医疗器械注册管理办法
Medical Devices Registration Administration Method
总则
Chapter 1 General Provisions
第一条为规范医疗器械的注册管理，保证医疗器械的安全、有效，根据《医疗器械监督管理条例》，制定本办法。
Article 1 To regulate medical device registration management and ensure their safety and effectiveness of medical device, we set down the management measure according to Regulations for the Supervision and Administration of Medical Device.
第二条在中华人民共和国境内销售、使用的医疗器械均应当按照本办法的规定申请注册，未获准注册的医疗器械，不得销售、使用。
Article 2 All the medical device which would like to sell and use within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall apply for registration complying with this measure. These medical devices which not get China registration approval should be prohibited to sell and use.
第三条医疗器械注册，是指依照法定程序，对拟上市销售、使用的医疗器械的安全性、有效性进行系统评价，以决定是否同意其销售、使用的过程。
Article 3 Medical device registration is the process of doing systemic evaluation of plan-market medical device on their safety and effectiveness, then decide if medical device can be allowed to sell and use.
第四条国家对医疗器械实行分类注册管理。
Article 4 The state shall classify medical devices and administer them based on this classification.
境内第一类医疗器械由设区的市级（食品）药品监督管理机构审查，批准后发给医疗器械注册证书。
Domestic Class I medical devices shall be inspected, approved and granted with a registration certificate by the food drug regulatory authority of the government of the municipalities consisting of districts.
境内第二类医疗器械由省、自治区、直辖市（食品）药品监督管理部门审查，批准后发给医疗器械注册证书。
Domestic Class II medical devices shall be inspected, approved and granted with a registration certificate by the food drug regulatory authorities of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government.
境内第三类医疗器械由国家食品药品监督管理局审查，批准后发给医
疗器械注册证书。
Domestic Class III medical device shall be inspected, approved and granted with registration certificate by State Food Drug Administration.
境外医疗器械由国家食品药品监督管理局审查，批准后发给医疗器械注册证书。
Imported medical devices shall be inspected, approved and granted with registration certificate by State Food Drug Administration.
台湾、香港、澳门地区医疗器械的注册，除本办法另有规定外，参照境外医疗器械办理。
Taiwan, Hongkong and Macao’s medical device registration shall refer to the regulation of imported medical device.
医疗器械注册证书有效期4年。
Medical devices certificate is valid for 4 years.
第五条医疗器械注册证书由国家食品药品监督管理局统一印制，相应内容由审批注册的（食品）药品监督管理部门填写。
Article 5 Medical devices registration certificate shall be pressed by State Food Drug Administration and the content shall be filled in by inspection department of food drug administration.
注册号的编排方式为：
Registration is arranged as the following:
×（×）1(食)药监械（×2）字××××3第×4××5××××6号。其中：
X (X) 1 SFDA (X2) 字××××3第×4××5××××6号
×1 为注册审批部门所在地的简称：
X 1 : Shortened form of registration inspection department ‘s locus
境内第三类医疗器械、境外医疗器械以及台湾、香港、澳门地区的医疗器械为“国”字；
“国” is for domestic Class III medical devices, imported medical devices and medical devices of Taiwan, Hongkong and Macao.
境内第二类医疗器械为注册审批部门所在的省、自治区、直辖市简称；
境内第一类医疗器械为注册审批部门所在的省、自治区、直辖市简称加所在设区的市级行政区域的简称，为××1（无相应设区的市级行政区域时，仅为省、自治区、直辖市的简称）；
×2为注册形式（准、进、许）：
“准”字适用于境内医疗器械；
“进”字适用于境外医疗器械；
“许”字适用于台湾、香港、澳门地区的医疗器械；
××××3为批准注册年份；
×4为产品管理类别；
××5为产品品种编码；
××××6为注册流水号。
医疗器械注册证书附有《医疗器械注册登记表》（见本办法附件1），与医疗器械注册证书同时使用。
Medical device registration certificate is attached with medical device registration record, and shall be used along with medical device registration certificate.
第六条生产企业提出医疗器械注册申请，承担相应的法律义务，并在该申请获得批准后持有医疗器械注册证书。
Manufacturers put forward medical device registration application, take relevant regal responsibility and keep medical device registration certificate after getting application approval.
