Technical status and development prospect of battery for
electric vehicle
With the rapid development of the automobile industry, it has promoted the development of the industry and the development of economy and transportation. However, the defects of energy consumption, environmental pollution inherent in the traditional internal combustion engine automobile has been affected and perplexing people's life and social development, with the development of society and technology, protect the environment and conserve resources with the rising, a new generation of electric vehicles and electric vehicles as no pollution and energy new traffic tools diversified configuration, in recent years has aroused widespread concern and has been greatly developed. One of the jobs of Beijing to make the 2008 Olympic Games a green Olympic Games is to replace the current internal combustion engine with environmentally friendly electric vehicles.
Electric vehicle with electric drive, driving without emission (or low emission), low noise, energy conversion efficiency is much higher than the internal combustion engine, and the electric vehicle has the advantages of simple structure, low operation cost, safety is better than that of internal combustion engine. But electric vehicles still exist in higher prices, continued driving mileage is short, the dynamic performance is poor, and these problems are closely related and power supply technology, the practical difficulties of electric vehicles still in power technology, especially the battery (chemical power technology). At present, the key factor restricting the development of electric vehicles is the power battery is not ideal, and the development of electric vehicle competition, the most important thing is to develop the competitive power battery.
Electric vehicle power battery and starter batteries different, it is a long
time continuous medium current discharge, or to discharge (starting, acceleration), and to use the main deep circulation. The basic requirements for battery electric vehicles can be summarized as follows: 1, high energy density and high power density; 2; 3, longer cycle life; 4, good charge and discharge performance of battery; 5, good consistency; 6, the price is low; 7, convenient use and maintenance etc..
The current research and development of electric vehicle batteries including lead-acid batteries, nickel metal batteries, lithium ion battery, high temperature sodium batteries, metal air battery, super capacitor, super capacitor and the flywheel battery has better development prospect of fuel cell and solar cell.
1, lead-acid battery
Lead acid battery has a history of more than 100 years, it is widely used as the starting power source of internal combustion engine. The positive and negative electrodes of lead acid battery are two lead oxide and lead, and the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. Lead acid batteries can also be divided into two categories, namely, water injection lead-acid batteries and valve regulated lead-acid batteries. The former is cheap, but the need for frequent maintenance, added electrolyte; the excess gas safety control valve, sealing the battery in charging or abnormal work in automatic regulation of free maintenance, more in line with the requirements of electric vehicles. Generally speaking, the lead-acid battery has the advantages of good reliability, easy access to raw materials, low price, etc., and the specific power can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. But it has two major shortcomings: first, the lower energy, the quality and volume is too large, and a charging mileage shorter; the other is a short service life, the use of high cost. Because of the lead-acid battery technology is relatively mature, the lead-acid battery further improved after will remain the main source of electric vehicle in the near
future, electric vehicles are being developed by the advanced lead-acid battery mainly has the following several kinds: horizontal bipolar lead-acid batteries, sealed lead-acid battery, coil type electric pole lead-acid battery etc..
2, nickel metal batteries
A nickel cadmium battery and Ni MH battery two main nickel metal batteries currently used in electric cars. Compared to cadmium nickel battery and lead-acid battery, can achieve energy than 55Wh/kg, than the power of 200W/kg, the cycle life of 2000 times, and can fast charge, although the price of lead-acid battery 4 to 5 times, but because of its life in the field of energy use and advantages, so the long-term practical use cost is not high. However, due to its heavy metal cadmium, in the use of no attention to recycling, it will form environmental pollution, many developed countries have restricted the development and use of nickel cadmium batteries. The Ni MH battery is a green nickel battery, the positive and negative poles were nickel hydroxide and hydrogen storage alloy material, there is no heavy metal pollution problems, and in the work process does not appear to increase or decrease the electrolyte phenomenon, the battery can be sealed design. NiMH batteries in energy, improve the specific power and cycle life than nickel cadmium batteries, electric vehicle charging using a Ni MH battery after the mileage has reached 600 kilometers, currently in Europe and the United States has achieved mass production and use. The principle and characteristics of Ni MH battery is suitable for electric vehicle use, it has been listed as a short-term and medium-term preferred electric vehicle power battery, but it also has the price is too high, poor uniformity (especially the capacity and voltage between high speed and deep discharge the battery and the difference), self discharge rate high performance level and practical requirements and gap, these problems affect the Ni MH battery is widely used in electric vehicles.
