一、Complete the following sentences with the words or expressions from the passage given below.Change the form where necessary.
justify assimilate unprecedented phase concern
build up quarantine give rise to elite take for granted premise as related undergo in controversy in place of
go off address assess commit attribute
1、The government’s econmic policy __gave rise to___ increased
unemployment, though it is true that it produced a favorable balance of payments in the coutry’s international trade.
2、The data available will help students _assess__ the present state of
the economy.
3、There are two neighboring cuntries as closely ___related__ as lips
and teeth.
4、The professional athlete exercises regularly to ___build up__ her
strength.
5、Patience is one of the most important _ attributes_ in a teacher.
6、The point _ in controversy__ is not whether we should do it ,but whether
we can do it.
7、The condition protion of a rule that is tested by the inference engine.
if the ___ premise __ is found to be true,the corresponding action specidfied in the rule conclusion is taken.
8、There are certin standards of civilized behabivior in international
relations which it should be possible __phased____ in the family of nations.
9、They sold off their house and __went off___ to live in america with
their married daughter.
10、In addition to notions of social equality there was much emphasis
on the role of _____elites____ and of heroes within them?
11、The early 1990’s finds an __ unprecedented ____ tide of rural
workers flooding into big cities in china.
12、The government _justified_ that they would build a new highway to
the mountain.
13of Beijing has had daily reports of SARS cases,
14continued as a major subjict of public _concern _.
15、The U.S.A __ quarantines__ people from many european countries.
16、The statement says that a life-and-death
struggle against terrorism.
17、If your friend did something wrong, you should always ___address_
a warning to him.
18、Since there were plenty of surprises on that journey our opinions
___underwent__ a change.
19、The vice-president talked at the meeting ___in place of___ the
president, because the president was sick.
20、The government will find it difficult to __commit__ the decision
to go back on his promise to the public.
二、Complete the following sentences,using the words or expressions from the passage according to the given meaning in brackets.change the form where necessary.这道题没有文章，所以选不了词。
1、The same pride in being part of a well-coordinated,successful
unit___________(come from) being part of larger collectivity.
2、At the end of his cateer in politics,he retired and wrote his
____________(biography).
3、There is a widespread ____________(evidence)that this ominous fact
is due to inherent biological defects in the crowded life of cities.
4、One fifth of the total expenditure has been __________(assigned
to)the public services.
5、The main theme of the book is _____________(hidden from view)by
frequent digressions.
6、The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city
because they had more ___________(being risked).
7、___________(the most one can expect) you will get only a small
increase in salary.
8、An old man _______________(think deeply about )what he had done in
his lifetime.
9、I wonder why he broke off all ___________(links between people,groups)
with his family.
10、I am writing ___________(concerning,about) your job application.
11、After much questioning among the people concerned,the headmaster at
last __________(bring out) the truth about the incident.
12、She was injured in the accident and unconsciousness
________________(wipe out )the details of it from her memory.
13、I write only in my spare time,so I think teaching is my
_____________(profession) and writing is my avocation.
14、He ______________(depend on )the train to take me to and from work
each day.
15、She ___________(recognize)the man as her attacker with the help of
the police officer.
16、Historical linguists _____________(presume) a common ancestor from
which both Romance and Germanic languages descend.
17、“Discipline is the soul of an army”was his favorite _____________(a
fundamental principle).
18、Her grandmother still has very ____________(sharp) hearing,though
she is eighty years old.
19、Although he failed in the maths test,it was wrong _____________(laugh
at )his efforts.
20、The outcome of the conflict ____________(destroy ) our dreams of peace
and prosperity.
三、Vocabulary and Structure
Directions There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A B C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
1. You would be ____ a risk to let your child go to school by himself.
A omitting
B attaching
C affording
D running
2. He is always here It's ____ you've never met him.
A unique
B strange
C rare
D peculiar
3. There has been a great increase in retail sales ____﹖
A does there
B isn't there
C hasn't there
D isn't it
4. We'd like to ____ a table for five for dinner this evening.
A preserve
B reserve
C retain
D sustain
5. Although a teenager Fred could resist ____ what to do and what not to do.
A being told
B telling
C to be told
D to tell
6. The European Union countries were once worried that they would not have ____ supplies of petroleum.
A proficient
B efficient
C potential
D sufficient
7. In fact Peter would rather have left for San Francisco than ____ in New York.
A to stay
B stayed
C staying
D having stayed
8. He soon received promotion for his superiors realized that he was
a man of considerable ____.
