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中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术

中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术
中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术

加工中心数控技术

出处:数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点

出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版 (2009年3月16日)

作者:徐衡、段晓旭

加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备,它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率,降低了劳动成本,改善了工人的工作环境,降低了工人的劳动强度。本文经过对不同运动方案和各部件的设计方案的定性分析比较确定该教立式加工中心的进给传动方案为:采用固定床身,电主轴通过安装座安装在床身导轨的滑座上,床身导轨采用滚动导轨,可以实现Y

方向的进给运动。由X-Y双向精密数控工作台带动工件完成X,Y两个方向的进给运动;X,Y,Z三个方向的进给运动均滚珠丝杠,并由交流伺服电机驱动。导轨、滚珠丝杠有相应的润滑、防护等装置。

加工中心(英文缩写为CNC 全称为Computerized Numerical Control):是带有刀库和自动换刀装置的一种高度自动化的多功能数控机床。在中国香港,台湾及广东一代也有很多人叫它电脑锣。

工件在加工中心上经一次装夹后,数字控制系统能控制机床按不同工序,自动选择和更换刀具,自动改变机床主轴转速、进给量和刀具相对工件的运动轨迹及其他辅助机能,依次完成工件几个面上多工序的加工。并且有多种换刀或选刀功能,从而使生产效率大大提高。

加工中心数控机床是一种装有计算机数字控制系统的机床,数控系统能够处理加工程序,控制机床完成各种动作。与普通机床相比,数控机床能够完成平面曲线和空间曲面的加工,加工精度和生产效率都比较高,因而应用日益广泛。

数控机床的组成

一般来说,数控机床由机械部分、数字控制计算机、伺服系统、PC控制部分、液压气压传动系统、冷却润滑和排泄装置组成。数控机床是由程序控制的,零件的编程工作是数控机床加工的重要组成部分。伺服系统是数控机床的驱动部分,计算机输出的控制命令是通过伺服系统产生坐标移动的。普通的立式加工中心有三个伺服电机,分别驱动纵向工作台、横向工作台、主轴箱沿X向、Y向、Z向运动。X、Y、Z是互相垂直的坐标轴,因而当机床三坐标联动时可以加工空

间曲面。而对于五轴联动的数控机床来说,则多出了B轴和C轴。Y轴的旋转轴为B轴,Z轴的旋转轴为C轴。

数控机床的加工运动

机械加工是由切削的主运动和进给运动完成的,控制主运动可以得到合理的切削速度,控制进给可得到各种不同的加工表面。数控机床的坐标运动是进给运动,对于三坐标的数控机床,各坐标的运动方向通常是相互垂直的,即各自沿笛卡尔坐标系的X、Y、Z轴的正负方向移动。如何控制这些坐标移动来完成各种不同的空间曲面加工是数字控制的主要任务。大家知道,在三维空间笛卡尔坐标系中,空间任何一点都可以用X、Y、Z坐标值来表示,对一条空间曲线也可以用三维坐标函数来表示。怎样控制各坐标轴的运动才能完成曲面加工呢?现在来介绍一下吧。

曲面加工时刀具的移动轨迹与理论上的曲线不吻合,而是一条逼近线。由于各种插补的计算公式不同,使逼近的折线也不同,通常有下面几种计算方法:逐点比较法,积分法和时间分割法。

数控机床的优、缺点

数控机床有许多优点,因而发展很快,逐渐成为机械加工的主导机床。

(1)用数控机床加工可以获得很好的加工精度,加工质量稳定

数控机床的传动件,特别是滚珠丝杠精度很高。装配时消除了传动间隙,并采用了提高刚度的措施,因而传动精度很高。机床导轨采用滚动导轨或粘接有摩擦系数很小的合成塑料,因而减小了摩擦阻力,消除了低速爬行。闭环、半闭环伺服系统,装有精度很高的位置检测装置元件,并随时把位置误差反馈给计算机,使之能够及时进行误差校正。因而使数控机床获得很高的加工精度。数控机床的一切操作都是由程序支配的,若电控系统稳定可靠,它的工作是很可靠的,与手工操作相比,数控机床没有人为干扰,因而加工质量稳定。

(2)具有较高的生产效率

在数控机床上使用的刀具通常是不重磨装夹式道具,具有很硬的表面涂层,因而切削速度较高。采用对刀仪进行对刀,加工中心的刀库有足够数量的刀具,自动换刀的速度很快,空行程的速度在15m/min以上,有些达到了240m/min,因而辅助时间很短。