3, lithium ion battery
Lithium ion battery is a high capacity rechargeable battery developed in 90s, to more than the Ni MH battery stored energy, high energy density, long cycle life, low self discharge rate, no memory effect and environmental pollution, is a hot topic in today's energy storage technology research, the main research focus on three aspects of large capacity, long life life and safety. Lithium ion batteries, cathode materials of lithium ion in the crystal lattice can diffuse freely, when the battery is charged, lithium ion released from cathode, embedded into the anode, and discharge state, namely in the charge discharge cycle process, with the help of the electrolyte of lithium ion battery in reciprocating motion between the poles to transfer the power can. Lithium ion battery electrode for lithium metal oxide and lithium storage materials, according to the different electrolyte, lithium ion battery can be generally divided into two kinds of lithium-ion battery lithium ion battery and lithium polymer battery.
4, high temperature sodium battery
High temperature sodium batteries mainly include sodium nickel chloride battery (NaNiCl2) and sodium sulfur battery two. Sodium nickel chloride battery was invented in 1978, the positive electrode is a solid state NiCl2, the negative electrode is liquid Na, the electrolyte is a solid beta -Al2O2 ceramics, the charge and discharge of sodium ions through the ceramic electrolyte between the positive and negative electrode drift. Sodium nickel chloride battery is a kind of new energy battery, it has high specific energy (more than 100Wh/kg), no self discharge effect, resistance to overcharge and overdischarge, quick charging, safe and reliable, but its high working temperature (250-350 DEG C), and the internal resistance and the temperature, electric current and charging state therefore, need to have the heating and cooling system. The sodium sulfur battery is generally optimistic about the recent electric car battery, it has been the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium
(USABC) listed as interim development of electric vehicle battery, sodium sulfur batteries with high specific energy, but its peak power is low, and the battery working temperature of approximately 300 DEG C, sodium and sulfur the melting has potential toxicity, corrosion also limits the reliability and lifetime of the battery.
5, zinc air battery (Zinc-air)
The zinc air battery is a kind of high energy battery, which can be used to replace the car charging mode. The positive electrode is Zinc, the negative electrode is Carbon (the oxygen in the air), the electrolyte is KOH. Zinc air battery with high specific energy (200Wh/kg), free maintenance, resistance to harsh working environment, the advantages of clean and safe and reliable, but it has less power than the (90W/kg), cannot store the regenerative braking energy, short service life, can output high current and difficult to charge deficiency. In general to compensate for its shortcomings, the use of zinc air battery electric vehicles will be equipped with other batteries (such as nickel cadmium batteries) to help start and accelerate.
6, super capacitor
Supercapacitor is a kind of energy storage device, which is a kind of electrochemical capacitor, which has the advantages of both battery and traditional physical capacitance. Super capacitor battery and other often combined application of power supply of the electric vehicles, electric vehicles can meet the requirements of power without reducing the performance of the battery, the use of super capacitor, will reduce the requirement of the automobile on the large current discharge of storage battery, reduce battery volume and prolong the service life of the accumulator to. The development of super capacitors with high specific energy, high specific power, long life, high efficiency and low cost, can improve the dynamic performance of commercial electric vehicles (especially the acceleration capability), economy and driving
range. According to the different electrode materials, super capacitors can be divided into carbon super capacitor (double layer electrochemical capacitance) and metal oxide super capacitor two categories.
7, flywheel battery
Flywheel battery is a new concept battery which was put forward in 90s. It breaks through the limitation of chemical battery and realizes energy storage by physical method. Flywheel battery is a battery with a kinetic mechanical way to store energy, which is composed of motor / generator, power conversion, electronic control, flywheel, magnetic bearing and vacuum shell components, has the advantages of high power ratio, high energy ratio, high efficiency, long life and good environmental adaptability. Motor in flywheel battery, when charging the motor to motor drive in the form of operation, external power supply, the motor drives the flywheel rotating at high speed (up to 200000rpm), which is used to power the flywheel battery "charge" increase the rotational speed of the flywheel so as to increase its energy; discharge, motor is in the generator operation state, in the flywheel driven by the output electric energy, mechanical energy (kinetic energy) to complete the conversion of electrical energy. To develop a practical flywheel battery for electric vehicles, it is necessary to further improve its safety and reduce costs.