办理医疗器械注册申请事务的人员应当受生产企业委托，并具有相应的专业知识，熟悉医疗器械注册管理的法律、法规、规章和技术要求。Individuals who do medical device registration application should be authorized by manufacturer, possess professional knowledge, are familiar with medical device registration administration law, regulation, rules and technical requirement.
申请境外医疗器械注册的，境外生产企业应当在中国境内指定机构作为其代理人，代理人应当承担相应的法律责任；并且，境外生产企业应当
委托中国境内具有相应资格的法人机构或者委托其在华机构承担医疗器械售后服务。
When doing imported medical devices registration, the overseas manufactures shall authorize an unit to be their agent in Chinese territory and the agent should take relevant legal responsibilities.
Meanwhile overseas manufactures shall authorize qualified body corporate or theirs own organ located in China to do after sales service.
第七条申请注册的医疗器械，应当有适用的产品标准，可以采用国家标准、行业标准或者制定注册产品标准，但是注册产品标准不得低于国家标准或者行业标准。
Article 7 Medical devices which applying for registration shall have suitable product standard that can adopt state standard, industry standard or edit registration standard, but registration standard should not inferior to state standard or industry standard.
注册产品标准应当依据国家食品药品监督管理局规定的医疗器械标准管理要求编制。
Registration standard shall be edited according to medical device standard administration regulation stipulated by state food drug supervision administration.
第八条申请第二类、第三类医疗器械注册，生产企业应当符合国家食品药品监督管理局规定的生产条件或者相关质量体系要求。
Article 8 Applying for Class II and Class III medical device registration, manufacture shall comply with relevant manufacturing condition or quality system requirement stipulated by state food drug supervision administration.
第二章医疗器械注册检测
Chapter 2 Medical devices registration testing
第九条第二类、第三类医疗器械由国家食品药品监督管理局会同国家质量监督检验检疫总局认可的医疗器械检测机构进行注册检测，经检测符合适用的产品标准后，方可用于临床试验或者申请注册。
Article 9 Class II and Class III medical devices shall be tested by medical device testing organization approbated by State Food Drug Supervision Administration and State Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine, then can be used in clinical trial or apply for registration.
经国家食品药品监督管理局会同国家质量监督检验检疫总局认可的医疗器械检测机构（以下简称医疗器械检测机构）目录另行发布。
The list of medical device testing organization approbated by State Food Drug Supervision Administration and State Quality Supervision
Inspection and Quarantine (medical device testing organization for short in the following) shall be issued at another time.
第十条医疗器械检测机构应当在国家食品药品监督管理局和国家质量监督检验检疫总局认可的检测范围内，依据生产企业申报适用的产品标准（包括适用的国家标准、行业标准或者生产企业制定的注册产品标准）对申报产品进行注册检测，并出具检测报告。
Article 10 Medical device testing organization should do registration testing on applicant products according to available product standard including state standard, industry standard or registration product standards edited by manufacture within the specific testing range approbated by State Food Drug Supervision Administration and State Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine.
尚未列入各医疗器械检测机构授检范围的医疗器械，由相应的注册审批部门指定有承检能力的检测单位进行检测。
For the medical device that have not been listed in testing range of all medical device testing organization should be tested by qualified testing united approbated by registration inspection department.
境外医疗器械的注册检测执行《境外医疗器械注册检测规定》。Imported medical device registration shall perform “Imported
Medical Device Registration Testing Regulation”.
第十一条同一注册单元内所检测的产品应当是能够代表本注册单元内其他产品安全性和有效性的典型产品。
Among one testing unit the tested product should be the typical product that can representing the safety and effectiveness of other products.
第十二条同一生产企业使用相同原材料生产的同类产品，如果生产工艺和预期用途保持不变，重新注册时，对产品的生物学评价可以不再进行生物相容性试验。
For re-registration the same kind products which made of same material and manufactured by one manufacturer would not be tested for biological compatibility item during biological evaluation if manufacturing technics and intended use do not change.
