北京师范大学
Part I Listening Comprehension
（略）
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Passage One
It's navel gazing time again, that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives. But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection, we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question: Does it really do any good?
The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter: "Self-contemplation is a curse that makes an old confusion worse." As a psychologist, I think Roethke had a point, one that's supported by a growing body of controlled psychological studies.
In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft, a clinical psychologist, and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist, people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was, and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship. People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis; they just gave their gut reactions.
It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt, and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the out-come of their relationships.
In fact, we found the reverse. It was the people in the "gut feeling" group whose ratings predicted whether they were still dating their partner several months later. As for the navel gazers, their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all. Rather, too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.
Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down. Research by Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, a clinical psychologist at Yale University, shows that when people are depressed, ruminating on their problems makes things worse.
For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road. But did it do any good? In an extensive review of the research, a team led by Richard McNally, a clinical psychologist at Harvard, concluded that debriefing procedures have little benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process. People often distract themselves from thinking about painful events right after they occur, and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.
16.According to the author, why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?
A. They want to know if they get prepared for the future.
B. They consider it beneficial to their future lives.
C. They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.
D. They overemphasize their progress in the past year.
17.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that ______.
A. people need self-reflection when they feel blue
B. people are reluctant to confide in romantic partners
C. people may be more depressed by recalling the painful past
D. people would become sober when clearing up the confusions
18.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that
_____.
A. meditation can keep the relationship at its peak
B. retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partner
C. specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationship
D. thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship
19.The phrase "the navel gazers" in Paragraph 5 refers to people who ______.
A. boast of their own success
B. hesitate in romantic relationships
C. worry about their future
D. focus on their past
20.Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?
A. Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.
B. Provide them with consultation about their jobs.
C. Help them figure out what has happened.
D. Discuss with them how to do it better next time.
Passage Two
Public speaking fills most people with dread. Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second. Women hate it most, since gifts are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.
Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.
While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself. Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.
Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana's funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally. In script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn't work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.
I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness
and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.
The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness,
providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of "flow", as psychologists call it, is very satisfying. Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.
21.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is _______.
A. looking foolish
B. failing in words
C. not attracting attention
D. appearing pressurized
22.According to the passage shy people_______.
A. have greater difficulty than extrovert ones
B. are not good at acting
C. may well do a good job in a speech
D. are better speakers in the public eye
23. A successful speech maker is usually one who______.
A. can act naturally
B. makes careful preparations
C. rehearses adequately
D. can get across easily
24.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph 6 shows a failure in_______.
A, showing modesty in public B. talking about one's own trade
C. presenting the topic logically
D. communicating with the audience
25."Shallow depth" in the last paragraph implies_______.
A. being yourself in the performance
B. trying to look serious
C. pretending to be well-prepared
D. being seemingly knowledgeable
Passage Three
Granted, it's a pretty serious time to be living on this planet. Insane terrorists, political fingerprinting, a string of awful hurricanes, you name it, all filling the headlines with grim reminders that life aren't so peachy. Even reading the smaller stories in national publications seems to indicate that the world is run by grown-ups, and they're busy taking the fun out of everything.
The other day I was browsing through one of those magazines that explain serious science news to us dumbbells, and came across an item which announced that two different companies have perfected a pill that contains all the good-for-you stuff found in a glass of red wine and is completely non-alcoholic.
Now I'm sure there are other adults out there who, like me, were pleasantly surprised to learn that a little tipple of pinot noir with the roast duckling might not turn one into a slobbering drunk but may actually be beneficial to your health. The news was a single candle, lit in a world of darkness, easing a tiny part of that big rock of guilt we constantly lug uphill.
Of course, the minute the news got around, some Italian scientists began putting that age-old innocent beverage through a freeze-drying process that preserved the benefits while removing the alcohol along with all that unnecessary enjoyment. Swell news for teetotalers, but just another indication that our main focus is on getting through each grim day without a moment of relief.
Sound far-fetched? Even comic books (a main source of amusement, when I was a tad) have become literary vehicles for philosophical messages. I figure it's all a big plot. Something probably cooked up by mommies and dictators and insurance companies and people who play their boom boxes too loudly. Just to make sure that you and I are prevented from squeezing a
dollop of guilt-free enjoyment from a modest amount of fermented grape juice.
Mark my words, the next great leap in science won't be in the field of cloning or DNA research or rocket science. What they'll do is develop a way to turn a big juicy standing rib roast into a pinch of tasteless grey protein-packed powder you can sprinkle on a piece of white bread and have for dinner. Remember: just because we're paranoid don't mean they ain't out to get US.
26.When the author says, "the world is run by grown-ups, and they're busy taking the fun out of
everything," he means to say ______.
A. they are busy making fun to their people
B. they have become more and more friendly to their people
C. they are doing things disregard of the ways things develop themselves
D. they are occupied everyday with trivial instead of key issues of the world
27.In Paragraphs 2 and 3 the author wants to say that ______.
A. people nowadays become more interested in science matters
B. the researchers nowadays are more interested in developing all the good-for-you stuff
C. some people want to find things which are beneficial to their health
D. people nowadays tend to overstate and publicize what they have done
28.The word "cooked up" (in Paragraph 5) probably is used in the context means _______.
A. food-prepared
B. falsely-prepared
C. concocted
D. carefully done
29.Which of the following can be a proper summary of the last paragraph of the passage?
A.The world will soon be made unbelievable by the groundless cooked-up miracles and
wonders.
B.There will be more and more people in the world who will become cheaters.
C.There will be more and more people who will be able to create what seemed impossible
years ago.
D.Nobody knows what the future world would be like with the fast development of
modern science and technology.
30.The tune of the author in this passage sounds about what he says ______.
A. fully confident
B. highly positive
C. fully suspicious
D. emotionally discriminative
Passage Four
I was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.
Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners' first or home languages or dialects and in
their morality?
Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and represented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of "sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings". Literacy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education textbooks on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community based dialogic perspective?
31. A literacy animator is one who ______.
A. struggles for a more meaningful life
B. flees people from poverty and illiteracy
C. is committed to marginalize the illiterate
D. is concerned with what is behind illiteracy
32.The author suggests that literacy educators in the U.S. in a way ______.
A. promote students' home languages
B. force students to accept their culture
C. teach nothing but reading and writing
D. consider literacy as of non-neutral nature
33.Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to ______.
A. teach American customs and ideology
B. make a choice of culture to be fostered
C. reject the values of the dominant class
D. help maintain Nigerian language and culture
34.According to the author, "choral reading" may represent ______.