A ability
B future
C possibility
D opportunity
9. Britain has the highest ____ of road traffic in the world—over 60 cars for every mile of road.
A popularity
B density
C intensity
D prosperity
10. How is it ____ your roommate's request and yours are identical﹖
A in all
B at best
C for all
D by far
11. In my opinion he's ____ the most imaginative of all the contemporary poets.
A in all
B at best
C for all
D by far
12. He didn't have time to read the report word for word he just ____ it.
A skimmed
B observed
C overlooked
D glanced
13. The leader of the expedition ____ everyone to follow his example.
A promoted
B reinforced
C sparked
D inspired
14. What a lovely party It's worth ____ all my life.
A remembering
B to remember
C to be remembered
D being remembered
15. Who would you rather ____ with you George or me﹖
A going
B to go
C have gone
D went
16. The _D___ goal of the book is to help bridge the gap between research and teaching particularly between researchers and teachers.
A intensive
B concise
C joint
D overall
17. The owner and editor of the newspaper __C__ the conference.
A were attending
B were to attend
C is to attend
D are to attend
18. We left the meeting there obviously __B__ no point in staying.
A were
B being
C to be
D having
19. Their products are frequently overpriced and ___ in quality.
A influential
B inferior
C superior
D subordinate
20. The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that __C__ lot.
A valid
B vain
C vacant
D vague
21. These people once had fame and fortune now __A__ is left to them is utter poverty.
A all that
B all what
C all which
D that all
22. To our _B___ Geoffrey's illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.
A anxiety
B relief
C view
D judgment
23. Many people like white color as it is a __A__ of purity.
A symbol
B sign
C signal
D symptom
24. The residents _D___ had been damaged by the fire were given help by the Red Cross.
A all of their homes
B all their homes
C whose all homes
D all of whose homes
25. This research has attracted wide _C___ coverage and has featured on BBC television's Tomorrow's World.
A message
B information
C media
D data
26. I would never have ____ a court of law if I hadn't been so desperate.
A sought for
B accounted for
C turned up
D resorted to
27. Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner ___ at the very moment of the crash.
A should have died
B must be dying
C must have died
D ought to die
28. The energy __B__ by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.
A transferred
B released
C delivered
D conveyed
29. _C__ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.
A To have reviewed
B Having reviewed
C Reviewing
D Being reviewed
30. During the process great care has to be taken to protect the ____ silk from damage.
A sensitive
B tender
C delicate
D sensible
《会计专业英语》模拟试题及答案 一、单选题（每题1分，共20分） 1. Which of the following statements about accounting concepts or assumptions are correct? 1）The money measurement assumption is that items in accounts are initially measured at their historical cost. 2）In order to achieve comparability it may sometimes be necessary to override the prudence concept. 3）To facilitate comparisons between different entities it is helpful if accounting policies and changes in them are disclosed. 4）To comply with the law, the legal form of a transaction must always be reflected in financial statements. A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 3 only D 2 and 3 Johnny had receivables of $5 500 at the start of 2010. During the year to 31 Dec 2010 he makes credit sales of $55 000 and receives cash of $46 500 from credit customers. What is the balance on the accounts receivables at 31 Dec 2010? $8 500 Dr $8 500 Cr $14 000 Dr $14 000 Cr Should dividends paid appear on the face of a company’s cash flow statement? Yes No Not sure Either Which of the following inventory valuation methods is likely to lead to the highest figure for closing inventory at a time when prices are dropping? Weighted Average cost First in first out (FIFO) Last in first out (LIFO) Unit cost 5. Which of following items may appear as non-current assets in a company’s the statement of financial position? (1) plant, equipment, and property (2) company car (3) €4000 cash (4) €1000 cheque A. (1), (3) B. (1), (2) C. (2), (3)
个人根据机器翻译，仅供 参考 专业应试题库 一，专业词汇翻译 A spherical system of coordinates 球面坐标系统Absolute scale 绝对温标 Absolute temperature 绝对温度 Absolute zero绝对零度 Acute angle 锐角 Adiabatic process 绝热过程 Adjacent临近的 Amount of heat 热量 Amplitude 振幅 Analytical expression 解析式 Angular momentum 角动量 Angular velocity 角速度 Annihilate 消灭 Appreciable可感知的 Approximate solution 近似解 Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的 Assume that 假设 At constant pressure 定压比热 At rest静止的， Axial symmetry 轴对称 Axis of rotation 旋转轴 Be independent of 独立的， Be proportional to 与.... 成比例 Bend使弯曲的 Capacitor电容器 Center of mass 质心 Centripetal force 向心力 Cgs 匝米-克-秒(Centimeter-Gram-Second) Change in jumps跳跃的变化 Chaotic无序的 Charge by conduct负责的行为 Charge by induction 感应电荷 Circulation motion 圆周运动 Classical mechanics 经典力学 Coefficient 系数 Coherent连贯的 Combustion engine 内燃机
