二笔考试必备—中国的对外贸易—中英对照完整版

中国的对外贸易目录China's Foreign Trade Contents

前言

一、中国对外贸易的历史性进步

二、中国外贸体制的改革与完善

三、中国外贸发展对世界的贡献

四、促进对外贸易基本平衡增长

五、构建全方位互利合作经贸关系

六、实现对外贸易的可持续发展结束语Foreword

I. Historic Progress in China's Foreign Trade

II. Reform of and Improvements to China's Foreign Trade System III. The Development of China's Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy

IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade

V. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation

VI. Realizing Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade Conclusion

前言

Foreword

和平、发展、合作是当今世界潮流。改革开放以来，中国顺应经济全球化趋势，不断扩大对外开放，在平等互利的基础上积极同世界各国开展经贸合作。经过多年发展，对外贸易成为中国经济最为活跃、增长最快的部分之一，中国也成为跻身世界前列的贸易大国。中国对外贸易的发展，将中国与世界更加紧密地联系起来，有力推动了中国的现代化建设，也促进了世界的繁荣与进步。

Peace, development and cooperation are the trends in today's world. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy more than 30 years ago, China has conformed to the trend of economic globalization by opening wider to the outside world and promoting economic and trade cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. Through years of development, foreign trade has become one of China's most dynamic and fastest-growing sectors, placing China among the world's largest trade countries. China's foreign trade development has strengthened the nation's ties with the rest of the world, effectively pushed forward the country's modernization, and promoted world prosperity and progress. 2001年中国加入世界贸易组织。10年来，中国经济融入全球经济的进程加快，中国对外贸易的活力进一步增强。在中国加入世界贸易组织10周年之际，中国政府发表白皮书，对中国的对外贸易情况作一系统介绍。

China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. During the past decade, China has quickened its integration into the global economy while its foreign trade has been further invigorated. On the 10th anniversary of China's accession to the WTO, the Chinese government issues this White Paper to give a comprehensive introduction to China's foreign trade development.

一、中国对外贸易的历史性进步

I. Historic Progress in China's Foreign Trade

1949年中华人民共和国成立以后，坚持独立自主、自力更生，逐步开展对外经济贸易交流，但受到当时国际政治环境和国内计划经济体制等因素制约，对外贸易发展相对缓慢。

After the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance, and gradually carried out economic and trade exchanges with foreign countries. However, hindered by the international political environment at that time and the country's planned economic system, China's foreign trade development was relatively slow.

1978年，中国进入改革开放的新时期。大力发展对外贸易，成为中国加快现代化建设、改变落后面貌、促进经济发展和提高综合国力的重要途径。30多年来，中国利用世界经济较长时期繁荣、经济全球化深入发展的机遇，扩大对外开放，吸引利用外商投资，引进先进技术，改造提升国内产业，在全面参与国际分工和竞争中，实现了对外贸易的跨越式发展。

In 1978 China entered the new period of reform and opening up. Devoting major efforts to the development of foreign trade became an important approach to accelerate modernization, shake off backwardness, promote the growth of economy, and improve comprehensive national strength. Over the past 30 years or so, seizing the opportunity of the world economy's long-term prosperity and the deepening economic globalization, China has opened wider to the outside world, attracted and utilized foreign investment, introduced advanced technology, transformed and upgraded domestic industries, and achieved rapid development in foreign trade through all-round participation in the international division of labor and competition.

——货物贸易总量跻身世界前列。1978年，中国货物进出口总额只有206亿美元，在世界货物贸易中排名第32位，所占比重不足1％。

2010年，中国货物进出口总额达到29740亿美元，比1978年增长了143倍，年均增长16.8％。其中，出口总额15778亿美元，年均增长17.2％；进口总额13962亿美元，年均增长16.4％。中国出口总额和进口总额占世界货物出口和进口的比重分别提高到10.4％和9.1％，连续两年成为世界货物贸易第一出口大国和第二进口大国。

-- China's total trade volume in goods ranks high globally. In 1978 the total value of China's import and export was only 20.6 billion U.S. dollars, ranking 32nd in world trade and accounting for less than 1 percent of the world's total. In 2010 the total value of China's import and export reached 2.974 trillion U.S. dollars, 144 times as much as that in 1978, averaging an annual growth of 16.8 percent. In 2010 the total value of China's export was 1.5778 trillion U.S. dollars, showing an a 17.2 percent annual growth on average, and the total value of its import was 1.3962 trillion U.S. dollars, showing a 16.4 percent annual growth on average. In 2010, the total volumes of China's export and import accounted for 10.4 percent and 9.1 percent of the world's total, respectively. By the end of 2010 China had been the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer for two consecutive years.

——货物贸易结构发生了根本性变化。中国出口商品结构在20世纪80年代实现了由初级产品为主向工业制成品为主的转变，到90年代实现了由轻纺产品为主向机电产品为主的转变，进入新世纪以来，以电子和信息技术为代表的高新技术产品出口比重不断扩大。外贸经营主体除了国有企业外，还包括外商投资企业、民营企业等，后二者的进出口总额目前均已超过国有企业。20世纪80年代至本世纪初，中国加工贸易蓬勃发展，成为外贸的半壁江山。在中国外贸发展中，外商投资企业和加工贸易发挥了十分重要的作用。

-- The structure of China's trade in goods has fundamentally changed. China's export commodity structure shifted from the primary products dominated to manufactured goods dominated in the 1980s, and from mainly light industrial and textile products to mainly mechanical and electronic products in the 1990s. In the new century, China's export of high-tech products, led by electronics and information technology commodities, has been increasingly expanded. In addition to state-owned enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises also engage in foreign trade, and their total value of import and export has each exceeded that of the state-owned enterprises. From the 1980s to the early 21st century, China's processing trade flourished, accounting for half of the country's foreign trade volume. Throughout China's foreign trade development, foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade have played very significant roles.

——形成全方位和多元化进出口市场格局。改革开放后，中国全方位发展对外贸易，与世界上绝大多数国家和地区建立了贸易关系。贸易伙伴已经由1978年的几十个国家和地区发展到目前的231个国家和地区。欧盟、美国、东盟、日本、金砖国家等成为中国主要贸易伙伴。新世纪以来，中国与新兴市场和发展中国家的贸易持续较快增长。2005年至2010年，中国与东盟货物贸易占中国货物贸易比重由9.2％提高到9.8％，与其他金砖国家货物贸易所占比重由4.9％提高到6.9％，与拉丁美洲和非洲货物贸易所占比重分别由3.5％和2.8％提高到6.2％和4.3％。

-- China has formed an all-round and diversified import and export market. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy, China has been promoting foreign trade on all fronts, and established trade relations with the vast majority of the world's countries and regions. China's trade partners have increased from a small number of countries and regions in 1978 to 231 countries and regions now. The European Union (EU), the United States, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Japan, and the other BRIC countries have become China's major trade partners. In this new century China's trade with newly emerging markets and developing countries has maintained sustained and relatively rapid growth. In China's total trade in goods from 2005 to 2010 the proportion of trade with ASEAN increased from 9.2 percent to 9.8 percent, with other BRIC countries from 4.9 percent to 6.9 percent, with Latin America from 3.5 percent to 6.2 percent, and with Africa from 2.8 percent to 4.3 percent. ——服务贸易的国际竞争力不断增强。加入世界贸易组织后，中国服务贸易进入新的发展阶段，规模迅速扩大，结构逐步优化，排名也进入世界前列。旅游、运输等领域的服务贸易增势平稳，建筑、通讯、保险、金融、计算机和信息服务、专有权利使用费和特许费、咨询等领域的跨境服务以及承接服务外包快速增长。2001年至2010年，中国服务贸易总额(不含政府服务)从719亿美元增加到3624亿美元，增长了4倍多。中国服务贸易出口在世界服务贸易出口中的比重从2.4％提高到4.6％，2010年达1702亿美元，从世界第12位上升到第4位；服务贸易进口比重从2.6％提高到5.5％，2010年达1922亿美元，从世界第10位上升到第3位。

-- China's international competitiveness in services trade has been enhanced. With its WTO entry, China's trade in services entered a new stage of development. With its scale rapidly enlarged and its pattern gradually optimized, China's trade in services now ranks among the top in the world. China's trade in tourism, transport and other fields has maintained a steady growth momentum. China's cross-border services in construction, communications, insurance, finance, computers and information, royalties and license fees, consultation and related fields, as well as service outsourcing, have been growing rapidly. From 2001 to 2010 China's total services trade value (excluding government services) witnessed a more-than-five-fold growth from 71.9 billion U.S. dollars to 362.4 billion U.S. dollars. China's proportion in world services trade exports rose from

2.4 percent to 4.6 percent, worth 170.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, and jumped from the 12th place in the world to the 4th; China's proportion in world services trade imports increased from 2.6 percent to 5.5 percent, worth 192.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, moving from the 10th place in the world to the 3rd.

对外贸易发展有力推动了中国的现代化建设，中国成长为一个开放的经济体。参与国际分工与竞争，引进先进技术、设备和管理，利用外商直接投资，极大促进了中国技术进步和产业升级，提高了企业管理水平和市场竞争力。加工贸易迅速发展壮大使中国劳动力充裕的比较优势得以发挥，加快了中国的工业化和城镇化进程。对外贸易直接带动就业人口超过8000万，其中60％以上来自农村，就业者的收入和生活得到显著改善。对外贸易与国内投资、消费一起，成为中国经济增长的三大引擎。

China's foreign trade development has greatly pushed forward the country's modernization drive. China has grown into an open economy. Participation in the international division of labor and competition, introduction of advanced technology, equipment and management methods, and utilization of foreign direct investment have greatly promoted China's technological progress and industrial upgrading, and also improved the management and market competitiveness of its enterprises. The rapid growth of processing trade has brought into play China's comparative advantage of an abundant labor force, and accelerated the country's industrialization and urbanization. Foreign trade has directly contributed to the employment of over 80 million Chinese people, more than 60 percent of whom are from rural areas, and employees' income and living standards have been remarkably improved. Foreign trade, domestic investment and domestic consumption have become the three major engines propelling China's economic growth.