A. individualism
B. collectivism
C. competition
D. immersion
35.Animator ideology emphasizes more on _______.
A. the social function of literacy
B. students' performance in tests
C. the dominant group's language
D. the attainment of life skills
Passage Five
According to one survey or 12,000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Year's resolutions say they don't even keep them into February. And only about 1 in 5 actually stays on track for six months or more, reports e Diets. Com, a consumer diet and fitness Web site.
But don't let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if you're struggling now.
"The motivation comes from within, and so when you find that you're declining in your healthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, 'Is this going to get me the results that I want?' "says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist.
"And if you're doing something every day to eat healthy, then that's going to pay off in the long run."
Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90-10 eating rule.
"If you're eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cut yourself some slack and eat pleasurably."
She says she believes that "healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution."
The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too.
Staying motivated is key to long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program.
Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes. After a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping into your routine.
Setting goals too high is another common mistake, "If you're not running a marathon at the end of the month, don't worry," say Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workout--and the resulting pain and stiffness--is discouraging and may force most to abandon a program. Starting slowly is key.
But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside, Uria says to start up again immediately.
"A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride... Drive toward that goal," he says.
36.According to the author, only about 20% people keeping their resolutions does not
necessarily mean that _______.
A. the figure is rather depressing and unexpected as well
B. those who have made their resolution should give up their effort
C. whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chips
D. long-term resolutions are not important for those facing troubles
37.What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule according to the passage?
A. You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time.
B. You should feel to eat 10% of the time.
C. You should learn to eat healthy gradually.
D. Sudden change will be more efficient and effective.
38.Which of the following you should avoid keeping yourself interested in exercise?
A. Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired.
B. Keeping boredom away from your daily activity.
C. Making a schedule with too high goals in it.
D. Running a marathon at the beginning of the month.
39.How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution?
A. Four.
B. Five.
C. Six.
D. Seven.
40.What is critically important in making long-term resolutions successful?
A. You should be struggling with yourself all the time.
B. You should constantly evaluate the results you want.
C. You should try to keep yourself motivated.
D. You should try your best to diversify your fitness practice.
Passage Six
Many things make people think artists are weird--the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists' only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art,
like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.
Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his "Ode to Joy". In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modem times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy: Since these messages have an agenda--to pry our wallets from our pockets--they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的)."Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.
What we forget--what our economy depends on us forgetting--is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is OK not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Norway need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.
41.What is most strange about artists?
A. They wear special clothes.
B. They rarely work in the daytime.
C. They mainly depict distressing things.
D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.
42.What does the author mean by "a stretch"?
A. A terrible thing.
B. An exaggeration.
C. A continuous period of time.
D. An exception.
43.The example that "Ode to Joy" was used in Burgess's novel is meant to illustrate that _____
A. musicians and novelists share similar artistic taste
B. violent people have a strong desire to be happy
C. serious art is often contradictory with happiness
D. music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike
44.The word "Celebrex" in the advertisement _______
A. misleads people into buying dangerous drugs
B. reminds people of a cheerful feeling
C. boasts of the effectiveness of a drug
D. comes from a religious term
45.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?
A. The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied
B. There are many new products designed for the forgetful
C. People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness
D. We pay heavily for forgetting things easily
Part III Translation and Writing (55%)
Section A Translation (40%)
Translate the following into Chinese:
(1) Academic circles had long recognized that regulatory agencies were often "captured" by a regulated industry. The public would become aroused by the revelation of an abuse in a certain industry and a regulatory agency would be created, staffed initially by people responsive to the public interest, or at least highly critical of the industry. But eventually, public attention would turn to other problems, and only the regulated industry itself would maintain an interest in who was appointed to the agency and what decisions it rendered. In the long run, people sympathetic to the regulated industry would be appointed to the regulatory agency, and rulings would be made in the interest of the industry rather than in the interest of the public.
(2) In recent years there has been considerable discussion of the relation between science and the humanities. The differences in attitudes are related in part to the different objectives of science and the humanities. In gross terms, one objective of science is to achieve precise and parsimonious statements about the structure and processes of the animate and inanimate world. Ideally, these statements allow us to describe, understand, and predict something about that world. As stated earlier, elegance or aesthetic appeal have their place in the world of the scientist, but these qualities can be expressed in terms of precision and parsimony. A primary objective of the humanities is to enrich the life of the beholder by arousing some sensual experience, emotion, or feeling. Some of these feelings are quite complex and intricate, and need developing an activity that requires a great deal of talent. There are a number of ways in which the humanities and sciences are alike. One of the principal likenesses is/the motivations for both groups.
Translate the following into English:
筷子是中餐桌上最有特色的用餐工具。几千年来我们中国人一直视筷子为一种可以将饭从碗中逐口送入口中的最简单同时也是最有效的工具。全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而用材的种类则各有不同，选材包括竹子、木材、象牙、塑料、铝、银、金等。特长的竹筷通常为厨房用筷。过去人们用嵌有银器的木筷来测试是否有人在餐中下毒，因为银器碰到一些有毒品会起变色反应。
Section B Writing (15%)
Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.
A tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote. Tools, found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2,600,000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.
The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival. Rudely fractured stones, first "found" and later "made" by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool were a "knife" of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub. In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety of single-purpose tools came into
being. With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10,000 years ago, the many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization; the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4,000 years ago.
The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some forms of cutting. Tile presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools, and the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges. Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting -- the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.
It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implements as the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding. A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square and others. Power tools—usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw--perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools. Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.
During the evolution of tools over more than 2,000,000 years, using as principal materials. Successively stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools. Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general--purpose tool, the nearly formless chopper. With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modem forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.
The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers. A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool desired or proportioned for one job and one material.