同一生产企业使用已经通过生物学评价的原材料生产的同类产品，如果生产工艺保持不变，预期用途保持不变或者没有新增的潜在生物学风险，申请注册时，对产品的生物学评价可以不再进行生物相容性试验。When register the products which manufactured by one manufacturer, made of same material that have done biological evaluation and do not change their manufacturing technics, intended use and have no new potential biological risk would not be tested for biological compatibility during biological evaluation.
第十三条申请第二类、第三类医疗器械注册，同时满足以下条件的，可以免予注册检测：
Applying for Class II and Class III medical device registration will be exempted of doing registration testing if satisfy the following conditions:
（一）所申请注册的医疗器械与本企业已经获准注册的医疗器械的基本原理，主要功能、结构，所用材料、材质，预期用途属于同一类；Applying medical device and applied medical device is same in the basic principle, main function, structure, material and intended use.
（二）生产企业已经通过医疗器械生产质量管理规范检查或者已经获得医疗器械质量体系认证，并且生产企业能够提供经原企业生产条件审查机构认可的检测报告；
The manufacturers have passed the medical device manufacturing quality administration regulation testing or get approval of medical device quality system certification, meanwhile the manufacturers can provide the admissive testing report by inspection institution under former manufacturing condition.
（三）所申请注册的医疗器械与本企业已经获准注册并且已经通过注册检测的同类产品比较，未发生涉及安全性、有效性改变，或者虽然涉及
安全性、有效性改变，但是改变部分和由其引起产品其他相关安全性、有效性变化的部分都已经通过了医疗器械检测机构检测；
Comparing with approved registration medical devices , the same kind of applying medical devices do not have changes concerning safety and effectiveness areas or despite of having changes concerning safety and effectiveness areas which have been tested by medical device testing institution.
（四）已经获准注册的本企业同类产品按照规定进行医疗器械不良事件监测，并且未发现严重不良事件；
The same kind of approved registration medical devices have not been found adverse events in the process of MDR.
（五）已经获准注册的本企业同类产品1年内无（食品）药品监督管理部门产品质量监督抽查不合格记录；
The same kind of approved registration medical devices have not been found ineligible records in the process of product quality selective examination by food drug supervision administration within one year.
（六）境外医疗器械已经通过境外政府医疗器械主管部门的上市批准。Overseas medical devices have got pre-market approval by overseas medical device supervision government.
第十四条申请第二类、第三类医疗器械产品重新注册，同时满足以下条件的，可以免予注册检测：
Applying for Class II and Class III medical device re-registration will be exempted of doing registration testing if satisfy the following conditions:
（一）申请重新注册的医疗器械与本企业已经获准注册的医疗器械的基本原理，主要功能、结构，所用材料、材质，预期用途属于同一类；Applying re-registration medical device and applied medical device is same in the basic principle, main function, structure, material and intended use.
（二）生产企业已经通过医疗器械生产质量管理规范检查或者已经获得医疗器械质量体系认证，并且生产企业能够提供经原企业生产条件审查机构认可的检测报告；
The manufacturers have passed the medical device manufacturing quality administration regulation testing or get approval of medical device quality system certification, meanwhile the manufacturers can provide the admissive testing report by inspection institution under former manufacturing condition.
（三）申请重新注册的医疗器械与已经通过注册检测的原注册产品相比较，未发生涉及安全性、有效性改变，或者虽然涉及安全性、有效性改变，但是改变部分和由其引起产品其他相关安全性、有效性变化的部分都
已经通过了医疗器械检测机构检测；
Comparing with approved registration medical devices , the same kind of applying re-registration medical devices do not have changes concerning safety and effectiveness areas or despite of having changes concerning safety and effectiveness areas which have been tested by medical device testing institution.
（四）申请重新注册的医疗器械在原医疗器械注册证书有效期内按照规定进行医疗器械不良事件监测，并且未发现不良事件；
Applying for re-registration medical devices have not been found adverse events in the process of MDR within the expiration date of the former medical device certificate.
（五）原注册医疗器械1年内无（食品）药品监督管理部门产品质量监督抽查不合格记录。
The former approved registration medical devices have not been found ineligible records in the process of product quality selective examination by food drug supervision administration within one year.
