Distribution of Net Operating Cash-Flow-at-Risk The Dynamic Panel Data Model

Chapter 3①The balance sheet②The income statement③The statement of cash flows④tax①The balance sheetEquation: total assets=total liabilities + shareholders’ equityNet working capital(NWC)=current asset – current liabilities是指企业的流动资产总额减Balance sheetCurrent Assets Current Liabilities•Cash & Securities payables•Receivables short-term debt•Inventories ++ long-term liabilitiesFixed Assets +•Tangible Assets shareholders’ equity•Intangible AssetsBook value& market value②the income statementThe income statementSales revenue $135,000Less: cost of sales 108,000Gross profits 27,000Less: Operating expenses 13,500Operating profits 13,500Less: Financing expense 1,350Net profits before taxes 12,150Less: Taxes (15%) 1,823Net profits after taxes $10,327In the income statement below, what was the value of Home Depot’s EBIT in 2009?EBIT = total Revenues －costs －deprecation③the statement of cash flowsExample:Net income for your firm was $10,000 last year. The depreciation expense was $2,500; accounts receivable increased $1,250; accounts payable increased $800; and inventories increased by $2,000.What was the total cash flow from operations for the period?Net income: 10,000Depreciation: 2,500Accounts Receivable: (1,250)Accounts Payable: 800Inventories: (2,000)Cash flow from operations: 10,050Free Cash FlowFree Cash Flow is cash available for distribution to investors after the firm pays for new investments or additions to working capital.Free cash flow = (EBIT – taxes + dep.) - change in net working capital- cap. expenditures④tax: 1.corporate tax2.personal tax一,marginal tax rate二,average tax rateChapter4MuaEvaBook rate of ruturnFinancial ratio (财务比率) and shareholders ’ valueThe Dupont systemprice x shares outstanding)Market value added: Market capitalization minus book value of equty.Market-to-book ratio=equityof value book equity of value market ...................Economic Value Added(EV A)Total capitalization: long-term debt + equityAfter tax operating income = after-tax interest + net incomeEVA :Show the firm’s truly created valueincome earned – income requiredBook Rates of Returnreturn on capital(ROC)资本收益率ROC=after-tax operating income/total capitalizationROC=after-tax operating income/average total capitalizationReturn on asset(ROA)资产收益率ROA=after-tax operating income/total assetsROA=after-tax operating income/average total assetsReturn on equity(ROE)股本回报率，产权回报率ROE=net income/equity因为是operating income 在上章可知operating income 是financial expenses 之前的，故还未减去interest ，故要加after-taxinterset)PPT 中关于ROA ，ROC ，ROE 的练习Financial ratios and shareholders ’ valueEconomic Value Added Operating Income* - [Cost of Capital Total Capitalization]=⨯Shareholder value depends on good investment and financing decisions.Financial Ratios help measure the success and soundness of these decisionsEfficiency RatiosAsset turnover ratio=sales/total assets at start of yearOr=sales/average total assetsReceivables turnover=sales/receivables at start of yearAverage collection period=receivables at start of year/average daily sales=365/receivable turnoverInventory turnover ratio=cost of goods sold/inventory at start of yearAverage days in inventory=inventory at start of year/daily cost of goods sold=365/inventory turnoverProfitability RatiosProfit margin(利润率)=net income/sales(IOPM)Operating profit margin=net income +after-tax interest/sales=after-tax operating income/salesLeverage Ratios杠杆率(debt and equity)Long-term debt ratio=long-term debt/long-term debt+equityLong-term debt equity ratio=long-term debt/equityMeasuring LeverageTotal debt ratio=total liability/total assetsTimes interest earned（利息保障率,利息保障倍数）=EBIT/interest payments用于衡量偿付贷款利息的能力Cash coverage ratio（现金涵盖比率）=EBIT+depreciation/interest paymentsLiquidity Ratios(短期还债能力指标/流动性指标)NWC to total assets ratio(经营运资金比)=net working capital/total assets(Net working capital=current asset – current liabilities) Current ratio(流动比率)=current assets/current liabilities(短期还债能力的一个指标)Quick ratio(速动比率)=cash + marketable securities(有价证券) + receivables/current liabilitiesCash ratio(现金比率)=cash + marketable securities/current liabilitiesThe Dupont systemROA= after-tax operating income/asset=assets sales x sales....income operating tax after -=assets turnover x operating profit margin=leverage ratio x asset turnover x operating profit margin x debt burden股息支付率 再投资率Or call sustainable growth rateChapter 5Future valuePresent valuePv of multiple cash flowsPerpetuitiesAnnutitiesFuture value of annutitiesAnnuities and annuities due EAR & APRAssets Sales Net Income Interest Net Income ROE=x x x Equity Assets Sales Net Income Interest++Dividends Payout Ratio=Earnings Earnings-Dividends Plowback Ratio=Earnings Growth in equity from plowback = Plowback Ratio ROE Earnings - Dividends Earnings Earnings Equity ⨯=⨯Earnings-Dividends = EquityInflationValuing real cash paymentsFuture valueSimple interest: FV simple =initial investment*(1+r*t)Compound interest: FV compound =initial investment*(1+r)tPresent valueDiscount rate: rDiscount factor: DF=t r )1(1+ Present value: PV=FV*t r )1(1+ PV of multiple cash flowsCt=the cash flows in year tExample: Your auto dealer gives you the choice to pay $15,500 cash now or make threepayments: $8,000 now and $4,000 at the end of the following two years. If your cost of money (discount rate) is 8%, which do you prefer?PerpetuitiesPV of perpetuity: PV=C/rExample: In order to create an endowment, which pays $185,000 per year forever, how much money must be set aside today if the rate of interest is 8%?What if the first payment won’t be received until 3 years from today?PV = 2312,500 / (1 + 0.08)3= 1,835,662.5annuities124,0001(1.08)4,0002(1.08)Initial Payment* 8,000.003,703.703,429.36Total PV $15,133.06PV of C PV of C ++=====185,000.08$2,312,500PV ==Present value of an annuity: PV=C*[r 1-t r r )1(1+] The terms within the brackets are collectively called the “annuity factor ”PV of multiple cash flowsFuture value of annuitiesExample: You plan to save $4,000 every year for 20 years and then retire. Given a 10% rate ofAnnuities due(即付年金)（与普通年金（即后付年金）的区别仅在于付款时间的不同，一个n 期的即付年金相当于一个n-1期的普通年金）(期不等于年)PV annuitydue =PV annuity (1+r) FV annuity due =FV annuity(1+r) Example: Suppose you invest $429.59 annually at the beginning of each year at 10% interest. After 50 years, how much would your investment be worth?EAR & APREffective annual interest rate: The period interest rate that is annualized using compound interest.EAR = (1 + monthly rate)12 - 1Annual Percentage Rate: The period interest rate that is annualized using simple interest APR = monthly rate × 12Example : Given a monthly rate of 1%, what is the Effective Annual Rate(EAR)? What is the Annual Percentage Rate (APR)?Inflation000,550$)10.1()000,500($)1(=⨯=+⨯=AD AD Annuity AD FV FV r FV FV %00.12)12()01.0(%68.121)01.1(12=⨯==-=APR EAR 1+nominal interest rate1+inflation rate 1real interest rate=+Valuing real cash payments♦ Example: You make a loan of $5,000 to Jane who will pay it back in 1 year. The interestrate is 8%, and the inflation rate is 5% now. What is the present value of Jane’s IOU? Show that you get the same answer when (a) discounting the nominal payment at the nominal rate and (b) discounting the real payment at the real rate.♦ (a) 5,000 / (1 + 8%) = $4630(b) 5,000 / (1.05) = $4762 (real dollar)4762 / (1.028) = $4630(2.8% is real interest rate)不能用实际利率去贴现名义现金流Chapter 6bond pricing:example: For a $1000 face value bond with a bid price of 103:05 and an asked price of 103:06, how much would an investor pay for the bond?PV=1)1(r coupon ++2)1(r coupon ++…+t r par coupon )1(++ PV bond =PV coupon +PV parvalue=coupon*(annuity factor)+ par value * (discout factor)Example: What is the value of a 3-year annuity that pays $90 each year and an additional$1,000 at the date of the final repayment? Assume a discount rate of 4%.Warning: bond rate inflation -rate interest nominal rate interest Real ≈()()6103% 103.1875% 321.031875$1,000 $1,031.875of face value ⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭⨯=331(1.04)1$90$1,000.04(1.04)$1,138.75Bond PV --+=⨯+⨯+=()()1(1)where 1and (1)Bond Coupons ParValue Bond t tPV PV PV PV coupon Annuity Factor par value Discount Factor r Annuity Factor rDiscount Factor r -=+=⨯+⨯-+==+The coupon rate IS NOT the discount rate used in the Present Value calculations Example: What is the present value of a 4% coupon bond with face value $1,000 that matures in 3 years? Assume a discount rate of 5%. Bond yields Current yield : annual coupon payments divided by bond priceExample:Suppose you spend $1,150 for a $1,000 face value bond that pays a $60 annual coupon payment for 3 years. What is the bond’s current yield?Yield to maturity:PV=1)1(r coupon ++2)1(r coupon ++…+t r par coupon )1(++ Bond rates of returnRate of return 只算一年的couponYTM vs rate of returnYTM ↑ (↓)(unchange) → the price of bond ↓ (↑) (unchange) → the rate of return for that period less (greater)(equal to) than the yield to maturity.Ytm 通过改变price 去改变p1-p0 从而改变rate of return ，由rate of return 公式得，p1-p0和其成正比，ytm 与change in price 成反比，故ytm 与其成反比Chapter 7Stock marketP/E ratio(本益比): price per share divided by earnings per shareAsk price & bid priceAsk price: the price at which current shareholders are willing to sell their sharesBid price: the price at which investors are willing to buy sharesTerminologyinvestment change price +income Coupon =return of Rate investmentincome total =return of Rate1,market cap. 2.P/E ratio 3.dividend yieldExample: You are considering investing in a firm whose shares are currently selling for $50 per share with 1,000,000 shares outstanding. Expected dividends are $2/share and earnings are $6/share.What is the firm’s Market Cap? P/E Ratio? Dividend Yield?Measure of value1. book value2. liquidation value3.market valueBV= Assets - liabilitiesLV = Assets selling price – LiabilitiesMV = Tangible & intangible assets + Inv. OpportunitiesPrice and intrinsic valueVo 内在价值Example: What is the intrinsic value of a share of stock if expected dividends are $2/shareand the expected price in 1 year is $35/share? Assume a discount rate of 10%.Expected return(ER)Valuing common stocksdividend discount modelconsider three simplying cases1. no growth2. constant growth3. noconstant growth Market Capitalization $501,000,000$50,000,000$50P/E Ratio 8.33$6$2Dividend Yield .044%$50=⨯======HH H r P Div r Div r Div P )1(...)1()1(22110+++++++=1.2.Example: What should the price of a share of stock be if the firm will pay a $4 dividend in 1year that is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5%? Assume a discount rate of 10%.3.Example:A firm is expected to pay $2/share in dividends next year. Those dividends are expected to grow by 8% for the next three years and 6% thereafter. If the discount rate is 10%, what is the current price of this security?Required rates of returnExample: What rate of return should an investor expect on a share of stock with a $2 expected dividend and 8% growth rate that sells today for $60?Sustainable growth rateExample: Suppose a firm that pays out 35% of earnings as dividends and expects its return on equity to be 10%. What is the expected growth rate?Valuing growth stocksWhere: EPS= Earnings per share PVGO = Present Value of Growth OpportunitiesSuppose a stock is selling today for $55/share and there are 10,000,000 shares outstanding. If earnings are projected to be $20,000,000, how much value are investors assigning to growth per share? Assume a discount rate of 10%.Return on Equity Plowback Rate = :g ROE bearnings dividends where b earnings=⨯⨯-=.10(1.35).065 6.5%g =⨯-==Chapter 8(NPV ,EAA,IRR) 第8章（ 重点复习单元）：净现值及其他投资准则，会算NPV ，计算EAA (P191页)，认识其他投评估指标（PP 回流期和 IRR 内含报酬率）及其判断准则（取大或取小），重点关注NPV 与IRR ，注意使用IRR 指标的前提是IRR<r （P199页）有关投资组合，要知道其大前提是资金是有约束的；单个项目的特征（可分/不可分），可分的单个项目之间的比较与排序用PI （收益指数）值来衡量，不可分的用各自的NPV 值来比较衡量，比较的前提是它们的寿命期是一样的，如果不一样的话就用最小共同寿命期法或等价年金法来比较 。

