay off if the results of this research can be applied to the development of
英语四级历年真题汉译英讲解 第一题（外国直接投资）： 商务部(Ministry of Commerce)最近发布的数据表明，在中国的外国直接投资(foreign Direct Investment,FDI)保持稳定增长。中国已经成为外国直接投资首选地。中央政府采取了一系列促进外国投资的扶持措施，这样既促进了经济增长，又贏得了国内外投资者的信心。商务部正在研究措施，进一步改善外商投资管理机制，创建一个透明和公平的竞争环境。世界银行(World Bank)也高度评价中国吸引外国直接投资所取得的成就。 表达难点： 1.第1句中的定语“商务部最近发布的”较长，故将其处理后置定语，用分词短语 recently released by theMinistry of Commerce 来表达。 2.第3句中的“这样既促进了经济增长，又贏得了国内外投资者的信心”，可用 which引导的非限制性定语从句来表达，which指代前面“中央政府采用了一系列促进外国投资的扶持措施”这一做法。“既……又……”在英语中的对等结构为both...and，其中both可省略。 3.第4句中的“进一步改善外商投资管理机制，创建一个透明和公平的竞争环境” 为表并列的两个目的，可将其译作两个不定式短语作状语 “to further improve... and (to) create...”，用and连接时后一个不定式的to可以省略。“外商投资管理机制”的中心词为管理机制 management mechanism，翻译时可在其后采用“of+名词”的形式构成名词所有格，对其进行补充说明，表示“……的”。 4.最后一句中的定语“中国吸引外国直接投资所取得的”用in引导的介词短语 in attracting Foreign DirectInvestment来表示在哪个方面所取得的成就。 而“中国”则作为形容词置于“成就”前面，这样比较符合英语的表达习惯。 资所取得的成就。 参考译文 The statistics recently released by the Ministry of Commerce showe d that Foreign DirectInvestment in China maintained steady growth . China has become the top destination for FDI.The central govern ment adopted a series of supportive measures to facilitate foreigni nvestment, which strengthened economic growth and won the co nfidence of investors athome and abroad. The Ministry of Commerc e is working on measures to further improve themanagement mech anism of foreign investment and create a transparent and fair co mpetitionenvironment. The World Bank also spoke highly of Chin a's achievements in attracting ForeignDirect Investment. 第二题（孙子兵法）： 孙武是春秋末期(the late Spring and Autumn Period)杰出的军事家（strategist）。他所著的《孙子兵法》(Sun Zi's Art of War)是中国古代最著名的兵书，也是世界上现存最早的兵书。《孙子兵法》现存13篇，共6000字。在这不长的篇幅中，孙武全面论述了自己对战争的看法，提出了诸如知彼知己、集中优势兵力打败敌人等许多作战思想。《孙子兵法》已被译为多种文字，在世界上也享有很高的声誉。 表达难点：
英语四级翻译主要考点 亲爱的童鞋们，燕姐希望大家好好复习，争取一次性通过四级考试，加油哦！ 四级翻译部分为汉译英，共5个句子，一句一题，句长为15-30词，句中的一部分已用英文给出，考生需根据全句意思将汉语部分译成英语，考试时间5分钟。翻译题重点考察考生对语法结构及常用英语表达习惯的掌握情况。若考生语法功底较好且句型和词组储备丰富，那么此题不会太为难。和作文相比，翻译虽只是个把句子，但来路不明难以猜测。作文尚可背诵模板以备执笔急需之用，而翻译则全无，它微小零星却锋利难防，并将考生模板式作文的画皮扯下，暴露其撰句能力的真实面目，所以令人可畏。 根据近几年的翻译真题来看，针对某项语法重复考察率比较高，所以对曾经考察过的语法点依然不可松懈。下面所提一些重点语法项目，并提出一些建议，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。 (1)句型以及其倒装使用 2008年6月翻译真题第91题： __________________________(直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill. (Key：Not until he accomplished / finished the mission ) 建议：以此类推，掌握如下常用句型(以倒装方式给出) Not only ……..but also…… So ( Such )…that……。. Not until………。 Neither…..nor……。.
Hardly …..when……。. No sooner ……than……。 Only by /through /in …., …………。. 例：Not only __________ (他向我收费过高)but he didn’t do a good repair. (key：did he charge me too much) (2)从句 a. 定语从句 2008年12月翻译真题第87题： Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems _____________ ____(他们至今还没有答案) (Key :which/that they haven’t found answers to) b. 状语从句 真题中出现过如if 条件状语从句(2007 年6月第91题)，no matter引导的让步状语从句(2007年12月第89题和2008年6月第89题) 建议：关于定语从句，到目前为止所考察的均为关系代词which/ that等所引导的，所以考生需额外留意关系副词where/ when/how 所引导的定语从句。对于状语从句，继续复习如时间状语从句，方式状语从句，因果状语从句等其他类状语从句。除却定语从句，状语从句外，名词性从句也需加强，如宾语从句(特别注意wish/ would rather 引导的宾语从句中虚拟样式)，表语从句，同位语从句甚至主语从句。 (3)非谓语动词