英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编21 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00) 1.cultural industry（分数： 2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 2.open economy（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 3.non-profit organization（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 4.Interior Ministry（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 5.down payment（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 6.IMF（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 7.NATO（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 8.a stock exchange（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 9.The State Council（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 10.Mount Everest（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 11.anti-dumping（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 12.breaking news（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 13.national census（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 14.将下列短文译成汉语。(首都师范大学2010研，考试科目：英语翻译基础)A very large number of people cease when quite young to add anything to a limited stock of judgments. After a certain age, say 25, they consider that their education is finished.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________ 15.It is perhaps natural that having passed through that painful and boring process, called expressly education, they should suppose it over, and that they are equipped for life to label every event as it occurs and drop it into its given pigeonhole. But one who has a label ready for everything does not bother to observe any more, even such ordinary happenings as he has observed for himself, with attention, before he went to school. He merely acts and reacts.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ 16.For people who have stopped noticing, the only possible new or renewed experience, and, therefore, new knowledge, is from a work of art. Because that is the only kind of experience which they are prepared to receive on its own terms: they will come out from their shells and expose themselves to music, to a play, to a book, because it is the accepted method of enjoying such things. True, even to plays and books they may bring artistic prejudices which prevent them from seeing that play or comprehending that book. Their artistic sensibilities may be as crusted over as their minds.（分数：2.00） 填空项1:__________________
期期末测试题 Ⅰ、Translate The Following Terms Into Chinese 、 1、entity concept 主题概念 2、depreciation折旧 3、double entry system 4、inventories 5、stable monetary unit 6、opening balance 7、current asset 8、financial report 9、prepaid expense 10、internal control 11、cash flow statement 12、cash basis 13、tangible fixed asset 14、managerial accounting 15、current liability 16、internal control 17、sales return and allowance 18、financial position 19、balance sheet 20、direct write-off method Ⅱ、Translate The Following Sentences Into Chinese 、 1、Accounting is often described as an information system、It is the system that measures business activities, processes into reports and communicates these findings to decision makers、 2、The primary users of financial information are investors and creditors、Secondary users include the public, government regulatory agencies, employees, customers, suppliers, industry groups, labor unions, other companies, and academic researchers、 3、There are two sources of assets、One is liabilities and the other is owner’s equity、Liabilities are obligations of an entity arising from past transactions or events, the settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of assets or services in the future、 资产有两个来源，一个就是负债，另一个就是所有者权益。负债就是由过去得交易或事件产生得实体得义务，其结算可能导致未来资产或服务得转让或使用。 4、Accounting elements are basic classification of accounting practices、They are essential units to present the financial position and operating result of an entity、In China, we have six groups of accounting elements、They are assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, revenue, expense and profit (income)、会计要素就是会计实践得基础分类。它们就是保护财务状况与实体经营
广东纺织职业技术学院2010～2011学年第一学期 《专业英语》期中考试参考答案 一、单词翻译（英译汉） titrimetric 滴定的analysis 分析 reagent 试剂titrant 滴定剂 flask 烧瓶oxidation 氧化 precision 精密度standard solution 标准溶液sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠Equilibrium constant 平衡常数equilibrium. 平衡manifest 出现，表明equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度frictional flow 有摩擦的流动ionization constant 电离常数correct for 做……的修正molarity 物质的量浓度compressed gas 压缩气体neutralization 中和device 装置，设备plus 正的，加的elevation 海拔，地理高度neutral 中性的positive-displacement 正位移 meter 米，公尺，计， 表，仪表 reciprocating 往复的，来回的sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠piston 活塞 external 外部的(常与to 搭配) centrifugal pump 离心泵，离心抽 机 in the absence of 缺乏……时， 当……不在时 rotational 转动的，轮流的 at the expense of 归……付费，在 损害……的情况 下 rotational velocity 旋转速度 compensation 补偿，赔偿stream 溪，川，流，一 股，一串，河流 specific 特定的upstream station 上游截面 streamline .流线downstream station 下游截面 二、单词翻译（汉译英） normal to surface 垂直于传热面discharge 滤饼卸料 correspondence 符合，一致ceramic 陶器的 momentum 动量，动力，要素filtrate 滤液 momentum transfer 动量传递opening 孔 random motion 随机运动，无规则 运动 colloidal particle 胶体微粒 diffused 扩散的configuration 构造，配置 adjacent .邻近的，接近的fluctuation . 波动，起伏 vibrating 振动的，振荡的atm(atmosphere) 大气压(1atm＝ 101. 3 kPa) bulk temperature (远离表面的)流vane (风车、螺旋桨等