现金流量表中英文版现金流量表（非金融类）CASH FLOW STATEMENT(Travel enterprise)会外年通03表编制单位：Name of enterprise: 单位：元项目ITEMS 行次金额一、经营活动产生的现金流量：CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES 1销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金Cash received from sale of goods or rendering of services 2收到的税费返还Refund of tax and levies 3收到的其他与经营活动有关的现金Other cash received relating to operating activities 4现金流入小计Sub-total of cash inflows 5购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金Cash paid for goods and services 6支付给职工以及为职工支付的现金Cash paid to and on behalf of employees 7支付的各项税费Payments of all types of taxes 8支付的其他与经营活动有关的现金Other cash paid relating to operating activities 9现金流出小计Sub-total of cash outflows 10经营活动产生的现金流量净额Net cash flows from operating activities 11二、投资活动产生的现金流量：CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES 12收回投资所收到的现金Cash received from disposal of investments 13取得投资收益所收到的现金Cash received from returns on investments 14处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产所收回的现金净额NetCashReceivedFromDisposalOfFixedAssets,IntangibleAssets&OtherLong-termAssets 15收到的其他与投资活动有关的现金Other cash received relating to investing activities 16现金流入小计Sub-total of cash inflows 17购建固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产所支付的现金Cash paid to acquire fixed assets,intangible assets & other long-term assets 18投资所支付的现金Cash paid to acquire investments 19支付的其他与投资活动有关的现金Other cash payments relating to investing activities 20现金流出小计Sub-total of cash outflows 21投资活动产生的现金流量净额Net cash flows from investing activities 22三、筹资活动产生的现金流量：CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES 23吸收投资所收到的现金Cash received from capital contribution 24借款所收到的现金Cash received from borrowings 25收到的其他与筹资活动有关的现金Other cash received relating to financing activities 26现金流入小计Sub-total of cash inflows 27偿还债务所支付的现金Cash repayments of amounts borrowed 28分配股利、利润和偿付利息所支付的现金Cash payments for interest expenses and distribution of dividends or profit 29支付的其他与筹资活动有关的现金Other cash payments relating to financing activites 30现金流出小计Sub-total of cash outflows 31筹资活动产生的现金流量净额Net cash flows from financing activities 32四、汇率变动对现金的影响EFFECT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH 33五、现金及现金等价物净增加额NET INCREASE/(DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 34（续表）现金流量表（非金融类）CASH FLOW STATEMENT(Travel enterprise)会外年通03表编制单位：Name of enterprise: 单位：元补充资料351.将净利润调节为经营活动现金流量：Reconciliation of net profit/(loss)to cash flows from oprating activities 36净利润Net profit 37加：*少数股东权益Add:Minority interest 38减：未确认的投资损失Less:Uncertained investment loss 39加：计提的资产损失准备Add:Provision for asset impairment 40固定资产折旧Depreciation of fixed assets 41无形资产摊销Amortisation of intangible assets 42长期待摊费用摊销Amortisation of long-term prepaid expenses 43待摊费用减少(减：增加) Decrease in prepaid expenses(deduct:increase) 44预提费用增加(减：减少) Increase in prepaid expenses(deduct:decrease) 45处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产的损失(减：收益) LossesOnDisposalOfFixedAssetsIntangibleAssetsAndOtherLong-termAssets'DeductGains 46固定资产报废损失Losses on disposal of fixed assets 47财务费用Financial expenses 48投资损失(减：收益) Losses arising from investments(deduct:gains) 49递延税款贷项(减：借项) Deferred tax credit(deduct: debit) 50存货的减少(减：增加) Decrease in inventories(deduct:increase) 51经营性应收项目的减少(减：增加) Decrease in operating receivables(deduct:increase) 52经营性应付项目的增加(减：减少) Increare in operating payables(deduct:decrease) 53其他Others 54经营活动产生的现金流量净额Net cash flows from operating activities 552.不涉及现金收支的投资和筹资活动：Investing and financing activities that do not involve cash receipts and payment 56债务转为资本Conversion of debt into captical 57一年内到期的可转换公司债券ReclassificationOfConvertibleBondsExpiringWithinOneYearAsCurrentLiability 58融资租入固定资产Fixed assets acquired under finance leases 59其他Other 6061623.现金及现金等价物净增加情况：Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 63现金的期末余额Cash at end of year 64减：现金的期初余额Less: Cash at beginning of year 65加：现金等价物的期末余额Plus:Cash equivalents at end of year 66减：现金等价物的期初余额Less:Cash equivalents at beginning of year 67现金及现金等价物净增加额Net increase/(decrease) incash and cash equivalents 68。

