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中考英语复习之句子成分

中考英语复习之句子成分
中考英语复习之句子成分

句子成分和基本句型

句子是由词按照一定语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位。句子开头的第一个字母必须大写,结尾要有标点符号。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。主要包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。句子依其各成分的组合方式可分为五种句型。这五种句型基本涵盖了英语中出现的所有句子形式。

典型例句:

1.Birds fly. 主语+谓语

2.She likes English. 主语+谓语+宾语

3.They are honest. 主语+系动词+表语

4.They gave Tom a present. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语

5.I saw her dance. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语

一、主语

主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分,一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。主语一般位于句首。例句:

1. David is a musician. 名词作主语

2. We study in No.1 Middle School. 代词作主语

3. Swimming is good for you. 动名词作主语

4. To teach them English is my job. 不定式作主语

注意:1.不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it句型因此第4例句可变为:

It’s my job to teach them English. (真正主语是to teach them English)

二、谓语

谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语是与主语密切相关的动作或状态,是对主语的叙述。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。谓语通常在主语后面。例句:

1. David’s hobby is writing. (系表结构作

2. We study hard. (实义动词作谓语)

3. We have finished the work.(助动词和实义动词一起作谓语)

4. He can speak English. (情态动词和实义动词一起作谓语)

三、表语

表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,一般由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。表语一般位于系动词之后。例句:

1. We are friends. (名词作表语)

2. You look younger than before. (形容词作表语)

3. He isn’t in. (副词作表语)

4. The two countries are at war now. (介词短语作表语)

5. My job is to teach them English. (不定式短语作表语)

四、宾语

宾语是动作、行为的对象,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、从句或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。宾语常常位于谓语之后。例句:

1. She is playing the piano now. (名词作宾语)

2. He often helps me. (代词作宾语)

3. We enjoy living in China. (我们高兴住在中国)

4. I started to talk with other students. (不定式作宾语)

五、宾语补足语

在英语中,有些句子里只有宾语并不能比到达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”称为“复合宾语”。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语。宾语补足语通常位于宾语之后。例句:

1. If you let me go, I’ll make you king. (名词作宾补)

2. Leave the door open. (形容词作宾补)

3. We found Li Ming out when we arrived. (副词作宾补)

4. Make yourself at home. (介词短语作宾补)

5. The manager asked him to wait. (不定式作宾补,省略to)

6. I saw her enter the shopping mall. (不定式作宾补,省略to)

7. The boss kept him working all day. (现在分词作宾补)

8. Yesterday he got his leg broken. (过去分词作宾补)

六、状语

状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、原因、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于副词的词或短语来担任。状语一般放在句末,但有时可以放在句首、句中。

1. He did the work carefully. (副词作方式状语)

2. They want to see her very badly. (副词作程度状语)

3. He is playing football happily. (副词作状语)

4. Without his help, we couldn’t work out the problem in time.

(介词短语作条件状语)

5. (In order) to catch up with my classmates, I must study harder.

(不定式作目的状语)

七、定语

定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式、从句或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为定语是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活。例句:

1. The (black bike) is mine. (bike是主语,black形容词作定语)

2. Have you ever met (anyone famous)? (anyone是宾语,famous形容词作后置定语)

3. They made paper flowers. (paper是宾语, flowers 名词作定语)

4. The (boys in the room) are in Class Three Grade One. (boys是主语,in the room介词短语作定语)

5. I have (something to do). (something是宾语,to do不定式作后置定语)

6. She bought (three books). (books是宾语,three数词作定语)

五种基本句型

补充—句子成分的表示法:

S:Subject主语OC: Object Compliment(宾语补足语,简称宾补)

V:Verb 动词IO: Indirect Object (简介宾语,简称间宾)

O:Object宾语DO: Direct Object (直接宾语,简称直宾)

P: Predicative 表语

种类1.S+V:主语+谓语(不及物动词)(+状语)

在此句型中,“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语,但是可以有状语来修饰。例如下面例句中的in the park是地点状语。例句:

1.Birds fly.

主语谓语(fly在句中是不及物动词)

2.Class begins.

主语谓语(begin在句中是不及物动词)

(注意:We begin our class at 8.此句中begin是及物动词,由此可见有些动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。)3.He runs In the park.