参考答案与解析
Part I Listening Comprehension
(略)
PartⅡReading Comprehension(30％)
Passage One
16.B．细节题。第1段第1句提到每年的一段特定时间里我们中有许多人都要将注意力转
到我们的内心世界，主要目的就是思考如何来提高我们的生活。
17.C．推断题。作者在第2段提到诗人Theodore Roethke对内省有其独到的见解，他认为，
“自省是使原有心理状态更为混乱的祸根”。作者作为一名心理学家，十分同意Roethke 的观点，这个观点也得到了大量的心理学研究的验证。
18.D．推理判断题。文章第5段谈到了作者与其他两位心理学家的研究结果。作者提到，
那些对自己恋情作出本能的情感反应的人最终预测到了他们几个月后是否还能与其恋
人继续交往。
19.D．词汇理解题。文章第5段提到了作为Theodore Roethke被测试的两组人，一组是the
“gut feeling” people；另一组人是the navel gazer。文章第1段一开始就提到过类似的词navel gazing time，即“自我反省思考的时间”，根据上下文的理解，可推断出该词就是对navel gazing的同义转述。所以选项D“着眼于过去的人”与原文的意思最为贴切。
20.A．推断题。文章最后一段提到消防队员都要进行一系列的压力缓解过程，这样做可以
使他们心情好些，可以阻止精神疾病的发生。最后作者强调：人们经常把注意力从刚刚发生过的痛苦的事情中分散出来，这样比一味地去重温这段经历好得多。选项A最贴近文章的意思。
Passage Two
21.A．细节题。文章第1段开篇就提到演讲使大多数人都深感恐惧。人们最怕的就是丢面
子。故选项A“看上去很愚蠢”为正确答案。
22.C．推断题。文章第3段提到，虽然性格外向的人面对考验能稍显轻松，但这并非表明
他一定会做得更好。有些性格腼腆的人在演讲中往往能够发挥出色。性格无法预示演讲的成败。
23.A．细节题。文章第3段最后一句话提到无论你在现实生活中是什么样子，关键是表现
自然，不要矫揉造作。
24.B．推断题。文章中的例子都是用来证明作者的某个观点，所以考生需要联系文章的上
文来理解和判断。文章第5段最后一句话，第6段中谈到的英国心理学家RDLaing的例子其实就是来说明这个观点的。文章提到这位心理学家总是发表一些即兴的讲话，完全不顾及观众的感受，就好像在表现而并非在向观众解释一样。
25.A．词汇理解题。文章主要讲了两种演讲的方式是不可取的：一是准备的过于认真仔细，
使得演讲太像表演，以至于观众怀疑其真实性；二是太过真实了，太自然，太不留心于观众交流的需求了。而真正成功的演讲应该是介于这两者之间的，即文章最后一段提到的演讲中要保持一种自然的自我意识状态。
Passage Three
26.C．本题可从第3段作者的putting that age-old innocent beverage等词可以判断作者觉得
这些人disregard of the ways things develop themselves。
27.D．从第2、3段作者叙述时用的词语contains all the good-for-you stuff和pleasantly
surprised to learn that，可以看出作者认为人们有些夸大和宣扬他们所做的事。
28.C．cook up编造，捏造；concoct捏造，编造，虚构。
29.A．作者在上一段已经讲到他们cook up something，最后一段又举了turn rib roastinto a
pinch of powder的例子说明groundless cooked-up miracles。选项A正确。
30.D．从文中作者的用词可以看出：作者对这些所谓的新科学发明持消极态度，甚至从感
情上比较轻视。
Passage Four
31.B．文章第1段提到，从事literacy animator的人都是deeply concerned and committed
people…the marginalized，即他们由于反对贫穷而将自己投身于帮助这群处于社会边缘的文盲的事业中。他们的目的是：帮助那些想过有意义生活的人实现自我教育。因此选项B正确。
32.B．文章第2段首先提到Arigbede认为literacy animators必须针对不同的工作对象审慎
地选择培养他们什么样的文化和思想意识。随后作者又提出疑问：美国的文化教育工作
者是否考虑过教授的内容与学生的traditional cultures or community相冲突。因此我们可以推测在美国literacy animators并没有考虑到这方面的因素，只是一味地传授自己的文化。
33.D．作者首先在第2段，然后在第3段中又着重论述到：文化教育应该帮助那些被迫接
受主流文化的少数群体保持自己特有的语言和文化。
34.B．文章第3段中主要是把choral reading和the practice of having one student read out loud
to the group作对比，由后面的个人表演我们可以推测choral reading应该是选项B(集体主义)。
35.D．由第1题题解可知，literacy animator主要目的是想帮人摆脱贫困，而第1段中又指
出他们并不是出于对文化的热爱，而只是把其看作实际的生存技能。
Passage Five
36.B．文章第1段首先用数字说明只有很少的人能够坚持自己的计划，但第2段笔锋一转
提出专家认为you can keep those resolutions long term，even if you're struggling now，再结合下文的论述可知，作者认为不应该放弃自己的决心。
37.A．The 90-10 eating rule是说如果你90％的时间都吃得很健康，那么另外的10％的时
间你就可以随便吃，也就是说，你必须有90％的时间是健康饮食的，而另外10％的时间没有特别的限制。
38.C．文章后半部分在谈到保持运动的动力时提到setting goals too high is another common
mistake，同时指出Starting slowly is key。故选项C为答案。
39.A．这4项包括：reviewing original goals，adding variety to a fitness regime，starting slowly
和start up again immediately。
40.C．文章无论是谈论饮食方面还是运动方面都是从motivation的角度出发。故答案为选
项C。
Passage Six
41.C．本题是一道细节事实题。原文的第1句话就说，很多事情让人们觉得艺术家很古怪，
而最古怪的可能是：他们唯一的工作就是探究各种情感，而且他们偏偏着重的是那些令人痛苦的感觉。这一道题考查的其实就是对词汇lousy的认识。这个词的意思是very painful or unpleasant“非常痛苦的或不，喻快的”。因此，正确答案应该是选项C。42.B．本题是一道词汇题。这句话说：当然也有过例外，但在过去的一个多世纪里，说严
肃艺术与快乐的感觉格格不入，这话并不是一种stretch。使语句通顺而且符合语境的只有B。再有原文说serious art has been at war with happiness，at way这个短语字面含义是“处于战争状态”，引申的意思是“格格不入”或“过不去”，用的很夸张。
43.C．本题是一道例证题。我们知道，给出一个例子的目的不是说明一个事实，而是通过
这个例子来说明某种观点。“欢乐颂”出现在第2段只有一句话，第1句就是本段的观点：严肃艺术与欢乐的感觉格格不入。接下来用伯格斯小说的这个实例来说明这个观点。
考例证题的关键是能否找到例子说明的观点或者支持此观点的例子，而非能否看懂例子本身。
44.B．本题是一道推理题。说到广告，人们大致会想到吹捧、误导一类的可能，这是选项
A和C的干扰性所在。第4段末尾提到这种叫作Celebrex的药物时，确实提到了这种药的副作用，说“我们发现它(这种药物)可能会提高患心脏病的风险”。本文的主题又是讨论关于欢乐和痛苦的问题，因此选项B为正确答案。
45.C．原文最后一段的第1句话讲到：我们所忘记的——我们的经济正是依赖于我们对此
的忘记——是快乐并非仅仅就是没有痛苦的愉悦。言下之意，人们认为快乐是没有痛苦的，是可以轻易地获得的，即快乐可以轻易地买到，而我们的经济正依赖于此。