1.判断题 （）1. Operating system first appeared during the third computer generation. （）2. Unlike the other buses, the address bus always receives data from the CPU; the CPU never reads the address bus. （）3. The main operations of set algebra are complementation, union and intersection. （）4. If an empty stack is popped, we say the stack overflows, which is normally an error. （）5. The CPU can be shared in a sequential manner only. （）6. Freeware is free software with no restriction. （）7. When writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the data onto the data bus, then outputs the address onto the address bus. （）8．The FORTRAN programming language was developed during the first computer generation. （）9．A stack is a dynamic set that obeys the FIFO property. （）10．Two popular strategies for resource allocation are static allocation and dynamic allocation. （）11．The CPU can be shared in a sequential manner only. （）12. A program written in the assembly language of one microprocessor can run on a computer that has a different microprocessor. （）13. Object-oriented programming(OOP) is a programming language model organized around “objects” rather than “actions” and data rather than logic. （）14. FORTRAN is a particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs. （）15. C++ and Smalltalk are two of the more popular object-oriented programming language. 2.词汇 Vacuum tube 真空管general purpose 通用transistor 晶体管 ：大规模集成电路）Large Scale Integrated Circuit（LSI． VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit）：超大规模集成电路 Mainframe 大型机medium-sized computer 中型机minicomputer 小型机 Microcomputer 小型机 machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言high-level language 高级语言Multiprogramming 多道程序设计virtual memory 虚拟存储time-share 分时 Batch system 批处理系统interactive system 交互式系统 Instruction cycle 指令周期 Address bus, data bus, control bus Internal register内部寄存器external register 外部寄存器flag register标志寄存器 Instruction register 指令寄存器program counter程序计数器combinatorial logic组合逻辑Control signal 控制信号instruction code指令代码instruction pipeline指令流水线Bidirectional 双向的unidirectional 单向的 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) 算术逻辑单元
英译中 1.Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar the bar examinations for a lawyer. 工程专业毕业生必须通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试。 2.In the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take course in social sciences. 在工程课程中，当今一个潮流就是要选修社会科学课程 3.The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer. 工程学和社会学的关系变得越来越密切 4.The student who is preparing to become a civil engineer may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying etc. 一个想成为土木工程师的学生，或许需要学习大地测量等课程。 5.young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering.. 年轻的工程师可以选择环境或卫生工程 6.On-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors. 在职培训将使主管人了解他将理论运用于实践的能力 7.The civil engineer may work in research, design ,maintenance ,even in sales op management. 土木工程师可以从事研究，设计，养护甚至于销售或管理工作 8.Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. 研究是科研和工程实践中最重要的方面之一 9.As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures practice 正如我们所知，土木工程师可从事有关建筑方面的多种工作 10.Civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads 设计和建设像发射台这样的建筑需要土木工程师的参与 11.Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. 许多土木工程师因此专攻施工方面工作 12.Bridge,tunnels,and skyscrapers under construction can also be dangerous places to work. 在桥梁，隧道，摩天大楼，地下建筑中工作也同样存在危险 13.These great buildings were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics. 这些伟大的建筑物不是数学和物理知识的产物 14.Many of these great buildings built in earlier ages were poorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with considerable loss of life 许多早期的建筑物建筑水平不高，有时甚至会倒塌造成巨大的人员伤亡 15.Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. 土木工程师设计的目的就是使建筑物的结构稳定，所以建筑物伤各方力都必须平衡 16.If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight 一旦梁上面有负载，那么这根梁必须有足够的强度来支撑这个负载 17.Forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction. 建筑物四周的受力必须与反方向的力平衡 18. the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the result of not considering the last of these factors. Tacoma Narrows 桥倒塌是由于没有考虑到这些因素中的最后一个 19. It is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistance. 现在的通常作法是按比例缩小的桥梁模型放在风洞里检测它们的空气动力抵抗力 20. Steel and concrete complement each other in another way 钢筋和混凝土可以在另一方面互补 21. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction the opposite of acid. 酸可以腐蚀钢，而混凝土中有一种碱性化学反应，可以中和酸化作用 22. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings. 铝制梁已在桥梁建筑及一些建筑的框架中使用 23. Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability and with a lighter weight.
