Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
杰佛利·乔叟
I. Life and main works of Chaucer
Though Chaucer was born over two hundred years earlier, we know a good deal more for certain about his life than we do of Shakespeare‘s. Because Chaucer was a public man as well as a poet: an eminent servant(官吏), diplomat, administrator, Justice of the Peace（治安官员）, and
Member of Parliament. He was the representative writer of the century. Therefore, the 14th century is usually called ―The Age of Chaucer‖. Today Chaucer is acclaimed not only as ―the father of English poetry‖ （John Dryden）but also as ―the father of English fiction‖.
His two visits to Italy must have been crucial, here he became acquainted with the new learning, with the works of Petrarch（彼特拉克，1304-1374，意大利诗人、学者、欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表）, Giovanni Boccaccio（乔万尼·卜伽丘，1313-1375，文艺复
兴时期意大利，《十日谈》Decameron）. He was influenced by Dante (但丁，1265-1321意大利诗人，《神曲》Divine Comedy), Petrarch, and Boccaccio. It is possible that
Boccaccio‘s the collection of stories in Decameron gave Chaucer t he idea for The Canterbury Tales. After his death, he was buried in Westminster Abbey(英国名人墓地), ―Poet‘s Corner‖.
１３４８年，意大利的佛罗伦萨发生了一场可怕的瘟疫。每天，都有大批大批的尸体运到城外。从３月到７月，病死的
人达１０万以上，昔日美丽繁华的佛罗伦萨城变成了坟场。这件事给当时意大利作家薄伽丘以深刻影响。为了记下人类这场灾
难，他以这场瘟疫为背景，写下短篇小说集《十日谈》。
原来，在佛罗伦萨闹瘟疫期间的一个清晨，７个美丽年轻而富有教养的小姐，在教堂遇到了３个英俊而富有热烈激情的青
年男子。７位小姐中的３人是他们的情人，别的几位和他们还有亲戚关系。他们决心带着仆人，离开佛罗伦萨这座可怕城市。
他们相约，两天后到郊外的一座小山上的别墅里去躲避瘟疫。这１０位年轻人每天不是唱歌弹琴，就是跳舞散步。大家商
定每人每天讲一个优秀动听的故事，以此来愉快地度过一天中最难熬的时光，他们一共讲了１０天，１０天合计讲了１００个
故事，这些故事收集成集子就叫《十日谈》。
Chaucer‘s whole l ife can be divided into three periods. The first period, about thirty years,
including his youth and early manhood, is the period of French influence.Chaucer‘s main works in this period were translations from French. The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》,t he most popular long love poem of the Middle Ages, was translated from French into English by Chaucer. The second period, about fifteen years, covers Chaucer‘s active life as diplomat and man of affairs（知识渊博的人）.
In this period, Italian influence seemed stronger than the French. Chaucer produced works
adapted from Italian writers.His chief works of this period were Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》and The House of Fame 《声誉之堂》.The third period, including his last fifteen years, is generally known as the English P eriod. It is the period of Chaucer‘s richest development.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, is one of the most famous works in all literatures.
II. The Canterbury Tales
I n this great work, the author gives his reader a picture of English society in the Middle
Ages. The whole work consists of a prologue and twenty-four tales. In the prologue, the author reveals his plan for writing this work, and also vividly
describes the teller of each tale.
Chaucer tells us that one spring day, he comes into the Tabard Inn in Southwark at the south end of London Bridge. Here he meets twenty nine pilgrims, who are going to Canterbury(坎特伯雷,英国东南部城市,在肯特郡.该城曾为肯特国王都城。1170年12月29日，该城主教托马斯·阿·柏刻特因与国王亨利二世发生冲突被刺身亡，引起公愤。1173年，柏刻特被尊为殉唯圣徒，其遗骨葬于坎特伯雷教堂，自那以后到乔叟时的200余年中，每年有络绎不绝的信徒前往朝拜。它成了著名的圣地。).
In the General Prologue, the poet tells how, one day in April, he comes to the Tabard Inn in the southern suburb of London. By nightfall they arrive at the inn, twenty nine pilgrims are all ready to go to St. Thomas à Becket‘s tomb at Canterbury, and the poet joins the company and converses with all of them. At the proposal of Harry Bailey, the host of the inn, all the pilgrims agree that they make journey to and from Canterbury more interesting by telling stories to one another on the way. Each of them is to tell two stories on the outward trip and two more on the way back. Whoever tells the best tale is to be given a free supper, at the cost of all the rest, upon their return to the Tabard Inn. The host offers to go with them as their guide and judge.
According to this arrangement, there should be altogether a hundred and twenty stories in the collection, but actually only twenty-four tales are preserved, among which two are left incomplete, being interrupted at it were in the course of narration, while two others obviously remain unfinished.
The prologue includes a group of vivid sketches（素描）of typical medieval figures. All classes of the English feudal society, expect the royalty and the poorest peasant, are represented by these thirty pilgrims. They range from the knight and squire(律师、治安官), and prioress（女修道院院长）, through the landed proprietor and wealthy tradesman, down to the drunken cook and humble plowman. There are also a doctor and a lawyer, monks of different orders and nuns and priests, and a summoner（法院传票传达员）, a sailor, a miller, a carpenter, a yeoman（自耕农）, and an Oxford scholar. In the center of the group is the Wife of Bath( 巴斯妇), the owner of a large cloth-factory.
Every figure is drawn with the accuracy of a portrait. The portraits of the thirty pilgrims supply a miniature of t he English society in Chaucer‘s time. Looking at the picture gallery, we know at once how people lived in that era. That is why Chaucer was praised by Gorky（高尔基）as ―the founder of English realism‖.
III. Social Significance of The Canterbury Tales
In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer gives us a true-to-life picture of the society of his time. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms men and opposes the dogma(教条) of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached by the Church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praise s man‘s energy, intellect, quick wit（机智）and love of life. His tales expose and satirize (讽刺性描写) the evils of his time. They attack the degeneration of the noble, the
heartlessness of the judge, the corruption of the Church and so on.
Living in a transitional period, Chaucer is not entirely devoid(缺乏的) medieval prejudices. He is religious himself. There is nothing revolutionary in his writing, though he lived in a period of peasant uprising. While praising man‘s right to earthly happiness, he someti mes likes to crack a rough joke and paint naturalistic pictures of sexual life.
IV. Features of Chaucer‘s Writing
Chaucer wrote in vivid and exact language. His poetry is full of vigor and swiftness. Chaucer‘s contribution to English poetry is that he introduced from France the rhymed couplet of iambic（抑扬格）pentameter (五音步诗行)(which was later called the ―heroic couplet‖ 英雄双韵体) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse(头韵诗). Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.
He wrote his poetry by using the East Midland dialect of England, the dialect of London. So he did much in making the dialect of London, the foundation for modern English speech and establishing English as the literary language of the country. Chaucer displayed genius for vivid characterization, bland（柔和的）irony, oblique（坦率的）humor, and mix of practicality(实用性) and imagination, rhetoric（华丽的言语）and realism.
Chaucer‘s style in The Canterbury Tales is remarkably flexible.His prose, like his vocabulary, is easy and informal.Chaucer is a great satirist, but he is almost never bitter when he pokes fun at the foibles and weakness of people.