第十五条已经通过境外政府医疗器械主管部门的上市批准、对安装场地有特殊要求、检测困难的大型医疗器械，可以申请暂缓检测，于取得医疗器械注册证书后再对产品进行补充检测。
Huge medical equipments which have got pre-market notification by
overseas medical device supervision department, need special requirements on spot installation and have difficulty for testing can applying for postpone testing can be done supplement testing after getting medical device certificate.
根据前款规定申请暂缓检测而获准注册的产品，生产企业必须在首台医疗器械入境后、投入使用前完成注册检测。经检测合格后方可投入使用。For the products satisfied with above regulation that get registration approval when applying for postpone testing, the manufacture shall complete registration testing after importing the first medical device, until the testing is eligible the product can be put into use.
第三章医疗器械临床试验
Chapter 3 Medical device clinical trial
第十六条申请第二类、第三类医疗器械注册，应当提交临床试验资料。
When applying for Class II and Class III medical devices registration, clinical trial material should be submitted.
临床试验资料提供方式执行《医疗器械注册临床试验资料分项规定》（见本办法附件12）。
The submission methods of clinical trial material shall comply to
‘Medical Device Registration on Clinical Trial Material Itemize Regulation’.(Refer to attachment 12)
第十七条在中国境内进行医疗器械临床试验的，应当严格执行《医疗器械临床试验规定》。
The clinical trial processed in China shall strictly comply to ‘Medical Device Clinical Trial Regulation’.
第十八条在中国境内进行临床试验的医疗器械，其临床试验资料中应当包括临床试验合同、临床试验方案、临床试验报告。
The clinical trial material of medical devices processed in China shall include clinical trail agreement, clinical trial project and clinical trial report.
（食品）药品监督管理部门认为必要时，可以要求生产企业提交临床试验须知、知情同意书以及临床试验原始记录。
Food drug supervision administration could ask manufacture to provide clinical trial memorandum, acknowledgment letter and clinical trial original records.
第四章医疗器械注册申请与审批
Chapter 4 Medical device registration application and inspection 第十九条申请医疗器械注册，申请人应当根据医疗器械的分类，向本办法第四条规定的相应（食品）药品监督管理部门提出申请，并应当填
写医疗器械注册申请表，按照本办法附件2、附件3、附件6、附件8或者附件9的相应要求提交申请材料。申请材料应当使用中文；根据外文资料翻译的申请材料，应当同时提供原文。
When applying for medical devices registration, applicants shall accord with the medical device classification and apply to concerning food drug supervision administration according to item 4 of this methods.
申请人提交的医疗器械说明书应当符合《医疗器械说明书、标签和包装标识管理规定》。
Medical device user manual submitted by applicants shall accord with ‘Administration Regulation of Medical Devic e user manual, labeling and package '.
申请人应当对其申请材料全部内容的真实性负责。
Applicants shall take the responsibility of the truth about the fully application material.
第二十条（食品）药品监督管理部门收到申请后，应当根据下列情况分别作出处理：
Food drug supervision administration shall treat respectively depending on the following conditions:
（一）申请事项依法不属于本部门职权范围的，应当即时作出不予受
理的决定，并告知申请人向有关行政机关申请；
If application articles legally do not belong to authorized scope of this department, should issue a rejection notice and advance applicants to apply for concerning administration unit.
（二）申请材料存在可以当场更正的错误的，应当允许申请人当场更正；
If there is mistake in the application material that could be correct on-spot, the applicants shall be permitted to correct on spot.
（三）申请材料不齐全或者不符合形式审查要求的，应当当场或者在5个工作日内发给申请人《补正材料通知书》，一次性告知申请人需要补正的全部内容，逾期不告知的，自收到申请材料之日起即为受理；
If the application material is incomplete or not in accord with formal inspection requirement, please inform applicant on-spot or issue applicant with ‘Supplement Material Notice Letter’ within 5 workdays and inform applicant all the requested supplementary material at one time. Without informing within appointed period, the material receiving date should be regarded as the acceptance date.
（四）申请材料齐全、符合形式审查要求的，或者申请人按照要求提交全部补正申请材料的，予以受理。
It should be accepted if the application material is complete,
accord with formal inspection request or applicants submit all requested supplement material according to the concerning requirements.