一、Give out the full names for the following abbreviations(写出下列缩写词的全称)（15%） WAN__________________________________________________ HTTP__________________________________________________ NT____________________________________________________ CEO__________________________________________________ DBMS________________________________________________ ISP___________________________________________________ XML__________________________________________________ BIOS_________________________________________________ IT____________________________________________________ WWW_______________________________________________ 二、Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right )（10%） 1. output devices a. 操作系统 2. silicon b. 扩展存储器 3. expanded memory c. 硅 4. database administrator d. 输出设备 5. operating system e. 汇编语言 6. assembly language f. 数据库管理员 7. gateway g. 数字图像处理 8. laser technology h. 网关 9. digital image processing i. 制造过程 10.manufacturing process j. 激光技术 1. （ ） 6. （ ） 2. （ ） 7. （ ） 3. （ ） 8. （ ）
1.Types of Business Organization: 1)Sole Proprietorship :an unincorporated business owned by one person 2)Partnership :owned by two or more individuals (called partners) a)Limited partnership——general partners,limited partners 3)Corporation :a legal entity separate from its owners 2、Separation of Ownership and Control (pros and cons)： Pros(赞成的理由): Specialization，Efficiency，Diversify，Going concern Cons(反对的理由)：Four major downsides：agency problem,free-riding problem,increased costs of information https://www.doczj.com/doc/1114303938.html,rmation asymmetry 3.Overview of Financial Statements balance sheet; income statement;statement of cash flows;statement of retained earnings 4. Statement of Retained Earnings,it shows: the retained earnings balance at the start of the period;how much the firm earned (net income); how much dividends the firm paid;how much net income was reinvested back into the firm (retained earnings);any repurchases of the firm’s stock;any new issues of the firm’s stock; andthe retained earnings balance at the close of the period. 4. Statement of Cash Flow:Operating Cash Flows ，Investing Cash Flows ，Financing Cash Flows 5.Analyzing Financial Ratios Financial ratios are not standardized. Analyzing a single financial ratio for a given year may not be very useful. Some of a firm’s financial accounting practices or choices will affect its financial statements and, finally, its financial ratios. Financial ratios do not provide analysts with all of th e answers about a firm’s condition. 7. Uses and Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis：while ratio analysis can provide useful information concerning a company’s operations and financial condition, it does have limitations that necessitate care and judgment 1.Risk-return tradeoff Investors will take on additional risk only if they anticipate high return. 2.Time value of money A dollar available today is worth more than a dollar available at a future date. This is because a dollar today can be invested to earn a return. 3.Types of value Going-concern value,Liquidation value ,Book value ,Market value ，ntrinsic value 4.Valuation Approaches discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation，relative valuation，contingent claim valuation，option-pricing models 7.Contractual Provisions of a Typical Bond Par Value,and Coupon Rate,Maturity,Call Provisions,Sinking Fund Provisions,Conversion Rights ,Put Provisions,Indenture,Trustee,Collateral,Bond Rating 1.Introduction to Risk and Return All financial assets are expected to produce cash flows, and the risk of an asset is judged by the risk of its cash flows. Here are two assumptions about risk and return: Assumption (1): The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption (2): Investors are risk-averse. The risk of an asset can be considered in two ways: (1) on a stand-alone basis (2) in a portfolio context. In a portfolio context, an asset’s risk can be divided into two components: a,diversifiable risk ;b. market risk.An asset with a high degree of relevant (market) risk must provide a relatively high expected rate of return to attract investors. 4.Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Assumption 1:The returns from investments are normally distributed.Assumption 2: Investors are risk-averse.Assumption3:Investorsare rational.Assumption4:Investors are price takers.Assumption 5: The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) holds. 5. Three types of financial market efficiency: allocationally efficient, operationally efficient,informationally efficient 6. Three main factors associated with informational market efficiency The type of information to which the market price reacts,The speed at which the market price reacts to information,The degree to which market participants over-or under-react to information 8. Characteristics of an Informationally Efficient Market Price changes cannot be predicted. The price of the asset is equal to its fundamental (unobserved but true) value.Prices change due to the inflow of new information, and information flows randomly to the market.Therefore, price changes should be random and unpredictable. 10. Modern portfolio theory —Markowitz’s Mean-variance Framework ,Efficient portfolios are those that have: the lowest risk for an expected rate of return; or the highest expected rate of return for a given level of risk.The assets that meet these criteria make up the efficient frontier.
Unit 6 "Don't ever mark in a book!" Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised. But Mortimer Adler disagrees. He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself. HOW TO MARK A BOOK Mortimer J. Adler You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading. You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them. There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good. There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers -- unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books -- a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many -- every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.) Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue. If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author. Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had,