一.经营活动产生的现金流量cash flows from operating activities 销售商品，提供劳务收到的现金现金流量表cash flows statement项目items金额amountcash received from sales of goods or rendering of services收到的税费返还refund of taxes收到的其他与经营活动有关的现金other cash received relating to operating activities现金流入小计sub-total of cash inflows购买商品接受劳务支付的现金cash paid for goods and services支付给职工以及为职工支付的现金cash paid to and on behalf of employees支付的各项税费taxes paid支付的其他与经营活动有关的现金other cash paid relating to operating activities现金流出小计sub-total of cash outflows经营活动产生的现金流量净额net cash flows from operating activities二.投资活动产生的现金流量cash flows from investing activities收回投资所收到的现金cash received from return of investments取得投资收益所得到的现金cash received from income of investments处置固定资产，无形资产和其他长期资产而收到的现金净额net cash received from disposal of fixed assets,intangible assets and other long-term assets 收到的其他与投资活动有关的现金other cash received relating to investing activities现金流入小计sub-total of cash inflows购建固定资产，无形资产和其他长期资产所支付的现金cash paid to acquire fixed assets,intangible assets and other long-term assets 投资所支付的现金cash paid to acquire investments支付的其他与投资活动有关的现金other cash paid relating to investing activities现金流出小计sub-total of cash outflows投资活动产生的现金净额net cash flows from investing activities三.筹资活动产生的现金流量cash flows from finacing activities吸收投资所收到的现金proceeds from invested assets借款所收到的现金proceeds from borrowings收到的其他与筹资活动有关的现金other proceeds relating to financing activities现金流入小计sub-total of cash inflows偿还债务所支付的现金cash repayments of amounts borrowed分配股利，利润或偿付利息所支付的现金cash payments for distribution of dividends,profit or interest expenses支付的其他与筹资活动有关的现金other cash payments relating to finacing activities现金流出小计sub-total of cash outflows筹资活动产生的现金流量净额net cash flows from finacing activities四.汇率变动对现金的影响effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash五.现金及现金等价物净增加额net increase in cash and cash equivalents补充资料supplemental information1.将净利润调节为经营活动的现金流量reconciliation of net profit to cash flows from operating activities净利润net profit加：计提的资产减值准备add:assets shrink provision固定资产折旧depreciation of fixed assets无形资产摊销amortization of intangible assets长期待摊费用摊销amortization of long term deferred expenses待摊费用的减少（减：增加）decrease in prepaid and deferred expenses(less:increase)预提费用的增加（减：减少)increase in accrued expenses(less:decrease)处置固定资产，无形资产和其他长期资产的损失（减：收益)losses on disposal of fixed assets,intanglble assets and other long-term assets(less:gains)固定资产报废损失losses on scrapping of fixed assets财务费用financial expenses投资损失（减：收益）income on investment(less:losses)递延税款贷项（减：借项）deferred tax credit(less:debit)存货的减少（减：增加）decrease in inventories(less:increase)经营性应收项目的减少（减：增加）decrease in operating receivables (less:increase)经营性应付项目的增加（减：减少）increase in operating payables(less:decrease)其他others经营活动产生的现金流量净额net cash flows from operating activities2.不涉及现金收支的投资和筹资活动investing and financing activities that do not involve in cash receipts and payments:债务转为资本liabilities to be transfer captial一年内到期的可转换公司债券matured convertible bonds within a year融资租入固定资产fixed assets under finacing leasing3.现金及现金等价物净增加情况net increase in cash and cash equivalents现金的期末余额cash at the end of the period减：现金的期初余额less：cash at the beginning of the period加：现金等价物的期末余额plus:cash equivalents at the beginning of the period 减：现金的期初余额less:cash equivalents at the beginning of the period 现金及现金等价物净增加额net increase in cash and cash equivalents。