V．Let‘s read the selection of The Canterbury Tales (看课本2-5页)
The Prologue
When in April the sweet showers fall
And pierce (penetrate)the drought of March to the root, and all
The veins(叶脉) are bathed in liquor (喻指甘霖)of such power
As brings about the engendering （生长，发芽）of the flower,
When also Zephyrus（希腊人认为西风神是森林诸神中最温柔者）with his sweet breath
Exhales [ eks?he?l] （breathe out）an air in every grove （wood）and heath(open and uncultivated land)
Upon the tender shoots(嫩芽，幼苗), and the young sun
His half-course in the sign of the Ram has run,（白羊宫，但太阳经过白羊宫时为三月二十一日至四月二十一日，正值春天。）
And the small fowl（birds）are making melody
That sleep away the night with open eye
Then people long to go on pilgrimages
And palmers [?pɑ:m?] (朝圣者) long to seek the stranger strands（shore）
Of far-off saints, hallowed(respect) in sundry(all kinds of) lands,
And specially, from every shire‘s(郡) end
Of England, down to Canterbury they wend（go）
To seek the holy blissful(有造化的) martyr [?mɑ:t?] (殉教者), quick
To give his help to them when they were sick.
t happened in that season that one day
In Southwark, at the Tabard, as I lay( 精心准备)
Ready to go on pilgrimage and start
For Canterbury, most devout [d??va?t] (虔诚的) at heart,
At night there came into the hostelry [?h?st?lri] （hotel）
Some nine and twenty in a company（group）
Of sundry folk(people) happening then to fall
In fellowship, and they were pilgrims all
That towards Canterbury meant to ride.
The rooms and stables(马厩) of the inn were wide;
They made us easy（comfortable）, all was of the best,
And, briefly, when the sun had gone to rest,
I‘d spoken to them all upon the trip
And was soon one with them in fellowship,
Pledged (promise ) to rise early and to take the way
To Canterbury, as you heard me say.
But none the less(still) , while I have time and space,
Before my story takes a further pace, (趁故事正文尚未开始，我还有时间和篇幅)
It seems a reasonable thing to say
What their condition（社会地位）was, the full array（rank）
Of each of them, as it appeared to me.
According to profession and degree（地位）,
And what apparel （clothes）they were riding in;
And at a Knight I therefore will begin.
There was a Knight, a most distinguished man,
Who from the day on which he first began
To ride abroad had followed chivalry[???v?lri:] ,
Truth（faith）, honour（reputation）, freedom （generosity）and all courtesy(refinement,politeness). He had done nobly in his sovereign‘s[?s?vrin] (king ) war,
And ridden into battle, none more far
As well in Christendom[?kris?nd?m] 基督教世界
as in heathen[?hi:e?n] 异教徒places,
And ever honoured for his noble graces. 涵养
When we took Alexandria(埃及港市), he was there.
e often sat at table in the chair
of honour, above all nations, when in Prussia普鲁士.
In Lithuania[?liθju(:)?einj?] 立陶宛he had ridden, and Russia,
No Christian man so often, of his degree.
In far Granada 西班牙古国at the siege围城，围攻was he
Of Algeciras 西班牙地名, and in Benamarin 北非地名.
At Ayas 亚美尼亚地名and Attalia 小亚细亚地名was he when
they were won; and in the Mediterranean [?medit??reinj?n] Sea
He had been with many a noble army.
In fifteen mortal battles he had been
And fought for our faith at Tlemcen 阿尔及利亚地名
Three times in the lists, and always killed his foe.
This same distinguished knight had been also
At one time with the lord of Palatia 埃及古国名
Against another heathen(异教徒) in Turkey;
He was of sovereign（至高无上的）value in all eyes.
And though so distinguished ,he was wise(博识的)
And in his bearing（态度）modest as a maid.
He never yet a boorish （粗鄙的）thing had said
In all his life to any, come what might;
He was a truly perfect gentle-knight.
Speaking of his equipment, he possessed
Fine horses, but he was not gaily花哨地dressed.
He wore a fustian [?f?st??n] tunic 斜条粗纹短上衣stained （褪色的）and dark,
with smudges 污点where his armour（盔甲）had left mark;
he had just come back from his voyage,
And now was going on this pilgrimage.
《坎特伯雷故事集》节选中文版网址https://www.doczj.com/doc/0818779613.html,/p-91799784.html
Homework:
1．What do you know of G. Chaucer? And The Canterbury Tales?
Chaucer is acclaimed not only as ―the father of English poetry‖ but also as ―the father of English fiction‖.
The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. They are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.Chaucer uses the tales and the descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. The greatest contribution of this work was in popularizing the literary use of the vernacular(本国语), English, rather than French or Latin.
2. What kind of a person is the Knight?
There are four main qualities of the Knight. The first is the
Knight‘s love of ideals—―chivalry‖, ―truth‖, ―honour‖, ―freedom‖, and ―courteisy‖. The second is the Knight‘s impressive military career. The Knight has fought in the Crusades, wars in which Europeans traveled by sea to non-Christian lands and attempted to convert (侵占) whole cultures by the force of their swords. The Knight has battled the Muslims in Egypt, Spain, and Turkey, and the Russian Orthodox in Lithuania and Russia. He has also fought in formal duels. The third quality the narrator remembers about the Knight is his meek, gentle, manner. And the fourth is his ―array,‖ or dress. The Knight wears a tunic made of coarse cloth, and his coat of mail (甲胄)is rust-stained, because he has recently returned from an expedition.
3. What is heroic couplet?
A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in The Canterbury Tales.
William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚
I. The life and main works of Shakespeare （1564－1616）
William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564. His father was a rich trader. He got education in a local grammar school for a few years. There he picked up the ―small Latin
and less Greek‖. When Shakespeare was about fourteen years old, his father lost his little property and fell into debt, young William had to leave school to help support his family. In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years older than her husband. A few years later, he went to London, he became an actor and a writer. He worked very hard, and wrote for the theatre at the rate of two plays a year. He died on April 23, 1616, which was his 52nd birthday.
During his twenty-two years of literary career,he produced 37(38/39) plays, 154 sonnets and some long poems. Shakespeare wrote comedies in his early period.He wrote 16 comedies altogether. His main comedies are: The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》, A Midsu mmer Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》, As You Like It《皆大欢喜》, The Winter‘s Tale《冬天的故事》, and The Twelfth Night《第十二夜》.
Shakespeare wrote 11 tragedies. His main tragedies are: Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello《奥赛罗》, King Lear《李尔王》, and Macbeth《麦克白斯》. All of these plays express
a profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the time, between justice and injustice. In these plays, Shakespeare condemns the dark and evil society.
Shakespeare‘s historical plays are political play s. His historical plays reflect the historical events of two centuries from Richard II to Henry VIII. They show the horrors of civil war, the necessity for national unity, the responsibilities of efficient ruler and the importance of legitimate
succession to the throne. Among Shakespeare‘s 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable plays. Besides the plays, Shakespeare wrote some long poems and 154 sonnets. His well-known long poems are Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》and The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克里斯受辱记》.
Shakespeare‘s 37 plays:
1. 1590，Henry VI, part 2，《亨利六世》第二部，Historical
2.1590-1591，Henry VI, part 3 ，《亨利六世》第三部，Historical
3.1591-1592，Henry VI, part 1 ，《亨利六世》第一部，Historical
4.1592，Richard III 《理查三世》，Historical
5.1592-1593，The Comedy of Errors，《错误的喜剧》，Comedy
6.1593-1594，Titus Andronicus，《泰特斯．安得洛尼克斯》，Tragedy
7.1593-1594，The Taming of the Shrew ，《训悍记》，Comedy
8. 1594，Two Gentlemen of Verona ，《维罗那的两位绅士》，Comedy
9.1594，Love?s Labour‘s Lost，《爱的徒劳》，Comedy
10. 1595，Richard II，《理查二世》，Historical
11.1595，A Midsummer Night?s Dream ，《仲夏夜之梦》，Comedy
12.1596，Romeo and Juliet ，《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，Tragedy
13. 1596，King John，《约翰王》，Historical
14.1596-1597，The Merchant of Venice，《威尼斯商人》Comedy
15.1597-1598，Henry IV, part 1，《亨利四世》第一部，Historical
16. 1597-1598，Henry IV, part 2 ，《亨利四世》第二部，Historical
17.1598，Much Ado About Nothing ，《无事生非Comedy
18.1598，The Merry Wives of Windsor，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，Comedy
19.1599，Henry V，《亨利五世》，Historical
20.1599 ，Julius Caesar，《裘利斯．凯撒》，Tragedy
21. 1600，As You Like It，《皆大欢喜》，Comedy
22.1600，Twefth Night ，《第十二夜》，Comedy
23.1600-1601，Hamlet，《哈姆雷特》，Tragedy
24. 1601-1602 ，Troilus and Cressida，《特罗伊罗勒斯与克瑞西达》，Tragedy
25.1602-1603，All?s Well That Ends Well，《终成眷属》，Comedy
26. 1604，Measure for Measure，《一报还一报》，Comedy
27.1604，Othello，《奥赛罗》，Tragedy
28. 1605-1606，King Lear，《李尔王》，Tragedy
29.1605-1606，Macbeth，《麦克白》，Tragedy
30. 1606-1607，Antony and Cleopatra ，《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》，Tragedy
31.1607-1608，Coriolanus ，科利奥兰纳斯，Historical
32.1607-1608，Timon of Athens，《雅典的泰门》，Tragedy
33. 1608 Pericles, Prince of Tyre，《泰尔亲王佩力克里斯》，Romance（传奇剧）
34. 1609，Cymbeline ，《辛白林》，Romance
35.1611，The Winter?s Tale ，《冬天的故事》，Romance
36. 1611 ，The Tempest，《暴风雨》，Romance
37.1612 ，Henry VIII，《亨利八世》，Historical
Shakespeare is a realist. He is one of the founders of realism in English literature. His plays are mirrors of his age, reflecting the major contradictions of that time. His comedies reflect life of the young men and women who just freed themselves from the fetters(镣铐) of feudalism and who were striving for individual emancipation(解放). His comedies lay emphasis on emancipation of women, which played a very important role in anti-feudalism.
