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【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】无机化学2012

北京科技大学

2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=============================================================================================================试题编号：833 试题名称：无机化学（共8 页）

适用专业：化学、应用化学

说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。

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一、选择题(共28小题, 每小题2分, 共56分)

1、下列分子中偶极矩最大的是..................................... （）。

(A) HCl；(B) HI；(C) HBr；(D) HF。

2、下列对氧族元素性质的叙述中正确的是.........（）。

(A) 氧族元素与其它元素化合时，均可呈现+2，+4，+6 或-1，-2 等氧化值；

(B) 氧族元素电负性从氧到钋依次增大；

(D) 氧族元素都是非金属元素。

3、下列各族元素中，金属的化学活泼性随原子序数增加而减弱的是........................................................................................（）。

(A) ⅠA；(B)ⅡA ；(C)ⅢA ；(D)ⅠB 。

4、关于配合物形成体的配位数，下列叙述中正确的是…........................................................................................................................（）。

(A) 配位体半径愈大，配位数愈大；

(B) 形成体的电荷数愈多，配位数愈大

(D) 由单齿( 单基) 配体形成的配合物，则配体总数就是形成体的配位数。

5、将50.0 mL 0.100 mol·L-1(NH4)2SO4溶液，加入到50.0 mL 0.200

-5 )溶液中，得到的缓冲溶

mol·L-1 NH

液pH 值是............................................................................................. （）。

(A) 8.70；(B) 9.56；(C) 9.26；(D) 9.00。

6、已知反应

C 2H2 (g) + 5

O2(g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ?r H(1) = -1301.0 kJ·mol-1，

C(s) + O 2(g) → CO2 (g) ?r H(2) = -393.5 kJ·mol-1，

H 2 (g) + 1

O2(g) → H2O (l) ?r H(3) = -285.8 kJ·mol-1，

则反应2C (s) + H 2(g) → C2H2 (g) 的?r H为.............（）。

(A) 228.2 kJ·mol-1；(B) -228.2 kJ·mol-1；

7、某温度下反应N

2O4(g) 2NO2(g) 的K= 0.15。在总压为100.0 kPa 时，下列各种条件，能使反应向生成NO2方向进行的是..............................................................................................（）。

(A) n (N2O4 ) = n (NO2 ) = 1.0 mol；

(B) n (N2O4 ) = 1.0 mol，n (NO2 ) = 2.0 mol；

(D) n (N2O4 ) = 2.0 mol，n (NO2 ) = 1.0 mol。

8、已知在1123 K 时，反应

C (s) + CO

2 (g) 2CO (g) K= 1.

3 ×10

-3

CO (g) + Cl

2 (g) COCl2 (g) K= 6.0 ×10

则反应2COCl

2 (g) C (s) + CO2 (g) + 2Cl2 (g) 的K=........（）。

(A) 4.8 ×109；(B) 2.1 ×10-10；

9、0.200 mol·L-1甲酸溶液，3.20％甲酸已解离，其K

为...................................................................................................（）。

(A) 9.60 ×10-3；(B) 2.12 ×10-4；

10、在NaCl 、NaBr 溶液中，加入AgNO3 (s)，生成AgCl 和AgBr 沉淀时，溶液中 c ( Cl- ) / c ( Br- ) 等于 ................................（）。

(A) K

( AgCl )·K( AgBr )；(B) K( AgCl ) / K( AgBr )；

( AgBr ) / K( AgCl )；(D) [ K( AgCl )·K( AgBr ) ]1/2。11、碘元素在碱性介质中的电势图为：H3IO62-070.V IO3-014

.V IO-045.V I2053.V I- ;对该图的理解或应用中，错误的是................................................................................................................（）。

(A) E( IO

3- / I

2 ) = 0.20V ；

(B) I2和IO-都可发生歧化；

(D) I

2 歧化的反应方程式是：I2 + H2O I

- + IO- + 2H+。

12、在一定温度下，某配离子ML4的逐级稳定常数为K(1)、K(2)、K(3)、K(4)，逐级不稳定常数为K(1)、K(2)、

K(3)、K(4)。则下列关系式中错误的是 .........................（）。

(A) K(1)·K(2)·K(3)·K(4) = [ K(1)·K(2)·K(3)·K(4) ]-1；

(B) K(1) = [K(1) ]-1；

(D) K(2) = [K(3) ]-1。

13、价电子构型为4f75d16s2的元素在周期表中属于.................................................................................................................（）。(A) 第四周期ⅦB 族；(B) 第五周期ⅢB 族；

14、从(1) P 和S、(2) Mg 和Ca、(3) Al 和Si 三组原子中，分别找出第一电离能较高的原子，这三种原子的原子序数之和是.................................................................................................................（）。