中国对外贸易的历史性进步是与国际国内形势的发展变化紧密联系在一起的。20世纪80年代前后，和平与发展成为时代主题。随着经济全球化不断推进，资金、技术、产品、市场、资源、劳动力等要素在世界范围内的流动和配置更加活跃。以信息、通讯为主导的科学技术进步使生产效率得到极大的提高，国际产业转移不断深化和发展。经济全球化、科学技术进步、国际产业转移和各国之间加强合作等为中国融入世界经济提供了历史性机遇。中国政府顺应时代潮流，以经济建设为中心，实行改革开放，发展与世界各国的经济技术合作，积极合理有效利用外资，充分发挥比较优势，促进了国际产业链分工的深化，为对外贸易发展创造了有利条件。在这个进程中，外国企业尤其是发达国家的跨国公司在中国获得大量投资机会，其拥有的资本、技术、管理经验和销售渠道等要素实现增值，分享了中国经济高速增长的成果。中国对外贸易的发展得益于改革开放，得益于经济全球化，得益于坚持走互利合作共赢道路。中国的发展离不开世界，世界的繁荣稳定也离不开中国。

The historic progress in China's foreign trade has been closely connected with the changes in the international and domestic situations. Starting in the 1980s, peace and development became the theme of the times. With the acceleration of economic globalization, the flow and allocation of capital, technology, products, markets, resources, labor force and similar elements became more dynamic around the world. Scientific and technological progress, led by information and communications technology, has greatly improved production efficiency; international industrial transfer has continuously deepened and developed. Economic globalization, scientific and technological progress, international industrial transfer and strengthened cooperation between countries have provided historic opportunities for China's integration into the world economy. The Chinese government, conforming to the trend of the times and taking economic construction as the central task, has implemented the reform and opening up policy, developed economic and technological cooperation with other countries, vigorously and rationally utilized foreign investment, brought its comparative advantage into full play, promoted the deepening of the division of labor in the international industrial chain, and provided favorable conditions for its own foreign trade development. During this process foreign enterprises, and multinational corporations in particular, have obtained abundant opportunities to invest in China, added value to their capital, technology, management experience, marketing channels and other elements, and shared the fruits of China's rapid economic growth. China's foreign trade development benefits greatly from its reform and opening up, from economic globalization, and from taking the path of cooperation and mutual benefit. China cannot develop itself in isolation from the rest of the world, and global prosperity and stability cannot be maintained without China's participation.

中国仍然是一个发展中国家。与世界贸易强国相比，中国出口产业仍处于全球产业链的低端，资源、能源等要素投入和环境成本还比较高，企业国际竞争力、一些行业的抗风险能力相对较弱等。实现由贸易大国向贸易强国的转变，将是一个较为长期的进程，还需要付出艰苦努力。

China remains a developing country. Compared with other world trade powers, China's export industry remains at the low end of the global industrial chain. China's resource and energy inputs and environmental cost are relatively high, while the international competitiveness of enterprises and the risk-resistance of some industries are relatively weak. China's transformation from a large trading country to a strong trading power will be a comparatively long-term process requiring arduous efforts.

二、中国外贸体制的改革与完善

II. Reform of and Improvements to China's Foreign Trade System

改革开放前，中国对外贸易实行指令性计划管理和国家统负盈亏。改革开放以来，中国外贸体制经历了由指令性计划管理到发挥市场机制的基础性作用、由经营权高度垄断到全面放开、由企业吃国家“大锅饭”到自主经营和自负盈亏的转变。在中国争取恢复关税与贸易总协定缔约方地位和加入世界贸易组织的谈判过程中，在中国加入世界贸易组织后，中国的外贸体制逐步与国际贸易规则接轨，建立起统一、开放、符合多边贸易规则的对外贸易制度。

Before China adopted the reform and opening up policy in 1978, its foreign trade was governed by mandatory planning, and the state absorbed both the profits and the losses of enterprises. Since the reform and opening up policy was initiated, China's foreign trade system has completed the transformation from mandatory planning to giving full play to the fundamental role of the market - from state monopoly to full openness, and from indiscriminate egalitarianism to giving enterprises discretionary management power and making them responsible for their own profits and losses. During the negotiations over the restoration of its GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) membership and entry into the WTO, and after it became a WTO member, China gradually adopted international trade practices, and established a unified, open foreign trade system compatible with multilateral trade rules.

改革开放初期，中国外贸体制改革主要是改革单一计划管理体制，下放外贸管理权和经营权，实行外汇留成制度并建立外汇调剂市场。吸收外商直接投资，使外商投资企业作为新的经营主体进入外贸领域，打破了国有外贸企业的垄断。此后，中国推行了外贸经营承包制，用指导性计划逐步取代指令性计划。按照国际贸易通行规则，建立了出口退税制度。1992年10月，中国明确提出建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标。根据这一目标，对财政、税收、金融、外贸和外汇体制进行了全面改革。1994年1月，中国政府取消对出口的所有财政补贴，进出口企业转变为完全自负盈亏。人民币官方汇率与市场调剂汇率并轨，实行以市场供求为基础、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制度。外贸经营领域进行了企业股份化和进出口代理制试点。同年，《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》正式颁布实施，确立了维护公平、自由的对外贸易秩序等原则，奠定了对外贸易的基本法律制度。1996年12月，中国实现了人民币经常项目下可兑换。与此同时，中国多次大幅度自主降低关税，减少配额和许可证等非关税措施。这些改革使中国初步建立起以市场经济为基础，充分发挥汇率、税收、关税、金融等经济杠杆作用的外贸管理体制和调控体系。

During the initial period of reform and opening up, China's foreign trade system reform focused on the transformation of its unitary planning, transfer of management and operation power in foreign trade to lower levels, implementation of the system of allowing enterprises to retain a certain portion of foreign exchange earnings, and establishment of a foreign exchange coordination market. China absorbed foreign direct investment to introduce foreign-invested enterprises as new business entities in its foreign trade sector, breaking the monopoly of state-owned foreign trade enterprises. After that, China introduced a responsibility system in doing foreign trade, gradually replacing mandatory planning with guided planning. The state also set up an export tax rebates system in line with the general practice of international trade. In October 1992, China clearly put forward the goal of reform toward a socialist market economy. A comprehensive reform of the systems of finance, taxation, banking, foreign trade and foreign exchange was carried out accordingly. In January 1994, the Chinese government discontinued all export subsidies, making all import and export enterprises fully responsible for their own profits and losses. The official and market-regulated exchange rates of China's currency, the Renminbi (RMB), coexisted in a unitary and managed floating exchange rate system based on market demand and supply. Foreign trade enterprises were incorporated, and pilot programs for the import and export agency system were carried out. In the same year, the Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated, establishing principles such as safeguarding a foreign trade order of equity and freedom, and a basic legal system for foreign trade. In December 1996, China realized current account convertibility for the RMB. Meanwhile, China voluntarily made significant tariff cuts, and reduced non-tariff measures such as quotas and licenses. These reform measures helped China initially establish a foreign trade administration and regulation system based on the market economy, giving full play to such economic levers as the exchange rate, taxation, tariffs and finance.

2001年12月11日，历经16年谈判，中国成为世界贸易组织第143个成员。根据加入世界贸易组织的承诺，中国扩大了在工业、农业、服务业等领域的对外开放，加快推进贸易自由化和贸易投资便利化。在履行承诺过程中，中国深化外贸体制改革，完善外贸法律法规体系，减少贸易壁垒和行政干预，理顺政府在外贸管理中的职责，促进政府行为更加公开、公正和透明，推动开放型经济进入一个新的发展阶段。

On December 11, 2001, China became the 143rd member country of the World Trade Organization after 16 years of negotiations. To honor its commitments upon entry into the WTO, China expanded its opening-up in the fields of industry, agriculture and the services trade, and accelerated

trade and investment facilitation and liberalization. Meanwhile, the state deepened the reform of its foreign trade system, improved its foreign trade legal system, reduced trade barriers and administrative intervention, rationalized government responsibilities in foreign trade administration, made government behavior more open, more impartial and more transparent, and promoted the development of an open economy to a new stage.

——加快对外经济贸易法制化建设。加入世界贸易组织后，中国集中清理了2300多部法律法规和部门规章。对其中不符合世界贸易组织规则和中国加入世界贸易组织承诺的，分别予以废止或修订。新修订的法律法规减少和规范了行政许可程序，建立健全了贸易促进、贸易救济法律体系。根据世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》，中国对与知识产权相关的法律法规和司法解释进行了修改，基本形成了体系完整、符合中国国情、与国际惯例接轨的保护知识产权法律法规体系。

- Expediting improvements to the legal system for foreign economic relations and trade. After its entry into the WTO, China reviewed over 2,300 laws and regulations, and departmental rules. Those that did not accord with WTO rules and China's commitments upon entry into the WTO were abolished or revised. Administrative licensing procedures are reduced and regulated in the revised laws and regulations, and a legal system of trade promotion and remedy has been established and improved. In accordance with the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) administered by the WTO, China revised its laws and regulations and judicial interpretations related to intellectual property rights, and thereby constructed a complete legal system that conforms to China's actual conditions and international practices.

——进一步降低关税，削减非关税措施。在加入世界贸易组织过渡期，中国进口商品关税总水平从2001年的15.3％逐步降低到2005年的9.9％。到2005年1月，中国绝大多数关税削减承诺执行完毕。根据承诺，中国自2005年1月起全部取消对424个税号产品的进口配额、进口许可证和特定招标等非关税措施，仅仅保留了依据国际公约以及在世界贸易组织规则下为保证生命安全、保护环境实施进口管制产品的许可证管理。2010年，中国关税总水平已经降至9.8％，其中农产品平均税率降至15.2％，工业品平均税率降至8.9％。关税约束率自2005年起一直维持在100％。

- Taking further measures to lower tariffs and reduce non-tariff measures. During the transitional period following China's entry into the WTO, the general level of China's import tariffs was lowered from 15.3 percent in 2001 to 9.9 percent in 2005. By January 2005, the majority of China's tariff reduction commitments had been fulfilled; China had removed non-tariff barriers, including quota, licensing and designated bidding, measures concerning 424 tariff lines, and only retained licensing administration over imports that are controlled for the sake of public safety and the environment in line with international conventions and WTO rules. By 2010 China's overall tariff level had dropped to 9.8 percent - 15.2 percent in the case of agricultural products and 8.9 percent in the case of industrial products. Since 2005, China has completely maintained its bound tariff rate.

——全面放开外贸经营权。根据2004年新修订的《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》，自2004年7月起，中国政府对企业的外贸经营权由审批制改为备案登记制，所有对外贸易经营者均可以依法从事对外贸易。取消外贸经营权审批促进了国有企业、外商投资企业和民营企业多元化外贸经营格局的形成。在国有企业和外商投资企业进出口持续增长的同时，民营企业对外贸易发展迅速，进出口市场份额持续扩大，成为对外贸易的重要经营主体。2010年，国有企业、外商投资企业和民营企业进出口分别占中国进出口总额的20.9%、53.8%和25.3%。- Fully liberalizing access to foreign trade operations. According to the Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China that was revised in 2004, starting from July 2004, foreign trade dealers only need to register with the authority responsible, and no longer have to ask for approval from the Chinese government. This change has facilitated the diversification of China's foreign trade entities, consisting of state-owned, foreign-invested and private enterprises. The imports and exports of state-owned and foreign-invested enterprises have maintained sustained growth, while private enterprises have seen their foreign trade develop rapidly and their share of China's import and export market keeps expanding, becoming key players in China's foreign trade. In 2010 the import and export volume of state-owned enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises in the country's total was 20.9 percent, 53.8 percent and 25.3 percent, respectively.