In his great tragedies, Shakespeare depicted the life and death struggle between the humanists, who represented the newly emerging forces, and the corrupted King and his feudal followers, who represented the dark power of that time. He also clearly reflected the contradictions between the rich and the poor. He showed his sympathy to the poor people and disclosed the greed and cruelty of the upper class. He revealed the emergence of the early colonization and racial problem arising with capitalism. He fully reflected the omnipotent (全能的) power of money in the age of growing capitalism. He was far-sighted into money, capitalist accumulation and its effect.
Shakespeare was a great master of English language. The language of each of his characters fits his position in society and reveals the peculiarities of his character. He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer. He loved to play with words, or to make puns with them. He also created a lot of new words and expressions, thus enriching English language. He is a great poet. He was skilled in many poetic forms. He could write songs, lyrics, sonnets, couplets, quatrains and blank verse(无韵诗也就是不押韵的诗无或称为白体诗). Blank verse is the principal form of his dramas.
After Shakespeare‘s death, the English drama underwent a decline. The simple reason is that there was no great writer to fill the vacant place left by Shakespeare. His successors lacked not only Shakespeare‘s genius but his broad charity and his moral insight into life. Only twenty-six years after Shakespeare‘s death, the London theatres were closed down. Of the successors of Shakespeare, the best known was Ben Jonson. He is the most important dramatist of his age. The whole action of his drama usually covers only a few hours, or a single day. His dramas are carefully and logically constructed. His comedies are worth reading because they are realistic
and present men and women of the time exactly as they were.
II. The Story of Hamlet
The Tragedy of Hemlet, Prince of Denmark is a tragedy. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatizes the revenge Prince Hamlet exacts on his uncle Claudius for murdering King Hamlet, Claudius' brother and Prince Hamlet's father, and then succeeding to the throne and taking as his wife Gertrude, the old king's widow and Prince Hamlet's mother. The play vividly portrays both true and feigned madness-from overwhelming grief to seething rage- and explores themes of treachery(背叛), revenge, incest（乱伦）, and moral corruption.
some questions:
1. What do you think of the revenge of Hamlet and that of Laertes?
2. What do you think of the pretended
madness of Hamlet and the real madness of Ophelia ?
3. What‘s your attitude toward Hamlet‘s mother?
4. What‘s your attitudes toward Ophelia?
5. Why does King Claudius not dare to
punish Hamlet inside Denmark?
6. What are the weaknesses of Hamlet?
III. Hamlet
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether ‘tis nob ler in the mind to suffer
The slings（投石器）and arrows of outrageous（残暴的）fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep—
No more— and by a sleep to say we end
The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks（打击）
That flesh is heir（stand）to! ‘Tis a consummation (成就）
Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep—
To sleep— perchance（perhaps）to dream: ay, there‘s the rub（trouble/barrier）,
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off (get rid of) this mortal(人类的) coil（缠绕disturbance）,
Must give us pause. There‘s the respect（consideration）
That makes calamity (disaster 不幸）of so long life:
For who would bear the whips and scorns（contempt）of time
Th‘ oppressor‘s wrong（insult）, the proud man‘s contumely（侮辱）,
The pangs（pain）of despised (contemptible) love, the law‘s delay,
The insolence（proud rudeness）of office, and the spurns（唾弃）
That patient merit（有德有才的人）of th‘ unworthy（小人）takes, （that patient merit takes the spurns of the unworthy）
When he himself might his quietus（death）make
With a bare bodkin（dagger）? Who would fardles (burden) bear,
To grunt(呻吟) and sweat under a weary（boring and tired）life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscovered country (Hades, the hell), from whose bourn (boundary)
No traveler returns, puzzles the will (resolution),
And makes us rather bear those ills (pains) we have,
Than fly to others that we know not of (Hades)?
Thus conscience [?k?n??ns] (consideration) does make cowards of us all,
活下去还是不活：这是问题。
要做到高贵，究竟该忍气吞声
来容受狂暴的命运矢石交攻呢，
还是该挺身反抗无边的苦恼，
扫他个干净？死，就是睡眠—
就这样；而如果睡眠就等于了结了
心痛以及千百种身体要担受的
皮痛肉痛，那该是天大的好事，
正求之不得啊！死，就是睡眠；
睡眠，也许要做梦，这就麻烦了！
我们一旦摆脱了尘世的牵缠，
在死的睡眠里还会做些什么梦，
一想到就不能不踌躇。这一点顾虑
正好使灾难变成了长期的折磨。
谁甘心忍受人世的鞭挞和嘲弄，
忍受压迫者虐待、傲慢者凌辱，
忍受失恋的痛苦、法庭的拖延、
衙门的横暴，做埋头苦干的人才、
受作威作福的小人一脚踢出去，
如果他只消自己来使一下尖刀
就可以得到解脱啊？谁甘心挑担子，
拖着疲累的生命，呻吟，流汗，
要不是怕一死就去了没有人回来的
那个从未发现的国土，怕那边
还不知会怎样，因此意志动摇了，
因此便宁愿忍受目前的灾殃，
而不愿投奔另一些未知的苦难？
这样子，顾虑使我们成了懦夫，
也就这样子，决断决行的本色
蒙上了惨白的一层思虑的病容；
本可以轰轰烈烈的大作大为，
由于这点想不通，就出了别扭，
失去了行动的名分。
V. Sonnets
十四行诗是一种格律比较严格的诗体。它起源于文艺复兴时期的意大利，为彼特拉克（Petrach）所首创，十六世纪传入英国。十四行诗大致可分为三类：彼特拉克体（意大利体），斯宾赛体（Spenser, abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee押韵）和莎士比亚体（五音部抑扬格，abab,cdcd,efef,gg十四行诗主要以爱情、美、时光为主题，但思想深度又大大超越前人。
莎士比亚一共有154首十四行诗。其中1-126首献给诗人的好友，一位英俊的独身青年 127-152首写给一位皮肤黝黑的女郎。其他几首诗则被认为与主题无关的练笔之作。
这154首诗作中，诗人极尽想象、直抒胸臆，使用最华丽、丰富的语言来颂扬男友和伟大的爱情。在诗人眼里，英俊的男友就是美的化身。虽然有些诗作也涉及社会的黑暗现实，但这种揭露也全是因为美被摧残、压抑而引发的。
Shall I compare thee (you)to a summer‘s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. (温和的)
R ough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer‘s lease hath all too short a dat e. (lease=period) (time)
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, (sun)
And often is his gold complexion dimmed; (the color of face)
And every fair (beauty) from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature‘s changing course, untrimmed; (自然的变迁) （丢失）
But thy eternal summer shall not fade（disappear）,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow‘st, (own)
Nor shall Death brag(吹牛) thou wand‘rest in his shade, （wonder）
When in eternal lines to time thou grow‘st. (grow)
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this (this poem), and this gives life to thee.