Part Ⅲ Translation and Writing(55％)
Section A Translation(40％)
Translate the following into Chinese：
(1)学术界很早就认识到调节机构经常会被管制行业所俘虏。人们通常会意识到某一行业的
弊端，这时就会建立一个调节机构，这种机构是由公众利益负责人或者至少是该行业的重要人物组成。但最终，公众注意会转移到其他问题上，那时就只有管制行业自身会对诸如谁被指派到机构工作，机构会作出什么样的决策之类的问题感兴趣。从长远来看，赞同调节机构的人通常会被委派到机构，规则则会从行业的利益而不是从公众的利益出发来制定。
(2)近年来，人们对于自然科学与人文科学之间的关系的讨论相当多。某种程度上来讲，态
度的不同与自然和人文科学的目标不同有关。总体而言，自然科学的一个目标是对生命世界和无生命世界构造和进化的精确简洁陈述。理想化地讲，这些陈述能使我们描述、理解和预测一些事情。早些时候人们提到，科学家们呼吁幽雅和美学，但是这些特性能够精确和简洁地表达出来。人文科学的首要目标是通过引起一些感觉、情感，或者知觉来丰富人们的生活。有些感觉相当复杂难解，需要进行一项要求才智比较多的活动。自然科学和人文科学在很多方面还是相像的。两者的主要相似点之一是它们的研究动机。
Translate the following into English:
Chopsticks are the most distinctive eating tool at the Chinese dining table. For thousands of years we Chinese have always regarded chopsticks as the simplest possible and the most efficient tool for transporting food from a bowl to the mouth. Chopsticks, which are roughly uniform in size throughout China, can be made of a variety of materials, including bamboo, wood, ivory, plastic, aluminum, silver and gold. Special long bamboo chopsticks are generally used in the kitchen. In the past, wooden chopsticks inlaid with silver thread were used to test whether poison was put in a meal, since silver reacts to a number of poisonous substances by changing its color.
Section B Writing (15%)
（略）
北航考博辅导班：2019北京航空航天大学光学工程考博难度解析及 经验分享 根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，全国开设57所光学工程专业的大学参与了2018-2019光学工程专业大学排名，其中排名第一的是浙江大学，排名第二的是华中科技大学，排名第三的是天津大学。 作为北京航空航天大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，北京航空航天大学的光学工程一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第十一。 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京航空航天大学光学工程考博相关内容。 一、专业介绍 光学工程是一门历史悠久而又年轻的学科。它的发展表征着人类文明的进程。它的理论基础——光学，作为物理学的主干学科经历了漫长而曲折的发展道路，铸造了几何光学、波动光学、量子光学及非线性光学，揭示了光的产生和传播的规律和与物质相互作用的关系。 北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院博士招生专业 专业代码及名称：14、080300 光学工程 考试科目详细内容，请咨询招生学院。 二、综合考核 北京航空航天大学光学工程专业博士研究生招生为资格审查加综合考核形式。其中，综合考核内容为: 复试以综合面试的方式进行差额录取。学院按学科（专业）成立复试专家组（定向生除外），由不少于5人的本学科（专业）或相近学科（专业）的博士生导师组成，对参加复试的考生进行综合考核，主要评价学生视野、实际应用知识能力及培养潜力。 复试成绩满分300分。复试成绩低于180分为不合格，不予录取。 综合面试环节主要内容和形式如下： （1) 思政考核：不合格者不予录取。 （2）外语水平（满分100分）； 英文自我介绍，随机的英语提问和回答，考核英语听说能力。 （3）专业知识考核（满分：100分） 全面考核考生对所学学科(专业)理论知识和应用技能掌握程度，利用所学理论发现、分
华北电力大学考博英语阅读真题及其精解There are many reasons why London is an attractive place in which to live and to do international business:the time zone,English,the shops,the theatre--and the taxes.A loophole in Britain's law allows many foreigners to avoid paying tax on income generated outside Britain or on the disposal of foreign assets. In most countries,a foreign resident's"domicile"(home country) status is determined by objective criteria.In Britain,it's largely up to the foreigner.So a Greek shipowner who has lived in Britain for years but says that he intends to move back to Athens when circumstances permit is treated differently from one who says he intends to settle in Britain. This rule helps explain why so many rich foreigners choose to live in a city with such rotten weather and congested roads.At least60,000 are reckoned to benefit from the loophole;and their considerable investments in the better streets of Belgravia,Mayfair and Hampstead have injected many millions into the top end of the property market. If they pulled out,nasty things could happen to the price of Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi penthouses. So there has been considerable alarm in monied circles since Gordon Brown declared that he was going to review the rules in last April's budget.The review is expected this year.