——进一步扩大服务市场开放。中国认真履行加入世界贸易组织的承诺，为境外服务商提供了包括金融、电信、建筑、分销、物流、旅游、教育等在内的广泛的市场准入机会。在世界贸易组织服务贸易分类的160个分部门中，中国开放了100个，开放范围已经接近发达国家的平均水平。2010年，中国服务业新设立外商投资企业13905家，实际利用外资487亿美元，占全国非金融领域新设立外商投资企业和实际利用外资的比重分别为50.7%和46.1%。

- Further opening the services market. China has earnestly fulfilled its commitments upon entry into the WTO by offering market access to international service providers in a wide range of fields, including finance, telecommunications, construction, distribution, logistics, tourism and education. China has opened up 100 of the WTO's 160 sub-sectors of services trade, approaching the average level of developed countries. In 2010 a total of 13,905 foreign-invested enterprises in the services sector had been set up in China, with 48.7 billion U.S. dollars of foreign investment

actually used, accounting for 50.7 percent of the total number of newly founded foreign-invested enterprises in China's non-financial sectors and 46.1 percent of the total amount of foreign investment actually utilized that year, respectively.

——营造更为公平的市场竞争环境。中国通过建立、完善公平贸易法律制度和执法、监督机制，遏制与打击对外贸易经营中的侵权、倾销、走私、扰乱市场秩序等不公平贸易行为，努力为境内外企业提供一个宽松、公平、稳定的市场环境。中国政府依据国内法律和国际贸易规则，加强预警监测，同时利用贸易救济和反垄断调查等措施，对贸易伙伴的不公平贸易行为予以纠正，维护国内产业和企业的合法权益。在应对国际金融危机过程中，中国与国际社会一起坚决反对任何形式的贸易保护主义，严格遵守世界贸易组织相关规定，在实施经济刺激计划时平等地对待境内外产品，促进了境内外企业的公平竞争。

- Creating a level playing field. China has striven to provide a flexible, fair and stable market for domestic and international enterprises by establishing and improving the legal system and the law-enforcement and supervisory mechanism for fair trade, and curbing and cracking down on unfair practices in foreign trade operations, such as infringement of rights, dumping, smuggling and disruption of the market order. Following domestic laws and international trade rules, China has strengthened its efforts in monitoring and early warning, and adopted measures such as trade remedy and antitrust investigation to correct the unfair practices of its trade partners, and to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of domestic industries and enterprises. Facing the international financial crisis, China worked hand in hand with the international community to firmly oppose all forms of trade protectionism, strictly adhered to relevant WTO rules, and treated domestic and foreign products equally while carrying out the stimulus plan, promoting fair competition between domestic and foreign enterprises.

截至2010年，中国加入世界贸易组织的所有承诺全部履行完毕。中国认真履行承诺的实际行动得到世界贸易组织大多数成员的肯定。2006年、2008年和2010年，中国政府接受了世界贸易组织的三次贸易政策审议。世界贸易组织所倡导的非歧视、透明度、公平竞争等基本原则已经融入中国的法律法规和有关制度。市场意识、开放意识、公平竞争意识、法治精神和知识产权观念等在中国更加深入人心，推动了中国经济进一步开放和市场经济体制进一步完善。

By 2010, all of China's commitments made upon entry into the WTO had been fulfilled. China's earnest efforts are commended by the majority of the WTO members. The Chinese government received three trade policy reviews from the WTO in 2006, 2008 and 2010, respectively. The WTO's basic principles, such as non-discrimination, transparency and fair competition, have been included in China's laws, regulations and related systems.

A deeper understanding of concepts such as market orientation, opening up, fair competition, the rule of law and intellectual property rights has been achieved among the Chinese people, promoting the further opening up of the national economy and more improvements to the market economy.

三、中国外贸发展对世界的贡献

III. The Development of China's Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy

中国对外贸易的发展不仅推动了中国经济的现代化和综合国力的提升，提高了13亿多中国人民的生活水平，也使中国经济成为世界经济一部分，促进了经济全球化向有利于世界各国和地区共同繁荣的方向发展。

The development of China's foreign trade has accelerated the modernization of the national economy, enhanced the country's comprehensive strength, and improved the standard of living of more than 1.3 billion Chinese people. It has also helped integrate the Chinese economy into the world economy, and make economic globalization conducive to the common prosperity of all countries and regions.

改革开放和积极参与经济全球化，使中国成为世界上增长最快的经济体之一。最近10多年来，中国与其他新兴经济体一起，成为推动世界经济增长日益重要的力量。根据世界银行的数据，2010年中国国内生产总值比2001年增长4.6万亿美元，占同期世界经济总值增量的14.7%。中国国内生产总值占世界经济总值的比重增加至9.3%。世界贸易组织的数据显示，2000年至2009年，中国出口量和进口量年均增长速度分别为17%和15%，远远高于同期世界贸易总量3%的年均增长速度。

China's reform and opening up and its active participation in economic globalization have made the country one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Over the past more than 10 years, China, along with other emerging economies, has become an increasingly important force propelling world economic growth. According to the World Bank, from 2001 to 2010, China's GDP increased by 4.6 trillion U.S. dollars, representing 14.7 percent of the increase in the world aggregate, and the share of China's GDP in the world rose to 9.3 percent over the same period. Data from the WTO shows that from 2000 to 2009, the average annual growth rates of China's exports and imports were 17 percent and 15 percent, respectively, much higher than the 3 percent annual growth rate of world trade.

中国对外贸易在国际金融危机中率先趋稳，促进了全球经济复苏。2008年国际金融危机爆发以后，中国政府及时采取一系列政策措施刺激经济，扩大内需，稳定进出口规模。2009年，世界货物贸易进口量下降12.8%，中国进口量增长2.9%，是世界主要经济体中唯一保持

增长的国家。中国因素支撑了许多受危机冲击国家的出口，刺激了全球大宗商品市场需求，提振了人们的信心，对世界经济复苏和增长起到巨大拉动作用。世界贸易组织在对中国进行第三次贸易政策审议时指出，应对金融危机期间，中国在刺激全球需求方面发挥了建设性作用，为世界经济稳定作出了重要贡献。

During the international financial crisis, China's foreign trade was among the first to stabilize, promoting the recovery of the world economy. After the crisis broke out in 2008, the Chinese government adopted in time a series of policies and measures to stimulate the economy, expand domestic demand and stabilize imports and exports. In 2009, global goods imports decreased by 12.8 percent, while China's goods imports increased by 2.9 percent, making it the only country to maintain growth among the world's largest economies. The China factor sustained the exports of many countries affected by the financial crisis, stimulated demand in the global commodities market, and boosted confidence, giving a new momentum to the world's economic recovery and growth. During its third review of China's trade policy, the WTO pointed out that China had played a constructive role in stimulating global demand during the international financial crisis, and had thus made significant contributions to the stability of the world economy.

中国对外贸易的发展提高了中国与贸易伙伴的国民福利。随着加速融入世界分工体系，中国依靠劳动力成本优势、较强的产业配套和加工制造能力、不断提高的劳动生产率，逐渐发展成为世界工业品的主要生产国和出口国，为世界各国和地区提供了物美价廉的商品，满足了国际市场多种多样的需求。中国在全球制造业环节的规模经济优势和加工成本优势，部分地消化了上游生产要素的价格上涨，起到了抑制全球通货膨胀、提高贸易伙伴消费者实际购买力的作用。

The development of China's foreign trade has helped enhance the national welfare of China and its trading partners. As it accelerated its integration into the global division of labor, China has gradually developed into a major producer and exporter of industrial products relying on its labor cost advantage, relatively strong industrial supporting, processing and manufacturing capabilities, and increasing labor productivity. It provides inexpensive and quality commodities to meet the diverse demands of the international market. China's advantage due to economies of scale and low processing costs in the global manufacturing industry partially offsets the rising prices of upstream factors of production, playing an important role in curbing global inflation and raising the real purchasing power of consumers of its trading partners.

中国对外贸易的发展为贸易伙伴提供了广阔市场。2001年以来，中国货物进口总额扩大了约5倍，年均增长约20%，中国迅速扩张的进口已成为世界经济增长的重要推动力，为贸易伙伴扩大出口创造了巨大市场空间。目前中国已经是日本、韩国、澳大利亚、东盟、巴西、南非等国家第一大出口市场，是欧盟的第二大出口市场，是美国和印度的第三大出口市场。中国工业化、城镇化正在快速推进，内需持续增长，不断扩大和开放的市场将为贸易伙伴提供越来越多的发展机会。

The development of China's foreign trade has provided a broad market for its trading partners. Since 2001, China's import of goods has increased by approximately five times, representing an annual growth rate of around 20 percent. China's rapidly expanding imports have become a major driving force for global economic growth, creating an enormous market for its trading partners to augment their exports. At present, China is the largest export market for Japan, Republic of Korea, Australia, ASEAN, Brazil and South Africa, the second largest for the EU, and the third largest for the US and India. As China's industrialization and urbanization are moving forward rapidly, and its domestic demand keeps growing, the country's continuously expanding and opening market will offer increasing opportunities to its trading partners.

中国是对最不发达国家开放市场程度最大的发展中国家之一。截至2010年7月，中国已经对36个已建交最不发达国家原产的4700多个税目商品实施进口零关税，约占全部税则税目的60%。中国已承诺将继续扩大对已建交最不发达国家的给惠范围，使实施零关税商品达到全部税则税目的97%。零关税措施促进了最不发达国家对中国的出口。自2008年以来，中国一直是最不发达国家第一大出口市场。2010年，中国自最不发达国家的货物进口总额比上年增长58%，约占这些国家出口总额的四分之一。

Meanwhile, China is one of the developing countries granting the biggest market access to the least-developed countries (LDCs). By July 2010, China had granted zero-tariff treatment to over 4,700 commodities from 36 LDCs which had established diplomatic ties with China. The zero-tariff commodities accounted for 60 percent of the total imports from those countries. China has promised to continue expanding its preferential treatment to the LDCs having diplomatic ties with China until the zero-tariff commodities reach 97 percent of the total imports from those countries. The zero-tariff measure has helped increase the exports of LDCs to China. Since 2008, China has been the largest export market for LDCs. In 2010, China's import of goods from LDCs accounted for approximately one quarter of those countries' total exports, an increase of 58 percent over the previous year.