会计报表工程中英文对照(三张主表)1、Balance sheet(audited) 资产负债表Assets 资产Current assets 流动资产、Cash 货币资金Short-term investment 短期投资Notes receivable 应收票据Dividends receivable 应收股利Interest receivable 应收利息Account receivable 应收帐款Other receivable 其他应收款Advanced to suppliers 预付帐款Subsidies receivable 应收补贴款Inventories 存货Prepaid expenses 待摊费用Long-term investments maturing within one year 一年内到期的长期投资Other current assents 其他流动资产Total current assets 流动资产合计Long-term investments 长期投资Long-term equity investment 长期股权投资Long-term debt investment 长期债权投资Total long-term investment 长期投资合计Fixed assets 固定资产Fixed assets-cost 固定资产原价Less: accumulated depreciation 减：累计折旧Fixed assets net value 固定资产净值Less: impairment of fixed assets 减：固定资产减值准备Fixed asset-book value 固定资产净值Materials for projects 工程物资Construction in progress 在建工程Disposal of fixed assets 固定资产清理Total fixed assets 固定资产合计Intangible assets and other assets 无形资产及其他资产Intangible assets 无形资产Long-term deferred expenses 长期待摊费用Other long-term assets 其他长期资产Total intangible assets and other assets 无形资产及其他资产合计Deferred tax：递延税项Deferred tax debit 递延税款借项Total assets 资产总计Liabilities and owners’ equity负债及所有者权益Current liabilities : 流动负债Short-term loans 短期借款Notes payable 应付票据Account payable 应付帐款Advance from customers 预收帐款Accrued payroll 应付工资Accrued employee’s welfare expenses应付福利费Dividends payable 应付股利Taxes payable 应交税金Other taxes and expense payable 其他应交款Other payable 其他应付款Accrued expenses 预提费用Provisions 预计负债Long-term liabilities due within one year 一年内到期的长期负债Other current liabilities 其他流动负债Total current liabilities 流动负债合计Long-term liabilities：长期负债Long-term loans 长期借款Bonds payable 应付债券Long-term accounts payable 长期应付款Specific account payable 专项应付款Other long-term liabilities 其他长期负债Total long-term liabilities 长期负债合计Deferred tax: 递延税项Deferred tax credits 递延税款贷项Total other liabilities : 负债合计Owner’s equity:所有者权益〔股东权益〕Paid-in capital 实收资本Less :investment returned 减：已归还投资Pain-in capital-net 实收资本净额Capital surplus 资本公积Surplus from profits 盈余公积Including: statutory public welfare fund 其中：法定公益金Undistributed profit 未分配利润Total owner’s equity所有者权益〔股东权益〕Total liabilities and owner’s equities负债及所有者权益Total liabilities and owner’s equiti es 负债及所有者权益2、Income statement (audited) 利润表Item 工程Sales 产品销售收入Including :export sales 其中：出口产品销售收入Less: sales discounts and allowances 减：销售折扣与折让Net sales 产品销售净额Less: sales tax 减：产品销售税金Cost of sales 产品销售本钱Including :cost of export sales 出口产品销售本钱Gross profit 产品销售毛利Less : selling expense 减：销售费用General and administrative expense 管理费用Financial expense 财务费用Including :interest expense(less interest income) 其中：利息支出〔减利息收入〕Exchange loss (less exchange gain) 汇兑损失〔减汇兑收益〕Income from main operation 产品销售利润Add :income from other operations 加：其他业务利润Operating income 营业利润Add : investment income 加：投资收益Non-operating expense 营业外收入Less: non-operating expense 减：营业外支出Add: adjustment to pripr year’s income and expense加：以前年度损益调整Income before tax 利润总额Less: income tax 减：所得税Net income 净利润Statement of profit apropriation and distribution (audited) 利润分配表Item 工程Net income 净利润Add: undistributed profit at beginning of year 加：年初未分配利润Other transferred in 其他转入Profit available for distribution 可供分配的利润Less: statutory surplus from profits 减：提取法定盈余公积Statutory public welfare fund 提取法定公益金Staff and workers’ bonus and welfare fund职工奖励及福利基金Reserve fund 提取储藏基金Enterprise expansion fund 提取企业开展基金Profit capitalized on return of investments 利润归还投资Profit available for distribution to owners 可供投资者分配的利润Less: dividends payable for preferred stock 应付优先股股利V oluntary surplus from profits 提取任意盈余公积Dividends payable for common stock 应付普通股股利Dividends transferred to capital 转作股本的普通股股利Undistributed profit 未分配利润3、Cash flows statement 现金流量表工程 Item NO。

财务管理精要术语翻译对照目标现金分配水平 target cash distribution level执行期权 exercise options投入权益数 book equity税前利润 pre-tax income应用的税率 applicable tax权益回报率 ROE息税前利润 EBIT财务杠杆 financial leverage)财务风险 financial risk)经营盈亏平衡 (operating breakeven)经营杠杆 operating leverage投入成本的波动性(input cost variability)销售价格的波动性(sales price variability)需求的波动性(demand variability)投入资本的回报率(ROIC)税后的营业净利润 NOPAT市场风险(market risk)个体风险(stand-alone risk)经营风险(bussiness risk)财务风险(financial risk)1加权平均概率 probability-weighted average预期回报率 expected rate of return标准差 standard deviation方差系数 coefficient deviation自由市场 Open market实证研究 empirical test加权平均资本成本 WACC资本利得 Capital gains优先股 Preferred stock股票的要求回报率 required rate of return on stock 权益融资 equity financing权衡理论 trade-off theory税收保护 Tax shield期望成本 expected cost税盾利益 tax benefits of debt研发实验室 R&D lab机构投资组合管理者 portfolio manager步进次序 pecking order股票发行成本 Flotation cost没用的项目 pet project股利 dividend股票回购 stock repurchase杠杆收购(LBO) leverage buyout减少过剩现金流 bond the cash flow储备借款能力 reserve borrowing capacity 净现值 net present value难逢良机 windows of opportunity预测报表 pro forma statement流通比率 current ratio资产负债率 percent financed with debt无负债时的beta系数 unlevered beta coefficient基本经营风险 basic business risk资本资产定价模型(CAPM) CAPM无风险利率 risk-free rate市场风险溢价 market risk premium负债beta (leveraged beta)负债权益比率 D/S税后净经营性利润(NOPAT)最初假设权益市场价值 initial estimated marketvalue of equity资本结构调整均衡价格 equilibrium recapitalization price 最终价值resulting value债务总额 value of all debts债务数额 the amount of debt权益价值 An equity position重购入股份 repurchased stock资金预算决策 value-based management图表 table树图 figure税前扣除 tax deductible流通股数 shares of stock outstanding永久债券 perpetual bonds全部由权益融资 all equity financed变动成本 variable cost可向后递延的税收损失 Tax loss carryforwards 盈亏平衡点 break-even point边际成本 incremental cost边际收益 incremental profit标准差 standard deviation已获利息倍数比率 times-interest-earned ratio 联邦税加州税的税率federal-plus-state tax rate 店头市场 over-the-counter market赢利利息倍数(TIE)财务管理协会的会议 FMA panel session 其利息可减税 the tax deductibility of interest抵消 offset发行成本 flotation cost 步进式 pecking order 等风险类 homogeneous risk class相同预期 (homogeneous expectations) .完美资本市场 (perfect capital markets)交易成本\佣金成本 brokerage cost贴现 capitalize永续年金 perpetuity现值 present value卖空 short sale多头”投资组合“long”portfolio空头”投资组合“short” portfolio实物和金融期权 real and financial options贴现率 discount rate实际成本 effective cost有效税率 effective tax rate“自制”“homemade”扣除?贴现? Discount免收利息所得税的债券 tax-exempt bonds. High-tax-bracket individual杠杆收购 leverage buyout LBOs垃圾债券 junk bonds被收购公司 underleveraged firms经纪费用 brokerage税盾 tax shield营亏损转回 operating loss carryforwards 税款储蓄 tax savings默认价值 implied value债务权重 debt weight看涨期权 (call option)金融期权 (financial option)执行价值 (exercise value)期权定价模型 (OPM)Black-Scholes按现值计算的现金流量/已贴现现金流 discounted cash flow 票面价值, 表面价值 face value 不稳定性 volatility息票债务 coupon debt期权补偿 option-based compensation[美]预购股票价格 exercise price权衡模型 trade-off model抵税的 tax deductible概率 probability函数 function总账面 total book散点图 plot营业资产 operating assets<英>免税代码(指雇员收入免税部分的数字代码,由税务机关编定)tax code适销证券 marketable securities资产负债表 balance sheet短期国库券 treasury bill债务本金 debt principal[会计]营运资本, 营运资金 working capital减震器 shock absorber目标分配率(target distribution ratio)目标支付率 (target payout ratio)-盈利能力 earning power经验研究 empirical research边际税率 marginal tax溢价 appreciation实际成本 effective cost 融资抉择 financing choice未分配的利润 retained earnings留存收益 retained earnings再投资的收益 reinvested earnings内部权益 generated equity普通股 common stock 低常规水平加临时股利 (low-regular-dividend-plus-extras)政策常规股利 regular dividend流通股 outstanding shares公布日 (declaration date)登记日 (holder-of-record date)除权日 (Ex-dividend date)国库券 treasury权益回报率 ROE财政困难成本 financial distress cost权势等级 pecking order借款能力储备 (reserve borrowing capacity) 税损移前扣减 tax-loss carryback税损移后扣减 tax-loss carryforward资金的时间价值 time value of the money税收利益税收福利 Tax benefits有价证券 Marketable securities通用目的资产 general-purpose assets自由现金流量(FCF)。