主语谓语地点状语

补充:一般只能作不及物动词的词(arrive到达,come来,go去,laugh笑,sleep睡觉,stay停留,留下,swim游泳,walk步行,work工作,happen/take place发生)

种类2. S+ V+O:主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(+状语)

可以直接带宾语的动词是及物动词,可作宾语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词等。例句:

1.She l ikes English.

主语谓语(及物动词)宾语(名词作宾语)

2. He wrote a book in senior high school.

主语谓语宾语(名词作宾语)地点状语

3. I bought a dictionary yesterday.

主语谓语宾语(名词作宾语)时间状语

(重点提示:有些不及物动词后面加上介词就相当于一个及物动词,后面就可以跟宾语了:You must listen to me. listen 是不及物动词,但加上to之后,listen to 相当于一个及物动词)

4. I know him.

主语谓语宾语

5. They want to go.

主语谓语宾语(不定式作宾语)

6 He stopped writing.

主语谓语宾语(动名词作宾语)

种类3 . S+V+P: 主语+系动词+表语(+状语)

be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词,后面必须接表语,才能用来说明主语,表示“~是~”“~变成~”等意思。表语通常是名词或形容词等。例句:

1. They are honest.

主语系动词形容词作表语

2. He became a scientise.

主语系动词名词作表语

3 It gets dark.

主语系动词形容词作表语

4. My siste r is out now.

主语系动词副词作表语时间状语

补充:在英语中,除了be动词和become属于系动词外,还有一些行为动词在表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这种动词有:keep保持,feel 觉得,look 看起来,smell 闻起来,sound 听起来,taste 尝起来,grow /get /go /turn 变得

种类4:S+V+IO+DO

1. 直接宾语和简介宾语概述

句型:S+V+IO+DO:主语+谓语(及物动词)+简介宾语+直接宾语(+状语)

宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语,合成双宾语。有些动词,除了带直接宾语外,还要求带一个间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。间接宾语是及物动词的动作所及的人或物,是指动作是对谁做的,或是为谁做的,所以只能由名词或宾格代词担当间接宾语。例句:1. He gave Tom a present yesterday.

主语谓语(及物动词)间接宾语直接宾语时间状语

2. Give it to me.

谓语(及物动词)直宾间宾

2. 常带双宾语的动词

英语中有些动词后常接双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),构成句型“主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语”,构成句型“主语+ 谓语(及物动词)+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语”。当直接宾语位于间接宾语之前时,间接宾语前必须加介词to或for。根据动词与介词to或for的搭配情况,可将常带双宾语的动词分为A、B、C三类,详见下表:

3. 直接宾语和间接宾语的使用

1)间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前,构成下列句型:

句型主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语

例句:Give me the books.

谓语间宾直宾

2)当间接宾语是人称代词,间接宾语是名词时,或两个宾语都是人称代词时,间接宾语位于直接宾语之后,这时在间接宾语前必须加to或for,即构成下列句型:

句型主语+谓语(及物动词)+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语

例句:(1)I passed it to my mother.

直宾间宾(直宾是人称代词,间宾是名词)

(2)She threw them to me.

直宾间宾(直宾和间宾都是人称代词)

(3)I found spare tickets for him.

直宾间宾(直宾是名词,间宾是人称代词)

注意:有时为了强调间接宾语,也采用以上句型,这时在间接宾语前必须加to或for.

Give the book to me. (间接宾语me放在了句尾,起到了强调的作用。强调的内容是“给我”,而非其他人)直宾(名词)间宾(代词)

3)由to和for引起的短语的区别:由to或for引起的短语,在意思上没什么差别,在以上表格中属于A类动词后的间接宾语,基本上都可以换为由to 引起的短语;而B类动词后的间接宾语,一般都可以换为由for引起的短语。例句:(1)He gave me a pen.=He gave a pen to me.

(2) He will buy me some books.=He will buy some books fo r me.

(3) She made me a cake.=She made a cake for me.

4) “疑问词+不定式”作直接宾语-句型主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(疑问词+to~?)例句:(1)He taught me how to read the word.

主语谓语间宾直宾

(2)She asked me which way to go.

(3)I told him what to do.

(4)He asked me why to sing this song.

种类5 .S+V+O+OC

1 复合宾语句型主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语(+状语)

某些及物动词后面需要用一个宾语再加宾语的补语,才能表达完整的意思。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。名词、形容词和不定式等都可以作宾语补足语。例句:(1)They made her happy.

主语谓语宾语宾补

(2)I saw her dance.