教育心理学》作业 选择题（每题1分，共15题） 1、由桑代克和吴伟士提出的学习迁移理论是( )。B A. 形式训练说 B. 共同要素说 C. 概括化理论 D. 关系理论 2、心理练习对动作技能的影响是( )B A. 对技能的改进没有帮助 B. 取决于任务的性质 C. 有显著作用 D. 不明确 3、由某些具体的道德情境引起的初级的态度体验叫( )A A. 道德情绪 B. 道德情感 C. 道德情操 D. 道德意志 4、学习活动中最稳定、最可靠、最持久的推动力是( )B A. 学习动机 B. 认知内驱力 C. 自我提高内驱力 D. 附属内驱力 5、为顺利完成某种活动所需要的各种能力的结合叫( )A A. 才能 B. 一般能力 C. 天才 D. 特殊能力 6、教师期望效应是由( )研究发现的。C A. 皮格马里翁 B. 勒温 C. 罗森塔尔 D. 夸美纽斯 7、关于道德评价能力发展的一般趋势，下面哪个描述是不正确( )B A. 从他律到自律 B. 从动机到效果 C. 从别人到自己 D. 从片面到全面 8、提出道德发展的“三期六段论”的心理学家是( )C A. 皮亚杰 B. 布鲁纳 C. 科尔伯格 D. 班图拉 9、小学时期，最为突出的内驱力是( )C A. 自我提高内驱力 B. 认知内驱力 C. 附属内驱力 D. 以上答案都不正确 10、下面所列的哪一种因素所引起的动机属于外部动机( )D A. 需要 B. 学习兴趣 C. 求知欲 D. 竞赛 11、采用道德两难故事法研究儿童、青少年品德发展的过程，提出了儿童青少年品德发展三个水平六个阶段理论的心理学家是（）D
A. 皮亚杰 B. 斯陶布 C. 章志光 D. 柯尔伯格 12、马斯洛的需要层次理论认为，人类需要的最高层次是需要。（）B A. 归属 B. 自我实现 C. 尊重 D. 生理 13、一般而言，把学习成败归因于何种因素对学习动机的激励作用最大（）A A. 努力程度 B. 能力高低 C. 任务难度 D. 运气好坏 14、为了与学生家长建立良好的人际关系，教师应扮演的角色是（）D A. 权威者 B. 告状者 C. 指导者 D. 协商者 15、自我形象受到空前关注是在（）C A. 小学阶段 B. 初中阶段 C. 高中阶段 D. 大学阶段 简答题（每题2.5分，共2题） 简述记忆的主要规律。 记忆的主要规律有：①目的律：记忆的目的任务越明确、越具体，记忆效果越好。②操作律：当记忆材料成为学习者活动、操作的直接对象时，记忆效果好。③理解律：在理解基础上记忆效果好。④特征律：不同性质、不同数量和不同部位的材料，记忆效果不同。⑤态度律：记忆者有强烈的自信心、主动积极的态度，记忆效果好。⑥相关律：凡对个体具有重大意义、符合需要、能引起兴趣和强烈情绪体验的材料，记忆效果好。⑦联想律：正确运用各种联想，能提高记忆效果。等等。 小学生自我评价发展的特点是什么？ （1）自我评价由“他律性”向“自律性”发展。（2）从依据具体行为进行评价向应用道德原则进行评价发展。（3）从根据行为的效果进行评价向把动机与效果结合起来进行评价。（4）从正确评价别人的行为向正确评价自己的行为发展。 论述题（每题5分，共2题） 试论述增进儿童心理健康的途径。 增进儿童心理健康的途径有：①帮助学生树立正确的人生观。②注意用脑卫生。如用脑时间不宜过长，有节律用脑，合理安排课程等等③培养健全的情绪生活。具体又可以从以下方法进行；a培养全面的自我评价能力与自我接纳的态度；b创造良好的气氛；c培养幽默感；d教育学生调控自己的情绪④培养良好的人际关系。⑤进行适当的性教育。
北京林业大学生物科学与技术学院植物学考博参考书-真题-分数线 一、北京林业大学考博资讯 生物科学与技术学院以培养生物科学领域高新技术人才和基础研究人才为主要目标，肩负着教育部设立的“国家理科基础科学研究和教学人才培养基地”的建设和人才培养任务，设有生物科学（理科基地班）、生物技术、食品科学与工程3个本科专业。学院学科门类齐全，拥有3个国家级重点学科，1个国家工程实验室，2个部级重点实验室，1个北京高等学校实验教学示范中心。建有生物学博士后流动站，拥有植物学、生物化学与分子生物学、林木遗传育种、野生动植物保护与利用、微生物学科的博士和硕士学位授予权以及细胞生物学、农产品加工与贮藏工程学科的硕士学位授予权。学院师资力量雄厚，承担着总理基金研究项目、国家重大基础研究“973”、高新技术“863”、国外农业先进科学技术引进“948”、国际科技合作、国家科技攻关和国家自然科学基金重点与基础项目数十项，获得国家科技进步及省部级科技进步奖20多项，在教学及科研方面取得了丰硕的成果。 本院共招收博士生33人，其中植物学招收8人，微生物学招收1人，细胞生物学招收4人，生物化学与分子生物学招收4人，森林生物资源利用招收5人，林木遗传育种招收11人，各位考生需要在考前联系导师，以确定是否能够报考。 植物学下设五个方向，第一个方向是植物生长发育与系统进化，导师是郑彩霞；第二个方向是植物抗逆生理及分子机制，导师是陈少良、夏新莉、尹伟伦；第三个方向是光合作用与植物光生物学，导师是高洪波、郑彩霞；第四个方向是药用植物及其次生代谢，导师是刘玉军；第五个方向是植物防御反应与信号转导，导师是沈应柏。大家需要提前联系导师以确定是否能够报考。 考试科目有三门，满分三百分，每门课100分，第一门是英语，第二门是植物学，第三门是植物生理学。 注意事项： 1、复试成绩=外语口语及听力×10%+专业外语×20%+综合素质×70%；入学总成绩=初试总成绩×（75-50）%+复试成绩×（25-50）%。 2、原则上按考生报考导师录取，同时兼顾考生入学总成绩排名；导师在达到录取基本分数线的考生中有录取决定权。每名导师招生总数原则上不能超过3人（含直博、自主选拔生、少数民族骨干计划生），外聘导师及首次招生导师原则上不能超过1人。 3、达到录取分数线但是没有导师接受者不予录取，所以说提前联系一下导师是非常重要的，育明考博可以协助大家联系到一位称心满意地导师。 二、北京林业大学考博英语内容、题型
北航考博辅导班：2019北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院考 博难度解析及经验分享 北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院2019 年博士研究生招生实行“申请―审核”制，符合《北京航空航天大学2019年博士研究生招生简章》中报考条件的申请人提交相关材料，依据考生申请材料的综合评价结果确定差额综合考核名单，经综合考核后择优推荐拟录取。强军计划、少数民族骨干计划、论文博士等采取相同的办法同时进行。 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院考博相关内容。 一、院系简介 1985年，我国国防科技界、教育界的著名专家，我国可靠性系统工程事业的奠基人和开拓者杨为民教授顺应国家战略重大需求，组建了北航工程系统工程系和可靠性工程研究所。历经30年发展沉淀，学院形成了“献身国防，无私奉献的崇高境界；高屋建瓴，开拓创新的学术风范；淡泊名利，廉洁自律的高尚情怀；以人为本，集体发展的团队精神”的为民精神，秉承“开拓创新、敢为人先，需求牵引、专业推动，学科龙头、科教统筹，团队优势、集体发展”的工作理念，走过了一条“面向工程服务、开辟科研领域、创建培养体系”的特色创新之路，已成为国内可靠性工程专业技术领域的领军单位。 目前，研究所挂靠有多个以管理咨询和技术服务为职能的国家级中心和专家组，建成有可靠性领域唯一的国防科技重点实验室，以及多个国内实验设备与综合试验研究能力一流的部委级重点实验室和评价机构。这些高水平的技术与管理平台为院、所的可持续发展提供了坚实的基础与保证。 在科研领域，院、所现拥有专业齐全的研究方向、结构合理的教学科研队伍和配套先进的试验设备。多年来，紧密围绕国防科技工业发展对可靠性工程的专业需求，开展管理支持、人才培养、科学研究和工程服务。“九五”以来，先后承担完成了500余项科研项目，获得了包括国家科技进步特等奖在内的各类科技成果奖100余项，取得显著的经济效益和社会效益。 在人才培养领域，可靠性与系统工程学院开创了国内高校第一个“质量与可靠性工程”专业，建立了从本科到硕士（工程硕士）、博士、博士后在内完整的人才培养体系，将理论研究、工程应用与人才培养紧密结合，培养了大批可靠性与系统工程专业人才。同时，为上