8, fuel cell
Fuel cell is a kind of storage in the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant through the electrode reaction directly into electrical energy generating device, the basic principle of it is the inverse process of chemical reaction of electrolysis of water, the oxyhydrogen reaction to generate electricity, water and heat. It has no rotating parts, no noise, long service life, high reliability, good maintenance performance does not need to be burned, and the actual efficiency can reach 2 to 3 times the ordinary internal combustion engine, and the final product is water, achieve truly clean and renewable, no emissions
requirements, is the preferred energy in twenty-first Century. Moreover, the fuel cell does not need to be charged as long as other batteries, it just need to refuel as much as the car refueling. According to the U.S. ABI research firm predicts that in 2011 the global fuel cell vehicle production will reach 2 million 400 thousand, accounting for about 4.3% of the world's total automobile production, the Japanese government plans to popularize fuel cells within the next ten years. December 2002, Japan's Toyota Corporation has delivered the first batch of commercial fuel cell electric vehicles to the Japanese government. The fuel cell consists of positive and negative electrodes, the catalyst layer and the electrolyte composition, according to the different electrolytes, the fuel cell can be divided into several types of phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, alkaline, molten carbonate and solid oxide, at present only in proton exchange membrane fuel cell is the most suitable for the use of electric vehicles, China successfully developed "China the first hydrogen powered car" is the use of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A more complete fuel cell system consists of the following components: fuel handling, fuel cells, DC AC converters and thermal management.
9, solar cells
Solar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Solar energy has been widely used in the fields of lighting, household appliances, power generation, traffic signals, geology, space and so on. At present, some institutions have also been developed using solar battery electric car, but also exists as the solar cell photoelectric conversion efficiency is not high, the price is too high, the battery system more complex configuration problems in the near future, only as a supplement to power electric cars, but also the production of application is not large, but the solar energy as an inexhaustible, clean the inexhaustible energy, research and application of it will make a lot progress.