主语谓语宾语宾补(不定式,省略to)

2.常跟复合宾语的动词:call,name,make,think,find,leave等。例句:

(1)I will make you captain(这种句型变为被动语态时只有一种句式:I will make you king.—You will be made king.)主语谓语宾语宾补(名词)

(2)He left the window open.(“leave+名词+形容词”意为“听任~,使~仍处于某种状态之中”He will never leave 主语谓语宾语宾补(形容词)the work unfinished.他从不半途而废。)

3. 省去小品词的情况在see, watch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, let, make/have(使得)这些动词后的宾语补足语如果

是由不定式担当,则省去to;但变为被动语态时,to要还原。He saw the pianist play the piano.——

The pianist was seen to play the piano. (被动语态)

种类6 S+V+IO+DO和S+V+O+OC的区别

例句(1)He gave me a book.

间宾直宾(双宾语)

(2)He calls me Tom.

宾语宾补(复合宾语)

例句(2)中的宾语me和宾语补足语Tom,可以形成逻辑上的主谓关系,即“我是汤姆”;但例1则不可以,间接宾语me和直接宾语a book 不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即不能想象为“我是一本书”。凭这一点,我们就可以很容易区分开它们了。

(3)He made the boy laugh.(可以把宾语the boy和后边的成分laugh想象为“男孩笑”,即可以成为一句话,也就宾语宾补逻辑上的主谓关系,而不是真正的主谓关系,这样,可以肯定laugh是宾补)

(4)She bought me a pen. (宾语me和后面的词a pen 不可能成为逻辑上的主谓关系,即不可能想象为“我是一间宾直宾一支笔”,所以me和pen就是双宾语)

陷阱例题1. The murderer was brought in, with his hands____behind his back.

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

2. If the building project _______ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company ________ fined.

A. will be completed; is to be

B. to be completed; will be

C. being completed

D. completed; was

3. He loves parties. He is always the first _______ and the last ________.

A. to come, to leave

B. coming, leaving

C. comes, leaves

D. come, leave

4. You will see this product _______ wherever you go.

A. to be advertised

B. advertised

C. advertise

D. advertising

Exercises:

1.选择填空

1.A: Do you know _______ the MP3 player last week? B: Sorry, I have no idea.

A. how much did she pay for

B. how much will she pay for

C. how much she paid for

D. how much the will pay for

2.A: Excuse me,. Where does Mr. Wang liv e? B: I’m sorry. I don’t know______.

A. where he lives

B. where he live

C. where does he live

3. Look out! The traffic is____ fast____ we can’t cross the street now.

A. too; to

B. enough; to

C. so; that

D. such; that

4.Could you tell us ______? B: For about two weeks.

A. how soon you will be back

B. how long you will be there

C. how soon are you going to be back

D. how long are you going to be away

5.A: Could you tell me______ for the meeting yesterday?

A. why did you come late

B. why you came late

C. why do you come late

D. why you come late

2.用所给的单词组成句子

1. to, the, box, I, want, take, to, room, heavy, the

____________________________________________

2. look, things, the, after, boys, their, must

____________________________________________

3 here, all, are, you

_____________________

4. today, who, duty, is, on

_____________________

5. Miss, them, 3 years ago, Wang, taught, Japanese

____________________________________________

6. is, rice, bag, in, there, much, the

_____________________________

3. 根据中文提示,完成下列句子

1)Have you ever been to___________________________(最远的小岛)?

2)We must _____ our classroom ______(保持清洁)

3)They_____________ and _____________ (每两小时,必须坐下休息) two hours.

4) After work he always ________________________(感觉有点儿累)。

5) There is__________________(有点儿毛病)with Linda’s cat’s eyes.

6) I can see ______________________ (没有异常之物) in the tree.

7) Mr. Fang is _____________________(去访问) his aunt.

4. 下列句子均有错误,请将正确的写在横线上

1) Look! The boys play football on the playground.

_________________________________________

2) Send e-mails through Internet is the basic skill you should master.

_______________________________________________________

3) The students are interesting in learning drawing.

_________________________________________

4) It took me some times to work out these physics problems.

__________________________________________________

5) It’s time for supper now. Let’s stop to work now.

_________________________________________

6) How many did you pay for the color TV set?

______________________________________

7) What do your father want you to do when you grow up?

_________________________________________________

8) There are some tea left at the bottom of the cup.

__________________________________________

英语简单句句子成分分析

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