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科技英语翻译复习范围(DOC)

科技英语翻译复习范围(DOC)
科技英语翻译复习范围(DOC)

科技英语翻译复习范围(DOC)

1. 科技英语的语言特点具体表现

一、大量使用名词化结构

《当代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary)在论述科技英语时提出,大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。

Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.

阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。

The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.

地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。

If you use firebricks round the walls of the

boiler, the heat loss. Can be considerably reduced.

炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。

科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。

Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.

电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。

名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。

二、广泛使用被动语句

根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态,例如:

Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注

意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。

We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.

电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。这一段短文中各句的主语分别为:

Electrical energy

Such a device

Its ability to store electrical energy

It (Capacitance )

它们都包含了较多的信息,并且处于句首的位置,非常醒目。四个主语完全不同,避免了单调重复,前后连贯,自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简洁客观之效。

三、非限定动词。

如前所述,科技文章要求行文简练,结构

紧凑,为此,往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句;使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句;使用不定式短语代替各种从句;介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子,又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。

A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.

直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。

Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.

热量由地球辐射出来时,使得气流上升。

A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.

如果没有改变物体运动的原因,那么物体将作匀速直线运动。

Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.

振动着的物体产生声波,每一次振动产生一个声波。

In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.

在通讯系统中,电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。

Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.

结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。

There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.

将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。

In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.

使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时,信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。

四、后置定语

大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种:

1、介词短语

The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.

由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。

A call for paper is now being issued .

征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。

2、形容词及形容词短语。

In this factory the only fuel available is coal.

该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。

In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.

热能在辐射时,转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。

3、副词

The air outside pressed the side in .

外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。

The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.

向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。

4、单个分词,但仍保持校强的动词意义。

The results obtained must be cheeked .

获得的结果必须加以校核

The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.

产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。

5、定语从句

During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.

在施工过程中,常会出现需要改变设计的问题。

The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.

分子相互间都存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。

Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.

我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。

To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.

制造原子弹,我们必须用铀235,因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。

五、常用句型

科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型,从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It——that——结构句型;被动态结构句型;结构句型,分词短语结构句型,省略句结构句型等。举例如下:

It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one .

显然,润滑好的轴承,比不润滑的轴承容易转动。

It seems that these two branches of science

are mutually dependent and interacting .

看来这两个科学分支是相互依存,相互作用的。

It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.

已经证明,感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。

It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.

直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。

Computers may be classified as analog and digital.

计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。

The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times .

新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。(或——缩短为三分之一。)

This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here .

人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。

Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light .

电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。

Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.

如图5所示,微型计算机体积很小。

In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air .

声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。

Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy .

氧与氢比较,重量大约是它的十六倍。

The resistance being very high ,the current in the circuit was low.

由于电阻很大,电路中通过的电流就小。

六、长句

为了表述一个复杂概念,使之逻辑严密,结构紧凑,科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词,以下即是一例。

The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse

vibrations ,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.

为了解释光学现象,人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果,最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。

七、复合词与缩略词

大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一,复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合;缩略词趋向于任意构词,例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词,这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如:

full-enclosed 全封闭的(双词合成形容词)

feed-back反馈(双词合成名词)

work-harden 加工硬化(双词合成词)

criss-cross交叉着(双词合成副词)

on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的(多词合成形容词)

anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹(多词合成名词)

radiophotography无线电传真(无连字符复合词)

colorimeter色度计(无连字符复合词)

maths (mathematics)数学(裁减式缩略词)

lab (laboratory)实验室

ft (foot/feet)英尺

cpd (compound)化合物

FM(frequency modulation)调频(用首字母组成的缩略词)

P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸

SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器

TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星(混成法构成的缩略词)

2、科技英语的造词方法

1. Formation of new words

a) coining of new words

nylon : vinyl+cotton+ragon

b) blending

smog: smoke+fog

comsat:communication+satellite

motel:motor+hotel

c) clipping

refridgerator--fridg

laboritory-- lab

advertisment--ad

d) Acronym

IBM:International Business Machine MBA:Master of Business Administration

OPEC: Organization of Petrol Export Countries

WTO

NATO:North Atlantic Treaty Organization

e) Back formation(逆向构词)

laser--lase

automation--automate

f) Affix-adding

super+market, jet,man

micro+wave ,soft

mini+skirt

trans+national

2. Compounding of old words: put whole words together

a) fully affixed

videoconference database brainchild

b) half-affixed(with a hyphen between the component parts)

high-tech,rear-view mirror

far-red receiver

non-stop train

c) non-affixed(written as two seperate words) water cannon, bubble car

space shuttle

d) a special way of compounding :"verb+adverb"

(1) the meaning of the compound is the same to that expressed by the verbal phrase.