中国全面参与并推动了全球经济治理机制的改革。中国政府积极倡导以“均衡、普惠、共赢”作为多边贸易体制改革的目标，努力推动建立公平、公正的国际经济贸易新秩序。作为迅速成长的发展中大国，中国积极参与了二十国集团领导人峰会、金砖国家领导人会晤、

多哈回合谈判等国际对话和合作机制，努力承担与自身发展水平及国力相适应的国际责任。中国不断加强与新兴国家在经济、金融、贸易和投资等领域的合作，促进国际经济秩序朝着公正、合理、共赢的方向发展。

China has participated in and helped push forward the reform of the global economic governance mechanism. The Chinese government actively advocates a "balanced, inclusive and mutually beneficial" multilateral trade system, and strives to establish a fair and equitable new international economic and trade order. As a large developing country with a rapidly growing economy, China plays an active role in the G20 and BRICs summits, Doha Round talks, and other international dialogue and cooperation mechanisms. China does its best to assume international responsibilities that suit its development level and strength. China continuously consolidates its cooperation with emerging countries in the fields of economy, finance, trade and investment, and works toward an equitable and rational international economic order that benefits all countries.

中国严格履行有关出口管制的国际义务。中国一贯主张全面禁止和彻底销毁一切大规模杀伤性武器，坚决反对此类武器及其运载工具的扩散。中国有关法律明确规定对裂变、聚变物质或者衍生此类物质的货物、技术进出口，以及与武器、弹药或者其他军用物资有关的进出口采取必要的限制措施。中国认真遵守有关出口管制的国际公约，履行防扩散承诺，为国际和平与地区稳定作出了积极努力。近年来，中国政府广泛采纳国际通行规范和做法，形成了一整套涵盖核、生物、化学和导弹等敏感物项和技术的完备的出口管制体系，为更好地实现防扩散目标提供了法律依据和制度保障。

In addition, China strictly fulfills its international obligations regarding export controls. It consistently advocates the complete prohibition and thorough dismantling of all weapons of mass destruction, and firmly opposes the proliferation of such weapons and their carriers. China's relevant laws clearly prescribe that the state may take necessary measures to restrict the import and export of goods and technologies relating to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived, as well as the import and export relating to arms, ammunition or other military supplies. China earnestly abides by international conventions regarding export controls, and fulfills its non-proliferation commitments, actively contributing to world peace and regional stability. Over the past few years, the Chinese government has adopted a wide range of internationally recognized norms and practices, and formed a complete export control system covering nuclear, biological, chemical, missile and other sensitive items and technologies, providing legal grounds and institutional guarantees for the better realization of the goal of non-proliferation.

四、促进对外贸易基本平衡增长

IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade

一个国家对外贸易是顺差还是逆差，主要由其经济结构以及产品或服务的国际竞争力决定。中国并不刻意追求对外贸易的顺差。中国服务贸易长期以来一直存在一定逆差。中国货物贸易在1990年以前多数年份都是逆差。1990年以后，随着大规模承接国际产业转移，工业制成品竞争力增强，出口增长速度超过进口，中国的货物贸易由总体逆差转变为总体顺差。2005年中国货物贸易顺差首次突破1000亿美元，并持续4年大幅攀升。2008年中国货物贸易顺差达到2981亿美元历史高点，此后逐渐收窄。2009年和2010年，中国货物贸易顺差分别为1957亿美元和1816亿美元，比上年分别下降34.4%和7.2%。2010年，中国货物贸易顺差占进出口总额的6.1%，占国内生产总值的3.1%。在全球贸易差额（顺差或逆差）最大的9个国家中，中国的这两个比值并不处在偏高水平。

The primary factors determining whether a country's foreign trade is in surplus or deficit are its economic structure and the international competitiveness of its products or services. China does not pursue a foreign trade surplus intentionally. There has been a certain amount of deficit in China's services trade for a long time, and the trade in goods was in deficit for most of the years prior to 1990. After 1990, with large-scale industrial outsourcing and relocation, China enhanced its competitiveness in manufactured goods. Growth in exports overtook that of imports, turning the overall deficit to a surplus in trade in goods. In 2005 China's surplus in trade in goods reached 100 billion U.S. dollars for the first time, which was followed by vigorous growth for four consecutive years. In 2008 the surplus hit 298.1 billion U.S. dollars, the highest point in history, before slowing down gradually. The surpluses in trade in goods for 2009 and 2010 were 195.7 billion U.S. dollars and 181.6 billion U.S. dollars, down 34.4 percent and 7.2 percent year-on-year respectively. In 2010 China's surplus in trade in goods accounted for 6.1 percent of the total import and export volume and 3.1 percent of the GDP. Of the nine nations with the largest trade balances (favorable or unfavorable), China was not high up in the league table in terms of the two ratios.

中国的货物贸易顺差反映了现阶段中国的国际分工地位。中国目前在工业制成品加工组装环节具有较大优势，是最大的工业品生产国和出口国。美国、欧盟等是最主要的终端消费市场。由于大量劳动密集型加工组装环节由日本、韩国、新加坡、中国台湾、中国香港等转移到中国，这些国家和地区原来对美、欧的顺差也转移到中国。其结果是，目前中国货物贸易顺差主要存在于中美贸易、中欧贸易之间，而中国与日本、韩国、东盟等工业中间品主要生产国则长期存在贸易逆差。2010年，中国对美国、欧盟的货物贸易顺差分别为1813亿美元和1428亿美元，对日本、韩国及东盟的货物贸易逆差共计1416亿美元；中国大陆对台湾地区货物贸易逆差860亿美元。中国生产和

出口工业制成品需要大量进口初级产品，因此与一些初级产品出口国的货物贸易呈现逆差。正是现阶段中国制造业和服务业参与国际分工的水平和地位不同，所以中国货物贸易存在着大量顺差，而服务贸易则长期逆差。

The fact that China is enjoying a surplus in trade in goods reflects its position in the international division of labor at the current stage. China has now relatively big advantages in the processing and assembling of industrial products, and is the largest producer and exporter of industrial products. The United States, European Union and some other countries and regions are the major end consumer markets. With the transfer of large numbers of labor-intensive processing and assembling sectors to China from Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong SAR and other nations and regions, their surpluses with the United States and Europe were also transferred to China. The result is that while China is currently enjoying a surplus in trade in goods primarily with the United States and Europe, it also has long-term trade deficits with Japan, Republic of Korea, ASEAN and other major intermediate producers. In 2010 China's surpluses in trade in goods with the United States and the European Union were 181.3 billion U.S. dollars and 142.8 billion U.S. dollars, respectively, and its total deficit in trade in goods with Japan, Republic of Korea and ASEAN was 141.6 billion U.S. dollars. The deficit in trade in goods between China's mainland and Taiwan reached 86 billion U.S. dollars. To produce and export industrial products, China needs to import large quantities of primary goods, thus creating a deficit in trade in goods with certain exporters of primary goods. It is the country's different level and status of participation in the international division of labor in manufacturing and the services industry that leads to China's big surplus in trade in goods but a long-term deficit in services trade.

中国的货物贸易顺差主要来源于外商投资企业和加工贸易。在经济全球化不断深化过程中，由于分工的细化和规模经济的要求，越来越多的国际贸易由跨国公司主导，是基于价值链分工的产业内贸易或加工贸易。改革开放以来，中国吸收外商直接投资迅速增长。在相当长的时间里，外商投资企业进出口和主要由外商投资企业经营的加工贸易在中国货物贸易中的比重都保持在50％左右。外商投资企业进出口和加工贸易是中国货物贸易顺差的主要来源。2009年和2010年，外商投资企业货物贸易顺差分别为1270亿美元和1243亿美元，占同期中国货物贸易顺差总额的64.8％和68.4％，加工贸易顺差分别高达2646亿美元和3229亿美元，大大高于同期中国顺差总额。在外商投资企业进出口和加工贸易存在大量顺差的同时，国有企业进出口、一般贸易和其他贸易方式则存在逆差。

China's surplus in trade in goods mainly comes from foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade. With the spread of economic globalization as well as the refinement of the division of labor and the development of economies of scale, an increasing amount of international trade - intra-industry trade or processing trade based on value-chain specialization - is predominated by multinationals. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy in 1978, China has experienced rapid growth in attraction of foreign direct investment. For a fairly long period of time the import and export business of foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade mainly operated by foreign-invested enterprises accounted for about 50 percent of China's trade volume in goods, and were also the major source of the country's surplus in trade in goods. In 2009 and 2010 the surplus in trade in goods created by foreign-invested enterprises reached 127 billion U.S. dollars and 124.3 billion U.S. dollars, respectively, accounting for 64.8 percent and 68.4percent of the total surplus of China's trade in goods in the two years. Processing trade surplus of foreign-invested enterprises in the same period hit 264.6 billion U.S. dollars and 322.9 billion U.S. dollars, significantly higher than the country's total trade surplus for 2009 and 2010. While foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade enjoyed a big favorable trade balance, the import and export of China's state-owned enterprises, general trade and other forms of trade were in deficit.

发达国家对部分高新技术贸易设限也影响中国与一些贸易伙伴的贸易平衡。中国正处在工业化加速发展时期，对发达国家的先进设备和高新技术有着较大的进口需求。但是一些发达国家却仍然坚持旧有思维，对向中国出口高端装备和高新技术产品设置了诸多限制，导致其相关产品对中国出口增长缓慢。这在一定程度上阻碍了中国自这些国家的进口，不利于双边贸易的平衡。

The limits on certain high-tech trade set by developed countries also affect the trade balance between China and some of its trading partners. As China is currently accelerating its pace of industrialization, it needs to import advanced equipment and technologies from developed countries. Unfortunately, some developed countries, sticking to their old way of thinking, impose various restrictions on the export of high-end equipment and advanced technologies to China, resulting in slow growth in the export of these sectors. To a certain extent such limits hinder China's imports from these countries, posing an unfavorable impact on bilateral trade balance.

中国货物贸易由逆差转变为顺差改善了中国的国际收支状况，增强了中国抵御外部风险的能力。但是顺差急剧扩大也给中国经济带来困扰。出口结汇人民币大量投放增加了宏观经济调控的难度和复杂性。货物贸易顺差急剧扩大还使得中国与一些贸易伙伴摩擦增多，对人民币形成了持续和较大的升值压力。

As China turned its trade deficit into a surplus, the country improved its international balance of payments and enhanced its resistance to external risks. However, the sharp increase in surplus also created trouble for the Chinese economy. The large volume of RMB input in export settlement

complicates macroeconomic control, and the rapid expansion of China's surplus in trade in goods also results in more trade frictions between China and its trading partners, as well as persistent pressure on the RMB to appreciate.