《现代汉语》作业答案 客观题部分： 主观题部分： 一、简答题（每题2.5分，共2题） 1、简述借喻与借代的区别。 借代和借喻有相近之处，借喻是借中有代，借代是代而不喻；借喻侧重“相似性”，借代侧重“相关性”；借喻可以改为明喻，借代则不能. 2、简述对偶与排比的区别。 对比的基本特点是内容上“对立”，对偶的基本特点是形式上“对称”；对比是从意义上说的，它要求意义相反或相对，而不管结构形式如何；对偶主要是从结构形式上说的，它要求结构相称字数相等。对偶里的“反对”就意义说是对比，就形式说是对偶。 二、论述题（每题5分，共2题） 1、简答同义词辨析的方法并举例说明 同义词的辨析可以从三个方面进行： 一.从词的理性意义上进行辨析 （1）词义的侧重点不同 （2）词义的轻重不同 （3）词义的范围大小不同 （4）词义范围由个体和集体的不同 二．从词的色彩意义上进行辨析 （1）词义的感情色彩不同 （2）词义的语体色彩不同 三．从词的用法上进行辨别 （1）搭配对象不同 （2）词性和句法功能不同 2、（1）晨农先生在自学过程中，既没有名师的指点，（3）更没有资料可供查阅，（2）碰到 的困难当然就比寻常人更多，（1）但疑难总是难不倒他的。
（2）当前的国际竞争，尽管形式多样，，（2）矛盾错综复杂，（1）实质是以经济和科技实力为基础的综合国力的竞争，（2）从一定意义上说，也是人才的竞争，（3）是领导者的能力和民族素质的竞争。 一、选择题（每题1分，共15题） 参考答案： 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.B 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.D
北京林业大学考博英语阅读理解真题解析与指导Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points) In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy.So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,because the"Origin of Species"is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one,he submits,could have written it without possessing
考博英语语法总结 过去分词与形容词的语义差： 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things the destructive power of modern weapons Damaged：being in a bad state emotionally damaged children 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements He’s one of the most respected managers in the game. Respectful：feeling or showing respect They listened in respectful silence. 3. Preferred ：Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. Preferable： A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. Preferential：Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment. 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights. Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. 5.Loving：She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. Lovable： a sweet lovable child Lovely：We had a lovely holiday. 6. Tolerated：While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
考博英语有多难 有人说英语需要的是积累，想在短时间内提高英语水平很难，此话不假。但是英语水平与英语考试分数并不直接对应，想在短时间内提高英语考试分数却有章可循。一般英语基础比较差的考生首先需要突破的是单词。找一本考博单词辅导书天天背。育明考博辅导专家提醒考生，单词不认识，一切都是虚妄，此处无捷径可走需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 一、成绩建立在基础之上 单词量有了，再翻开考博阅读，你会发现文章忽然不那么可怕了，文章中一个个刚刚认识的、熟悉却有略感生疏的面孔再冲你微笑。这时可以开始进行阅读的突破。阅读训练请只做真题，其他任何资料都不足取，趁早放在一旁。考博复习的日子分秒必争，不是提高阅读量的时候。有去看英文报纸的功夫不如去再好好背一背单词，要还是有闲功夫就应当去准备其他科目了。做阅读真题的时候注意要仔细揣摩命题组的思路，到最后应该是读文章的时候就能隐约感觉到出题点;做题的时候能明显的感觉到常用的设陷阱的方法，甚至从选择项的语气、语言组织就能感觉到正确的选项。真题做一遍肯定不够，最好能过多做几遍，考博辅导专家提醒考生，做题的时候不光要提高英文水平，更重要的是要熟悉命题组的思路与命题方式。
二、写作其实很简单 英语作文写作并没有大家想象中那样困难，大家可以在平时多背一些复杂而又漂亮的句型，写作的时候尽量把他们用进去就是了。考博辅导专家提醒考生，有一个关键是要不要去背具体的句子而要背漂亮的语法结构。具体的句子应用面太窄，而一个漂亮的语法结构几乎在任何一篇作文中都可以用上。平时做一些练习，主要练习怎样在实际的句子中使用这些漂亮的语法结构，考试时就可以得心应手了。至于其他的题目，比如完型填空，确实比较考察你的英文水平积累。前面说过，英文水平在短期内难以迅速提高，所以请不要去做他们的专项练习。你多记了三五个固定搭配对最后分数的影响微乎其微，还有更重要的事情等着你去做，不要浪费时间。 育明考博辅导专家认为，英语的复习就是以背单词为基础，抓住阅读与写作，不要做其他题型的针对训练。 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
附录·2010年中国原子能科学研究院博士、硕士研究生录取一览表 475 2010年中国原子能科学研究院博士、硕士研究生录取一览表 姓名 导师 博士/硕士专业名称 考前单位 王黎明 柯国土 博士 核能科学与工程 中国原子能科学研究院 吴园园 柯国土 博士核能科学与工程 中国原子能科学研究院 张 毅 季松涛 博士核能科学与工程 中国原子能科学研究院 汪 军 赵守智 博士核能科学与工程 中国原子能科学研究院 戴守通 杨文 博士核能科学与工程 中国原子能科学研究院 孙 征 赵守智 博士核能科学与工程 中国原子能科学研究院 赵荣明 胡石林 博士核燃料循环与材料 湖南大学 吴永乐 刘森林 博士辐射防护及环境保护 中国原子能科学研究院 李海亮 马吉增 博士辐射防护及环境保护 南华大学 曹勤剑 潘自强 博士辐射防护及环境保护 中国辐射防护研究院 陈 军 刘森林 博士辐射防护及环境保护 无 李 航 潘自强 博士辐射防护及环境保护 中国原子能科学研究院 彭建盛 李兴 博士核技术及应用 湖北工学院 王新光 王国保 博士核技术及应用 石油大学（华东） 刘云焰 李兴 博士核技术及应用 无 李建强 何辉 博士核燃料循环与材料 华东地质学院 周贤明 叶国安 博士核燃料循环与材料 天津大学 张继龙 李金英 博士核燃料循环与材料 中国原子能科学研究院 唐洪彬 叶国安 博士核燃料循环与材料 中国原子能科学研究院 李 彬 叶国安 博士核燃料循环与材料 四川大学 周 舵 张生栋 博士核燃料循环与材料 中国原子能科学研究院 鲜 亮 郑卫芳 博士核燃料循环与材料 无 刘巧凤 肖雪夫 博士辐射防护及环境保护 中国原子能科学研究院 张伟华 肖雪夫 博士辐射防护及环境保护 中国原子能科学研究院 吴明宇 周培德 博士核能科学与工程 无 宋 维 杨红义 博士核能科学与工程 中国原子能科学研究院 王月英 杨红义 博士核能科学与工程 哈尔滨工业大学 余华金 张东辉 博士核能科学与工程 翟士桢 杜进 博士核技术及应用 北京大学 彭 慧 罗志福 博士放射性同位素技术 中国原子能科学研究院 叶 力 柳卫平 博士粒子物理与原子核物理 中国原子能科学研究院 金孙均 王友宝 博士粒子物理与原子核物理 兰州大学 张奇玮 李志宏 博士粒子物理与原子核物理 南京大学 范 平 竺礼华 博士粒子物理与原子核物理 中国原子能科学研究院 贺林峰 陈东风 博士凝聚态物理 中国原子能科学研究院 胡 瑞 陈东风 博士凝聚态物理 中国原子能科学研究院