eg: pullout cutback

(2) ...is the result of the action

eg: set-up layout pile-up

(3) ...is the doer

eg: back-up

(4) ...is the place

eg: pull-up turnoff

(5) the meaning can be guessed from the verbal phrase

eg: countdown blastoff splashdown

3. Old words with new meanings

a) some common words get additional meaning when used in a certain field of S&T

pulse:electro-magnetic wave

b) some words used in a certain field are adopted in another field

eg: operation

c) some words get additional meaning as a result

of their being used as a metaphor

dove and hawk

4.Expanding the origianl meaning

5. Changing the origianl meaning

6. 外来词借入

现代社会的高度信息化,国际交往的日益频繁,使得外来词语不断进入英语语言,大大丰富了英语的词汇。如robot (捷) 机器人、silo (西班牙) 导弹发射井、sputnik (俄) 人造卫星、kamikaze (日) 遥控飞行器、glitch (德) 故障、jukebox (非洲语言) 投币式自动唱机等等。

3、平行结构在科技英语翻译中的应用

1. 科技英语中平行结构的分类Classification of parallelism

1) expressing similar or equivalent ideas, quantities, actions or ways

... in a way through the simultaneous use of voice, videos, image and data.

2) expressing a series of things arranged in increasing degree.

3) expressing a series of actions taking place one after another in chronological order.

4) expressing alternative actions.

eg: The purpose of life is a life of purpose.

2. 平行结构在科技英语翻译中的应用或者功能Advantages of parallelism

1) make the statements concise.

2) show clearly the relationship between the component parts.

3) give the reader a sense of completeness.

4) impress the reader deeply.

5)make a new idea easier to be understood.

6) offer a sharp contrast between different things.

4、科技英语词汇的翻译:翻译方法概论

1 音译( Transliteration)

专有名词(如人名、地名等) 通常需要采用音译法。此外,有些词在汉语中没有确切的对等译词,按照意译又比较费劲时,就只好借助于音译。这些词如新材料、药名、缩略词等等。例如: clone 克隆、hacker 黑客、nylon 尼龙、aspirin 阿斯匹林、radar 雷达等这些词都是全部按音译进行翻译的。

也有一些词是部分音译的。如:AIDS 艾滋病、topology 拓扑学、Hellfire“海尔法”导弹等等。

2 象形译(Pictographic Translation)

所谓象形译实际上就是根据物体的形状进行翻译。如: H - beam 工字架、V - belt 三角形皮带、Cross - bit 十字钻头、Twist drill 麻花钻、U - steel 槽钢、U - shaped magnet 马蹄形磁铁等等。“象译”强调汉语“形象”比喻的习惯,将V - belt 中的v 译成“三角”。因为汉语中没有使用V 表示物体形状的习惯。形译则不然,它照抄原文。例如:L - elect ron 译成L 层电子、γ- ray 译成γ射线、FORTRAN译成FORTRAN 语言等等。

3 推演(Deduction)

推演的词义是根据原文本或原文词典中的意思进行概括,推演出汉语的译义。译文包含的不仅是原词的字面意义,还必须概括出词语所指事物的基本特征。如space shuttle 一词,如果按照移植的方法将其译成“太空穿梭机”显然不妥,很容易引起误解。其实,这里的space 指的是aerospace (航天) ,shuttle 指往返于太空与地球之间的形状像飞机的交通工具, 因此, 将space shuttle 推演译成

“航天飞机”。这种用推演法译出的词语比用移植法更直观、易懂,因此,也更容易使人接受。推演法使用得当便能译出高质量的译文,这就要求译者不但要有较好的专业基础知识,还必须具备两种语言的良好修养。

4 引申( Extension)

所谓引申就是在不脱离原文的基础上,运用延续与扩展的方法译出原文。通常的做法是: (1) 将具体所指引向抽象泛指,如brain 具体词义是“大脑”,抽象意义指“智力”,brain - t rust 则可以引申为“智囊团”。(2) 将抽象泛指引向具体所指,如qualification 抽象泛指“鉴定”,具体可以指“通过鉴定所具备的条件”,因此,data qualification 可以引申为“数据限制条件”。

5 解释( Explanation)

若有某个词在用上述方法都难译好的情况下,可采用解释法,即用汉语说出英语原文的意思而不必给出汉语的对等词。如blood type 可译为“血型”、blood bank 可译成“血库”,但blood heat 却不能译成“血热”,而用其他方法也很难译出其准确含义,此时可借用解释法,将其译成“人体血液正常温

度”。这一方法大多用于个别初次出现而意义比较抽象、含义比较深刻的名词或术语。

6.形译

为了形象化,科技术语中常采用外文字母或英语单词来描述某种与技术有关的形象。翻译时可以将该外文字母照抄、改译为字型或概念内涵相近的汉字,这种用字母或汉字来表达形状的翻译方法称为形译法。形译法可细分为以下三种:第一种,保留原字母不译。如:

O- rin g O形环,S-turning S形弯道,XrayX 射线, A -be dp la te A 形底座。第二种,用汉语形象相似的词来译。如:ste el I- b eam工字钢梁,T-boltT 字螺栓,O-ring环形圈,L-square直角尺。第三种,用能表达其形象的词来译。如:U- bo lt 马蹄螺栓,V-belt三角带,T-bend三通接头,twist drill麻花钻。

7.移植译

移植译就是按词典里所给的词义将词的各个词素的意义依次译出。翻译派生词和复合词时多采用这种方法,如:microwave微波,informstionsuperhighway信息高速公路,magnetohydrodynamics磁流体力学。这些专业词语长而且复杂,往往是由一些基本的科技英语词素

组合成的,因而,大多采用移植译法。

5、名词性从句的翻译

2. 科技英语翻译中名词性从句的翻译方法

1.主语从句

构成主语从句的方式有下列两种:

(1)关联词或从属连词位于句首的从句+主句谓语+其他成分。

它们一般是译在句首,作为主从复合句的主语。这样的词有关联词what,which,how,why,where,who,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever 及从属连词that,whether,if.

如:

What we now will describe is how the magnetic nature of iron oxide can uniquely be exploited as a separation process utilizing amagnetic filtration system.

现在我们所要介绍的是如何奇特地利用氧化铁的磁性而提出一种使用磁力过滤系统的分离法。

分析:其中关联词可译为…所。

That substances expand when heated and contract

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科技英语翻译Unit 1—Unit 7

Unit 1 Electronics:Analog and Digital 1.As with series resonance, the greater the resistance in the circuit the lower the Q and, accordingly, the flatter and broader the resonance curve of either line current or circuit impedance. 对于串联谐振,电路中的电阻愈大Q值就愈低,相应地线路电流或电路阻抗的谐振曲线也就愈平、愈宽。 2.A wire carrying a current looks exactly the same and weighs exactly the same as it does when it is not carrying a current. 一根带电的导线其外表与重量都与不带电导线完全一样。 3.Click mouse on the waveform and drag it to change the pulse repetition rate, or directly enter a new value of the period in the provided dialogue box, while keeping the pulse width unchanged. 在波形上点击鼠标并拖动来改变脉冲重复频率,或者在提供的对话框中直接输入新的周期值,而保持脉冲宽度不变。 4.Electronics is the science and the technology of the passage of charged particles in a gas, in a vacuum, or in a semiconductor. Please note that particle motion confined within a metal only is not considered electronics. 电子学是一门有关带电粒子在气体、真空或半导体中运动的科学技术。注意,在本书中粒子运动仅限于金属的情况不属于电子学。 5.Hardware technologies have played vital roles in our ability to use electronic properties to process information, but software and data processing aspects have not developed at the same speed. 硬件技术在我们使用电子特性来处理信息的能力中一直起着重要作用,而软件及数字处理方面却没能与硬件同步发展。 6.However, in a properly designed DC amplifier the effect of transistor parameter variation, other than Ico, may be practically eliminated if the operation point of each stage is adjusted so that it remains in the linear operation range of the transistor as temperature varies. 然而在设计得当的直流放大器中,若调节每一级的工作点使之在温度变化时保持在晶体管线性区,就能在实际上消除Ico以外的晶体管参数变化所造成的影响。

科技英语翻译答案

科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道,所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成:叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。(直译) 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。(意译) The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。(意译) 要使印刷品的质量达到要求,部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。(意译) 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。(合译) 太阳的大小看起来有变化,这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。(分译) 医生对血样作了分析,看是不是贫血症。(分译) These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等,大的直径有1000公里,小的不到1公里。(分译) 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件,后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。(分译) 第4节翻译练习3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。(增译) 人们发现,自然界里许多元素,都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。(增译) The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特:后者是电压的单位,前者是电流的单位。(增译) 同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。(省译) 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。(介词) 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。(名词) 地球并非完全是圆的,它的两极略扁平。(形容词) An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。(动词) 她腰围40英寸。(副词) 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积,你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。(技术性引申) 通常,数控机床的编程是脱机完成的,指令载于穿孔带上。(技术性引申) 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。(修辞引申) The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。(具体化引申) 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。(具体化引申) 随着铀核和钚核的裂变,会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。(修辞性引申) 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样,不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。(具体化引申) The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然,其结构还有较大的改进余地。(抽象化引申) 目前,煤是火电厂最常用的能源。(抽象化引申) 居里夫妇坚信,自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。(具体化引申) 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。(抽象化引申) 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定,这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种(计量)单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后,人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域,而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉,板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征,例如一颗星或一只鸟;有时科学家观察某一事件,即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难,也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快,取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热,以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料,该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前,铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏,所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.

小议科技英语翻译技巧

小议科技英语翻译技巧 科技文体崇尚严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式严整,少有变化,常用前置性陈述,即在句中将主要信息尽量前置,通过主语传递主要信息。科技文章文体的特点是:清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末,科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下: 一、大量使用名词化结构 大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。 句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。 名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态,例如:Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。试观察并比较下列两段短文的主语。 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器,

科技英语翻译的原则_方法及技巧.

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