（食品）药品监督管理部门受理或者不予受理医疗器械注册申请，应当出具加盖本部门专用印章并注明日期的《受理通知书》或者《不予受理通知书》。
Whatever food drug supervision administration accept medical devices application or not, an acceptance notice or a rejection letter should be issued by department with special seal and date.
第二十一条（食品）药品监督管理部门受理医疗器械注册申请后，应当在本办法第二十二条规定的期限内对申请进行实质性审查并作出是否给予注册的书面决定。经审查符合规定批准注册的，自书面批准决定作出之日起10个工作日内发给医疗器械注册证书。经审查不符合规定的，作出不予注册的书面决定，并说明理由，同时告知申请人享有依法申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼的权利。
Food drug supervision administration shall do substantiality inspection on application and make a paper decision on whether administer registration according to the stipulated term in item 22 of this method. On the condition that material accords with inspection regulation and administer registration, medical device registration certificates shall be issued within 10 workdays
counted from date of the paper approval decision-making.
第二十二条设区的市级（食品）药品监督管理机构应当自受理申请之日起30个工作日内，作出是否给予注册的决定。
Food Drug regulatory authority of the government of the municipalities consisting of districts shall make a division whether to administer registration within 30 workdays from the date of application.
省、自治区、直辖市（食品）药品监督管理部门应当自受理申请之日起60个工作日内，作出是否给予注册的决定。
Food Drug regulatory authorities of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities shall make a division whether to administer registration within 60 workdays form the date of application.
国家食品药品监督管理局应当自受理申请之日起90个工作日内，作出是否给予注册的决定。
Food Drug regulatory authority directly under State Council shall make a make a division whether to administer registration within 90 workdays form the date of application.
在对注册申请进行审查的过程中，需要检测、专家评审和听证的，所需时间不计算在本条规定的期限内。（食品）药品监督管理部门应当将所需时
间书面告知申请人。
In the process of inspection, if testing, technical review by specialists and audit are needed, the requested time is besides from the regulated period of this article. Food Drug Administration shall inform applicants with paper notice about the needed time.
第二十三条未获得境外医疗器械上市许可的境外医疗器械，申请注册时，参照境内同类产品注册的技术审查要求执行（需要提交的材料见本办法附件8、附件9）。
When apply for registration, the imported medical devices without marketing permission at overseas shall refer to registration technical inspection requirements of the domestic products in the same kind (the requested submission material shall refer to attachment 8 and attachment 9).
第二十四条（食品）药品监督管理部门在对医疗器械注册申请材料进行技术审查时，需要生产企业补充材料的，应当一次性发出书面补充材料通知。
In the inspection process of medical devices registration application material, SFDA shall issue paper supplementary notice to manufacture at one time if supplementary material is needed.
生产企业应当在60个工作日内按照通知要求将材料一次性补齐，补充材料的时间不计算在（食品）药品监督管理部门进行实质审查的期限内。
现在英语的重要性相信大家都是有所了解的，特别是外贸工作者对英语的重要性更是深有体会的。同时在学业学习的过程中我们也是会经常遇到一些英汉互译的问题的额，那么我们应该怎样在线实现英汉互译的问题呢？下面就一起来看一下吧。 步骤一：要在线实现英汉互译的问题，我们就需要通过浏览器搜索在线翻译，进入下面这个页面来帮助我们进行实现。 步骤二：通过浏览器进入在线翻译页面后，有两个选项一个是短句翻译的选项，中文150字以内，英文150词以内都支持进行翻译，适合零散短句，日常用语，商贸交流，邮件往来，地址信息等短文本的翻译。
步骤三：还有一个选项是文档翻译的选项，一次只支持翻译一个文档，所支持翻译的文档格式有一下几种：PDF、WORD文档中的图片、扫描件、图纸。但是背景模糊的纯图片无法进行翻译。 步骤四：了解完上面的两个选项后，我们就可以根据需要选择一个选项进入了，下面小编就选择短句翻译的选项，来为大家进行讲解。
步骤五：转入短句翻译的选项后，会出现两个文本框，我们需要在左边的文本框中输入需要进行翻译的语句。 步骤六：语句输入好后，在文本框的上方可以对一些翻译的选项设置，这样可以帮助我们更快的实现翻译。
步骤七：翻译选项设置好后，就可以通过选择开始翻译按钮，对短语进行翻译了。 步骤八：耐心等待短语翻译结束后，翻译结果会在右边的文本框中呈现，我们可以通过文本框上方的复制按钮对翻译后的结果进行复制粘贴，也可以直接通过鼠标选中进行复制粘贴。
英汉互译的实现方法，上面已经为大家分享过了，实现过程简单快速，生活中再遇到关于翻译的问题，就可以用这个方法来进行实现了。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/106440958.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