a profit and loss statement accelerated methodsaccounts payableaccounts payable turnover ratio accounts receivableaccounts receivableaccounts receivable turnover ratios accrrual accountingaccrued expenseaccumulated depreciation accumulated retained earnings acquireaffiliateagency costagency problemagency relationshipaging scheduleallocateallocationally efficient markets amortizationannuityannuity dueanomalyappreciatearbitrage pricing theory(APT)Asian currency optionasset management ratiosasset turnover ratioauthorized sharesautonomyaverage age of accounts receivable avreage rate currency optionbad debt loss ratiobalance sheetbalance sheetbank debtbankers'acceptancebankruptcybasic earnings per shareBaumol cash management model behavioral financebeta coefficientbond indenturebonding costbook valuebottom-up approachbreak-even analysiabrokerage feebusinessbusiness riskcapital asset pricing model(CAPM) capital asset pricing model(CAPM) capital budgetcapital budgetingcapital 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cardcredit periodcredit salecredit termcreditorcross-currency pooling system cross-currency quote cumulative votingcurrency forward contract currency futures contract currency optioncurrency riskcurrency swapcurrent assetcurrent liabilitycurrent liabilitycurrent market valuecurrent ratiocurrent yielddebt holderdebt instrumentdebt management ratiosdebt ratiodebt-to-equity ratiodebt-to-total-capital decision-makingdeclaration datedefault riskdeferred annuitydeferred taxdepreciatedepreciationdesired or target capital structure diluted earnings per sharedilution of controldilution of ownershipdilutivedirect methoddirect quotationdisbursementdiscount perioddiscount ratediscount ratediscounted cash flow(DCF)discounted payback perioddiscountingdiversifiable riskdiversifydividend discount modeldividend irrelevane theorydividend payoutdividend payout ratiodividend policydividend yielddividend-payout ratiodo-it-yourself dividenddufault riskDuPont Analysis of ROEearnings before interest and taxes (EBI earnings before interest and taxes(EBIT earnings per shareearnings per shareeconomic order quantity(EOQ)efficient market hypothesis（EMH) employee stock option program(ESOP) equity multiplierEuropean Economic AreaEuropean Economic CommunityEuropean unionexchange rateexchange-rate riskex-dividend dateexecutive directorexotic optionexpansion projectexpected returnexpected utility theoryexternal financingface valueFinancial Accounting Standards Board(FA financial analystfinancial distressfinancial distressfinancial economistfinancial flexibilityfinancial leveragefinancial managementfinancial marketfinancial ratiofinancial riskfinancial riskfinancial standardsfinancial statementfinancing cash flowsfinancing mixfinancing mixfinancing mixfirst-in ,first out (FIFO)Fitch Investor Servicesfixed exchange rate systemfloatfloatationfloatation costfloating exchange rate systemFortune 500forward discountforward marketforward premiumforward rateforward tradefree cash flow hypothesisfree tradefree-riding problemfuture contractfuture value(FV)general partnerGenerally Accepted Accounting Principle general-purpose assetsgo publicgoing concernGoldman Sachsgross profit margingrowth perpetuityhedginghistorical costhoard of directorshomemade dividendshurdle ratehurdle ratehybird securityhybridincentive stock optionincome statementincremental cash flows independent auditorindependent projectindirect methodindirect quotationinformation asymmetry informationally efficient markets initial public offering(IPO)initial public offering(IPO)initial public offerings institutional investorinstitutional investorintangible fixed assetsinterest coverage ratiointerest deductioninterest rate parityinterest rate riskinternal financinginternal rate of return(IRR) Internal Revenue Service(IRS) international corporation international financial management international Monetary Fund intrinsic valueinventoryinventoryinventory processing period inventory turnover ratioinvesting cash flowsinvestment bankinvestment bankerinvestor rationlityJanuary effectjeopardizejoint venturejust-in-time(JIT)systemlast-in ,first-out (LIFO)law of one pricelearning curveleaseleaselesseelessorleverage ratioslevered firmliabilitylimited partnerlimited partnershipline of creditliquidating dividendliquidationliquidity ratiolock box systemlong-term debt to total capital ratios long-term liabilitylong-term ratiolookback currency optionlow regular plus specially designated d mail floatmanagenment buyoutmanipulatemarket conversion valuemarket imperfectionmarket riskmarket shareMarketabilitymarketable securitiesmarketable securitiesmarketable securitymarketable securitymarket-to-book value ratioMaster of AccountingMaster of Business Administration(MBA) Master of Financial Managementmaterial requirement planning (MRP)syst maturitymean-variance frontiermean-variance worldMerrill LynchMiller-orr cash management modelmix of debt and equitymoderate approachModigliani and Miller(M&M)theorem Monday effectmoney marketmoney ordermonitoring costsMoody’s and Standard & Poor’sMoody's Investors Service,Inc.