与普通机床相比,数控机床的生产效率可提高2~3倍,有些可达到几十倍。

(3)功能多

许多数控机床具有很多加工功能,在一台机床上可以进行钻孔、镗孔、铣平面、铣槽、铣凸轮曲线及各种轮廓线,甚至刻字。除装卡面可对六面体的五个面进行加工,有时还能对与坐标平面成一定角度的平面加工。在一次装卡下完成各种加工,可以消除因重复装卡带来的误差。也减少了测量和装卡的辅助时间。

(4)对不同零件的适应性强

在同一台数控机床上可适应不同品种及尺寸规格的零件进行加工,只要更换加工程序,就可改变加工零件的品种。

(5)能够完成普通机床不能完成的复杂表面加工

有些空间曲面,例如螺旋浆表面,五坐标联动数控机床加工,使之性能大为改进;数控仿形应用范围更广,具有重复应用、镜像加工功能。

(6)数控机床可大大减轻工人的劳动强度,并有较高的经济效益。

任何事物都有其二重性,数控机床也不是没有缺点,主要是有以下几方面:1)价格昂贵,一次投资较大。

2)维修和操作比较复杂要求具有较高技术水平和文化程度的工人和维修人员进行操作和维修。数控机床是科学技术发展的结果。高技术产品,一定要求有较高技术水平的人才操作和维修,因而如果说这是一条缺点的话,还不如说它对人们文化技术水平的提高的一种促进。

数控机床适用于多品种中、小批量生产;形状比较复杂、精度要求较高的零件加工;产品更新频繁、生产周期要求短的加工;用数控机床可以组成自动化车间和自动化工厂(FA),目前应用较多的是组成柔性自动化生产线(FML)、柔性制造单元(FMC)和柔性制造系统(FMS)。

数控机床的分类

目前,数控机床品种齐全,规格繁多,可从不同角度和按照多种原则进行分类。

按工艺用途分类

(1)金属切削类数控机床这类机床和传统的通用机床品种一样,有数控车床、数控铣床、数控钻床、数控磨床、数控镗床以及加工中心等。加工中心是带有自动换刀装置,在一次装卡后可以进行多种工序加工的数控机床。

(2)金属成型类数控机床如数控折弯机、数控弯管机、数控回转头压力机等。

(3)数控特种加工及其他类型数控机床如数控线切割机床、数控电火花加工机床、数控激光切割机床、数控火焰切割机床等。

立式加工中心:是指主轴轴线与工作台垂直设置的加工中心,主要适用于加工板类、盘类、模具及小型壳体类复杂零件。立式加工中心能完成铣、镗削、钻削、攻螺纹和用切削螺纹等工序。立式加工中心最少是三轴二联动,一般可实现三轴三联动。有的可进行五轴、六轴控制。立式加工中心立柱高度是有限的,对箱体类工件加工范围要减少,这是立式加工中心的缺点。但立式加工中心工件装夹、定位方便;刃具运动轨迹易观察,调试程序检查测量方便,可及时发现问题,进行停机处理或修改;冷却条件易建立,切削液能直接到达刀具和加工表面;三个坐标轴与笛卡儿坐标系吻合,感觉直观与图样视角一致,切屑易排除和掉落,避免划伤加工过的表面。与相应的卧式加工中心相比,结构简单,占地面积较小,价格较低。

加工中心是一种在计算机控制下带有自动换刀系统的能完成多工序复合加工的自动化机床,并正向高速高效、高精度、模块化、网络化和复合化方向发展。由于加工中心是典型的集高新技术于一体的机械加工设备,其生产效率高、柔性好、一机多用和易于加工复杂的曲线、曲面零件等特点,早已成为工业发达国家军民机械工业的主力加工设备。一个国家的加工中心拥有量、消费量及总体技术水平与这个国家机械工业的加工制造技术水平息息相关。我国的加工中心从70年代开始,已有很大发展,但技术、品种和数量上都还远远不能适应我国的经济、技术发展的需要。进入21世纪以后,中国加工中心的消费量随着军民机械工业的大规模技术改造而迅速增长,如2001年中国加工中心的消费量仅为2662台(其中进口2290台),而同年美国、日本和德国的加工中心消费量分别为11505、6090和5291台。到了2005年,中国加工中心的消费量猛增至约13200台(估计值,加工中心的产量数据未公布),其中进口10343台。2005年加工中心的消费量是2001

年的4.96倍,年均增幅达49.2%,一举超过美、日、德诸国,成为世界上消费加工中心最多的国家。

根据《机械工人》杂志社等单位的调查,从近600份重点用户的有效问卷中得出的结果是,加工中心机床的应用已遍及全国26个行业,其中汽车、摩托车及其零部件制造业占24%,航空航天和军工行业占18%,机床工具业占11%,模具行业占8%,轻工机械行业占4%。在这些企业拥有的加工中心中,虽然普及型的立式和卧式加工中心仍占多数,但多轴联动、高速、大型精密等高档加工中心也占有一定比重,如在所调查的近600户用户中,拥有5轴联动加工中心的占24%。说明中国市场消费的加工中心虽然以普及型的中档机为主,但高档机在消费量中所占比重估计已达15%至20%。中国消费的加工中心大部分依靠进口(2005年进口量占消费量的七成多),进口金额12.97亿美元,居各类机床进口额之首,主要从日本、中国台湾、德国和韩国等地进口。2006年上半年,中国进口加工中心5511台,金额6.88亿美元,同比分别增长20%和11%,仍保持两位数增长,说明中国加工中心市场的规模还有增长空间。

装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度,数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业(如信息技术及其产业,生物技术及其产业航空,航天等国防工业产业)的使能技术和最基本的装备,克思曾经说过"各种经济时代的区别,不在于生产什而在于怎样生产,用什么劳动资料生产制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料,而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。今以提高制造能力和水平,提高对动态多变市场的适应世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术,此外,世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资,不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业,而且在"高精尖"数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之,大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展,提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。

数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术,数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品,即所谓的数字化装备,其技术范围覆盖很多领域:(1)机械制造技术;

(2)信息处理,加工,传输技术;(3)自动控制技术;(4)伺服驱动技术;(5)传感器技术;(6)软件技术等。

物流外文文献翻译(DOC)

外文文献原稿和译文 原稿 Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . " Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance. Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company. According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.

【经济类文献翻译】电子商务

电子商务 电子商务(Electronic Commerce)是在Internet开放的网络环境下,基于浏览器/服务器应用方式,实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的商业运营模式 Internet上的电子商务可以分为三个方面:信息服务、交易和支付。主要内容包括:电子商情广告;电子选购和交易、电子交易凭证的交换;电子支付与结算以及售后的网上服务等。主要交易类型有企业与个人的交易(BtoC方式)和企业之间的交易(BtoB方式)两种。参与电子商务的实体有四类:顾客(个人消费者或企业集团)、商户(包括销售商、制造商、储运商)、银行(包括发卡行、收单行)及认证中心。 电子商务是Internet爆炸式发展的直接产物,是网络技术应用的全新发展方向。Internet本身所具有的开放性、全球性、低成本、高效率的特点,也成为电子商务的内在特征,并使得电子商务大大超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值,它不仅会改变企业本身的生产、经营、管理活动,而且将影响到整个社会的经济运行与结构。 1.电子商务将传统的商务流程电子化、数字化,一方面以电子流代替了实物流,可以大量减少人力、物力,降低了成本;另一方面突破了时间和空间的限制,使得交易活动可以在任何时间、任何地点进行,从而大大提高了效率。 2.电子商务所具有的开放性和全球性的特点,为企业创造了更多的贸易机会。 3.电子商务使企业可以以相近的成本进入全球电子化市场,使得中小企业有可能拥有和大企业一样的信息资源,提高了中小企业的竞争能力。 4.电子商务重新定义了传统的流通模式,减少了中间环节,使得生产者和消费者的直接交易成为可能,从而在一定程度上改变了整个社会经济运行的方式。 5.电子商务一方面破除了时空的壁垒,另一方面又提供了丰富的信息资源,

文献翻译英文原文

https://www.doczj.com/doc/0e17784129.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

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? . , . ? , a , a . , . ( ). a ( ). A . A . , , . : A " " . : a " " , a " " . "" . a 's . a " " 's . " " . ( ). . : a "" 's ; a "" a ; a "" . a , . a . 's , . a , a . , . A . , a . , , . Europe's a , a . a , ., . "'s a ," , , . " 's . 2002 . a ." , (), Toyota's 's 1, . 2010, a . . 2 , . , 's , . . , a Delphi , a a . " , , , ," . " ." Delphi '99. : , . . , . . " ," . , , Germany. "'s ." "

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