中国政府高度重视对外贸易发展中的不平衡问题，采取了一系列政策措施抑制顺差过快增长。第一，积极调整经济结构，努力扩大内需，尤其是增加改善民生投资，刺激居民消费增长。第二，出台一系列扩大进口政策，简化进口管理和进口付汇手续，降低部分商品进口暂定税率，完善进口促进体系，提高进口便利化程度。第三，调整出口退税政策，先后降低或取消部分高耗能、高污染和资源性商品的出口退税。第四，修改加工贸易禁止类和限制类目录，扩大禁止类的范围，促进加工贸易转型升级。第五，改变自亚洲金融危机以后人民币兑美元变动区间收窄的状况，从2005年7月21日起实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。自2005年7月汇率机制改革至2011年8月末，人民币兑美元名义汇率升值了约30％。

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the imbalance in the development of foreign trade, and has adopted a series of policies and measures to curb overheated surplus growth. First, it proactively adjusts the economic structure, strives to expand domestic demand, and especially increases investment in projects to improve the people's livelihood and stimulate household consumption. Second, it enacts a series of policies to expand imports, simplify the procedures of import administration and import payment, lower the temporary tax rates on certain imported commodities, improve the import promotion system and facilitate import businesses. Third, it has adjusted the export tax rebates policy, lowered or cancelled export tax rebates for some products that consume too much energy and cause serious pollution and certain resource-based products. Fourth, it has amended the prohibited and restricted categories of processing trade, expanding the scope of the prohibited category and promoting this sector's restructuring and upgrading. Fifth, it has changed the situation of the pegged exchange rate of the yuan against the US dollar since the Asian financial crisis, and adopted the administered floating exchange rate system based on market demand, and adjusted it with reference to a basket of currencies from July 21, 2005. During the period from the exchange rate reform in July 2005 to the end of August 2011, the nominal exchange rate of the yuan against the dollar appreciated by about 30 percent.

中国促进对外贸易平衡增长的措施取得了明显成效。货物贸易顺差自2009年以来持续减少，顺差与进出口总值和国内生产总值之比自2008年起逐渐下降，对外贸易正在趋于平衡。中国的这些努力既是中国自身经济发展的需要，也是推动世界经济结构调整和再平衡的具体行动。

China's measures to promote balanced foreign trade growth have achieved obvious effects. The nation's surplus in trade in goods has been on a steady decline since 2009, and the proportion of surplus in the total import and export trade volume and the GDP also started to drop in 2008, moving toward a balance in foreign trade. China's efforts not only serve the development of its own economy, but are also practical moves to promote the structural adjustment and the rebalancing of the global economy.

五、构建全方位互利合作经贸关系

V. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation

中国的对外贸易是全方位发展的对外贸易。中国坚持不分大小、贫富，与所有贸易伙伴发展务实合作和互利共赢的经贸关系。

China stresses all-round development in its foreign trade. China adheres to developing economic and trade partnerships based on practical cooperation and mutual benefit with all countries, no matter they are big or small, rich or poor.

中国与发达国家贸易持续稳定增长，实现了优势互补和互惠互利。中国与欧盟贸易近年来稳步发展。欧盟对中国出口商品主要是工业制成品，其中技术领先的机械、电子产品、运输车辆、成套设备、核心零部件和精密元器件等在中国市场颇具竞争力。中国与美国贸易有着坚实的发展基础。中国出口丰富多样的消费品适应了美国消费者的需求，同时不断扩大自美国的电子、航空、生物、医药、农产品以及服务贸易进口，也满足了中国自身发展的需要。中国与日本贸易具有地缘相近的有利条件。中日贸易促进了两国产业的持续合作和进步，也带动了东亚区域经济分工与合作的深入发展。中国与加拿大、澳大利亚、瑞士、新西兰等发达国家的贸易及投资合作均保持良好发展势头。

China enjoys steady growth in its trade with developed countries, and realizes complementary advantages as well as reciprocity and mutual benefit. China' s trade with the European Union has been developing steadily in recent years. The European Union mainly exports manufactured products to China, including advanced mechanical and electronic products, transport vehicles, complete plants, core parts and components, precision components and other high-tech products which are highly competitive in the Chinese market. Foreign trade between China and the United States has a solid development base. China exports a large variety of consumer goods to meet the demands of American consumers, while satisfying its own need for development by constantly expanding imports of electronic, aerospace, biological, medical, agricultural and services trade items from the United States. China and Japan are geographically proximate to each other and this is an advantage in bilateral trade. Sino-Japanese trade

promotes continuous cooperation and progress in industry while spurring the development of regional economic comparative advantages and cooperation in East Asia. China' s trade and investment cooperation with developed countries such as Canada, Australia, Switzerland and New Zealand also maintain a good momentum of development.

中国与新兴市场和发展中国家贸易增长强劲，发展潜力巨大。2010年，中国与东盟自由贸易协定全面实施，90％的商品实现零关税，有力地推动了中国东盟双边贸易迅速增长。中国与东盟各自有特色和竞争力的商品自由进入对方市场，适应了双方多方面的需求。中国与韩国贸易保持持续稳定增长，两国相互投资和经济合作领域十分宽广。中国与其他金砖国家的贸易近年来快速增长，带动了各自优势产业的强劲发展，显示了新兴经济市场具有广阔的发展前景。近年来，中国与其他发展中国家贸易也以较快速度增长，与阿拉伯国家源远流长的贸易进一步发展，与拉美国家经济贸易合作领域不断拓宽，与非洲国家的贸易充分发挥双方资源条件和经济结构的互补性优势，促进了各自发展。

China's trade with emerging economies and developing countries is experiencing robust growth, with huge development potential. With the comprehensive implementation of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement in 2010, tariffs have been cancelled for 90% of the commodities traded between them, vigorously promoting the rapid growth of bilateral trade between China and ASEAN. The free entry of specialties and competitive products into each other' s market suits the various needs of the two sides. Foreign trade between China and Republic of Korea keeps growing constantly and steadily. Bilateral investment and economic cooperation also present broad prospects. China' s trade with the other BRIC countries has been enjoying rapid growth in recent years, which promotes the development of the member countries' respective advantageous industries and shows the broad development prospects of emerging markets. In recent years China has seen relatively fast growth in its trade with other developing countries, further development of trade with its historical trading partners in the Arab world, broadening areas of economic and trade cooperation with Latin American countries, and bilateral trade with African countries, which gives full play to the complementary advantages of the two sides' resources and economic structures.

中国十分重视双边和区域经贸合作的机制化建设。目前与中国签订双边贸易协定或经济合作协定的国家和地区已超过150个。中国与美、欧、日、英、俄等主要经济体均建立和保持着经济高层对话机制。中国积极参与亚太经济合作组织、东盟与中日韩(10＋3)领导人会议、东亚峰会、中非合作论坛、大湄公河次区域经济合作、中亚区域经济合作、“大图们倡议”等区域和次区域经济合作机制。中国坚持“与邻为善、以邻为伴”方针，与周边国家和地区建立和发展多种形式的边境经济贸易合作。

China attaches great importance to the institutional set-up of bilateral and regional economic and trade cooperation. Currently over 150 countries and regions have signed agreements on bilateral trade or economic cooperation with China, which has established and maintains high-level economic dialogue mechanisms with the United States, Europe, Japan, Great Britain, Russia and other major economies. China proactively participates in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, ASEAN (10+3) meetings, which also include Japan and Republic of Korea, the East Asia Summit, Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Committee, Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Committee, Greater Tumen Initiative, and other regional and subregional economic cooperation mechanisms. China adheres to the principle of "good neighborly friendship and partnership" in establishing and developing various forms of border economic and trade cooperation. 中国积极主动参与并推动区域经济一体化进程。截至2010年底，中国已经与五大洲28个国家和地区进行了15个自由贸易安排或紧密经贸关系安排谈判，签订和实施了10个自由贸易协定或紧密经贸关系安排。正在进行的自由贸易协定谈判5个。中国倡议建立东亚自由贸易区。2010年，中国与10个自由贸易协定或紧密经贸关系安排伙伴(东盟、巴基斯坦、智利、新加坡、新西兰、秘鲁、哥斯达黎加、中国香港、中国澳门、中国台湾)的双边货物贸易总额达到7826亿美元，超过了中国进出口总额的四分之一。

China takes proactive initiatives to participate in and promote regional economic integration. By the end of 2010 China had held 15 rounds of negotiations on free trade or closer economic partnership arrangements with 28 countries and regions on five continents, and signed and implemented 10 free trade agreements or closer economic partnership arrangements. Currently five free trade agreement talks are under way. China advocates the establishment of an East Asia free trade zone. In 2010 the total volume of bilateral trade in goods between China and its trade partners in its ten free trade agreements or closer economic partnership arrangements (ASEAN, Pakistan, Chile, Singapore, New Zealand, Peru, Costa Rica, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR and Taiwan) reached US$782.6 billion, accounting for over a quarter of the country' s total import and export volume.

中国深入参与和推动世界贸易组织多哈回合谈判，努力维护多边贸易体制的权威性。中国强调谈判要有利于贯彻落实多边贸易体制的公平、公正原则，体现多哈回合作为发展回合的目标。中国全面参与了多哈回合的农业、非农产品、服务、规则等议题的谈判，独立提交谈判案文40多份，联合其他成员提交案文100多份。为推进多哈回合谈判，中国多次表示愿意为谈判作出建设性的、与自身发展水平相

适应的贡献。

China has actively participated in and promoted the World Trade Organization's Doha Round talks, and strives to safeguard the authority of the multilateral trading system. China stresses that the negotiations should be conducive to the implementation of the principle of fairness and justice of the multilateral trading system, and reflect the goal of the Doha Round as a development round. China takes part in the Doha Round' s talks on agriculture, non-agricultural goods, services, rules and other issues, submitting over 40 negotiating texts on its own and over 100 texts with other members. To promote the Doha Round talks, China repeatedly expressed its wish to make constructive contributions suited to its level of development.