(Moody's) Morgan Stanley Dean Wittermortgagemultinational corporationmutual fundmutually exclusive projectnegotiable certificates of deposit(CDs) negotiate offernet incomenet present value(NPV)net present value(NPV)net profit marginnet working capticalNew York Stock Exchange(NYSE)New York Stork Exchangenewly listed companynon-executive directornormal distributionnormality assumptionnote payableoffering priceopen marketoperating cash flowsoperating incomeoperating income(loss)operating leaseoperating leverageoperating profit marginoperating profit marginoperationally efficient markets opportunity costopportunity costoptimal capital structureoption contractoption exchangeoption-like securityordinary annuityoutstandingoutstanding sharesoverheadover-the-counter marketowner’s equityP/E ratiopartnerpartnershippatentpayback period(PP)payment datepecking order theoryperfect capital marketperpetual inventory systemperpetuitypivotalportfolio theorypost-auditpost-earnings announcement drift precautionary motivepreemptive rightpreemptive rightpreferred stockpreferred stockpreferred stockholder or shareholder present value(PV)price takerprimary marketprincipalprincipal-agent or agency relationship private corporationprivate placementprivately held corporationprivileged subscriptionpro rataprobabilityprobability distributionprobability distribution function processing floatprocrastinationprofitprofitabilityprofitability index(PI)profitability ratioproperty dividendproperty,plant,and equipment(PPE)pros and consprospect theoryprotfoliopublic offerpublicly held companypublicly traded corporations publicly traded firmpurchasing power parityput optionput pricequick ratiorandom variablerate of returnrational behaviorreal assetsreal estaterecord dateregular dividendrelaxed or conservative approach replacement projectrepurchaserepurchaserepurchase agreementrequired rate of returnreserve borrowing capacityresidual claimresidual dividend policyresidual valuerestricted or aggressive approach restrictive covenanatsretail incestorretail investorreturnreturn on asset (ROA)return on common equity (ROCE) return on total equity (ROTE) return on total equity ratio (ROE) revenueright to proxyright to transfer ownershipright to voterights offerrisk aversionSalomon Smith Barneysaturation pointscenario analysisseasoned issuesecondary marketSecurities and Exchange Commission(SEC) semi-strong formsensitivity analysissensitivity analysisseparation of ownership and control share repurchaseshareholderside effectsimple capital structuresimple interstsimulationslowing disbursementsocial goodsole proprietorshipsolvencysource of cashspecial-purpose assetsspeculative motivespin-offsspot ratespot tradestable dollar dividend policy stakeholder theorystand-alone riskStandard & Poor's Corporation(S&P) standard deviationstatement of cash flowstatement of change in shareholders' eq statement of retained earningsstock buybackstock dividendsstock offeringstock offeringstock optionstock price appreciationstock repurchasestock splitstockholderstockholders'equitystraight or majority votingstraight-line depreciationstrong formsunk costswapsyndicate of underwritertakeovertangible fixed assetstarget capital structuretax exempt instrumenttax shieldteminal valuetender offertender offer(=takeover bid)term loantime value of moneytotal asset turnover ratiotrade credittrademarktradeofftradeoff theorytransaction costtransaction motivetreasurertreasury notestreasury sharetreasury stockunbiased forward rateunderlying common stockunderpricingunderpricingunderwriterunderwritingunlevered firmunseasoned issueUS Treasury Billuse of cashvalue effectvalue(wealth)maximizationvariable-rate debtvarianceventure capitalventure capitalistviabilityvice president of financevolatilityvolatilityvoting rightwarrantwarrantweak formweighted average cost of capital(WACC) well-beingwindow dressingwithdrawalworking capital management working captical management world Trade Organization yield to maturity (YTM) zero balance account(ZBA)加速折旧法应付账款应付账款周转率应收账款应收账款应收账款周转率应计制会计应计费用累计折旧累计留存收益获得，取得（在财务中有时指购买；名词形式是acquisition，意为收购）分支机构代理成本代理问题代理关系账龄表（资源，权利等)配置（名词形式是allocation，如capital allocation，意为资本配置）配置有效市场摊销年金先付年金异常（人或事物）升值套利定价理论亚式期权资产管理比率资产周转比率授权股自主权，自治应收账款平均账龄均价期权坏账损失率资产负债表资产负债表银行借款银行承兑汇票破产基本每股收益鲍莫尔现金管理模型行为财务贝塔系数债券契约契约成本账面价值盈亏平衡点分析经纪费企业，商务，业务经营风险资本资产定价模型资本资产定价模型资本预算资本预算资本支出融资性租赁资本市场资本限额资本结构资本盈余现金周转期现金股利现金股利现金流量保障比率筹资活动现金流投资活动现金流经营活动现金流现金收购现金比率集中支付主席（chairmanor chairwoman)支票首席执行官首席财务官按时间顺序排列的（根据权力提出）要求，要求权，主张，要求而得到的东西清算浮游量控股公司系数抵押商业票据普通股普通股普通股股东（也可以是ordinary stockholder or shareholder公司特有风险补偿性余额复杂资本结构复利复利计算集中银行法固定股利支付率政策固定增长率模型消费者信用或有价值权会计长转换溢价转换比率可转换债券可转债可转债可转换优先股可转换证券公司年报相关系数资本成本资本成本协方差创造性会计，寻机性会计信用与收款政策信用卡信用期限赊销信用条件债权人外汇交叉组合系统交叉标价累积投票制远期外汇合约货币期货合约货币期权外汇风险货币互换流动资产流动负债流动负债现行市场价值流动比率现行收益债权人（也可以是debtor,creditor)债务工具债务管理比率债务比率债务与权益比率债务与全部资本比率决策，决策的股利宣布日违约风险递延年金递延税款贬值折旧目标资本结构稀释的每股收益控制权稀释所有权稀释（公司股票）冲减每股收益的直接法直接标价支出、支付折扣期限折扣率折现率折现现金流折现回收期折现计算可分散风险多样化股利折现模型股利无关论股利支付率股利支付比率股利政策股利收益率股利支付比率自制股利违约风险权益报酬率的杜邦分析体系息税前盈余息税前盈余每股收益（盈余）每股盈余经济订货量有效市场假设员工股票期权计划权益乘数欧洲经济区协定欧洲经济共同体欧盟汇率汇率风险除息日执行董事特种期权扩充项目期望收益期望效用理论外部融资面值（美国）会计准则委员会财务分析师财务困境财务困境财务经济学家财务灵活性财务杠杆财务管理金融市场财务比率财务风险财务风险（有时也指金融风险）财务准则财务报表筹资现金流融资比率融资结构融资组合（指负债与所有者权益的比例关系）先进先出惠誉国际公司固定汇率制度浮游量、浮差发行证券；挂牌上市上市成本浮动汇率制度财富500指数远期贴水远期市场远期升水远期汇率远期交易自由现金流假说自由贸易搭便车问题期货合约未来值，终值一般合伙人公认会计原则一般目的资产公开上市持续的高盛公司毛利增长年金避险 套期保值历史成本董事会自制股利门坎利率，最低报酬率门槛利率，最低报酬率混合证券混合金融工具激励性股票期权利润表增量现金流量独立审计师独立项目间接法间接标价信息不对称信息有效市场首次公开发行股票首发股票首发股票机构投资者机构投资者无形固定资产利率保障比率利息抵减利率平价利息率风险内部融资内部收益率，内含报酬率美国国内税务署跨国公司国际财务管理国际货币基金组织内在价值存货存货存活周转期存货周转率投资现金流投资银行投资银行家投资者的理性一月效应危害合资企业即时制后进先出单一价格法则学习曲线租赁租赁承租人出租人杠杠比率杠杆企业负债有限责任合伙人有限合伙制企业贷款额度股利清算清算流动性比率锁箱系统长期债务与全部资本比率长期负债长期比率回顾试货币期权低正常股利加额外股利政策邮寄浮游量管理层收购操纵市场转换价值市场不完备性市场风险市场份额可销售性短期证券有价证券短期有价证券流动性证券，有价证券市场价值与账面价值的比率会计学硕士工商管理硕士财务管理专业硕士物料需求计划系统（债券、票据等）到期均值-方差有效边界均值-方差世界美林公司米勒-欧尔现金管理模型负债与股票的组合适中策略MM定理星期一效应拨款单，汇款单，汇票监督成本穆迪和标准普尔穆迪公司摩根士丹利-添惠公司抵押跨国公司共同基金互不相容项目大额可转让存单议价收购净利润净现值净现值净利润净营运资本纽约证券交易市场纽约股票交易所新上市公司非执行董事正态分布正态假设应付票据发行价格公开市场经营现金流经营收益经营收益（损失）经营性租赁经营杠杆经营利润市场价值比率运营有效市场机会成本机会成本最优资本结构期权合约期权交易类期权证券普通年金（证券等）发行在外的发行股制造费用场外交易市场所有者权益市盈率合伙制企业专利回收期股利支付日排序理论完美资本市场（存货）永续盘存制永续年金关键的，枢纽的组合理论期后审计期后盈余披露预防动机优先权优先认购权优先股优先股优先股股东（英国人用preference stockholder or shareholder)现值价格接受者一级市场本金委托-代理关系（代理关系）私募公司，未上市公司私募私人控股公司有特权的认购按比例，成比例概率概率分布概率分布函数内部处理浮游量延迟利润盈利能力现值指数盈利比率财产股利土地、厂房与设备正反两方面期望理论组合公开发行公众控股公司公开上市公司，公众公司，上市公司（其他的表达法如，listed corporation，public corporation，etc）公开上市公司购买力平价卖出期权卖出价格速动比率随机变量收益率理性行为实务资产房地产（有时也用real property,或者就用property表示）股权登记日正常股利稳健策略更新项目回购回购回购协议要求的报酬率保留借款能力剩余索取权剩余股利政策残余价值激进策略限制性条款散户投资者（为自己买卖证券而不是为任何公司或机构进行投资的个人投资者）个人投资者.散户投资者回报资产收益率普通权益报酬率全部权益报酬率权益报酬率收入代理权所有权转移权投票权认股权发行风险规避所罗门美邦投资公司饱和点情况分析适时发行、增发（seasoned是指新股稳定发行。