(A) 40；(B) 48；(C) 41；(D) 49。

15、下列分子中不呈直线形的是....................................（）。

(A) HgCl2；(B) CO2；(C) H2O；(D) CS2。

16、碘易升华的原因是............................................................（）。

(A) 分子间作用力大，蒸气压高；

(B) 分子间作用力小，蒸气压高；

(D) 分子间作用力小，蒸气压低。

17、n为AB m分子( 或离子) 中A 的价电子的主量子数时，

下列有关杂化轨道的叙述中正确的是................（）。

(A) n = 1，可形成sp杂化轨道；

(B) n = 2，可形成sp3d2杂化轨道；

(D) n = 3，可形成sp、sp2、sp3、sp3d等杂化轨道。

18、已知下列离子半径：Tl+ (140 pm )、Ag+ ( 126 pm )、Zn2+ (74 pm )、

Cl- (181 pm )、S2- ( 184 pm )，则在下列物质中属于CsCl 型离子晶体的是.............................................................................................（）。

(A) AgCl；(B) Ag2S；(C) TlCl；(D) ZnCl2。

19、下列物质中熔点最高的是................................. （）。

(A) SiO2；(B) SO2；(C) NaCl；(D) SiCl4。

20、下列配离子中具有平面正方形空间构型的是.........................................................................................................（）。

(A) [ Ni (NH3 )4 ]2+，μ = 3.2 B. M.；(B) [ CuCl4 ]2-，μ = 2.0 B. M.；

21、钙在空气中燃烧所得到的产物之一用水润湿后，所放出的气体是............................................................................（）。

(A) O2；(B) N2；(C) NH3；(D) H2。

22、下列氢化物与水反应不产生氢气的是.........（）。

(A) LiH；(B) SiH4；(C) B2H6；(D) PH3。

23、下列叙述中，错误的是............................................（）。

(A) Na2S2O3可作为还原剂，在反应中只能被氧化成S4O62-；

(B) 在早期的防毒面具中，曾应用Na2S2O3作解毒剂；

(D) Na2S2O3可用于棉织物等漂白后脱氯。

24、下列溶液中加入过量的NaOH 溶液颜色发生变化，但却没有沉淀生成的是...................................................... （）。

(A) K2Cr2O7；(B) Hg (NO3 )2；(C) AgNO3；(D) NiSO4。

25、下列关于PbCl2和SnCl2的叙述中，错误的是.....（）。

(A) SnCl2比PbCl2易溶于水；

(B) 它们都能被Hg2+氧化；

(D) 在多种有机溶剂中，SnCl2比PbCl2更易溶。

26、下列各组离子，均能与氨水作用生成配合物的是...........................................................................................................（）。

(A) Fe2+、Fe3+；(B) Fe2+、Mn2+；

27、已知：K(HAc) = 1.75 ×10-5，K(HCN) = 6.2 ×10-10，K(HF) = 6.6 ×10-4，

-5。下列溶液的浓度均为0.1 mol·L-1，其溶

K(NH

液pH 值按由大到小的顺序排列正确的是................（）。

(A) NaAc > NaCN > NaF > NaCl > NH4Cl；

(B) NaF > NaAc > NaCN > NaCl > NH4Cl；

(D) NH4Cl > NaCl > NaF > NaAc > NaCN。

28、已知K(PbCl 2 ) = 1.6 ? 10-5，K(PbI2 ) = 7.1 ? 10-9，K(PbS) = 8.0 ?10-28。若沉淀过程中依次看到白色PbCl2、黄色PbI2、和黑色PbS 三种沉淀，则往Pb2+溶液中滴加沉淀剂的次序是............................................................................................................( )。

(A) Na2S、NaI、NaCl；(B) NaCl、NaI、Na2S；

二、填充题(共10小题, 每小题3分, 共30分)

1、在铬的化合物中，最重要的是氧化值为________ 和________ 的化合物。

2、金属锰与稀硫酸反应生成________ 和________。在加热的情况下，锰与Cl2反应生成________，与Br2反应生成_________。

3、用作红色颜料的Fe2O3称为________。黄铁矿的化学式为______________。

4、已知K(HAc) = 1.75 ×10-5，K(HNO 2) = 7.2 ×10-4；K(HOCl) = 2.8 ×10-8；

在相同浓度的HAc、HNO2、HOCl、HBr 溶液中，c (H+ ) 由大到小

的顺序是________________________；pOH 由大到小的顺序是________________________。

5、已知：K(NH

3·H2O) = 1.8 ×10-5，则0.50 mol·L-1的NH

4Cl 溶液中的

c (H+ ) = ________，其pH = ________。

6、在一固定体积的容器中放入一定量的NH4Cl，发生反应：NH

4Cl (s) NH3 (g) + HCl (g)，?r H= 177 kJ·mol

-1。360℃达到平衡时，p (NH

3 ) = p (HCl) = 100 kPa，则K= __________；温度不变，加压使体积缩小到原来的一半，平衡将向__________ 移动；温度不变，加入N

2气，K将__________；升高温度，平衡向__________ 移动。

7、已知K(H 2S) = 1.32 ×10-7，K(H2S) = 7.10 ×10-15。则0.10 mol·L-1 Na2S 溶液的c (OH- ) = ________ mol·L-1，pH = ________。

8、写出满足下述条件的化学式( 各写一个化学式)。

(1) 氧原子采用sp3杂化轨道形成两个σ键，____________；

(2) 碳原子采用sp杂化轨道形成两个σ键，____________；

(3) 氮原子采用sp3杂化轨道形成四个σ键，____________；

(4) 硼原子采用sp3杂化轨道形成四个σ键，____________。9、SiF4水解产物是________ 和________；也可能是________ 和________。

10、已知 K ( Ag 3 [ Fe (CN)6 ] ) = 9.8 ? 10-26，在 Ag 3 [ Fe (CN)6 ] 的饱和溶液中，沉淀溶解的反应式为 ???????????????_______________?，其溶解度为 ???????????_ mol·L -1， c ( Ag + ) = ????????_????mol·L -1 ， c ( Fe (CN)63- ) = ?????? mol·L -1 。

三、配平题（完成并配平下列各反应方程式，共6小题, 每小题3分, 共18分)

1、 Na 2O 2 (s) + MnO 4- + H + →

2、将过量氯气通入溴水中。

3、单质碘与消石灰溶液混合。

4、 NH 3 + O 2 ?

?→? 5、 KMnO 4 + H 2C 2O 4 + H 2SO 4 →

6、硝酸亚汞与浓 HNO 3 反应。

四、根据题目要求，解答下列各题(共3小题，总计18分)

1、(本小题5分)

写出基态原子中能满足下列给定量子数的相应电子层、亚层或轨道中的电子总数：

(1) n = 3；(2) n = 4、l = 2；(3) n = 2、l = 1；

(4) n = 3、l = 2、m = -2；(5) n = 5、l = 1、m = 0、m s = +12

。 2、(本小题7分)

欲使下列平衡向正反应方向移动，可采取哪些措施？这些措施对 K 有何影响？

(1) 2SO

2 (g) + O 2 (g)

2SO 3 (g) ?r H < 0； (2) CaCO

3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) ?r H > 0；

(3) 3H

2 (g) + N 2 (g)

2NH 3 (g) ?r H < 0。

3、(本小题6分)

半电池 (Ⅰ) 电极电势绝对值 ∣E ( M 2+ / M )∣= 0.126V ，半电池 (Ⅱ ) ∣E ( Z 2+ / Z )∣= 0.440V 。当它们分别与标准氢电极组成原

电池时，两种金属都被溶解。请回答：(1) 半电池 (Ⅰ) 和 (Ⅱ ) 的 E 各等于多少 ? (2) 半电池 (Ⅰ) 和 (Ⅱ ) 分别与标准氢电极组成两个原电池，其中，最强的氧化剂和最弱的还原剂各是何物种 ? (3) 若将 (Ⅰ) 和 (Ⅱ ) 连接成原电池，写出电池符号； (4) 该电池标准电动势 E 等于多少 ?

五、计算题 (共4小题，总计28分)

1、(本小题7分)

已知 E ( Co 3+ / Co 2+ ) = 1.84 V ， E ( Br

2 / Br - ) = 1.065 V ，K ( Co (OH)2 ) = 1.6 ×10-15，K (Co (OH)

3 ) = 1.6 ×10-44。(1) 判断酸性溶液中 Co 2+ 能否与溴水发生反应。(2) 判断碱性溶液中 Co (OH)2 与溴水的反应能否发生。若反应可以进行，计算反应的标准平衡常数。

2、(本小题7分)

有一混合溶液，其中含有 HCN 和 HF ，其浓度分别为 0.020 mol·L -1 和 0.10 mol·L -1。试计算溶液中各离子浓度及两酸的解离度。（K (HCN) = 6.2 ×10-10，K (HF) = 6.6 ×10-4 ）

3、(本小题7分)

已知 K (HgS ) = 1.6 ×10-52，K ( MnS ) = 2.5 ×10-10。在含有 HgS 沉淀

的溶液中，加入可溶性锰盐。 (1) 计算 HgS 转化为 MnS 反应的标准平衡常数； (2) 通过计算说明能否在 1.0 L 溶液中将 0.10 mol HgS 转化为 MnS ?

4、(本小题7分)

300 mL 0.400 mol·L -1 H 3PO 4 和 200 mL 0.200 mol·L -1 NaOH 溶液混合，计算该溶液的 pH 值。

（H

3PO 4：K = 7.1 ×10-3，K = 6.3 ×10-8，K = 4.2 ×10-13 ）

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