At present, the electric vehicle is in another climax, the development of electric vehicle technology, focusing on two aspects of energy storage technology and power drive system technology. Electric vehicle driving system is relatively fast development of technology, so with the development and breakthrough of energy storage technology, with low cost, high energy density and high power density power battery and low cost, light weight。small volume of the fuel cell product realization of electric vehicles will become the main transportation tool in twenty-first Century.
电动汽车用蓄电池的技术状况及发展前景
汽车工业的迅速发展，推动了全球机械、能源等工业的进步以及经济、交通等方面的发展，同时也极大的方便了人们的生活。但是，传统的内燃机汽车所固有的消耗能源、污染环境的缺陷也一直影响和困挠着人们的生活及社会的发展，随着社会的进步和科技的发展，随着保护环境、节约资源的呼声日益高涨，新一代电动汽车电动汽车作为无污染、能源可多样化配置的新型交通工具，近些年来引起了人们的普遍关注并得到了极大的发展。北京要把2008年奥运会办成一届绿色的奥运会，其中的一项工作就是要用环保型的电动汽车来替代目前的内燃机汽车。
电动汽车以电力驱动，行驶无排放（或低排放），噪音低，能量转化效率比内燃机汽车高很多，同时电动汽车还具有结构简单、运行费用低等优点，安全性也优于内燃机汽车。但电动汽车目前还存在价格较高、续驶里程较短、动力性能较差等问题，而这些问题都是和电源技术密切相关的，电动汽车实用化的难点仍然在于电源技术，特别是电池（化学电源）技术。目前制约电动汽车发展的关键因素是动力蓄电池蓄电池不理想，而开发电动汽车的竞争，最重要的就在于开发车载动力电池的竞争。
电动汽车用动力蓄电池与一般启动蓄电池不同，它是以较长时间的中等电流持续放电为主，间或以大电流放电（起动、加速时），并以深循环使用为主。电动汽车对电池的基本要求可以归纳为以下几点：1、高能量密度；2、高功率密度；3、较长的循环寿命；4、较好的充放电性能；5、电池一致性好；6、价格较低；7、使用维护方便等。
当前研究开发的电动汽车动力电池主要包括铅酸电池、镍金属电池、锂离子蓄电池、高温钠电池、金属空气电池、超级电容超级电容、飞轮电池以及具有更好发展远景的燃料电池和太阳能电池。
1、铅酸电池
铅酸电池已有１００多年的历史，广泛用作内燃机汽车的起动动力源，它也是成熟的电动汽车蓄电池。铅酸电池正负电极分别为二氧化铅和铅，电解液为硫酸。铅酸电池又可以分为两类，即注水式铅酸电池和阀控式铅酸电池。前者价廉，但需要经常维护，补充电解液；后者通过安全控制阀自动调节密封电池体内在充电或工作异常时产生的多余气体，免维护，更符合电动汽车的要求。总体上说，铅酸电池具有可靠性好、原材料易得、价格便宜等优点，比功率也基本上能满足电动汽车的动力性要求。但它有两大缺点；一是比能量低，所占的质量和体积太大，且一次充电行驶里程较短；另一个是使用寿命短，使用成本过高。由于铅酸电池的技术比较成熟，经过进一步改进后的铅酸电池仍将是近期电动汽车的主要电源，正在开发的电动汽车用先进铅酸电池主要有以下几种：水平铅酸电池、双极密封铅酸电池、卷式电极铅酸电池等。
2、镍金属电池
目前在电动汽车上使用的镍金属电池主要有镉镍电池和氢镍电池两种。镉镍电池和铅酸电池相比，能够达到比能量55Wh/kg，比功率200W/kg，循环寿命2000次，而且可以快速充电，虽说其价格为铅酸蓄电池的4～5倍，但由于其在比能量和使用寿命方面的优势，因此其长期的实际使用成本并不高。但由于其含有重金属镉，在使用中不注意回收的话，就会形成环境污染，目前许多发达国家都已限制发展和使用镉镍电池。而氢镍电池则是一种绿色镍金属电池，它的正负极分别为镍氢氧化物和储氢合金材料，不存在重金属污染问题，且其在工作过程中不会出现电解液增减现象，
电池可以实现密封设计。镍氢电池在比能量、比功率及循环寿命等方面都比镉镍电池有所提高，使用氢镍电池的电动汽车一次充电后的续驶里程曾经达到过600公里，目前在欧美已实现了批量生产和使用。氢镍电池就其工作原理和特点是适合电动汽车使用的，它已被列为近期和中期电动汽车用首选动力电池，但其还存在价格太高，均匀性较差（特别是在高速率、深放电下电池之间的容量和电压差较大），自放电率较高，性能水平和现实要求还有差距等问题，这些问题都影响着氢镍电池在电动汽车上的广泛使用。
3、锂离子蓄电池
锂离子蓄电池是90年代发展起来的高容量可充电电池，能够比氢镍电池存储更多的能量，比能量大，循环寿命长，自放电率小，无记忆效应和环境污染，是当今各国能量存储技术研究的热点，主要集中在大容量、长寿命和安全性三个方面的研究。锂离子蓄电池中，锂离子在正负极材料晶格中可以自由扩散，当电池充电时，锂离子从正极中脱出，嵌入到负极中，反之为放电状态，即在电池充放电循环过程中，借助于电解液，锂离子在电池的两极间往复运动以传递电能。锂离子蓄电池的电极为锂金属氧化物和储锂碳材料，根据电解质的不同，锂离子蓄电池一般可分为锂离子电池锂离子电池和锂聚合物电池两种。
4、高温钠电池
高温钠电池主要包括钠氯化镍电池（NaNiCl2）和钠硫蓄电池两种。钠氯化镍电池是1978年发明的，其正极是固态NiCl2，负极为液态Na，电解质为固态β-Al2O2陶瓷，充放电时钠离子通过陶瓷电解质在正负电极之间漂移。钠氯化镍电池是一种新型高能电池，它具有比能量高（超过100Wh/kg），无自放电效应，耐过充、过放电，可快速充电，安全可靠等优点，但是其工作温度高（250-350℃），而且内阻与工作温度、电流和
充电状态有关，因此需要有加热和冷却管理系统。而钠硫蓄电池也是近期普遍看好的电动汽车蓄电池，它已被美国先进电池联合体（USABC）列为中期发展的电动汽车蓄电池，钠硫蓄电池具有高的比能量，但它的峰值功率较低，而且这种电池的工作温度近似300℃，熔融的钠和硫有潜在的毒性，腐蚀也限制了电池的可靠性和寿命。
5、锌空气电池（Zinc-air）