中国在解决与贸易伙伴的争议时兼顾各方利益，求同存异。加入世界贸易组织以来，随着进出口持续增长，中国与贸易伙伴的争端和摩擦有所增多。涉案产品主要集中在纺织品、鞋类、轮胎、汽车零部件、钢铁和化工产品，争议问题主要涉及知识产权、贸易平衡、公平贸易、食品安全、环境保护等领域。中国始终认为对话比对抗好，合作比施压好，应当努力通过协商谈判解决贸易伙伴之间的争议。中国坚持兼顾和平衡各方利益，在世界贸易组织规则和体制内，利用多双边渠道，通过对话、协商和谈判来解决争议。近年来，中国在扩大市场开放、保护知识产权、促进贸易平衡、改革人民币汇率形成机制、规范进出口经营秩序等方面采取了许多措施，充分照顾到贸易伙伴的关切。在协商不能解决争端的情况下，中国通过世界贸易组织争端解决机制，妥善处理与贸易伙伴的贸易争端，维护了多边贸易体制的稳定。

In settling disputes with its trading partners, China gives consideration to the interests of all parties, and seeks common ground while shelving differences. Since China' s entry into the WTO and with the continuous growth of its imports and exports, the number of trade disputes and frictions between China and its trading partners has increased. These cases mainly involved textile products, shoes, tires, car parts and components, steel and chemical products, and mainly covered the issues of IPR, trade balance, fair trade, food safety, environmental protection and other areas of concern. China has always preferred dialogue to confrontation, and cooperation to pressure, and chooses to settle disputes between trading partners through consultation and negotiation. China adheres to giving consideration to and balancing the interests of all parties and settling disputes through dialogue, consultation and negotiation by utilizing bilateral and multilateral channels and following the rules and under the framework of the WTO. In recent years China has adopted various measures to further open up its market, protect IPR, promote trade balance, reform the exchange rate formation mechanism of the RMB and standardize the operational order of imports and exports, among other areas, fully taking into account the concerns of its trading partners. When consultations fail to settle a dispute, China appropriately handles the issue with its trading partners through the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, in order to maintain the stability of the multilateral trading system.

六、实现对外贸易的可持续发展

VI. Realizing Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade

目前，中国对外贸易发展还存在不均衡、不协调、不可持续的问题，突出表现在：出口增长主要依赖资源、能源、土地、劳动力和环境等要素投入及耗费，科技、管理、创新等要素投入不足，外贸发展与资源能源供给和环境承载力的矛盾日益突出；企业研发、设计、营销和服务等方面的竞争力还不强，自有知识产权和自有品牌出口产品所占比重不大；外贸发展对三次产业的贡献还不够均衡；中西部地区对外贸易规模和水平还相对落后；外贸增长的质量和效益有待进一步提高等。中国政府清醒地认识到这些问题，采取积极措施加快转变外贸发展方式，实现外贸的可持续发展。

At present, unbalanced, inconsistent and unsustainable development factors persist in China's foreign trade. They are manifested in the following ways: Export growth mainly relies on the input and consumption of resources, energy, land, manpower, environment, etc., while the input of science and technology, management, innovation and other factors are insufficient, resulting in an ever more conspicuous contradiction between foreign trade development and the constraint on resource supply and environmental carrying capacity; enterprises are not competitive enough in R&D, design, marketing and services, and products with their own intellectual property rights and with their own brands account for only a small proportion of the exports; the contribution of foreign trade to China's primary, secondary and tertiary industries is unbalanced; central and western China falls behind other regions in the scale and level of foreign trade; and foreign trade needs improvement in terms of the quality of its products and profits. The Chinese government is clearly aware of these problems and has taken active measures to accelerate the change of the development pattern of foreign trade, and achieve sustainable development.

努力培育外贸发展的综合竞争优势。面对近年来劳动力成本不断上升、资源和能源等生产要素价格大幅上涨、出口产业传统的低成本优势大大弱化的新情况，中国政府提出了外贸由粗放型发展向集约型发展转变的战略目标。“十一五”规划期间（2006－2010年），中国政府调整进出口税收政策，深入实施科技兴贸战略、市场多元化战略和以质取胜战略，开展加工贸易转型升级试点，改进对进出口企业的

融资保险服务，推动企业加快技术进步和产品结构优化，增强了外贸的综合竞争优势。大部分进出口企业经受住了国际金融危机冲击，进出口贸易在危机后实现了较快复苏。“十二五”规划期间（2011－2015年），中国将努力保持现有出口竞争优势，加快培育以技术、品牌、质量和服务为核心的新优势，促进工业转型升级，延长加工贸易增值链，提高企业和产品的竞争力和附加值。大力发展服务贸易，促进货物贸易和服务贸易协调发展。继续扩大服务业对外开放，推动服务外包发展，努力扩大新兴服务出口。财政税收、金融保险、外汇管理、海关通关、检验检疫、物流和运输等领域都将进一步完善和落实国家相关政策，加快贸易和投资便利化，努力推动对外贸易的稳定健康发展。

Fostering comprehensive competitive edge of foreign trade development. In recent years, with the rising labor cost and spiraling prices of resources, energy and other production factors, the low-cost advantage of export-oriented industries has been greatly weakened. In the face of these new conditions, the Chinese government has set the strategic goal of turning the mode of foreign trade from extensive to intensive development. During the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010) the Chinese government adjusted import and export taxation policies and implemented the strategies of fostering foreign trade by science and technology, market diversification and putting quality first. It launched pilot projects for transforming and upgrading processing trade, improved financial and insurance services for import and export enterprises, and encouraged enterprises to accelerate technical progress and optimize product structure. With these measures, China enhanced the comprehensive competitiveness of its foreign trade. Most import and export enterprises withstood challenges of the international financial crisis, and China's foreign trade recovered soon after the crisis. During the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015) China will make efforts to maintain its current competitive edge in exports, foster new advantages centering on technology, branding, quality and services at a faster pace, promote industrial transformation and upgrading, extend the value-added chain of processing trade, and the competitiveness and added value of enterprises and products. It will vigorously develop trade in services to promote balanced development between it and trade in goods. It will open the services trade wider to the outside world, promote service outsourcing, and try to expand the export of new services. It will improve and implement state policies in the fields of finance and taxation, banking and insurance, foreign currency management, customs clearance, inspection and quarantine, and logistics and transportation, in a bid to speed up trade and investment facilitation for the stable and healthy development of foreign trade.

加快推进外贸发展中的节能减排。早在1994年，中国政府就制定并发表了《中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》，将节能减排纳入国民经济和社会发展目标。“十一五”和“十二五”规划都把降低能源消耗和二氧化碳排放强度作为约束性指标。2004年以来，中国多次下调甚至取消部分高耗能、高污染和资源性商品出口退税，禁止和限制部分此类产品的加工贸易，鼓励进出口企业向国际上先进的环保标准看齐。近年来，中国出口商品中“两高一资”商品的比重大幅下降，新能源和节能环保产品出口大幅增长。大部分达到一定规模的进出口生产企业都已经获得ISO14000等与环保有关的标准认证。中国将努力调整经济结构和产业结构，加快先进节能环保技术的应用，促进对外贸易与资源节约、环境保护更加协调发展。

Promoting energy conservation and emission reduction in foreign trade development. As early as in 1994, the Chinese government published China's Agenda 21 - White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century, setting goals on energy conservation and emission reduction for national economic and social development. In both the 11th and 12th five-year plans, the government made the reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emission intensity two obligatory targets. Since 2004 the Chinese government has lowered and even abolished export tax rebates for some energy-intensive, heavily-polluting and resource-based products, banned or limited the processing trade in some such products, and encouraged import and export enterprises to keep up with the world's advanced environmental standards. As a result, in recent years such products have seen their proportion in exports decreasing, while the export of new-energy, energy-conserving and environmental-friendly products has grown by a big margin. Most import and export enterprises above a designated scale have obtained ISO14000 certification or other environmental standard certifications. China will try to readjust its economic and industrial structure, accelerate the application of advanced energy-conserving and environmental technologies, and promote more balanced development between foreign trade and resource conservation and environmental protection.

加强与贸易有关的知识产权保护。加强知识产权保护，是中国履行国际义务的需要，更是转变经济发展方式、建设创新型国家的内在要求。多年来，中国政府在知识产权保护方面做了大量工作，在立法、执法、宣传、培训及提高全社会知识产权保护意识等方面取得了显著成效。2008年，中国制定了《国家知识产权战略纲要》，把保护知识产权提升到国家战略的高度加以推进。2006年至2011年，中国连续6年颁布《中国保护知识产权行动计划》，实施了包括立法、执法、教育培训、文化宣传和对外交流等多个领域的1000多项具体措施。2010年，中国通过《专利合作条约》提出的国际专利申请量达到12295件，比2009年增长55.6%，增速居各国之首，世界排名从第五位上升至第四位。当前，加强与贸易有关的知识产权保护是世界各国共同面临的挑战，加强对话与合作成为世界知识产权保护的潮流。中

国政府将在有关国际公约和各自法律框架下，与世界各国和地区加强知识产权交流与合作，共同推进知识产权事业的健康发展。Strengthening trade-related intellectual property protection. Strengthening intellectual property protection is necessary for China to comply with its international obligations. It is also an essential move if China seeks to transform its economic growth mode and build an innovative country. The Chinese government has made tremendous efforts in this regard, and made significant progress in legislation, law enforcement, publicity, training and enhancing the social awareness of IPR protection. In 2008 China promulgated the Outline of the National Intellectual Property Strategy, making IPR protection a national strategy. From 2006 to 2011, China published the Action Plan on Intellectual Property Protection for six consecutive years, putting in place over 1,000 concrete measures covering the fields of legislation, law enforcement, education and training, cultural communication and exchanges with the outside world. In 2010 China filed 12,295 applications for international patents in accordance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty, registering a growth rate of 55.6percent over 2009, which was the fastest increase in the world. China also rose from the fifth to the fourth place in terms of patent application in the world. At present, it is a common challenge facing all countries to strengthen foreign trade-related intellectual property protection, and a world trend to strengthen dialogue and cooperation in this area. The Chinese government will, under related international conventions and within its own legislative framework, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with other countries and regions for the healthy development of intellectual property.