公司企业常见部门名称英文 总公司Head Office 分公司Branch Office 营业部Business Office 人事部Personnel Department (人力资源部)Human Resources Department 总务部General Affairs Department 财务部General Accounting Department 销售部Sales Department 促销部Sales Promotion Department 国际部International Department 出口部Export Department 进口部Import Department 公共关系Public Relations Department 广告部Advertising Department 企划部Planning Department 产品开发部Product Development Department 研发部Research and Development Department(R&D) 秘书室Secretarial Pool 常见职位、职务英文译名 Accounting Assistant会计助理 Accounting Clerk记帐员 Accounting Manager会计部经理 Accounting Stall会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor会计主管 Administration Manager行政经理 Administration Staff行政人员 Administrative Assistant行政助理 Administrative Clerk行政办事员 Advertising Staff广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff航空公司职员 Application Engineer应用工程师 Assistant Manager副经理 Bond Analyst证券分析员
常用单位的中英文对照翻译 单位 Unit. 单位制 system of units 米 meter (m) 毫米 millimeter (mm) 英尺 foot (ft) 英寸 inch (in) 弧度 radian (rad) 度degree (°) 摄氏 Celsius. (C) 华氏 Fahrenheit (F) 磅／平方英寸 pounds per square inch (psi) 百万帕斯卡 million pascal (MPa) 巴 bar 千克（公斤） kilogram (kg) 克 gram (g) 牛顿 newton (N) 吨 ton (t) 千磅 kilopound (kip) 平方米 square meter (m 2) 方毫米 square millimeter (mm2 ) 立方米 cubic meter (m3 ) 升 liter; litre (L) 转／分 revolutions per minute (rpm) 百万分之一 parts per million (ppm) 焦（耳） Joule (J) 千瓦 kilowatt (kW) 伏（特） volt (V) 安（培） ampere (A) 欧（姆）ohm (Ω) （小）时 hour (h) 分 minute (min) 秒 second (s)
管道组成件专业英语(中英文对照) 1 管道组成件 Piping component 1.1 管子 Pipe 管子(按照配管标准规格制造的) pipe 管子(不按配管标准规格制造的其他用管) tube 钢管 steel pipe 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 衬里管 lined pipe 复合管 clad pipe 碳钢管 carbon steel pipe 合金钢管 alloy steel pipe 不锈钢 stainless steel pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管 seamless (SMLS) steel pipe 焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance welded steel pipe 电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe 热轧无缝钢管 hot-rolling seamless pipe 冷拔无缝钢管 cold-drawing seamless pipe 水煤气钢管 water-gas steel pipe 塑料管 plastic pipe 玻璃管 glass tube 橡胶管 rubber tube 直管 run pipe; straight pipe 1.2 管件 Fitting 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow 带支座弯头 base elbow k半径弯头 long radius elbow 短半径弯头 short radius elbow
如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2 。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3 。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4 。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5 。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情??在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8 。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像 一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。每一个沐浴在 爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对 我而言意味着什么。distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更 近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让 我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
文教、科技有关部门常见职衔与职称英文翻译 （大学）校长President/Chancellor （大学）副校长Vice President （大学）代理校长Acting President （中学）校长Principal （小学）校长Head /Master 学院院长Dean of College/Head of College 教务长Dean/Director of Teaching Affairs 总务长Director in Charge of General Affairs 系主任Department Chairman /Department Head 教研室主任Head of the Teaching and Research Section 实验室主任Laboratory Chief 教导主任Director of Teaching and 班主任Discipline Class Adviser/Head Teacher 教授Professor 副教授Associate Professor 客座教授Visiting Professor/Guest Professor 兼职教授Part-time Professor 名誉教授Honorary Professor 终身教授Lifetime Professor 外籍教授Foreign Professor 研究生指导教师Graduate Teacher/Research Supervisor 讲师Lecturer/Instructor
助教Teaching Assistant (T.A.) 实验员Laboratory Technician 图书馆员Librarian 研究所所长Institute Director 研究员Research Fellow/Researcher 副研究员Associate Research Fellow / Associate Researcher 助研Research Assistant 资料员Data Processor 总工程师Chief Engineer 副总工程师Assistant Chief Engineer 高级工程师Senior Engineer 工程师Engineer 助工Assistant Engineer 技术员Technician 技师Skilled Technician 董事长Chairman of the Board /Chairman 董事/理事Director 副董事Associate Director 高级会计师Senior Accountant 注册会计师(美国)Chartered Accountant 注册会计师(美国)Certified Public Accountant(CPA) 助理会计师Assistant Accountant
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
本文由雪白乌鸭贡献 文教、科技有关部门常见职衔与职称英文翻译 （大学）校长 Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ／Ｃｈａｎｃｅｌｌｏｒ （大学）副校长 Ｖｉｃｅ Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ （大学）代理校长 Ａｃｔｉｎｇ Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ （中学）校长 Ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌ （小学）校长 Ｈｅａｄ ／Ｍａｓｔｅｒ 学院院长 Ｄｅａｎ ｏｆ Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ／Ｈｅａｄ ｏｆ Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ 教务长 Ｄｅａｎ／Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ ｏｆ Ｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇ Ａｆｆａｉｒｓ 总务长 Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ ｉｎ Ｃｈａｒｇｅ ｏｆ Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ Ａｆｆａｉｒｓ 系主任 Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ Ｃｈａｉｒｍａｎ ／Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ Ｈｅａｄ 教研室主任 Ｈｅａｄ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ Ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ 实验室主任 Ｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙ Ｃｈｉｅｆ 教导主任 Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ ｏｆ Ｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇ ａｎｄ 班主任 Ｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎｅ Ｃｌａｓｓ Ａｄｖｉｓｅｒ／Ｈｅａｄ Ｔｅａｃｈｅｒ 教授 Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ 副教授 Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ 客座教授 Ｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ／Ｇｕｅｓｔ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ 兼职教授 Ｐａｒｔ－ｔｉｍｅ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ 名誉教授 Ｈｏｎｏｒａｒｙ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ 终身教授 Ｌｉｆｅｔｉｍｅ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ 外籍教授 Ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ 研究生指导教师 Ｇｒａｄｕａｔｅ Ｔｅａｃｈｅｒ／Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ Ｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｏｒ 讲师 Ｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｒ／Ｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｏｒ 助教 Ｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇ Ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔ （Ｔ．Ａ．） 实验员 Ｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙ Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃｉａｎ 图书馆员 Ｌｉｂｒａｒｉａｎ 研究所所长 Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ 研究员 Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ Ｆｅｌｌｏｗ／Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒ 副研究员 Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ Ｆｅｌｌｏｗ ／ Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒ 助研 Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ Ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔ 资料员 Ｄａｔａ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｒ 总工程师 Ｃｈｉｅｆ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ 副总工程师 Ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔ Ｃｈｉｅｆ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ 高级工程师 Ｓｅｎｉｏｒ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ 工程师 Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ 助工 Ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ 技术员 Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃｉａｎ 技师 Ｓｋｉｌｌｅｄ Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃｉａｎ 董事长 Ｃｈａｉｒｍａｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｂｏａｒｄ ／Ｃｈａｉｒｍａｎ 董事／理事 Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ 副董事 Ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅ Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒ 高级会计师 Ｓｅｎｉｏｒ Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｎｔ 注册会计师（美国）Ｃｈａｒｔｅｒｅｄ Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｎｔ 注册会计师（美国）Ｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｅｄ Ｐｕｂｌｉｃ Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｎｔ（ＣＰＡ） 助理会计师 Ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔ Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｎｔ 主任会计 Ｃｈｉｅｆ Ａｃｃｏｕｎｔａｎｔ 高级经济师 Ｓｅｎｉｏｒ Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ Ｍａｎｇｅｒ ／ Ｓｅｎｉｏｒ Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｓｔ 经济师 Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ Ｍａｎａｇｅｒ ／Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｓｔ 建筑师 Ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔ 规划师 Ｐｌａｎｎｅｒ
医院常用中英文对照 公共空间大厅Hall 中药局Chinese Medicine Pharmacy 公用电话Public Telephone/Pay Phone/Telephone/Public Phone 日常生活训区Daily Activity Training 日间门诊Clinic Area 日间院Adult Day Care Center 日间照护Day Care Center 出院室Discharge Office 加护病房Intensive Care Unit(ICU) 打卡刷卡区Clock In / Out 民众意箱Suggestions 各科门诊Out-Patient Departments(OPD) 早产儿室Premature Babies 自动提款机A TM 住院室Admissions 佛堂Buddhist Prayer Room 吸烟区Smoking Area 志工服务台V olunteer Services 志工室V olunteers 衣室Dressing Room 巡箱Patrol Box 夜间门诊Evening Clinic 居家护Home Health Care 居家护室Home Health Care 服务台(询问处)Information 注射室Injections 治室Treatment Room 社福卫教室Social Work and Health Education 门诊大厅Outpatient Hall 门诊注射室Outpatient Injection 门诊部Out-patient 门诊满意调查回收意箱Suggestion Box 门诊检验OPD Laboratory 待产室Labor Room 急诊暂观察室ER Observation Room 恢室Recovery Room 候诊区Waiting Area 员工意箱Suggestions 晒衣场Clothes Drying 气喘卫教室Asthma Health Education Room 消毒室Sterilization 消毒锅区Equipment Sterilization
英汉互译在线翻译句 子
美句集锦 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害 when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情…在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。 love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 if i know what love is, it is because of you.
中南大学CentralSouthUniversity 本科毕业设计英文文献翻译题目 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 学院 专业班级 二○一六年一月八日
Spring 的web MVC 构架模式 Juergen Hoeller 1、介绍：Spring 的应用构架 当你第一次看到并接触Spring框架的时候，你一定会在心里想到；“哦哦，不不，这又是另一种Web构架”。这篇文章将会指出Spring框架不是什么特殊的web框架，而是一个通用的轻量级的应用程序框架，在专用网络支持下的应用程序框架。并且它会告诉你Spring框架明显区别于其他轻量级application framework，它将专注于web的支持，与struts和webwork有着明显的区别。 在和struts和webwork的对比上之中，Spring框架是一个服务于所有层面上的application framework：提供了bean的配置基础，AOP的支持，JDBC的提取框架，抽象事务支持，等等诸如此类。它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，你就可以不使用Spring框架的class（类），只使用它的某一部分的功能。从它的设计理念，你可以看到Spring框架帮助你实现了真正的逻辑层和web层的成功分离：例如：一个校验应用将不用依靠controllers，就可以实现。这样的目标是更好的重用和易测：过分依靠不必要的容器和框架将不能实现这一点。 当然，Spring的自己本身的web支持和通常框架模式的细致完整。然而，Spring替换struts，webwork或者其他的web方案非常的容易。这个对于Spring 的web支持或者不同的地方，Spring允许你在web容器里面建立一个中间层，在测试环境或者标准独立的应用里面来设置重用你的商务逻辑。 还有就是在J2EE环境里面，可以让你你的商务逻辑不必依靠容器提供的服务，就比如像JTA，EJB的支持。良好的框架的一个web应用是可以运行在任何
A.I. 人工智能 A2A integration A2A整合 abstract 抽象的 abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类 abstract class 抽象类 abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性 access 存取、访问 access function 访问函数 access level访问级别 account 账户 action 动作 activate 激活 active 活动的 actual parameter 实参 adapter 适配器 add-in 插件 address 地址 address space 地址空间 address-of operator 取地址操作符 ADL (argument-dependent lookup) ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX数据对象 advanced 高级的 aggregation 聚合、聚集 algorithm 算法 alias 别名 align 排列、对齐 allocate 分配、配置 allocator分配器、配置器 angle bracket 尖括号 annotation 注解、评注 API (Application Programming Interface) 应用(程序)编程接口app domain (application domain)应用域 appearance 外观 append 附加 application 应用、应用程序 application framework 应用程序框架 Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配 Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算 architecture 架构、体系结构 archive file 归档文件、存档文件 argument引数(传给函式的值)。参见parameter array 数组 arrow operator 箭头操作符
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。