十四行诗第十八首威廉·莎士比亚
是否把你比作夏季的美？
可你比夏季更温和可爱：
狂风会吹落五月的花蕾，
夏季赁期太短结束太快，
天眼的光焰有时会太强，
金面孔上常有阴云出现：
一切美好事物难免消亡，
或因偶然，或因自然变迁；
但你的长夏将永不消逝，
你的美也将会永远存在：
当你进入与时共存的诗，
死神难夸口，阴影难覆盖：
只要人能呼吸，眼能看见，
这诗行就会让你生命重现。
Homework
1. What are the sources of English Literature?
The Bible, Greek and Roman Myths and Shakespeare‘s works.
2. What did Shakespeare write?
Shakespeare wrote 37（38/39）plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets
3. How are Shakespeare‘s plays divided?
Shakespeare‘s plays can be divided into tragedies, comedies, tragic-comedies and history plays.
4. What are the 3 types of sonnets?
The three types of sonnets are Petrarchan sonnets, Shakespearean sonnets and Spenserian sonnets.
5. What is blank verse?
Blank Verse consists of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter.
6. What do you know of Hamlet?
Hamlet ，The Prince of Denmark and the protagonist. About thirty years old at the start of the play, Hamlet is the son of Queen Gertrude and the late King Hamlet, and the nephew of the
present king, Claudius. Hamlet is melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle‘s scheming and disgust for his mother‘s sexuality. A reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the University of Wittenberg, Hamlet is often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts.
Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根(1561-1626)
I. The life and main works of Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon was the younger son of Sir(男爵) Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper (掌玺大臣) during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He was born in London and at the age of 12 was sent to Cambridge University. He left Cambridge and went abroad, and was appointed to the English ambassador in France for some two years. His father‘s death brought him back to England, but he was the younger son and had no claims on the family inheritance. In 1584 he entered The House of Commons(下议院) as a member of Parliament.
Jade seal (玉玺)
In the meantime Bacon wrote papers on public affairs and addressed some of his writings to the queen urging her to subsidize(资助…津贴) an ambitious project for scientific research. In 1597 he published his first series of ten short essays, which were later expanded into a collection of 38 in 1612 and finally into a total of 58 in 1625. When James Ⅰ came to the English throne in 1603, Bacon was already known as a lawyer, statesman and a literary figure and the new king made him a knight(爵位) and gave him a small pension(津贴). Bacon, ever interested in philosophy and science, now tried to gain James Ⅰ the support for his project for scientific research.
In 1605 he published The Advancement of Learning《学术的进展》. Then in 1607 he obtained the appointment as Solicitor-General(首席法官), in 1613 as Attorney-General(首席检察官), in 1617 as Lord Keeper, in 1618 as Lord Chancellor(英国上议院的大法官). In the meantime, in spite of his heavy duties at his political post, Bacon continued with his work on philosophy and science and he published in 1620 The New Instrument《新工具》. In 1621, as the parliament convened(召集), Bacon was charged with bribery, and he confessed himself guilty of ―corruption and neglect‖ but denied having ever perverted(不正当的) justice on account of bribery. He was punished, deprived of office in the government and of his seat in the parliament, fined 40,000 pounds and imprisoned in The Tower of London.
But he was freed from imprisonment in a few days and the fine was subsequently assigned(分派) by the king to trustees(托管人) for Bacon‘s own use. The remaining years of
Bacon‘s life were spent in literary and philosophical work. He published a historical work The History of the Reign of Henry VII 《亨利七世本纪》in 1622, a utopian work The New Atlantis《新大西岛》in 1626. In 1626 he died of a cold caught while he was trying to make a scientific experiment to see whether flesh could be preserved by cold as well as by salt. Ben Jonson declare him to be ―one of the greatest man and most worthy of admira tion that had been in many ages.‖
II．The characters of his writing style
When Bacon published his first Essays(《论说文集》)in 1597, he became England‘s first essayist.Essays, written in powerful, direct, and compact(简洁) style, are laden with quotations, metaphors, witticisms(妙语), and allusions(典故；) which clearly mark them as the work of Francis Bacon. As a Renaissance scholar, Bacon wrote more often in Latin than he did in English. These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others.
Among these essays the famous pieces are Of Studies, Of Travel and Of Wisdom，Of Marriage and Single Life.
Writing Style of Bacon‘s Essays: Bacon‘s essays are no ted for their clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon‘s chief concern is to express his thought with
clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are short, pointed(敏锐的), incisive(深刻的)and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally speaking, Bacon‘s literary style has three prominent qualities: directness(率直), terseness(简洁), and forcefulness(有说服力).
III. Of Studies
Of Studies
Studies serve for delight (pleasure), for ornament (decoration), and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness (in private) and retiring(幽居独处); for ornament is in discourse (speech); and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition (arrangement) of business. For expert(内行的、老练的) men can execute (perform,/carry out), and perhaps judge of particulars (individual items细节), one by one; but the general counsels（a plan of action）, and the plots and marshalling (arrange in proper order) of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth (laziness); to use them too much for ornament, is affectation(矫揉造作); to make judgment only by their rules, is the humour (temper) of a scholar（老学究）.
They（studies）perfect nature(天性), and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning(修剪) by study; and studies themselves do give forth
directions too much at large, except they be bounded (limited) in by experience. Crafty (cunning) men contemn (look down upon) studies, simple (ignorant) men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without （out side of）them (books), and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict (同….相矛盾) and confute（驳斥）; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously(精细地); and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy（代理人）, and extracts（摘录）made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments（书籍的内容提要）, and the meaner（低劣的）sort of book; else distilled（将思想、想法等加以提炼）books are like common distilled waters, flashy （华而不实的）things.
Reading maketh a full（充实的）man; conference（talking with sb）a ready (alertness) man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer (商谈、交谈) little, he had need have a present (existing or happening now) wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning (足智多谋的，狡诈的), to
seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets, witty（富于机智的）; the mathematics, subtile (敏锐的); natural philosophy, deep（深刻的）; moral, grave (庄重), logic and rhetoric(修辞), able to contend（argue 争辩）: Abeunt studia in mores （专心学问者，性格也受陶冶）.
Nay（no）, there is no stond（hindrance）nor impediment (barrier) in the wit, but may be wrought (worked) out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling（滚木球戏）is good for the stone and reins(膀胱和肾); shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking（jogging）for stomach; riding(骑马) for the head; and the like. So if a man‘s wit be wandering（神志恍惚的），let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations (showing sth by giving proofs), if his wit be called away (转移注意力)never so little, he must begin again.
If his wit be not apt to (good at ) distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen (欧洲中世纪经院派神学家); for they cymini sectores （过分讲究细节的人）. If he be not apt to beat over matters（详细审查事物）, and to call up（回忆）one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers‘ cases. So every defect（shortcoming）of the mind may have a special receipt（recipe 处方）.