锌空气电池是一种机械更换离车充电方式的高能电池，正极为Zinc，负极为Carbon（吸收空气中的氧气），电解液为KOH。锌空气电池具有高比能量（200Wh/kg），免维护、耐恶劣工作环境，清洁安全可靠等优点，但是其具有比功率较小（90W/kg），不能存储再生制动的能量，寿命较短，不能输出大电流及难以充电等缺点。一般为了弥补它的不足，使用锌空气电池的电动汽车还会装有其它电池（如镍镉蓄电池）以帮助起动和加速。
6、超级电容
超级电容是为了满足混合电动汽车能量和功率实时变化要求而提出的一种能量存储装置，它是一种电化学电容，兼具电池和传统物理电容的优点。超级电容往往和其它蓄电池联合应用作为电动汽车的动力电源，可以满足电动汽车对功率的要求而不降低蓄电池的性能，超级电容的使用，将减少汽车对蓄电池大电流放电的要求，达到减少蓄电池体积和延长蓄电池寿命的目的。开发高比能量、高比功率、长寿命、高效率和低成本的超级电容，可以提高商业化电动汽车动力性（特别是加速能力）、经济性和续驶里程。根据电极材料的不同，超级电容可分为碳类超级电容（双电层电化学电容）和金属氧化物超级电容两类。
7、飞轮电池
飞轮电池是90年代才提出的新概念电池，它突破了化学电池的局限，用物理方法实现储能。飞轮电池是一种以动能方式存储能量的机械电池，它由电动/发电机、功率转换、电子控制、飞轮、磁浮轴承和真空壳体等部分组成，具有高功率比、高能量比、高效率、长寿命和环境适应性好等优点。飞轮电池中的电机，在充电时该电机以电动机形式运转，在外电源的驱动下，电机带动飞轮高速旋转（可达到200000rpm），即用电给飞轮电池“充电”增加了飞轮的转速从而增大其动能；放电时，电机则以发电机状态运转，在飞轮的带动下对外输出电能，完成机械能（动能）到电能的转换。要开发适合电动汽车的实用性飞轮电池，就必须进一步提高它的安全性和降低成本。
8、燃料电池
燃料电池是一种将储存在燃料和氧化剂中的化学能通过电极反应直接转化为电能的发电装置，它的基本化学原理是水电解反应的逆过程，即氢氧反应产生电、水和热。它不需要燃烧、无转动部件、无噪声、运行寿命长、可靠性高、维护性能好，实际效率能达到普通内燃机的2至3倍，加之其最终产物又是水，真正达到清洁、可再生、无排放的要求，是21世纪的首选能源。而且，燃料电池也不需要像其它电池那样进行长时间的充电，它只需要像给汽车加油一样补充燃料即可。据美国ABI调查公司预测，2011年全球燃料电池汽车的产量将达到240万辆，占世界汽车总产量的4.3％，日本政府也计划在十年内普及燃料电池。2002年12月，日本丰田公司已向日本政府交付了第一批商用燃料电池电动汽车。燃料电池由正负电极、催化层和电解质构成，根据电解质的不同，燃料电池可分为磷酸型、质子交换膜型、碱性型、熔融碳酸盐型和固体氧化物型等几种，目前只有质子交换膜型燃料电池最适合电动汽车使用，我国研制成功的“中国氢动力首号车”使用的就是质子交换膜型燃料电池。一套较完整的燃料电池系统由以下几个部分组成：燃料处理部分、燃料电池、直流交流转换器和热能管理部分。
9、太阳能电池
太阳能电池是一种把光能转换为电能的装置，太阳能已广泛用于照明、家用电器、发电、交通信号、地质、航天等领域。目前，部分机构也已研制出了使用太阳能电池的电动汽车样车，但是由于太阳能电池还存在光电转换效率不高、价格太高、电池系统配置较复杂等问题，近期内只能作为电动汽车的补充电源，还不能大规模的生产应用，但太阳能作为最清洁的、取之不尽用之不竭的能源，对它的研究和应用必将会取得长足的进步。
当前电动汽车正处于又一次发展高潮，电动汽车技术的全面发展，重点在能量存储技术和动力驱动系统技术两个方面。电动汽车动力驱动系统技术发展相对较快，因此随着能量存储技术的发展和突破，随着低成本、高能量密度、高功率密度的动力电池和低成本、质量轻、体积小的燃料电池商品化的实现，电动汽车必将成为21世纪的主流交通工具。
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
一单元；1、A maglev is a type of train that is suspended in the air above a single track ,and propelled using the repulsive and attractive forces of magnetism 是一种类型的磁悬浮列车悬浮在空中上面一条清晰的足迹,和推进的反感和有吸引力的部队使用的磁性 2、Japan and Germany are active in maglev research ,producing several different approaches and designs . 日本和德国都活跃在磁悬浮研究、生产几种不同的方法和设计。 3、The effect of a powerful magnetic field on the human body is largely unknown 一个强大的影响磁场对人体是未知 4 ，Some space agencies are researching the use of maglev systems to launch spacecraft 一些空间研究机构磁悬浮系统使用发射的宇宙飞船里踱步 5，Inductrack(感应轨) was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store power Inductrack最初是作为一个磁轴承飞轮电机和一个存储能力 二单元；1，A classification yard is railroad yard found at some freight train stations , used to separate railroad cars on to one of several tracks 一个分类码是发现在一些货运铁路院子火车站,用来分离的一个铁路汽车在几条轨道 2,There are three types of classification yards : flat-shunted yards ,hump yards and gravity yards 有三种类型的分类码:flat-shunted码,驼峰码和重力码 3,F reight trains which consist of isolated cars must be made into trains and divided according to their destinations 货运列车由孤立的车辆必须制成火车和划分根据他们的目的地 4,The tracks lead into a flat shunting neck at one or both ends of the yard where the cars are pushed to sort then into the right track 铁轨引到一个平面并联脖颈一个或两端的院子里的汽车被推到分类然后进入正确的轨道5,they are operated either pneumatically or hydraulically 他们要么气动或液压操作 三单元1，The most difficult distinction to draw is that between light rail and streetcar or tram systems. 