北京师范大学网络教育 带答案 《计算机操作系统》 客观题部分： 一、选择题（每题 1 分，共 15 题） 1. 下面几个系统中，必须是实时操作系统的有（AD ） A航空定票系统； B机器翻译系统； C办公自动化系统； D导弹的制导系统 2.Windows XP 操作系统是由 ____公司开发的； UNIX 操作系统是由 ____ 推出的。（ B ） A IBM 公司， Bell实验室 B微软公司， Bell实验室 C微软公司， IBM 联合 D Novell 公司，微软公司 3. 以下哪些功能是操作系统应该具备的？（AC） A进程管理 B办公管理 C存储管理 D邮件管理 4.操作系统是一种（ C ） A通用软件 B应用软件 C系统软件 D操作的软件 5. 以下所列出的操作系统中免费的有（C） A UNIX B Windows C Dos D Linux 6.I/O 设备按照传输速率可分为低速、中速和高速传输设备，下面所列的设备中，哪个是中 速输入设备？（ B ） A光盘机； B激光打印机； C鼠标； D磁盘驱动器； 7.逻辑设备表 LUT 包括以下哪些项目。（AB） A逻辑设备号； B设备管理号； C物理设备号；
北京师范大学网络教育 D驱动程序地址； 8. 以下哪些文件后缀名是由微软Office XP软件默认产生的？（BC） A TXT ； B PPT ； C XLS ； D BAT ； 9. 以下哪种文件系统不是Windows 系列的操作系统所使用的（B） A NTFS B SWAP C FAT D FAT32 10. 提高磁盘性能的方法有（B） A提前读、延迟写入 B磁盘高速缓存 C磁盘格式化 D杀病毒 11.下列选项中是进程的特征包括 ( ABCD ) A.动态性。 B并发性。 C.独立性。 D.异步性。 12.进程的基本状态有 (ABC ) A就绪状态 B执行状态 C等待（阻塞）状态 D其他状态 13．设备管理中为什么要引入缓冲（ABC） A缓和 CPU与 I/O 设备间速度不匹配的矛盾 B减少中断 CPU次数，放宽对中断响应的要求 C提高 CPU、通道和 I/O 设备之间的并行性。 D没有必要 14．（ B）是信息的逻辑单位，它含有一组具有相对完整意义的信息，是出于用户的需要。A．分页 B．分段 15．进程的实质是（A） A．程序的一次执行过程 B．程序的源代码 C．程序的一次招待结果 D．程序的多次招待过程
北林考博辅导班：2019北京林业大学木材科学与技术考博难度解析 及经验分享 根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，在 2018-2019年木材科学与技术专业学校排名中，排名第一的是中南林业科技大学，排名第二的是北京林业大学，排名第三的是东北林业大学。 作为北京林业大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，材料科学与技术学院的木材科学与技术一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第二。 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于北京林业大学木材科学与技术考博相关内容。 一、专业介绍 木材科学与技术专业为多学科交叉、融合、外延，在生物木材学研究、木质环境学研究、新型木材阻燃剂开发、非甲醛系环保型木工胶粘剂开发、非木材复合材料、新型人造板和智能化木材加工设备研制等方面。 北京林业大学材料科学与技术学院的木材科学与技术专业在博士招生方面，划分为6 个研究方向 082902木材科学与技术 研究方向：01 木材构造与物性02 木材热加工03 木材保护与改性04 木质复合材料与胶粘剂05 木工机械与加工自动化06 家具设计与工程 考试科目：①1001英语、1002日语选一②2022木材科学与技术专业综合测试一③3022木材科学与技术专业综合测试二 二、考核内容 1、由学科考核小组组织实施，考核前应及时通知招生工作监督小组全程监督考核过程。学科考核小组组长原则上由学科负责人担任，成员不少于5人，且至少3人为博士生导师。 2、只有通过前期材料审核及公示合格的申请人才有资格参加学科面试考核。 3、主要对申请人的外语水平、专业基础知识、专业知识、综合素质和科研创新能力进行全面考核。考核形式及内容由学科根据本学科特点确定。学科需要制定详细的学科考核办法及流程，提前报学院审查备案。 4、学科考核小组负责汇总本学科考核成绩，结合当年导师招生名额，确定拟录取名单，并将拟录取名单、考核成绩、考核记录、考核试卷等上报学院研究生管理办公室。
考博英语词汇语法题考前恶补、 全真模拟试题 1. Although ______ Spanish, he attended the course. A. he was knowing B. he is knowing C. having a knowledge of D. knows 2. You ______th at letter to James. However, you didn’t. A. ought to write B. ought to have written C. should write D. should be writing 3. Joseph was very lucky ______ with his life; he almost did not get out of the room. A. to escape B. to have escaped C. to escaping D. to be escaping 4. Bread and butter ______liked by Westerners. A. is B. are C. were D. be 5. The back garden of our house contains a lawn, ______very pleasant to sit on in summer. A. which is B. which it is C. it is D. where it is 6. He set up in business ______ his own and was very successful. A. in B. of C. on D. by 7. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; he ______last night. A. must study B. should have studied C. must have studied D. is sure to study 8. Frank almost never received any education, ______? A. would he B. did he C. didn’t he D. wouldn’t he 9. Even if his letter ______ tomorrow, it ______too late to do anything. A. will arrive...is B. should arrive...were C. arrives...will be D. arrives...would be 10. We can hear ______from the back of the room. A. just as good B. just as easy C. just as well D. easily as well 11. To obtain a satisfactory result, one must apply two ______of paint on a clean surface. A. coats B. levels C. times D. courses 12. The small mountain village was ______ by the snow for more than one month. A. cut back B. cut out C. cut off D. cut away 13. Miss Green was ______ $100 for driving after drinking. A. fined B. charged C. punished D. posed 14. Modern ______ perhaps causes more problems than it solves. A. technique B. technology C. tactics D. tendency 15. Mary tiptoed over and took the clock away because she hated to hear it ______ when she was trying to go to sleep. A. sounding B. ringing C. ticking D. humming 16. Under this ______ pressure some of the rocks even became liquid. A. intensive B. weighty C. intense D. bulky 17. Of course, most immigrants did not get rich overnight, but the ______of them were eventually able to improve upon their former standard of living. A. maximum B. minority C. majority D. minimum 18. Nancy was surprised that they have ______. They seemed to be a happy couple. A. split up B. broken down C. fallen through D. knocked out
2015北京外国语大学考博英语历年真题 一、招考介绍 从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。 二、北京外国语大学考博英语题型 Part1:词汇15分。30小题。 Part2:阅读理解40分。共20小题，4篇短文。 Part3:完形填空10分。共20小题。 Part4:翻译15分。英译汉，一篇短文中指定的5句话。 Part5:写作20分。200字左右。 三、考博英语必备参考书 育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。 四、联系导师 在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。 大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。 通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种： （1）、欢迎报考。这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。 （2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
《微积分（上）》作业 本课程作业由二部分组成：第一部分为“客观题部分”，由15个选择题组成，每题1分，共15分； 第二部分为“主观题部分”，由4个解答题组成，第1、2题每题2.5分，第3、4题每题5分，共15分。作业总分30分，将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分 一、选择题（每题1分，共15分） 1．设函数()f x 在2x =处可导，且()'22f =，则()()022lim 2h f h f h →+-=（ B ） A 、 1 2 B 、1 C 、2 D 、4 2．点0x =是函数()232,0 00sin 2,0 x x f x x x x x ??+? 的（ B ） A 、连续点 B 、可去间断点 C 、第二类间断点 D 、第一类间断点但不是可去间断点 3．设()f x 在(),a b 内二次可导，且()()'''0xf x f x -<，则在(),a b 内() 'f x x 是（ B ） A 、单调增加 B 、单调减少 C 、有增有减 D 、有界函数 4．当0x →时，下列函数为无穷小量的是（ B ） A 、sin x x B 、2sin x x + C 、()1 ln 1x x + D 、21x - 5． 2sin 1lim lim 221x x cosx x x x →∞→∞-==-+，则此计算（ C ） A 、正确 B 、错误，因为2lim 1x cosx x →∞+ 不存在 C 、错误，因为2lim 1x cosx x →∞+不是∞∞未定式 D 、错误，因为2lim lim 11x x cosx cosx x x →∞→∞=++ 6．下列关系正确的是（ C ） A 、()()d f x dx f x =? B 、()()'f x dx f x =? C 、()()d f x dx f x dx =? D 、()()d f x dx f x C dx =+?
北京林业大学林学院考博参考书-分数线-报录比 一、北京林业大学考博资讯 北京林业大学林学院是北林具有鲜明特色、科研教学型的学院，也是北林历史最悠久的学院。学院拥有一支结构合理的师资队伍，学科方向明确，研究成果丰硕。 林学院共有7个专业招收博士生57人，其中生态学招收11人，林业装备与信息化招收6人，土壤学招收4人，森林培育招收12人，森林保护学招收13人，森林经理学招收7人，草学招收4人。其中每个专业下设不同的方向，需要大家提前联系导师。 考博科目是三门，共计300分，每门课100分，其中第一门是英语，第二三门不同专业不一样。 注意事项： 1、复试成绩=外语口语及听力×10%+专业外语×20%+综合素质×70%；入学总成绩=初试总成绩×（75-50）%+复试成绩×（25-50）%。 2、原则上按考生报考导师录取，同时兼顾考生入学总成绩排名；导师在达到录取基本分数线的考生中有录取决定权。每名导师招生总数原则上不能超过3人（含直博、自主选拔生、少数民族骨干计划生），外聘导师及首次招生导师原则上不能超过1人。 3、达到录取分数线但是没有导师接受者不予录取，所以说提前联系一下导师是非常重要的，育明考博可以协助大家联系到一位称心满意地导师。 二、北京林业大学考博英语内容、题型 北京林业大学博士生英语入学考试时间为180分钟，试题总分为100分。设有词汇、阅读、完型填空、翻译、写作五种题型,不分时间段。考题以一般社交用语、人文知识、科普常识为语言素材、以一般社会生活、学校教育和科研活动为话题，重在考查考生用英语进行社交、工作和科研的能力。 北京林业大学博士生英语入学考试分为五部分。 1．词汇：10分 共20题，每题0.5分。分为两个部分： 1）选择填空：第1-10题每句有一个词语为空白，考生从试卷上给出的A，B，C，D四个答案中选择一个正确答案。 2）替换词语：第11-20题每句一个词语有下划线，考生从试卷上给出的A，B，C，D四个答案中选择一个意思最相近的词语。 2．阅读：39分 共24题。分为两个部分：
北航考博英语真题翻译精选精练 56.in the past year,however,software companies have developed tools that allow companies to push information directly out to consumers,transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. 57.the examples of virtual vineyards,https://www.doczj.com/doc/0619339406.html,,and other pioneers show that a web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity,hospitality,and security will attract online customers. 58.an invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students'career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform. 59.rather,we have a certain conception of the american citizen,a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. 60.besides,this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu） 翻译 56.但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，使得公司可以