论读书
培根何新译读书可以作为消遣，可以作为装饰，也可以增长才干。孤独寂寞时，阅读可以消遣。高谈阔论时，知识可供装饰。处世行事时，知识意味着才干。懂得事务因果的人是幸运的。有实际经验的人虽能够处理个别性的事务，但若要综观整体，运筹全局，却唯有学识方能办到。读书太慢的人驰惰，为装潢而读书是欺人，完全按照书本做事就是呆子。求知可以改进人性，而经验又可以改进知识本身。人的天性犹如野生的花草，求知学习好比修剪移栽。学问虽能指引方向，但往往流于浅泛，必须依靠经验才能扎下根基。狡诈者轻鄙学问，愚鲁者羡慕学问，聪明者则运用学问。
知识本身并没有告诉人怎样运用它，运用的智慧在于书本之外。这是技艺，不体验就学不到。读书的目的是为了认识事物原理。为挑剔辩驳去读书是无聊的。但也不可过于迷信书本。求知的目的不是为了吹嘘炫耀，而应该是为了寻找真理，启迪智慧。书籍好比食品。有些只须浅尝，有些可以吞咽，只有少数需要仔细咀嚼，慢慢品味。所以，有的书只要读其中一部分，有的书只须知其梗概，而对于少数好书，则应当通读，细读，反复读。有的书可以请人代读，然后看他的笔记摘要就行了。但这只应限于不太重要的议论和质量粗劣的书。否则一本书将像已被蒸馏过的水，
变得淡而无味了。
读书使人充实，讨论使人机敏，写作则能使人精确。因此，如果有人不读书又想冒充博学多知，他就必须很狡黠，才能掩人耳目。如果一个懒于动笔，他的记忆力就必须强而可靠。如果一个人要孤独探索，他的头脑就必须格外锐利。读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，学习数学使人精密，物理学使人深刻，伦理学使人高尚，逻辑修辞使人善辩。总之，“知识能塑造人的性格”。不仅如此，精神上的各种缺陷，都可以通过求知来改善—正如身体上的缺陷，可能通过适当的运动来改善一样。
例如打球有利于腰背，射箭可扩胸利肺，散步则有助于消化，骑术使人反应敏捷，等等。同样道理，一个思维不集中的人，他可以研习数学，因为数学稍不仔细就会出错。缺乏分析判断的人，他可以研习形而上学，因为这门学问最讲究细琐的辩证。不善于推理的人，可以研习法律案例。如此等等。这种心灵上的缺陷，都可以通过学习而得到改善。Homework:
1. What are the uses of studies?
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
2. What are the 3 attitudes toward studies?
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.
3.What is the right way of studying?
Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to
find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
4. What are the 3 kinds of books that should be treated differently?
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and
digested.
5. What are the different uses of books?
Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.
John Donne/?d?n/约翰邓恩（1572-1631）
I. Introduction
J ohn Donne was an English poet, satirist, lawyer and a priest in the Church of England. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are noted for their strong, sensual (世俗的)style and include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams（讽刺诗）, elegies （挽歌）, songs, satires and sermons（布道）. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy（活力）of language and inventiveness（创造力）of metaphor, especially compared to that of his contemporaries. Donne‘s style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes（矛盾）, ironies and dislocations（混乱）.
These features, along with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax and his tough eloquence, were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and an adaptation into English of European baroque 怪异and mannerist （矫揉造作）techniques. Another important theme in Donne‘s poetry is the idea of true religion. He wrote secular poems (世俗诗歌) as well as erotic [??r?t?k](色情的) and love poems. He is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceit（玄学奇喻：别出心裁的比喻，是把两个完全不相关的事物加以类比，使用明喻或暗喻的手段加以互相代换，玄学派诗人在作品中大量引用这种修辞方式）.
Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends. He spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising沉迷女色, literature, pastimes, and travel. In 1615, he became an Anglican英国国教的priest, although he did not want to take Anglican orders. He did so because King James I persistently ordered it. In 1621, he was appointed the Dean of St Paul‘s Cathedral in London. He also served as a member of parliament in 1601 and in 1614.
II. Writings
Donne‘s early career was also notable for his erotic(色情的) poetry, especially his elegies, in which he employed unconventional metaphors, such as a flea biting two lovers being compared to sex.
His early belief in the value of scepticism now gave way to a firm faith in the traditional teachings of The Bible. Having converted to the Anglican Church, Donne focused his literary career on religious literature. He quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems. The lines of these sermons would come to influence future works of English literature, such as E rnest Hemingway‘s For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》, and Thomas Merton‘s托马斯默顿No Man is an Island《没有人是孤岛》, wh ich took its title from the same source.
―No man is an island, entire of itself;every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main,...Any man‘s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee ‖
Towards the end of his life Donne wrote works that challenged death, and the fear that it inspired in many men, on the grounds of his belief that those who die are sent to Heaven to live eternally. One example of this challenge is his ―Death Be Not Proud‖《死神莫骄傲》, Even as he lay dying in 1631, he rose from his sickbed and delivered the Death‘s Duel (决斗)sermon, which was later desc ribed as his own funeral sermon.
The Flea
Mark but this flea, and mark in this, （notice）（留下... 标记/痕迹） How little that which thou deniest me is ;
Me it sucked first, and now sucks thee, (It sucked me first, sting)
And in this flea our two bloods mingled be. (mix, blind)
Thou know‘st that this cannot be said
A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead ; (the hymen 处女膜chastity 贞洁)
Yet this enjoys before it woo,
（court, seek the hand or love）
And pamper‘d swells with one blood made of two ;
(古语中指吃得过饱)
And this, alas ! is more than we would do. （唉）
O stay, three lives in one flea spare, （stop, treat with mercy, 不伤害，饶恕)
Where we almost, yea [je?](肯定，赞成), more than married are.
This flea is you and I, and this
Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is. （this is our marriage bed, and marriage temple）Though parents grudge, and you, we‘re met, (厌恶)
And cloister‘d in these living walls of jet. （隐退，与世隔绝）(黑尔发亮的，乌黑的)
Though use make you apt to kill me, （habit, custom）
Let not to that self-murder added be, （let not to the self-murder be added）
And sacrilege, three sins in killing three. (the violation or misuse of what is regarded as sacred 亵渎神圣)基督教：自杀要下地狱，而根据基督教说法，自杀等於杀人，而且是犯了十诫中的「不可杀人」诫律。纵使你生前乐善好施，但杀了人就无法上天堂。圣经里面说：「我们是掌管身体的管家，一定要将之打理得好，不能破坏。）
Cruel and sudden, hast thou since (have)
Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence? [ea?]
Wherein could this flea guilty be,
(Wherein could this flea be guilty)
Except in that drop which it suck‘d from thee?
Yet thou triumph‘st, and say‘st that thou ( you say that)
Find‘st not thyself nor me the weaker now.
?‘Tis true ; then learn how false fears be ;
(how fears be false 虚惊)
Just so much honour, when thou yield‘st to me, （屈从，暗指接受我的求爱）
Will waste, as this flea‘s death took life from thee.
（毁坏，蹂躏）
（when thou yield'st to me, just so much honour will waste, as this flea's death took life from thee）
邓恩早期的作品多为世俗爱情诗歌，基本主题是爱情，强调灵肉合一，此外也常把爱情理想化，有时又对此加以讽刺。《跳蚤》中诗人以向情人求爱的口语体写成，语气富有调侃，比拟超乎寻常，推理和结论也超乎意料，反映了邓恩式的奇想。诗中最后女方杀死了跳蚤，也就掐掉了双方的联系，爱情的坚贞不渝收到了质疑。诗人并不简单地叙述跳蚤吸血被打死这一事件，而是竭力想利用此来说服情人接受他的求爱。如此巧妙的构思，令人叹服。
1. Why does the poet say that “this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead"?
The speaker tells his beloved to look at the flea before them and to note “how little”is that thing that she denies him. For the flea, he says, has sucked first his blood, then her blood, so that now, inside the flea, they are mingled; and that mingling cannot be called “sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead.”The flea has joined them together in a way that, “alas, is more than we would do.”
2. What do you think is the addressee’s parents’attitude toward the poet’s wooing?
The addressee’s parents’attitudes are against him.
3. What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea ―thou‖ are actually killing three lives?
He compares the killing of the flea to murder. It would be ―three sins in killing three‖ since he and his lover would be killed within the flea if she were to follow her natural tendency to dispose of the insect. He even states that the act of killin g the flea would be ―sacrilege‖. This is a term that is generally applied to acts that go against religion. If the lover denies the fact that their blood, and therefore their lives, are contained within the flea, it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to make the reverse, to acknowledge their closeness within the flea, compatible with religion. To acknowledge this closeness is also to acknowledge that it is allowable, which could lead to the conclusion that Donne wishes his lover to arrive at: she should give in to his desires because there is nothing wrong with the intimate mingling of two people.