最困难的区别之间画是轻轨和电车或电车系统。 2,Light rail is generally powered by electricity ,usually by means of overhead wires ,but sometimes by a live rail ,also called third rail . 轻轨一般是靠电力,通常采用架空导线,但有时是由生活轨道,也被称为第三轨道。 3, Automatic operation is more common in smaller people mover systems than in light rail systems . 自动操作是较常见的系统在较小的人比原动机轻轨系统。 4, Many modern light rail projects re-use parts of old rail networks ,such as abandoned industrial rail lines 许多现代轻轨项目重复旧的铁路网络部分,比如废弃工业铁路线 5, Light rail trolleys are heavier per pound of cargo carried than heavy rail cars or monorail cars 轻轨电车每磅重的货物进行重轨车比或单轨车
湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目在采用PWM逆变器下的变速感应电机驱动器中的传导性排放轴承电流的减少和鉴定 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 班级机制0911 姓名杨成杰 学号2009116140 指导教师 职称周立文（学校）冯南（企业） 2013年5月10日
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ Minimization and identification of conducted emission bearing current in variable speed induction motor drives using PWM inverter Abstract. The recent increase in the use of speed control of ac induction motor for variable speed drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is due to the advent of modern power electronic devices and introduction of microprocessors. There are many advantages of using ac induction motor for speed control applications in process and aerospace industries, but due to fast switching of the modem power electronic devices，the parasitic coupling produces undesirable effects. The undesirable effects include radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) which adversely affect nearby computers, electronic/electrical instruments and give rise to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor. Due to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor，electrical discharge machining takes place in the inner race of the bearing which reduces the life of the bearing. In high power converters and inverters, the conducted and radiated emissions become a major concern. In this paper, identification of bearing current due to conducted emission, the measurement of bearing current in a modified induction motor and to minimize the bearing current are discussed. The standard current probe, the standard line impedance stabilization network (LISN)), the electronics interface circuits are used to measure high frequency common mode current，bearing current and to minimize the conducted noise from the system. The LISN will prevent the EMI noise entering the system from the supply source by conductive