Maturity premium: 期限溢价Risk premium: 风险溢价market portfolio: 市场组合Variance: 方差Standard deviation: 标准差Average return: 平均收益率Diversification: 分散投资Portfolio: 投资组合Unique risk or diversifiable risk: 特有风险或可分散风险Market risk or systematic risk: 市场风险或系统风险True value: 真实价值Efficient capital market: 有效资本市场Commercial paper: 短期融资券、商业票据Treasury stock: 库藏股Issued shares: 已发行股票Outstanding shares: 流通在外股票Authorized share capital: 法定股本Par value: 面值Additional paid-in capital or capital surplus: 附加实缴资本或资本公积Retained earnings: 留存收益Outside directors: 外部董事Majority voting: 多数表决投票制度Cumulative voting: 累积投票权Proxy contest: 代理权争夺Preferred stock: 优先股Net worth: 净值、资本净值Floating-rate preferred: 浮动利率优先股Counterbalance:使平衡,抵销Floating interest rate: 浮动利率Prime rate: 最优惠利率London interbank offered rate (LIBOR): 伦敦银行同业拆借利率Funded debt: 长期债务Sinking fund: 偿债基金Callable bond: 可赎回债券Subordinated debt: 次级债券或后偿债务Secured debt: 有抵押债务或有担保债务Default risk: 违约风险Eurodollars: 欧洲美元Warrant: 认股权证Convertible bond: 可转换债券Convertible preferred stock: 可转换优先股Financial deficit: 财务赤字Income statement: 利润表Common-size income statement: 共同尺度利润表、百分率利润表Balance sheet: 资产负债表Common-size balance sheet: 共同尺度资产负债表Leverage ratios: 负债比率、杠杆比率Financial leverage: 财务杠杆Long-term debt ratio: 长期负债比率Long-term debt-equity ratio: 长期债务权益比Total debt ratio: 资产负债率Times interest earned ratio: 已获利息倍数Cash coverage ratio: 现金流偿债能力比率Liquidity ratio: 变现能力比率Net working capital to total assets ratio: 净营运资本占总资产比Current ratio: 流动比率Quick (or acid-test) ratio: 速动比率或酸性测试比率Cash ratio: 现金比率Marketable securities: 有价证券Asset turnover ratio: 资产周转率Average collection period: 平均收账期Inventory turnover ratio: 存货周转率Profitability ratios: 盈利能力比率Profit margin: 销售净利率、利润边际Operating profit margin: 营业利润率Return on assets (ROA): 总资产收益率Return on equity (ROE): 净资产收益率Payout ratio: 股利支付率Plowback ratio: 留存收益率Long-term debt ratio: 长期负债比率Long-term debt-equity ratio: 长期债务权益比Total debt ratio: 资产负债率Times interest earned ratio: 已获利息倍数Interest cover ration:利息保障倍数Cash coverage ratio: 现金流偿债能力比率Du Pont system: 杜邦财务分析体系ROA: 总资产收益率ROE: 净资产收益率Creditor 债权人Deflation 通货紧缩Expenses 费用Financial statement 财务报表Financial activities 筹资活动Liabilities 负债Negative cash flow 负现金流量Operating activities 经营活动Owners equity 所有者权益Partnership 合伙企业Positive cash flow 正现金流量Retained earning 留存利润Revenue 收入Sole proprietorship 独资企业Solvency 清偿能力财会名词汉英对照表〔1〕会计与会计理论会计accounting决策人Decision Maker投资人Investor股东Shareholder债权人Creditor流动资产Current assets流动负债Current Liabilities长期负债Long-term Liabilities投入资本Contributed Capital留存收益Retained Earning－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－应收帐款Account receivable应收票据Note receivable起运点交货价F.O.B shipping point目的地交货价F.O.B destination point商业折扣Trade discount现金折扣Cash discount销售退回及折让Sales return and allowance坏帐费用Bad debt expense备抵法Allowance method备抵坏帐Bad debt allowance出票人Maker受款人Payee本金Principal利息率Interest rate到期日Maturity date本票Promissory note贴现Discount拒付费Protest fee－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－〔4〕存货存货Inventory商品存货Merchandise inventory产成品存货Finished goods inventory在产品存货Work in process inventory原材料存货Raw materials inventory市价Market value重置本钱Replacement cost可变现净值Net realizable value上限Upper limit下限Lower limit毛利法Gross margin method零售价格法Retail method本钱率Cost ratio－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－〔5〕长期投资长期投资Long-term investment长期股票投资Investment on stocks长期债券投资Investment on bonds本钱法Cost method权益法Equity method合并法Consolidation method股利宣布日Declaration date股权登记日Date of record除息日Ex-dividend date付息日Payment date债券面值Face value, Par value债券折价Discount on bonds债券溢价Premium on bonds票面利率Contract interest rate, stated rate市场利率Market interest ratio, Effective rate普通股Common Stock优先股Preferred Stock现金股利Cash dividends股票股利Stock dividends清算股利Liquidating dividends到期日Maturity date到期值Maturity value－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－-〔6〕固定资产固定资产Plant assets or Fixed assets原值Original value预计使用年限Expected useful life预计残?nbsp;Estimated residual value折旧费用Depreciation expense累计折旧Accumulated depreciation帐面价值Carrying value应提折旧本钱Depreciation cost净值Net value在建工程Construction-in-process磨损Wear and tear过时Obsolescence直线法Straight-line method 〔SL〕工作量法Units-of-production method 〔UOP〕加速折旧法Accelerated depreciation method双倍余额递减法Double-declining balance method 〔DDB〕年数总和法Sum-of-the-years-digits method 〔SYD〕以旧换新Trade in经营租赁Operating lease融资租赁Capital lease廉价购置权Bargain purchase option 〔BPO〕资产负债表外筹资Off-balance-sheet financing最低租赁付款额Minimum lease payments－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－〔7〕无形资产无形资产Intangible assets专利权Patents商标权Trademarks, Trade names著作权Copyrights特许权或专营权Franchises商誉Goodwill开办费Organization cost租赁权Leasehold摊销Amortization－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－〔8〕流动负债负债Liability流动负债Current liability应付帐款Account payable应付票据Notes payable贴现票据Discount notes长期负债一年内到期局部Current maturities of long-term liabilities应付股利Dividends payable预收收益Prepayments by customers存入保证金Refundable deposits应付费用Accrual expense增值税value added tax营业税Business tax应付所得税Income tax payable应付奖金Bonuses payable产品质量担保负债Estimated liabilities under product warranties赠品和兑换券Premiums, coupons and trading stamps或有事项Contingency或有负债Contingent或有损失Loss contingencies或有利得Gain contingencies永久性差异Permanent difference时间性差异Timing difference应付税款法Taxes payable method－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－〔9〕长期负债长期负债Long-term Liabilities应付公司债券Bonds payable有担保品的公司债券Secured Bonds抵押公司债券Mortgage Bonds保证公司债券Guaranteed Bonds信用公司债券Debenture Bonds一次还本公司债券Term Bonds分期还本公司债券Serial Bonds可转换公司债券Convertible Bonds可赎回公司债券Callable Bonds可要求公司债券Redeemable Bonds记名公司债券Registered Bonds无记名公司债券Coupon Bonds普通公司债券Ordinary Bonds收益公司债券Income Bonds名义利率，票面利率Nominal rate实际利率Actual rate有效利率Effective rate溢价Premium折价Discount面值Par value直线法Straight-line method实际利率法Effective interest method到期直接偿付Repayment at maturity提前偿付Repayment at advance偿债基金Sinking fund长期应付票据Long-term notes payable抵押借款Mortgage loan－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－〔10〕业主权益权益Equity业主权益Owners equity股东权益Stockholders equity投入资本Contributed capital缴入资本Paid-in capital股本Capital stock资本公积Capital surplus留存收益Retained earnings核定股本Authorized capital stock实收资本Issued capital stock发行在外股本Outstanding capital stock库藏股Treasury stock普通股Common stock优先股Preferred stock累积优先股Cumulative preferred stock非累积优先股Noncumulative preferred stock完全参加优先股Fully participating preferred stock局部参加优先股Partially participating preferred stock非局部参加优先股Nonpartially participating preferred stock现金发行Issuance for cash非现金发行Issuance for noncash consideration股票的合并发行Lump-sum sales of stock发行本钱Issuance cost本钱法Cost method面值法Par value method捐赠资本Donated capital盈余分配Distribution of earnings股利Dividend股利政策Dividend policy宣布日Date of declaration股权登记日Date of record除息日Ex-dividend date股利支付日Date of payment现金股利Cash dividend股票股利Stock dividend拨款appropriation－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－-〔12〕财务状况变动表财务状况变动表中的现金根底SCFP.Cash Basis〔现金流量表〕财务状况变动表中的营运资金根底SCFP.Working Capital Basis〔资金来源与运用表〕营运资金Working Capital全部资源概念All-resources concept直接:)业务Direct exchanges正常营业活动Normal operating activities财务活动Financing activities投资活动Investing activities－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－-〔13〕财务报表分析财务报表分析Analysis of financial statements比较财务报表Comparative financial statements趋势百分比Trend percentage比率Ratios普通股每股收益Earnings per share of common stock股利收益率Dividend yield ratio价益比Price-earnings ratio普通股每股帐面价值Book value per share of common stock资本报酬率Return on investment总资产报酬率Return on total asset债券收益率Yield rate on bonds已获利息倍数Number of times interest earned债券比率Debt ratio优先股收益率Yield rate on preferred stock营运资本Working Capital周转Turnover存货周转率Inventory turnover应收帐款周转率Accounts receivable turnover流动比率Current ratio速动比率Quick ratio酸性试验比率Acid test ratio〔14〕合并财务报表合并财务报表Consolidated financial statements吸收合并Merger创立合并Consolidation控股公司Parent company附属公司Subsidiary company少数股权Minority interest权益联营合并Pooling of interest 购置合并Combination by purchase 权益法Equity method本钱法Cost method。

CFA考试：财务报表分析——财务⽐率和每股收益（投资⼯具）第⼗章财务报表的分析Chapter ⒑Analysis of Financial Statement（Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management）§⒈解释通⽤规模的资产负债表（Common-size balance sheet）和通⽤规模的损益表，并讨论使⽤通⽤规模财务报表的情形通⽤规模的资产负债表（Common-size balance sheet），是将所有的资产负债账⽬都表⽰为总资产（total）的百分⽐。

通⽤规模的损益表（Common-size income statement），是将所有损益表中的所有项⽬都表⽰为销售额（sales）的百分⽐。

通⽤规模财务报表的作⽤：①便于对规模不同的两个公司进⾏⽐较；②检验单个公司在某段时期内的趋势；③有助于分析师了解公司财务报表的结构，如流动性资产的⽐例、负债为短期义务的⽐例等。

§⒉计算、解释和讨论下列量的适⽤：公司的内部流动性（company's Internal liquidity）、营业业绩（operating performance）、风险组合（risk profile）和增长潜能（growth potential）财务⽐率的五个主要类别：①通⽤规模报表（Common-size statement）。

②内部流动性或清偿能⼒（Internal liquidity / solvency）。

③营业业绩，包括营业效率（operating efficiency）和营业获利能⼒（operating profitability）。

④风险分析（risk analysis），包括商业风险、筹资风险和流动性风险。

⑤增长分析（growth analysis）。

内部流动性或偿债能⼒（Internal liquidity / solvency）内部流动性，表明公司履⾏短期筹资义务的能⼒。