提高出口商品的质量和安全要求。中国出口商品质量总体上不断提高，受到全球消费者欢迎和认可。2009年和2010年，经出入境检验检疫机构检验检疫的中国出口货物分别为1103.2万批和1305.4万批，不合格率分别为0.15%和0.14%；出口货值分别为4292.7亿美元和5521.8亿美元，不合格率分别为0.12%和0.13%。2010年，中国出口美国的食品为12.7万批，合格率99.53%；出口欧盟的食品13.8万批，合格率99.78%。日本厚生省进口食品监控统计报告显示，2010年日本对自中国进口的食品以20%的高比例进行抽检，抽检合格率为99.74%，高于同期对自美国和欧盟进口食品的抽检合格率。但是，中国国内仍有少数企业为降低成本而忽视商品质量和安全，也有一些外国进口商不讲质量和诚信，压低商品价格甚至直接授意中国生产商使用不合格原料。这些行为损害了“中国制造”的信誉。针对这些问题，中国政府近年来不断完善商品质量安全法律法规，加强了各环节监管，严厉查处少数违法违规造成质量问题的企业。2011年3月，中国启动“外贸商品质量提升年”活动，进一步健全外贸商品质量和安全的许可、认证和监督机制，提高了对出口商品质量与安全保障的效率。Enhancing the quality and safety requirements of export products. Generally speaking, the quality of China's export products is constantly improving, and they are becoming more and more popular among consumers around the world. In 2009 and 2010, 11.032 million batches and 13.054 million batches, respectively, of China's export products were examined by inspection and quarantine authorities, with only 0.15 percent and 0.14 percent being substandard; the export values totaled 429.27 billion U.S. dollars and 552.18 billion U.S. dollars, respectively, with 0.12 percent and 0.13 percent, respectively, found substandard. In 2010 China exported 127,000 batches of food to the United States, with 99.53 percent up to standard, and 138,000 batches to the European Union, with 99.78 percent up to standard. According to a report from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan on imported food, in 2010 tests on 20 percent of food imported from China found that 99.74 percent was up to standard, higher than that of food imported from the United States and European Union in the same period. However, a small number of Chinese enterprises still ignore product quality and safety to bring down cost, while some foreign importers turn a blind eye to quality and credibility, and try every means to bring down the price or even authorize Chinese producers to use substandard materials. All this harms the image of "made-in-China" products. To tackle these problems, in recent years, the Chinese government has improved laws and regulations on product quality and safety, strengthened supervision at every link, and strictly investigated and punished the few enterprises that had violated laws and regulations and caused quality problems. In March 2011, China launched the Year of Improving the Quality of Foreign Trade Products, through which it aimed to improve the mechanism of approval, certification and supervision of the quality and safety of foreign trade products, thereby enhancing the quality and safety of export products.

增强进出口企业的社会责任意识。随着对外开放不断扩大，越来越多的中国企业认识到，企业自身发展壮大的同时需要承担相应的社会责任。这不仅有利于社会和谐进步，也有利于提高企业竞争力和可持续发展能力。中国各级政府正通过倡导科学发展观和和谐社会理念，推动企业提高社会责任意识，尊重劳工权益，维护消费者权利，保护生态环境。同时，中国政府鼓励企业在进出口贸易中接受有关的社会责任标准，争取获得必要的社会责任认证。2008年新的《劳动合同法》及其实施条例施行以来，进出口企业普遍建立了“五险一金”（养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险、生育保险和住房公积金）制度。中国政府把增强企业社会责任作为推动外贸转型升级的一项重要任务，今后将加强对企业社会责任的宣传和培训，建立和健全进出口企业诚信管理体系，完善全社会对企业社会责任的监督，开展企业社会责任培育和管理的国际合作，推动进出口企业不断提高承担社会责任的水平。

Raising import and export enterprises' sense of social responsibility. As China opens wider to the outside world, more and more enterprises have

come to realize that along with development and expansion they should shoulder their corresponding social responsibilities. This can not only help promote social harmony and progress, but also enhance enterprises' competitiveness and capacity for sustainable development. Advocating the Scientific Outlook on Development and the idea of a harmonious society, Chinese governments at all levels encourage enterprises to enhance their sense of social responsibility, respect labor rights, safeguard consumers' rights and protect the ecological environment. In the meantime, the Chinese government encourages enterprises to accept relevant social responsibilities in the field of foreign trade and try to get necessary certifications. Since the new Law on Labor Contracts and its implementation regulations took effect in 2008, import and export enterprises have established the system of "five insurances" (old-age insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work injury insurance and maternity insurance), as well as a housing fund. The Chinese government regards it as an important task in the course of promoting foreign trade transformation and upgrading to enhance enterprises' sense of social responsibility. It is therefore determined to strengthen publicity and training in this regard, establish and improve a management system marked by integrity for import and export enterprises, improve public supervision on enterprises to make sure they fulfill their social responsibilities, carry out international cooperation in fostering and managing enterprises' sense of social responsibility, and call on import and export enterprises to constantly enhance their performance in this regard.

促进战略性新兴产业的国际合作。发展战略性新兴产业对于外贸转型升级和可持续发展具有重大意义。经过改革开放30多年的发展，中国综合国力明显增强，科技水平不断提高，工业体系逐步完备，战略性新兴产业发展有了坚实基础。但与发达国家相比，中国新兴产业仍然处在初步发展阶段。2008年国际金融危机之后，世界各主要经济体都在加速发展新兴产业，中国把发展战略性新兴产业作为产业振兴的一项重要任务。为了推动重点领域的发展，在发挥市场配置资源基础性作用的同时，中国政府加强政策引导，规范市场秩序，改善投资环境，鼓励企业提高技术创新能力。中国支持战略性新兴产业发展的基本政策符合国际贸易规则，愿加强与世界各国在科学研究、技术开发和能力建设等方面的交流，为开创新兴产业国际合作和发展的新局面共同努力。

Promoting international cooperation in emerging industries of strategic importance. To develop new strategic industries is of great significance for China to realize foreign trade transformation and upgrading, and sustainable development. After over 30 years of reform and opening up, China has seen its overall strength grow remarkably, its science and technology advancing and its industrial system improving markedly, laying a solid foundation for the development of emerging industries of strategic importance. However, compared to developed countries, these industries in China are still in their infancy. In the wake of the 2008 international financial crisis, all the world's major economies have been developing emerging industries at a faster pace, and China has taken the development of these industries as an important task in the course of its industrial rejuvenation. To promote the priority areas, while giving play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, the Chinese government has strengthened its policy guidance, regulated market order, improved its investment environment and encouraged enterprises to enhance their technological innovation capabilities. This basic policy of supporting emerging industries of strategic importance conforms to international trade rules. China is willing to strengthen communication with other countries in scientific research, technological development and capacity building, and work with them to create a new situation for international cooperation and development in emerging industries.

结束语

Conclusion

当前，国际金融危机深层次影响还在不断显露，世界经济复苏的长期性、艰巨性和复杂性更加凸显，全球经济结构和贸易格局面临着深刻调整。中国对外贸易也将进行新的调整，努力实现从规模扩张向质量和效益提高转变，从主要依赖低成本优势向增强综合竞争优势转变，从贸易大国向贸易强国转变。

At present, the underlying impact of the international financial crisis, the protracted, arduous and complicated nature of the world economic recovery is manifesting itself, and the global economic structure and trade layout face in-depth readjustment. China will make new adjustments to its foreign trade, in an effort to turn foreign trade from scale expansion to quality and profit improvement, and from mainly relying on its low-cost advantage to enhancing its comprehensive competitive edge, thereby turning China from a big trading country to a strong trading power.

中国对外贸易的发展，仍受到诸多不确定因素的制约，会遇到新的困难和压力。在“十二五”期间，中国将进一步扩大开放，以开放促改革、以开放促发展、以开放促创新，努力发挥自身优势，加强全方位国际合作，在更大范围、更广领域、更高层次融入世界经济。中国愿意与贸易伙伴一起，共同应对世界经济和贸易发展面临的各种挑战，推动对外贸易实现更平衡、更协调和可持续发展，与贸易伙伴共享繁荣，实现共赢。

China's foreign trade is still hampered by many uncertainties and is bound to meet new difficulties and challenges. During the 12th Five-year Plan period China will open itself wider to the outside world as a driver for further reform, development and innovation, make full use of its advantages, strengthen

international cooperation in all respects, and integrate itself into the world economy on a wider scale and at a higher level. China is willing to work with its trading partners to cope with the various challenges facing the world economy and trade, and promote its foreign trade to realize a more balanced, coordinated and sustainable development, and share prosperity and mutually-beneficial results with its trading partners.

2008全国外贸跟单员考试-实务操作试题(A卷)及答案

2008 外贸跟单操作实务试卷A 卷（含英语） 一、出口跟单操作题（共计80分） 根据以下业务背景资料，回答（一）～（五）题的相关问题。 福建明宇鞋帽进出口公司（简称“明宇公司”，下同），于2008年8月10日收到日本SOVSYOKU CO.,LTD.以E-MAIL 形式发来的采购拖鞋（slipper ）订单，交货期为2008年9月25日前。明宇公司于8月12日将该订单安排给长期协作单位泉州荣达制鞋厂（简称“荣达制鞋”，下同）生产，要求其在9月12日完成生产。为了能在订单要求时间内出运，明宇公司与荣达制鞋制定详细的生产进度计划，确定具体的生产周期为30天。同时，指派外贸跟单员刘方具体负责该订单的跟进。 SOVSYOKU CO.,LTD. PURCHASE ORDER TEL ：0081-0120-489－709 FAX ：0081-025－248－6620 No balance payment will be made unless this purchase order number appears on invoice and packing list. DATE AUG-10-2008 We hereby agree to buy and the seller agrees to sell and / or manufacture the following merchandise(s) on the 2．表格中的A 为鞋帮帮面材料；B 为鞋帮帮里材料；C 为鞋中底材料；D 为鞋大底材料。] REMARKS ： 1. Payment will be delayed if this purchase order is not signed & returned to us by Fax/E-mail before shipment. 2. Samples: pre-production sample:two pairs per style must be submitted before production. shipment sample:five pairs per style must be submitted 10 days before shipment by OCS.