methods, at the same time prevents the EMI generated if any due to PWM, fast switching in the system, will not be allowed to enter the supply line. For comparing the results with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) standards, the graphs are plotted with frequency Vs，line voltage in dB μV，common mode voltage in dB μV and the bearing current in dBμA without and with minimizing circuits. Keywords. EMI;a.c.drives; bearing current.
新能源电动汽车行业分析报告 班级:车辆122 姓名：刘书成 学号：201210603103
在这深入研究新能源汽车的产业，包括它的产业链、产业结构、产业运营等。还将通过国内外数个案例来进行具体分析。进一步让读者了解新能源电动汽车的发展。 一、产业研究（一）新能源产业链上游：IC制造、正极材料、负极材料、电解液、隔膜、有色资源、钢铁等。 中游：电控系统（电池管理系统、电机控制系统、动力总成控制系统）、电池系统（电芯、电池组）、电机系统（驱动电机）、充电配套设备（充电桩、充电机）、仪表仪器、橡胶轮胎、变速箱系统、配件内饰等。 下游：乘用车、客车 后服务：销售、维修保养、金融、保险、二手车、充电设施、电池回收、汽车租赁、车联网、增值应用。 （二）产业链上游是资源类公司，主要为新能源汽车提供原始材料有色资源：天齐锂业、赣峰锂业、吉思镍业、贵研铂业、包钢稀土、厦门钨业 负极材料：杉杉股份、中国宝安 电解液：新亩邦、天赐材料、多氟多 隔膜：沧州明珠、南洋科技、云天化 正极材料：中信国安、杉杉股份、中国宝安、恒店东磁、当升科技 钢铁：宝钢股份、鞍钢股份、武钢股份、马钢股份、方大股份 （三）产业链中游的三大核心技术：电池+电机+电控，其中电池厂商可以成为东软的潜在合作伙伴新能源汽车=插电式混合动力+纯电动 核心技术： 1、镍氢电池：科力远、春兰股份、中炬高新、凯恩股份、北方稀土 2、锂电池： （1）电芯：比亚迪、成飞集团、万向集团、东莞ATL、佛山照明 （2）BMS：比亚迪、德赛电池、欣旺达、凹凸科技 3、电机+电控：大洋电机、江特电机、宁波韵升、方正电机、湘电股份、信质电机、宗升
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
摘要 毕业设计主要包括三个部分，第一部分是上海地铁场中路站基坑围护结构设计；第二部分是上海地铁场中路站基坑施工组织设计；第三部分是专题部分，盾构施工预加固技术研究。 在第一部分基坑围护结构设计中，根据场中路站基坑所处的工程地质、水文地质条件和周边环境情况，通过施工方案的比选，确定采用地下连续墙作为基坑的围护方案，支撑方案选为对撑，从地面至坑底依次设四道钢管支撑，并进行围护结构及支撑的内力计算、相应的强度和地连墙的配筋验算以及基坑的抗渗、抗隆起和抗倾覆等验算。 第二部分的施工组织设计，根据基坑围护方案、施工方法和隧道周边的环境情况，对施工前准备工作，施工场地布置，围护结构施工、基坑开挖与支撑安装等进行设计，并编制了工程进度计划，编写了相应的质量、安全、环境保护等措施。 第三部分专题内容是盾构施工中的预加固技术研究。针对工程施工中的地质条件和施工工况，总结了盾构施工中的土体预加固的技术措施和相关的参考资料，提出在盾构施工中土体预加固的技术措施。 关键词：基坑；地下连续墙；施工组织；支撑体系；盾构预加固技术 目录 第一部分上海地铁场中路站基坑围护结构设计 1 工程概况 (1) 1.1工程地质及水文地质资料 (1) 1.2工程周围环境 (2) 2 设计依据和设计标准 (4) 2.1 工程设计依据 (4) 2.2 基坑工程等级及设计控制标准 (4)
3 基坑围护方案设计 (5) 3.1基坑围护方案 (5) 3.2基坑围护结构方案比选 (6) 4 基坑支撑方案设计 (8) 4.1支撑结构类型 (8) 4.2支撑体系的布置形式 (8) 4.3支撑体系的方案比较和合理选定 (10) 4.4基坑施工应变措施 (10) 5 计算书 (12) 5.1 荷载计算 (12) 5.2 围护结构地基承载力验算 (14) 5.3 基坑底部土体的抗隆起稳定性验算 (14) 5.4抗渗验算 (15) 5.5抗倾覆验算 (16) 5.6整体圆弧滑动稳定性验算 (17) 5.7围护结构及支撑内力计算 (17) 5.8 支撑强度验算 (21) 5.9 地下连续墙配筋验算 (23) 6 基坑主要技术经济指标 (25) 6.1 开挖土方量 (25) 6.2 混凝土浇筑量 (25) 6.3 钢筋用量 (25) 6.4 人工费用 (25) 第二部分上海地铁场中路站基坑施工组织设计 1 基坑施工准备 (25) 1.1 基坑施工的技术准备 (25) 1.2 基坑施工的现场准备 (25) 1.3 基坑施工的其他准备 (27) 2 施工方案 (29) 2.1 概况 (29) 2.2 施工方法的确定 (29) 2.3 施工流程 (32) 2.4 质量控制 (35) 2.5 施工主要技术措施 (36) 2.6关键部位技术措施 (38) 3施工总平面布置 (40)
低速电动车市场分析资料 一、行业定义及分类 二、行业概况及现状 三、政策及环境 四、竞争分析 五、产业布局 六、技术特点 七、市场分析 八、发展趋势 九、投资分析 十、行业资讯 一、低速电动车行业定义如何？低速电动四轮车并非以传统轿车为原型，而是多以高尔夫球车等为原型发展而来。 低速电动车行业定义及分类 1.低速电动车行业定义 2016年中国低速电动车产业研究报告显示，低速电动车广泛的定义可以涵盖电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动三轮车、低速电动汽车等。低速电动汽车是指速度低于70km/h的简易四轮纯电动汽车。一般最高速度为70km/h，而外形、结构、性能与燃油汽车类似。 2.低速电动车行业分类 由于目前国内还没有出台这类车型的标准，因此国内生产厂家们