看呀－这只跳蚤－叮在这里住手一只跳蚤三条生命啊多么残忍－你毫无犹豫
你对我的拒绝多么微不足道它的身体不只是见证我们的婚约用无辜的鲜血染红自己的指甲
它先叮我－现在又叮你还是你和我罪不至死啊
我们的血液在它体内溶和我们的婚床婚姻的殿堂它不过吸了你一滴血
你知道这是不能言说的父母怨恨你不情愿我们还是相遇你却以胜利者的口吻说
罪恶、羞耻、贞操的丢失并躲藏在黝黑的有生命的墙院里。你我并没有因失血而有些虚弱
它没有向我们请求就得到享受尽管你会习惯地拍死跳蚤的确担心不过是虚惊一场
饱餐了我们的血滴后大腹便便千万别这会杀了我也增加你的自杀之罪接受我的爱－你的名誉不会有丝毫损失这种享受我们无能企及。杀害三条生命会亵渎神灵。就象跳蚤之死不会让你的生命有所损失。Holy Sonnet 10
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so; (powerful)
For those whom thou think‘st thou dost overthrow(推翻，征服)
Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, (image) （which are only your images）
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow, (then much more pleasure must flow from thee)
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul‘s delivery (body)(deliver= save, rescue, or set
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, （reckless from despaire, violent and
lawless）
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell, (dost dwell with poison, war, and sickness)
And poppy (罂粟)or charms can make us sleep as well （a spell 魔咒）
And better than thy stroke（打击）; why swell‘st thou then?（feel full of joy难以抑制的自豪感）One short sleep past, we wake eternally
And death shall be no more; Death, thou shall die. (And we shall be no more death
死神莫骄傲》一诗通过对死亡的嘲弄，以其独特的方式缓解了人类对于死亡的恐惧与焦虑。在担任圣彼得大教堂的祭司长期间，伦敦瘟疫大爆发，无数人死于非命，多恩本人也不幸染疾，走到死亡边缘。在他看来，历练已经洗清了他的罪恶，他不再将死亡视为可怕的下场，而是通向上帝的最后阶段，是解脱前的最后一次考验。诗中说明死亡是瞬间的，而死后的欢乐则是永恒的。
死神，你莫骄傲
死神，你莫骄傲，尽管有人说你
如何强大，如何可怕，你并不是这样；
你以为你把谁谁谁打倒了，其实，
可怜的死神，他们没死；你现在也还杀不死我。
休息、睡眠，这些不过是你的写照，
既能给人享受，那你本人提供的一定更多；
我们最美好的人随你去得越早，
越能早日获得身体的休息，灵魂的解脱。
你是命运、机会、君主、亡命徒的奴隶，
你和毒药、战争、疾病同住在一起，
罂粟和咒符和你的打击相比，同样，
甚至更能催我入睡；那你何必趾高气扬呢？
睡了一小觉之后，我们便永远觉醒了，
再也不会有死亡，你死神也将死去。
（杨周翰译）
1. What is the theme of ―Death, Be Not Proud‖?
T he poem reveals Donne‘s belief in life after death. Here death is compared to rest or sleep. Death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal. But this religious idea is curiously expressed in the author‘s supposed dialogue with ―death‖, as various reasons are given in the poem to argue against the common belief in death as ―mighty and dreadful‖.
John Milton (1608-1674)
约翰·米尔顿
弥尔顿的《失乐园》被认为是英国近代的著名英雄史诗，它凝结了诗人饱满的革命激情和独特的艺术才华，它既是当年英国资产阶级革命的回声，又是百年之后法国大革命惊雷的前奏，被认为是世界文学史上―文人史诗的典范‖。弥尔顿是继莎士比亚之后英国最伟大的诗人，他的著作和影响在英国文学、文化与自由思想的历史中占有重要地位，并以长诗《失乐园》闻名于世。诗中堕落天使撒旦成为反抗精神的化身，这个形象的塑造是世界文学最高成
就之一。（耶鲁大学网易公开课弥尔顿24集）
《复乐园》是弥尔顿继长篇圣经题材《失乐园》之后的又一力作,也可说是《失乐园》的续篇。作家以饱满的热情讴歌了耶酥的降生,讲述了耶酥抵御住撒旦的诱惑,从而拯救人类重返伊甸园的故事。
《力士参孙》取材于《旧约（Old Testament）》的《士师记（Book of Judges）》。以色列的大力士参孙被情人腓力斯人大利出卖，以色列人的统治者是腓力斯人，他们弄瞎了他的双眼。参孙念念不望复仇。后腓力斯人逼迫参孙演武，参孙推倒庙宇，与敌人同归于尽。参孙充满献身精神，轻率的婚姻导致了不幸，虽双目失明却毫不屈服，这些使人们联想到作者本人的经历，以及作者在复辟时期内心的痛苦和决不屈服的斗志。这首诗剧以希腊悲剧为典范写成，突出地表现了人物的内心感受，具有震撼人心的力量。
I. The life and main works of John Milton
Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century, one of the giants in English literature. Milton was born in London. His ed ucation began at St Paul‘s school, where he showed talent for mastering the ancient language and literatures: Greek, Latin and Hebrew. He graduated B.A（Bachelor of Arts 文学士）in 1629 and M.A（Master of Arts文科硕士）in 1632 at Cambridge University. After that, he retired for five years to his father‘s country house in Buckinghamshire(白金汉郡), where he read ancient and modern writings. His poetic compositions came only occasionally during this period of intense
In 1634 he wrote a masque（假面剧）called Comuns 《科马斯》at the request of an aristocratic family who lived nearby. In 1637 he wrote the finest pastoral (田园诗的) elegy （田园诗）in English, Lycidas《列西达斯》. In 1638 he left England to complete his education with two years of travel in Europe. After his return to England, he soon plunged himself into the struggle for which he had long been preparing. At that time, the Church of England was the major bulwark(壁垒) of the monarchy. Vigorous attacks were made on the Church of England as well as on the king. Milton was stirred（inspired）by the controversy and wrote a series of pamphlets(小册子), in which he urged the necessity of a thorough religious reform. private study.
After the Revolution succeeded, the commonwealth was established, Milton wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English revolution, such as Defence of the English People (《为英国人民声辩》), and Second Defence of the English People《再为英国人民声辩》.He played an active role in public affairs during the Civil War and the Commonwealth.
Milton was married to Mary Powell in 1642. Six weeks after the marriage she left to her parents, and for several years Milton issued pamphlets in which he argued that all Englishmen should have the right to get a divorce. When King Charles Ⅰwas executed in 1649, Milton defended the parliament before European governments. It was while he was engaged in this project that Milton went blind, it is due to the severe eyestrain brought on by ceaseless reading and Latin composition.
With the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Milton was imprisoned and threatened with execution(死刑). With the help of some friends, he was let off with a fine and some loss of property. Shortly afterward, living in blindness and seclusion (隔离) from all but the members of his family, Milton began his masterpiece Paradise Lost《失乐园》. Before his death Milton published two other works on a grand scale, Paradise Regained《复乐园》and Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》。
II. The Story of Paradise Lost
(1) The Story of Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost: It is a long epic in 12 books, done in blank verse. The stories were taken from The Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion(逐出) from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angles in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.Led by freedom-loving Satan, the rebellious angels rise against God Himself, but in the battle with the hosts of angels that remain faith to God they are finally defeated. Satan and
his followers are banished from Heaven and driven into hell. But even in hell，among flames and poisonous fumes, Satan and his adherents are not discouraged. The epic opens with the description of a meeting of the fallen angels in hell. Satan’s proud spirit is unyielding; he fearlessly withstands all agonies and passionately strives for revenge and victory.
Satan chooses for his new battlefield the most perfect of spots, ever created by God, the Garden of Eden, where live the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, who are allowed by God to enjoy the supreme beauties and bounties(施舍) of paradise, if they do not eat the fruit that grows on the tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Satan desires to take them away from the influence of God and make them
tools in his struggle against God’s authority.
God learns of his intention, however, and sends the Archangel (大天使)Raphael to warn Adam and Eve of Satan’s plan. The Archangel reminds them of their vow of obedience and gives a detailed narration of Satan’s rebellion. But on Adam’s request for an explanation of the rotation of the celestial bodies, Raphael advises him not to inquire into matters that do not concern him directly, and then leaves him.No sooner is Raphael gone than Satan assumes the shape of a serpent and appears before Eve. He persuades her to break God’s command. Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and plucks another one for Adam. God sees all this, Adam and Eve, are both deprived of immortality, exiled [??ɡ?za?l from Paradise and doomed to an earthly life full of hardships and sufferings, to eat bread by “the sweat of the face.”
(2) Theme and Characterization(人物塑造)
The main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God’s authority. In the poem God is not better than a selfish despot(暴君), seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. He is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan. His angels are silly. While Satan rises against God, though defeated, still seeks revenge, is by far the
most striking character in the poem.
Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge denied by God, as Milton stresses, adds a particular significance to their character. It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life. The God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch, bear close resemblance to a republican parliament. This alone is sufficient to prove that Milton’s revolutionary feelings made him forget religious orthodoxy(正统).
(3)The image of Satan:
The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered and banished(驱逐) giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. It is he who makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails (succeed), since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. To Milton, the proud and somber(阴沉的) Satan represented the spirit rebellion against an unjust authority.
III. The features of Milton’s poetry
Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century.He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the later English poetry.
Milton is a great stylist(文体家).His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimity(高尚、庄严) of thought
and majesty(雄伟) of expression.
Milton is a great master of blank verse.He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost.
His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous(单调的).
IV. The Selected Part of Paradise Lost
What though the field (战场) be lost? repetition(重复手法)
All is not lost; th’unconquerable Will（意志）, alliteration(头韵手法)
And study (费神费力得到的东西) of revenge, immortal hate,
And courage never to submit or yield (give in):
And what is else not to be overcome?
That Glory never shall his wrauth (wrath) or might
(Glory= the glory of hearing Satan confess himself to be overcome)
Extort (obtain sth by violence) from mee. To bow and sue (beg ) for grace (mercy)
With suppliant (恳求的) knee, and deify（神化) his power
Who from the terror of this Arm so late (recent)
Doubted his Empire (imperial control) - that were low(卑下的; 地位低的) indeed,
That were an ignominy (shame) and shame beneath
This downfall (failure); since by Fate (fortune) the strength of Gods
And this Empyreal substance (the arm of Satan ) cannot fail,
Since through experience of this great event (failure)
In Arms not worse, in foresight much advanced, (in not worse arm, in much advanced foresight) We may with more successful hope resolve (decide to do sth)
To wage (engage in a war) by force or guile（wisdom）eternal (permanent) War,
Irreconcileable (impossible to reconcile) to our grand Foe (enemy=God),
Who now triumphs, and in th’excess (overmuch) of joy
Sole (only) reigning (control) holds the Tyranny (暴虐，专横)of Heaven. (holds the Tyranny of Heaven sole reigning)
《失乐园》写于英国资产阶级革命前后的年代，也正值诗人生活颠簸动荡，危难重重的时刻。诗歌特点是主题突出，思想深沉。诗人塑造了撒旦等气势宏伟的人物形象。这部诗篇激情奔放，措辞庄重，诗人巧妙地运用了重迭、排比、比喻等修辞手法，使激越的思想感情与铿锵起伏的诗行融为一体，雄壮有力，力透纸背。
.The sonnet of ―On His Blindness‖
On His Blindness
When I consider how my light (life) is spent
Ere (before) half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent (here it is a pun, money/ ability) which is death to hide
Lodged (deposit/store) with me useless, though my soul more bent(intend)
To serve therewith my Maker (God), and present (display)
My true account (worth/value), lest He returning chide (scold/blame),
―Doth God exact (demand by force) day-labour, light denied?‖
I fondly (foolishly) ask. But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies, ―God doth not need
Either man‘s w ork or his own gifts. Who best
Bear his mild yoke (轭，bondage), they serve him best. His state（威严）
Is kingly: thousands at his bidding speed,
Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还
多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
《英美文学》（03119）复习大纲 第一部分英国文学 一、课程简介 本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。 二、课程重点章节简介： 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学 1. <<贝尔武夫>> 2. 乔叟及其代表作 第二章: 文艺复兴时期 1. 文艺复兴的定义 2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗 3. 培根的代表作 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学 1.弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<
失乐园>>选短
第四章: 启蒙运动时期 1.新古典主义 2.伤感主义 3.笛福及代表作 4.蒲伯及代表作 第五章: 浪漫主义时期 1.浪漫主义时期文学的特点 2.彭斯的创作特点及代表作 3.华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作 4.拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作 第六章: 维多利亚时期 1.维多利亚时期的文学特点 2.布朗蒂姐妹的代表作 第七章: 现代时期 1.现代主义文学 2.汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作 3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作 三、本课程重点和难点内容简介 第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学： 1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗” 第二章: 文艺复兴时期： 1.文艺复兴时期的时间界定 2.“文艺复兴”的名词解释 3.“人文主义” 的名词解释 4.莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题 5.哈姆雷特的性格分析 6.英语解释《论学习》中的句子 第三章: 十七世纪英国文学： 1.英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子 2.《失乐园》的主要内容和意义 3.《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析 第四章: 启蒙运动时期： 1.启蒙运动时期的界定 2.新古典主义的基本主张和特色 3.伤感主义的名词解释 4.《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析 5.蒲伯的《论批评》的主题
Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature
第一部分：早期和中世纪英国文学 第一章：英国的组成 1、大不列颠人（英国人） 在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。英国这个民族是一个混血族。早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。“最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力”。英国人曾生活在部落社会。 2、罗马人的占领 在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这时的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。 3、英国人的占领 同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。他们是来自北欧的三个部落：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。盎格鲁人席卷了东部中部地区，并在东英吉利亚建立王国。七个像这样的王国在大不列颠岛上逐渐出现。到公元7世纪，这些小王国开始合并成为今天称为英格兰的统一王国，或被称作盎格鲁人之国。这三个部落的人混合在一起，被称为今天的英国人，而盎格鲁人占绝大多数。他们说的三种方言自然而然的发展成为一种语言——盎格鲁撒克逊，或者古英语，和今天我们所说的英语有着很大的区别。 4、盎格鲁撒克逊人的社会状况 在盎格鲁撒克逊人定居在大不列颠之前，他们仍过着部落式生活。家庭成员以亲属关系联合在一起，分别定居在不同的村落。主要的战争乐团由年轻人组成，勇士们食用族长的食物与其分享战利品。虽然说族长有权决定他子民的生死，但是将在外难免军令有所不受。他熟悉他的每一个士兵，和他们一起吃喝玩乐。这就是当时盎格鲁人称作为“氏族军事民主”。 在占领大不列颠后，盎格鲁撒克逊的社会形态发生了巨大的变化。“我们知道，统治管理未屈服的人民是与非犹太人的法令相违背的……因此，非犹太人社会体系需要改革成为国家机关……首先，征服者代表必须是军事指挥官，被占领地区的内外安全需要加强指挥官的权利。这样，军事领导权转变成君权的时刻到来。一切以成定局。因此，盎格鲁撒克逊时期见证了英国由部落社会向封建社会转变的过程。 5、盎格鲁撒克逊人的宗教信仰以及其影响 盎格鲁撒克逊人是异教徒。他们信奉北欧的古老神话传说。那就是为什么北欧神话学说在英语这门语言中留下痕迹的原因。例如，一周中的天数就是由北神命名的。奥丁，我们所说的神，星期三以他的名字命名，星期四以托尔的名字命名，美丽女神弗丽嘉，祈祷者以她的名字命名星期五。星期二则是为了纪念另一个北欧之神--蒂乌。
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
一：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment 1)Pope 18世纪被称为是Pope的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用 “heroic couplet” 1)16岁Pastorals《田园诗》 2)1711 Essay on Criticism《批评论》—heroic couplets and didactic poem 3)1714 The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》—a mock-heroic poem 4)The Dunciad《群愚史诗》 5)Essay on man《人论》—philosophical poem in heroic couplets 6)Imitation of Horace《仿贺拉斯》 7)Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿勃诺斯特医生书》 2)Swift 讽刺作家 1)1704 A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》—parable寓言 2)1704 The Battle of the Books《书站》 3)1708 Bickerstaff Almanac《比克斯塔福历书》 4)1708 Elegy of Mr.Partridge《帕特里奇挽歌》 5)1708 Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff《艾萨克·比克斯塔福的辩护》 6)1726，10 Gulliver’s Travels《格里佛游记》 7)Pamphlets on Ireland(小论文) 关于爱尔兰的小册子 （1）The Drapier’s Letters《布商的书信》 （2） A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》 8)Tragic love affairs: Candenus and V anessa《坎迪纳斯和文莎》、Journal to Stella《给斯拉特的信》—love-letters 9)1745 On the Death of Dr. Swift 3)Defoe “the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人， 1)1701 Trueborn Englishman—A Satire《纯血统英国人》---- pamphlet 2)1702 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的途径》 3)1703,5 Hymn to the Pillory《木枷颂》 4)The Review《评论报》—a political and literary magazine 5)代表作Robinson crusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》 Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》 Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》 Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》 4. Richardson 1)1740 Pamela《帕米拉》或者Virtue Rewarded:In a Series of Familiar Letters from a Beaytiful Y oung Damsel to Her Parents—书信体形式 Epistolary novels，a long tale 2)1747-1748 Clarissa《克拉丽莎》—the best one 3)1753-1754 Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》5. Fielding “ father of English Novel”英国小说之父
英国文学概述－王守仁 英国文学概述 英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利?乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔（Thomas More, 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、
英国文学史（上册） 第一章安格鲁—撒克逊时期（450—1066） 1.历史背景 不列颠群岛最早的居民是凯尔特人，他们最初居住在莱茵河上游地区，大约在公元前600年，他们移居到了不列颠群岛。在大约公元前400到公元前300年时，凯尔特人的一个分支——布立吞人，来到了不列颠群岛，“不列颠”这个名字便是由他们所取。凯尔特人的文化属于铁器文化的早期阶段，他们知道如何铸造铁剑和种植庄稼。关于他们的信仰，我们所知甚少，但是我们能了解到他们五月节的宗教典礼和槲寄生（一种植物）的祭奠仪式，这些已经成为英国人民民族传统的一部分。 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛在罗马帝国的统治之下。那时，罗马帝国是奴隶社会，它统治了整个欧洲，并且有很高的文明水平。罗马人打败了凯尔特人，成为了不列颠群岛的主人，伦敦就是在罗马人的统治时期内建成的。 第一个来到不列颠的罗马将领是著名的尤里乌斯.凯撒，公元55年，在他取得高卢战役的胜利后，带领一万名士兵跨过英吉利海峡来到那里。但是他只在哪儿待了几个星期，虽然他在第二年又来到了不列颠，他并没有在岛上驻扎军队，因为他当时正忙于平息欧洲大陆的叛乱，还有罗马帝国的内战。在罗马人对不列颠扩大征服之前，就这样过去了一个世纪。罗马人统治了不列颠三个半世纪，他们筑寺庙、修大路、砌城墙、建军营，但是，对凯尔特人的文化生活却影响不大。他们建成了四、五十个城邑，如今无论何时，如果你在英国听到一个城镇的名字是以“切斯特”或“卡斯特”结尾的，那么毫无疑问，它一定是坐落在一个罗马军队曾经的屯兵之地上。因为这样的词来源于拉丁语“卡斯楚”，它的意思是“要塞、堡垒”。大部分我们所知道的罗马统治时期的不列颠，都来源于凯撒的《高卢战记》，和普布里乌斯?克奈里乌斯?塔西佗的《日耳曼尼亚志》。 大约公元450年，大批的安格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人入侵不列颠群岛，他们定居在英格兰，把凯尔特人赶往威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰等周边地区。安格鲁人和撒克逊人是日耳曼部落，他们占据着易北河的两岸，也就是现在丹麦和德国的地方，这两个部族之间的语言也大致相同。从他们特有的的部族名字我们可以得知他们是非常勇敢的海上民族。古散克逊语“安古尔”意思是“钩子”，从中我们可以得知他们住在海边，以捕鱼为生。而“撒克逊”这个名字则源于“希克斯”，意思是短剑，从这个名字我们可以判断他们是坚强勇敢的战士。尽管遭到凯尔特人的奋勇抵抗，安格鲁—散克逊人最终还是将他们击败，成了不列颠群岛的新主人，也是现在英国人的祖先。 在大约公元500年，在对抗韦塞克斯王国的建立者——国王瑟迪克的过程中，一个传奇人物，凯尔特人的亚瑟王，名声大噪。在都城索美塞特夏，他的宫殿卡米洛特，亚瑟王召集了一批最勇敢的追随者，也就是著名的圆桌骑士。他为他的王国同安格鲁—撒克逊侵略者英勇作战了24年，后来他的故事也成了英国骑士文学的题材。 在从欧洲大陆移民之前，安格鲁—撒克逊人明显还处在部落社会的晚期，在他们移往不列颠之后，部落社会逐渐解体，封建社会开始形成。在将近公元6世纪时，在英格兰已经有7个较大的王国。 从8世纪后期开始，丹麦人，也就是维京人，开始入侵英格兰，起先只是沿着东海岸，
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
英国文学 1, Periods of English Literature from 449-1965 Old english literature (449-1066) Works: The epic poem Beowulf贝尔武甫(700-750) Midieval english literature(1066-1485) Background: Norman Conquest. English Literature in Age of Chaucer (14th century) Five main writers: Langland朗格兰, Wycliffe威克里夫, Gower高尼, Mandeville曼德维尔, Chaucer乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗瑞·乔叟(1340-1400): He is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”but also as “the father of English fiction”. His main works: The Romance of the Rose, Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 Folk literature:Robin Hood Ballads English Renaissance(1485-1660) Writers: William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616) Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯·培根(1561-1626) John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674) John Bunyan约翰·班扬(1628-1688) Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) and Richard Steele理查德·史蒂尔(1672-1729) Neo-classicism （1660-1798） Major writers: William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757-1827) Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796) Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660-1731) Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁(1707-1754) Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯Samuel Johnson塞缪·约翰逊Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) Romanticism (1798-1832) Major writers: William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770-1850) Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772-1834) George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788-1824) Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西·比西·雪莱(1792-1822) John Keats约翰·济慈(1759-1821) Charles Lamb 查尔斯·兰姆(1775-1834) William Hazlitt威廉·哈兹里特Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特(1771-1832) Victoria age (1832-1901) Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870) The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(1836-1837) Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特(1837-1838) Nicholas Nickleby尼古拉斯·尼克贝尔(1838-1839) David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(1949-1950) William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·马克皮斯·萨克雷(1811-1893) Anne Bronte安妮·布朗特(1820-1849) Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷(1848) Mrs. Gaskell盖斯凯尔夫人(1810-1865) George Eliot乔治·艾略特(1819-1880) Modern period(1901-1965) George Gissing乔治·吉辛John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥(1867-1933) Bernard Shaw伯纳·肖(1856-1950) William Butler Y eats威廉·巴特拉·叶芝(1865-1939) T. S. Eliot托·斯·艾略特(1888-1965) James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) Robert Tressell罗伯特·特雷斯尔(1870-1911) Ralph Fox拉尔夫·福克斯(1900-1937)Wystan Huge Auden威·休·奥登(1907-1973) 2, English Renaissance literature(1485-1660)