中国对外贸易概论期末试卷一及答案

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一、选择题（前．10．．道题为单项选择 ．．．．．．，每题2分，少选、多 ．．．．．．．，每题1分。后．5．题为多项选择 选或选错皆不得分。本大题共20分。） 1. 以下（）不是二战后国际贸易的显著特征。 A．“垂直分工型”的国际贸易趋于相对萎缩 B．发达国家之间“水平分工型”的国际贸易则迅速扩大 C．对外贸易以“国内生产—国际销售”的方式为主 D．“产业内贸易”成为发展最为迅猛的国际贸易领域 2．目前，中国进出口关税主要采取（） A．从量税 B．从价税 C．混合税 D．选择税 3. 我国对外贸易商品结构进入“加速转型”时期（即工业制成品在我国进出口贸易中占据 主要地位）是在（） A．1950－1957年 B．1958－1977年 C．1978-1988年 D．1988-1995年 4. 比较利益学说的科学基石是（） A．劳动价值论 B．绝对成本论 C．机会成本论 D．国际大循环理论 5．影响进出口商品价格的主要因素是（） A．商品成本 B．供求关系 C．竞争机制 D．贸易政策

6．同种商品的国内价值高于或低于国际价值，称为( )。 A.绝对差异 B.比较差异 C.国别价格差异 D.国别价值差异 7．我国对外贸易发展的一大“瓶颈”是（） A.自然资源相对匮乏 B.劳动生产率较低 C.资本要素稀缺 D.生产设备落后 8．欧盟对华贸易摩擦多数起因于（） A．技术性贸易摩擦 B．制度性贸易摩擦 C．遏制型贸易摩擦 D．连锁反应性贸易摩擦 9．我国对外贸易的根本大法是( ) A.《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》 B.《中华人民共和国对外贸易法实施条例》 C.《中华人民共和国进出口关税条例》 D.《海关法》 10．《国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》提出，到2010年我国要实现货物贸易总进出口总额达到（）亿美元的战略目标。 A．2.0 万 B．2.1 万 C．2.2 万 D．2.3 万 1. 凯恩斯的“叹收法”（absorption approach）公式：Y＝C＋I＋G＋（X－M），其中（X－M）表示的是（）

中国对外贸易概论 电大作业

教育部人才培养模式 改革和开放教育试点 中国对外贸易概论 形成性考核册 中央广播电视大学 学校名称： 学生姓名： 学生学号： 班级：

一、名词解释 1．对外贸易量 2．专门贸易体系： 二、判断 （）1、我国的对外贸易性质是社会主义的。 （）2、对外开放的最根本内容是引进外资。 （）3、旧中国对外贸易长期出超和等价交换。 （）4、十一届三中全会以前，对外贸易在我国国民经济中处于调剂余缺的辅助地位。（）5、国际分工是生产力发展的前提。 （）6、马克思的再生产理论从价值形态上论证我国发展经贸事业的重要性和必要性。（）7、马克思的国际价值理论中的“绝对差异”是指两个国家，两种商品的国际贸易模型中，两国中有一国两种商品的国内价值均绝对低于国际价值 （）8、无论是存在绝对优势还是比较优势，都必须同时进行进出口双向循环一国才可以在国际贸易中获益。 （）9、根据马克思的社会再生产理论，发展对外贸易可以实现对外事物形态的转换，满足扩大再生产的要素比例要求，实现高水平的国民经济综合平衡。 （）10、按照马克思的国际价值理论，如果一国参与国际贸易，则必是因为其在某种商品生产上具有绝对高于其他任何国家的劳动生产率。 三、选择题

1、下列哪一个不是按企业管理形式分类的外贸企业？（） A、总经理负责制 B、书记领导下的经理负责制 C、董事会领导下的经理负责制 D、生产企业经理负责制 2、下列哪一个不属于对象国分类的国外对华贸易摩擦？（） A、隐蔽性贸易摩擦 B、制度性贸易摩擦 C、遏制型贸易摩擦 D、连琐反应性贸易摩擦 3、下列哪一个不属于商业信用？（） A、出口商对进口商提供的商业信贷 B、保险公司对出口商提供的商业信贷 C、进口商对出口商提供的商业信贷 D、经纪人对出口商提供的商业信贷 4、下列哪一个不是我国对外贸易宏观调控的依据？（） A、根据我国的对外贸易法律法规和政策来管理对外贸易活动 B、依照国际惯例和世界贸易组织的有关规则、国际经贸协议要求，对对外贸易活动进行调控 C、依据我国的国家经济安全和外交利益需要，调控对外贸易活动 D、依据我国外交政策，调控对外贸易活动 5、下列哪一个不属于外汇收入结汇制内容？（） A、结汇范围 B、出口贸易外汇收入的结汇 C、出口收汇核销规定 D、出口分红 四、简答题 1．国际贸易产生的基本条件。 2．服务贸易的特点。

最新浅谈中国对外贸易的发展战略

浅谈中国对外贸易的发展战略 摘要：当前中国外贸发展面临的环境是很有利的。世界经济贸易开始持续温和复苏，发达国家的经济贸易低速增长，而发展中国家经济贸易增速较快，远远快于发达国家。从国内经济形势来看，我国经济持续高速增长，固定资产投资加快增长，外商投资规模不断扩大，经济结构的升级不断加快，我国的综合经济实力不断上升，特别是党的十六大提出要全面建立小康社会，为我国经济的持续发展增加了动力。在这种形势下我国对外贸易发展呈现了一些新的特点。 关键词：对外贸易发展战略 一、中国对外贸易特点 当前中国外贸发展面临的环境是很有利的。世界经济贸易开始持续温和复苏，发达国家的经济贸易低速增长，而发展中国家经济贸易增速较快，远远快于发达国家。从国内经济形势来看，我国经济持续高速增长，固定资产投资加快增长，外商投资规模不断扩大，经济结构的升级不断加快，我国的综合经济实力不断上升，特别是党的十六大提出要全面建立小康社会，为我国经济的持续发展增加了动力。在这种形势下我国对外贸易发展呈现了一些新的特点。 （一）中国对外贸易持续快速增长，成为世界经济贸易发展的一大亮点。中国加入世贸组织后，对外经济贸易的环境有了很大的改善，产生了积极的效应。

（二）我国加工贸易的发展，推动我国经济结构的升级。改革开放以来加工贸易一直是我国吸引外资、发展经济、提升经济结构、提高我国国际竞争力的一种主要方式。 （三）我国进出口商品结构进一步优化，工业制成品进出口规模不断扩大，推动了我国经济向工业化社会的转变，我国工业制成品出口的贸易比较优势也越来越明显。近年来，随着我国经济向工业化社会转变，我国工业制成品出口大幅增长，占出口的比重不断增加，成为带动出口增长主要因素。 （四）我国进出口贸易方式向多样化发展。 （五）我国的出口市场呈现多元化发展趋势。由于我加入了世界贸易组织，充分利用世贸规则，在世界贸易组织中积极发挥作用并积极的推进区域和世界经济一体化，我国的出口市场多元化战略取得了明显的成果。 （六）虽然外资企业仍然是外贸出口的主力军，但随着民营经济逐渐发展成为国民经济重要组成力量，他们在对外贸易方面发挥着越来越重要作用。 （七）出口加工区正成为我国对外贸易发展的新的增长点。为了推进出口结构的优化，国家加强了对出口加工区的政策支持和管理，促进了出口加工区的健康发展。国的外贸出口的增长和出口产品结构的优化起了很大的推动作用。

中国对外贸易概论考试复习题

2010-2011学年第二学期《中国对外贸易概论》考试复习题 本复习题适用于本学期的期末考试，所列题目为期末试卷试题的出题范围。本次期末考试题型分为五种：名词解释；单、多项选择题；填空题；简答题；论述题。 一、名词解释： 1、对外贸易； 2、国际价值； 5、非歧视原则、“绿箱”措施； 7、进出口商品价格、商品价格体系； 8、对外贸易经济效益； 9、经济调节手段、浮动汇率制度、进出口信贷、关税配额管理； 12、“以质取胜”战略 二、单、多项选择题 （一）单项选择题 4、在对外开放政策内容中，决定我国对外开放程度和范围的是（）。 A、开展对外承包工程 B、发展出口贸易 C、引进先进技术和设备 D、利用外资 5、为缩小地区间经济发展差距，实行全方位开放，1999年我国提出实施（）。 A、科技兴贸战略 B、沿海地区经济发展战略 C、西部大开发战略 D、走出去战略 6、我国外汇收入最重要的来源是（）。 A、服务出口 B、货物出口 C、对外承包工程 D、对外劳务合作 8、为提高出口商品竞争力，保持对外贸易发展后劲，我国应大力发展的出口产品是（）。 A、创汇农产品 B、矿产品 C、高科技产品 D、轻纺产品 10、为了提升出口商品结构，加快我国由贸易大国向贸易强国转变，我国于1999年提出实施（）。 A、出口市场多元化战略 B、大经贸战略 C、科技兴贸战略 D、走出去战略 12、《对外贸易法》规定的首要原则是（）。 A、实行全国统一的对外贸易制度原则 B、维护公平、自由的对外贸易秩序原则 C、货物与技术自由进出口的原则 D、对外贸易促进原则 15、被世贸组织视为透明度最高的对外贸易调节工具是（）。 A、价格 B、关税 C、配额 D、汇率 18、根据《出口货物退（免）税管理办法》规定，我国出口产品应退税种为（）。 A、所得税与消费税 B、增值税与消费税 C、关税与增值税 D、消费税与关税 20、我国进出口商品对外作价的首要原则是（）。 A、结合国别地区政策作价 B、按国际市场价格水平作价 C、结合购销意图作价 D、根据商品生产成本作价 （二）多项选择题 5、我国对外开放政策最主要的内容有（）。 A、发展对外贸易 B、开展对外承包工程

中国对外贸易概论试卷

全国高等教育自学考试 中国对外贸易试题（一） 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 1、第一次将“对外开放”作为我国的对外经济政策公之于世的是（ C ）。A． B． C． D．周恩来 2、我国在哪个计划中提出了以实现“两个转变”为核心容的出口商品战略（ B ）。A．“六五”计划 B．“七五”计划 C．“八五”计划 D．“九五”计划 3、社会主义经济体制的主体是（ A ）。 A．公有制 B．私有制 C．公有制、私有制并存 D．多种所有制 4、我国现行的汇率制度是（ B） A．有管理的单一固定汇率制 B．有管理的单一浮动汇率制 C．有管理的双轨浮动汇率制 D．有管理的自由浮动汇率制 5、（A）位于服务贸易立法的最高层次。 A．《外贸法》 B．《服务贸易总协定》 C．《反不正当竞争法》 D．《中国人民银行法》 6、从1979~1991年，这一时期我国的关税政策是（ B）。 A．全面保护关税 B．由“全面保护”向“有区别的保护”转变C．适度开放与适度保护相结合1992年以后 D．适度保护关税1985年实行的7、出口退税适用的货物必须是（ C ） A．营业税征收围的货物 B．非贸易性的出口货物 C．贸易性的出口货物 D．理论上做出口销售的产品 8、法制社会行政管理的在要（ A ） A．政府依法行政 B．行政管理符合国际规外部约束 C．行政管理具有公开性 CD 公平、高效的必要条件 D．行政管理具有稳定性 9、我国进口许可证的归口管理部门是（ C ） A．外交部 B．财政部 C．商务部 D．财经委员会 10、出口许可证的发放必须讲求（A） A．时效性 B．规性 C．谨慎性 D．统一性 11、专利权与（ A ）合称工业产权。 A．商标专用权 B．专有技术 C．商业秘密 D．技术服务 12、近年来，在我国引进技术的各类企业中，引进额最多的一类企业是（ D ）。A．集体企业 B．国有企业 C．民营企业 D．外资企业 13、世界组织第一个有关国际服务贸易的法律性文件是（A）。 A．《服务贸易总协定》 B．《关税与贸易总协定》

中国对外贸易概论复习提纲

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