大都参考欧盟、日本等国的标准设计，即同时满足车身尺寸小、车身重量轻、最高时速低等条件。 四轮低速电动车可分为以下几类： ①高尔夫车及改装车：用于高尔夫球场、公司仓库搬运货物、建筑工地、家庭使用。 l 观光车、老爷车。譬如用于车速20~30km 旅游观光、住宅小区保安巡逻等场所使用。全国以玛西尔电动车为首约有200多家企业生产，年产约1万辆。 ②打猎车、越野车：由于电动车具有低速大扭矩的特点，爬坡能力比内燃机汽车更强。年产1万辆左右。 ③特种车：如高空作业车、城市扫地车、垃圾车等。年产l万辆，国内已经开始使用。 ④警用巡逻车：年产l万辆。车速在40km/h，6~20个座位，产量不多，主要集中在山东省小城镇. ⑤微型电动轿车：多数为私人购买，用于出租、客运、私家车等。车速在50~60km/h，2009国内销售8000多辆，出口2000多辆，市场增长率极高。 2016年中国低速电动车产业研究报告显示，就市场销售来说，山东省低速电动车从2010年的1.82万辆迅速增长到2014年的18.74万辆，五年即增长了近10倍，且自2010年起，累计向海外市场出口3.2万辆。2014年，山东省共生产低速电动车18.75万辆，同比增长50.46%，主要品牌有时风、雷丁、力驰、宝雅，共生产低速电动车14.36万辆。
电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？ 随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。石油并不是可再生资源。在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。 面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。 目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。截止到2009
新能源汽车行业 概述： ●十二五规划中明确要求，重点发展新兴产业，新能源汽车要着重发展插电式混 合动力汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车等安全、节能的汽车。 ●即将出台的《节能与新能源汽车产业发展规划》（2011 年~2020 年），为我国新能源汽车的发展指明了方向。 ●在油价和政策的双重影响，节能和新能源汽车将更受关注。油价上涨在一定程 度上影响到消费者利益的同时，也在发挥着它的积极作用，促使一些消费者改变消费习惯。可以预见的是，随着燃油成本上升和消费者对燃油经济性的关注，再加上“节能产品惠民工程”的惠及面不断扩大，小排量、经济型轿车和新能与汽车的市场前景要乐观一些。 ●新能源汽车必将取代传统内燃机汽车。在石油资源枯竭和环境污染严重的双重 压力下，传统汽车产业已经走到了穷途末路，人类再次站在了交通能源动力系统变革的十字路口，以纯电动汽车为代表的新能源汽车将最终取代传统内燃机汽车。 ●新能源汽车有望成为“再次改变世界的机器”。汽车曾被誉为“改变世界的机 器”，在给我们带来快捷交通方式的同时，也产生了能源安全、环境污染和全球气候变暖等一系列问题。目前节能减排已成为全球汽车产业的首要任务，发展新能源汽车产业已成为我国汽车工业的战略方向。 ●中国发展新能源汽车产业的优势。巨大的市场容量，明确的增长预期；政策的
大力扶持；较好的技术储备；众多企业和科研机构的联合攻关；能源状况、自然资源对发展新能源汽车产业比较有利。预计到2015年中国新能源汽车将达到100万辆左右，年均复合增长率在216%左右。 ●初步建立了“三纵三横”的研发布局和技术体系，技术路线基本明确。混合动 力汽车具有较好的节能减排效果，技术上易实现，是近期产业化重点，但其过渡性特征明显；纯电动汽车是中长期发展方向；燃料电池是未来汽车工业发展战略方向。预计“三纵”各类产品将各领风骚数十年。与此同时，多能源动力总成控制、驱动电机和动力蓄电池”三横”技术得到很大提升。 ●产业政策加快新能源汽车技术进步的步伐。国家对私人购买新能源汽车补贴政 策意义重大，政策效果将远大于政府补贴对公交领域新能源汽车的影响。预计国家近期将出台全面、系统的新能源汽车发展规划，为新能源汽车产业发展增添新动力，同时也将成为新能源汽车类股票表现的催化剂。 ●新能源汽车的产业带动作用强。将带动上游矿产资源开采、电池材料制造和充 电设备需求的大幅增长，此外还将产生电池租赁等新的商业模式。整车领域则看好传统汽车基础扎实、具有一定新能源产业链技术、较强整合匹配能力和产业化能力的公司。 ●驱动电机系统是新能源车三大核心部件之一。电机驱动控制系统是新能源汽车 车辆行使中的主要执行结构，其驱动特性决定了汽车行驶的主要性能指标，它是电动汽车的重要部件。电机驱动系统主要由电动机、功率转换器、控制器、各种检测传感器以及电源等部分构成。 ●动力电池是新能源汽车的绿色心脏。动力电池是电动汽车的动力之源，是能量
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
China Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development With the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical " To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress. With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009, Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334. Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources, Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market. FAW Group Development Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000. FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level. Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus FAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus