2002 Society for Design and Process Science
Printed in the United States of America
OBJECT-ORIENTED APPROACH
IN RE-ENGINEERING: THE STM ICROELECTRONICS
MANUFACTURING MODEL
V. Carchiolo(1)
S. D’ambra(2)
A. Longheu(1)
M. Malgeri(1)
(1)Istituto di informatica e Telecomunicazioni
Università di Catania
V.le A. Doria, 6 – 95100 Catania – ITALY
(2)CAM Support Group - STMicroelectronics
Str. Primosole 50 – 95100 Catania – ITALY
Current manufacturing systems have a very structured production model, expecially when high
complexity and precision is required, as in semiconductor devices manifacturing. In addition,
rapid changes in both production and market requirements may occur, hence great flexibility is
also essential. These goals, together with the requirement of both adding new features as well as
removing some model limitations, often impose to re-engineer periodically existing models,
reducing as much as possible the time-to-market of a new product.
Re-engineering means first to create an abstract representation of the system (i.e. the abstract
model) through a reverse engineering process, then this model is re-designed, keeping as much
as possible a high abstraction, so great expandability can be assured, as well as fully exploiting
personnel know-how, so it is possible to take advantage of their experience about the model.
Updating a model generally also requires to improve existing applications, both re-writing
software components as well as adding new features to existing components.
In this paper, the current model used inside STMicroelectronics facilities to define production
flow (the sequence of operations to be performed in order to make products) is considered. First,
the model and its limitations are described, then introducing an updated, enhanced, object-
oriented model, with aggregational and constitutional hierarchies used to model and classify
all entities and with a flexible inheritance mechanism used to speed-up and improve the definition
of a production flow.
It is also considered which improvements are required on the existing applications, introducing
an enhanced environment capable of supporting the enhanced model while preserving at the
same time both technical and economic investments through avoiding radical changes in existing
environment.
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1. Introduction
Modern manufacturing processes [A. Cichocki et al., 1998; F. Leymann, 1999] are highly structured and automated, so in order to manage them it is necessary a production model which may be quite complex, depending on the requirements of the product being manufactured.
Besides, during the use of a model over several years, some questions can occur:
? new marketing scenarios may arise, so new kinds of products could be required, or new
technologies (e.g. chips with a lower consumption) can be developed;
? some model limitations may be discovered, even for well-designed models, e.g. a shorter procedure for products manufacturing can be found or repetitive tasks can be discovered;
? changes in the production area of the model may occur, for instance a new generation of
production machine with advanced capabilities could allow manufacturing operations
improvements, so time and costs of existing products manufacturing can be reduced.
Such situations often requires a periodic re-engineering of existing production model in order to keep it updated. Re-engineering [E. Byrne, 1992] first requires to analyze the currently adopted manufacturing system, identifying its components and their relationships, creating an abstract representation of the system (reverse engineering process [E. Byrne, 1992; Elliot J. Chikofsky and James H. Cross II, 1990], then the model obtained in this way is re-designed through removing its limitations (whenever possible) as well as adding new desired capabilities.
General guidelines that should be followed during the re-design phase are:
? to keep as much as possible a high-abstraction, achieving expandability and also acting as a base for future re-engineering. For instance, introducing a “production machine” with general
characteristics comprehensive of all real machines is better than just modelling all categories of current real machines, so it will be likely that a new type of machine can be modelled easier. Such an abstraction can be achieved using a suitable methodology, e.g. adopting an object-oriented
approach [S. Gossain et al, 1998], in which the concept of class, inheritance and versioning, as well as aggregational and constitutional hierarchies [S. Gossain et al, 1998; Bertino E. and Martino L.R., 1992], allow to model real environments with high abstraction;
? to fully exploit the know-how of personnel, taking advantage of their experience about the model.
Indeed, when working with a model, on one hand its limitations sometimes leads personnel to resort to expedients (for instance performing manually some unsupported coherence checking on the manufacturing process), in order to bridge the gap between the model and new needs; on the other hand, the way the personnel works may evolve, e.g. reducing the time for setting up a new product using a new shorter sequence of actions. In order to allow the re-engineered model to take into account this experience, it is necessary a complete support for new needs, e.g. providing a tool to define internal rules to automatically guarantee coherence (so users are relieved from using current expedients), and also providing some mechanism (e.g. a customizable wizard) that allows
experienced users to define working sequences that can be used by inexperienced users during the specification of the manufacturing process, reducing training time.
A significant example is the Integrated Circuits (IC) area, where the increasing miniaturization and rapid obsolescence of devices as well as rapid changes in market demand, impose to re-engineer periodically Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 62
existing production models in order to get a model which is both sophisticated, so more and more complex devices can be manufactured, and also flexible, so it is open towards new technologies developement and it can rapidly adjust production in reply to market demand (just in time production).
We addressed all question described so far considering the STMicroelectronics (ST) [ST Microelectronics – https://www.doczj.com/doc/0816878901.html,] environment, in particular analyzing Catania facilities manufacturing model [Longheu A, 1999; Carchiolo V., Longheu A., Malgeri M. and D’Ambra S., 1999; Carchiolo V., Longheu A., Malgeri M. and D’Ambra S., 2000] for production flow definition and management.
The production flow is the sequence of logical operations that must be performed in order to make products; we note that such operations just include low-level (i.e. machine devoted) instructions, so an operation like “take X quantity of raw material form repository Y” will not belong to production flow (rather it belongs to a higher-level flow, on which we do not focus here [Carchiolo V., Longheu A., Malgeri M. and D’Ambra S., 1999]).
In this case-study paper we first consider the reverse engineering task of the ST model, i.e. we outline the current model, describing any entity together with its links, which are a set of relationships used both to group entities according to a hierarchical classification and to show how different entities form the structure of a larger one. Then we re-design the ST model adopting an object-oriented approach, that is modeling real entities as object classes, placed together into one or more hierarchies, both aggregational (when objects must be simply grouped) or constitutional (when an object consists of others). During re-design we follow the previously described guidelines, crafting an “enhanced” object-oriented model that removes the limitations of current model, in particular:
? we give all objects the role suitable for new needs arisen inside ST, also providing each object with
a finite state machine to completely describe its behaviour;
? we provide an inheritance mechanism for products development, assuring coherence, correctness and reducing setup time for new products, since they will inherit all their common characteristics from a specific “template” (named process). We also provide a three step specification when
developing a product, so it is possible to decide what must be inherited from a process and what must be specified for each single product, allowing to set the degree of inheritance.
? we introduce a set of operation classes in order to improve the definition and management of
production flows, e.g. with the optional operation class we can establish which subsequence of operation must be followed based on the result of an expression. The optional operation can also be used to drive the inheritance between operations belonging to a process and operations
belonging to its products children, providing a conditional inheritance (see sec. 3).
We use object-oriented techniques in the IC manufacturing models context, making it easier to improve the model. Indeed, current manufacturing models are generally “hard-wired” on to the specific production environment, so when changes occur, e.g. when a new kind of technology is developed, it is difficult to modify the model; on the other hand, object-oriented techniques offers a high abstraction through which improvements can be easily added.
An object-oriented approach reengineering does not represent a solution for any possible future needs, as when radical changes are required on the core of the model, but it is a way to generalize the specific characteristics of the model, so when new needs arise the abstraction of the model should allow to find a solution as in many cases as possible.
Another question that must be considered after an existing model is re-engineered is whether or not the existing software applications are enough to implement the new “enhanced” model.
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We addressed this problem in the ST case, where existing software is not completely suitable for new needs, that are:
? to provide a visual environment for a more user friendly production flow definition and
management (the existing software works using a character-based interface); this environment should also be cross-platform, since ST intranet presents different operating systems and
hardware;
? to provide support for defining automatic coherence and correctness rules to check the production flow (with existing software all such controls are manual, hence the training for inexperienced
personnel is harder);
? to manage several user classes, since the model representation, as well as permissions on
production flow specification, must be different depending on the specific user group (e.g. design, CAD/CAM, marketing…); with existing software, all users share the same model representation and have the same rights;
? to allow a complete sharing of all information about production flow specification inside the ST
intranet, i.e. in a web-based environment (existing software does not support HTML or XML
[XML – https://www.doczj.com/doc/0816878901.html,/XML; Carchiolo V., Longheu A., Malgeri M. and D’Ambra S., 2000] representation of the model).
Given these new needs, on one hand we want to fully exploit existing applications potentiality in order to preserve as much as possible related technical and economic investments, but at the same time complete we want a complete support for all model improvements, hence if some limit is present in the software, it has not to be propagated to the model, influencing the model itself and/or the way it is used (as currently occurs).
A compromise between enhanced model requirements and these software applications issues can be reached by enhancing the existing software, without re-writing it whenever possible (e.g. adding a level placed on top of existing software, supporting new required capabilites and acting as an interface to users). Such a goal can be achieved either using general purpose tools, assuring great expandability but with less efficiency, or implementing customized tools, with high efficiency but limited expandability and high costs, since software has to be created ad-hoc; hence, a trade-off between generality-expandibility and specificity-efficiency must be found when enhancing the software.
Here we consider such questions, introducing an “enhanced” environment capable of supporting the “enhanced” model, satisfying the requirements described above. In particular, we developed software enhancements using Java platform [Java – https://www.doczj.com/doc/0816878901.html,], that fits well in the web-based, cross-platform ST environment, thanks to its networking support, applets, security management, HTML and XML support.
The rest of paper is organized as follows: in section 2 we introduce the current model. Then, in section 3 we present the enhanced, object-oriented model, describing objects and their hierarchies, then focusing on process family, product and operation objects, where major improvements are made, and finally describing finite state machine for process families and product objects. In section 4 we consider the existing environment, i.e. software applications used to implement the model, defining improvements needed to support the enhanced model, and finally we present our conclusions in section 5.
2. Overview of the STMicroelectronics Current Model.
ST Microelectronics Catania M5 facilities produces several families of memories, in particular Flash memories for smartcards, and Eprom and EEprom memories. Capacity for such memories currently Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 64
Fig. 1 ST Production model.
ranges from 256Kb to 32Mb, while minimum working dimension is less than 0.5mm. In the following we describe the model for the specification of the production flow used for such ICs manufacturing; the model is placed in the context of the entire ST production model [Longheu A, 1999], so we briefly present the latter to better describe the context in which we work.
The ST production model can be viewed as a set of macro-operations (Fig.1) starting from the client order, evolving through product manufacturing, to delivering of final required products. In the first step order requests coming from clients are examined by marketing area, where an agreement about quantity, price and delivery time is achieved with clients. Then, in the planning phase, quantity of products are expressed in terms of technical parameters, as the number of slices to manufacture, cycle time constraints and so on. The following steps, represented as white boxes, are performed using the production flow specification model, on which we will focus.
The production flow specification setting phase consists in definition of the run-sheet, a document associated with lots (a lot is a group of 25 silicon slices, viewed as a single production unit).
The run-sheet contains the sequence of operations that must be carried out on lots in order to make ICs. In the lots startup step we establish which lots must be associated with a given product, based on their crystallographic orientation, electrical resistivity and so on. Then we move to lots processing, the core of Transactions of the SDPS JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 65
Fig. 2 Products grouped inside a facility.
Fig. 3 A set of products inside a facility.
production process, in which several physical and chemical operations (from diffusion to lapping) are performed in order to turn each silicon slice into a set of ICs according to run-sheet specification.
After lots processing, we must check if anything went ok performing the Electrical Wafer Sort (EWS), a test in which all faulty chips are marked and discarded. In the assembling phase we separate each single chip from others, packaging it in a plastic or ceramic package, performing a final test on each IC. Finally, storing and delivery phases complete the production process.
The production flow specification model currently used to accomplish white boxes phases shown in Fig. 1 is a product-centric model, where product is the logical entity used to represent a real product, and where all products are grouped into the same facility (Fig. 2), that is the plant where production takes place.
Each product is characterized by a set of attributes [Longheu A, 1999], e.g. its name, or the material (silicon or germanium) used to make the product, and by an associated production flow (also named route), that is sequence of physical operations that must be carried out by production machines to make ICs belonging to that product (hence, the route is the electronic form of the run-sheet document described previously). Example of production machines are furnaces, ionic planter, etching machines, and photolithographic machine, all used to create silicon wafers (slices), dope them (i.e. increase their electrical conductivity through introducing doping elements as phosphorus or arsenic into silicon), and manifacture IC on doped silicon wafers.
To logically classify products, three of its attributes (highlighted in Fig.2) are used: Process family, Technology, Profict and Losses (P&L) family.
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Fig. 4 A production flow (route) and its script.
The Process family entity is introduced to group products having “similar” routes, i.e. differing for some operation of the sequence or for the value of some parameter belonging to a given operation. Several process families characterized by the same manufacturing process (even if they may have different sequences) are grouped into a technology. Finally, technologies are classified according to the P&L family, an economic parameter.
To better explain these parameters, in Fig. 3 we show an example of current hierarchy (lots are not represented), where a set of products manufactured inside M5 facilities is considered.
Starting from the bottom left, products BG4X-1 and BG4X-3 represent two flash memories with a capacity of 4Mb, belonging to the same process family, the BG4X. Such products differ for a specific parameter of an operation of their (identical) production flow, indeed it is required a different thickness of the silicon wafer on which they are manufactured, since the BG4X-1 must be assembled on a chip for smartcards (hence, its dimension must be reduced), while BG4X-3 will be assembled on plastic package (where more space is available).
Products BG8X00-0 and BG8X00-1 represent two versions of the same logical product, the BG8X00 (a flash memory with 8Mb capacity), belonging to the BG8X process family. Such products have different operations in their production flow (differently from the previous case), indeed some etching phases are made with one operation in the BG8X00-0, while this operation is splitted into two distinct operations in BG8X00-1.
Both BG4X and BG8X flash memories process families belong to the same technology T6fsh35, where the T6 prefix indicates the technology generation, in which guidelines for the device geometry are fixed together with the starting minimum working dimension, that is 0.35mm (fsh stands for flash). Starting means that new improved process families created inside this technology may also be manufactured operating at a lower working dimension. Moreover, any time a major change is made on the geometry, a new techology generation is created.
We note that production flows for distinct process families (e.g., BG4X and BG8X) may have completely different operations, or they may share some subsequence of operations, or they may have the same operations with different parameters values. So, the same criterias both distinguish process families and separate distinct products inside a process family. The choice on whether a new product is placed into an existing process family or it determines the creation of a new process family is not currently rigorously defined since it is related to corporate internal decisions (e.g., the product may represent a significant evolution of an existing one, since it derives from the application of new technologies, or its production flow is radically different from previous ones, i.e. the most significant operations (core) have been changed). Transactions of the SDPS JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 67
Fig. 5 Operation Library.
Finally, in Fig. 3 we also have the 16Mb flash memory r-AE16S, belonging to AE16S process family, placed into T6fsh40 technology, whose starting minimum working dimension is 0.40μm. Both T6fsh35 and T6fsh40 are grouped in the same P&L family, P-440, while the 0.40μm EEProm memories technology T6e2p40, which includes the product HX32Na shown in Fig. 3, is placed below a different P&L family (P-455), according to corporate (internal) economic and marketing considerations.
Considering operations belonging to a route (Fig.4) mentioned before, they represent abstract actions that must be further specified through a second level of detail, hence, each operation has an associated sub-sequence (script) of events, each of which is an “atomic” action directly linked to production machines.
This further specification for operations is needed since e.g. we have diffusion operations, but while this simply means that during the execution of the operation doping elements will be introduced into silicon, all physical and chemical parameters needed to really perform the diffusion phase (i.e. to control furnace machines), as the time of diffusion or the quantity of doping element, will be specified just at low (event) level.
Each operation also has a set of attributes in addition to its script [Longheu A, 1999], e.g. short description, used for comments, or workarea, specifying the production area where the operation can be used.
Besides, in the current model an operation is used in different routes (i.e. different products), maintaining the same set of values for attributes but with a different associated script, so operations belong to a unique library (Fig. 5) from which we get desidered operation any time a new route is created, then associating the related script (scripts are also stored in a library).
The current model described up to now presents several limitations:
? the product-centric feature implies that the product is directly placed below the facility entity, while P&L family, technology and process family are viewed as simple product parameters, even if they play a significant role as products classifiers, hence the hierarchy should be better defined, explicitly classifying products;
? no mechanism is present to speed-up definition for products having similar operations, so the
specification of a new product is a time-consuming and error-prone task, since it must be created from scratch or, at most, by first copying from a similar existing product, then making changes
according to specifications;
? no support for operations setup is provided; indeed, several operations may share a subset of
events inside their script, or may have the same script structure with different values for event parameters, so it would be useful some mechanism for operation management;
Solutions for these limitations, mentioned in sec.1, impose the re-engineering task leading to the enhanced model shown in the next section. Table 1 provides a summary for all terms introduced so far.
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Table 1 Description of the terms introduced.
3. The Enhanced Model.
3.1. Overview.
As mentioned in sec.1, the solution we propose for existing model limitations is the re-engineering through the use of an object-oriented (OO) approach. The first step when creating an OO model is to identify objects, each of which can be defined as an abstraction of a part of the reality being considered. Being this definition highly general, a generic object can represent any entity (e.g., human resources), it may partially overlap with others (several objects may have common features) and may or not have a physical counterpart (this becomes more evident as model description descends from a high abstraction level towards real entities) [S. Gossain et al, 1998].
An object can also be used to group others together; this situation, which may also include classical OO inheritance, determines aggregation hierarchy. Another case is that of complex objects [Bertino E. and Martino L.R., 1992], i.e. consisting of other objects; such links creates constitutional hierarchies (also known as aggregation hierarchies [Bertino E. and Martino L.R., 1992]). Finally, several objects can make up a single logical entity, leading to composite objects [Kim W. et al., 1989] (constitutional hierarchies may also include these objects). Aggregation, complex and composite objects, all present in a manufacturing environment, are essential to capture production cycle features.
Identifying an object also means choosing which production aspects must be considered as objects. Simple criteria are to select the most significant entities, those that require an identity of their own, and Transactions of the SDPS JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 69
Fig. 6 Logical hierarchy of the new model.
Fig. 7 The hierarchy of Fig.3 revisited.
those that cannot be associated with any other objects. Otherwise, entities can be modeled as attribute of others objects. Finally, after objects identification, it is necessary to determine each object’s attribute and methods.
Based on all these considerations, we reconsider existing model, modelling each previously described entity as an object. In particular, we model process family, technology and P&L family, which are currently simple product parameters, as distinct objects placed into a hierarchy based on their role (as defined in sec.
2), since we want to give such entities a more central role and also to classify products more explicitly. Hence, we get to Fig. 6 where a new hierarchy is introduced; we note that such hierarchy is aggregational since it is just used to group objects. According to this organization, the flat hierarchy shown in Fig. 3 can be better represented as in Fig. 7.
Besides, in the re-engineered (enhanced) model we adopt the existing product definition (see Fig. 4), hence a product has an associated sequence of operations, being a complex object defined in terms of a composite object (its route). In this way, we form a constitutional hierarchy. Really, this definition is exten-ded by introducing two new categories of operations (see section 3.2), in addition to the unique category currently supported, providing in this way major abstraction and flexibility during route definition, also reducing time and cost in product development.
In the enhanced model we also make the script for each operation as one of its attributes, since it is required to avoid the current separation between the script and the operation object. In this way operations Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 70
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are modelled in a slightly different manner than current operation . Indeed, in the existing model (see Fig.
5), an operation A, identified by its parameters (that do not include the script) is used in different routes,say as operation A 1, ..., A n , associating a different script for each route, i.e. for each operation A i , so operations A i differ just for the script.In the new model, this behaviour is implemented (using OO terminology) first subclassing the operation class (Fig. 8), creating the A operation class, in which its attributes, except for the script, are specified as static (they do not change across instances). Then we instance the A class, creating A 1, ..., A n operations,which can only differ for the script, which is an instance attribute. Any time a new set of attributes (except for the script) is needed, a new subclass of operation class (B, C, ...) is created and then instanced in order to specify the script.
We finally associate attributes to each object [Longheu A, 1999] (e.g. also for technology and process family objects). Attributes collect all significant information about an object, even those dispersed throughout the model, i.e. when an attribute is related to another entity or is represented as an entity (the latter is the case of script described above). Since this is not a very significant task, we do not specify here the complete list of attributes for each object.
Considering methods, they include object management methods (e.g. constructor), as well as specific methods used to provide each object with its desired behaviour [S. Gossain et al, 1998]. Focusing in particular on object management, or object’s states , when an object is instanced it will be in a created state, then it moves through several states during its life cycle, reaching the final state (obsolescence , see sec.3.2.5) when it will be removed from the production model. All state changes are accomplished using specific methods; hovewer, rather than describe a list of such methods, we introduce (sec. 3.2.5) the most significant states of Finite State Machine (FSM) for process family and product classes. Since no other methods are worth of mentioning (they can be considered as implementation details), we do not consider methods throughout this paper.
3.2. Enhanced model core: Process Family and Product.
The major improvement with respect to the existing model is the use of inheritance mechanism to model dependences between process family and related products. As mentioned in sec.2, when several products only differ in the values of certain parameters, or for some operation of sequence, it is desirable to avoid the tedious and error-prone work of re-creating what is common among them. The process family definition is extended in order to meet this needs, since in the new model it is not just a simple classifier, but it is a general schema for similar products: creating a process family means to set all common features for this group of products, so they will automatically inherit all that has been defined inside their father process family. Then, to define completely each product, it is required just to specify some operations and/or parameters.
Fig. 8 Subclassing operations in the new model.
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Going into details, the inheritance mechanism we introduce is slightly different from the classical inheritance, indeed it does not provide that all operations are completely inherited by products children of a given process, rather it provides two mechanisms through which users can establish what must be inherited from a given process family, and what must be further specified inside its children. Such mechanisms are:
? the type-template-default definition path (sec. 3.2.1), followed during production operations
specification, that allows to decide what portion of an operation must be inherited, allowing to set the degree of inheritance;
? the off-line conditions inside optionality operations (sec. 3.2.2), through which users establish what subsequence of operations must be inherited, providing a conditional inheritance.
These mechanisms, which extend simple inheritance adding more flexibility, are introduced since they fits better to our manufacturing context than other inheritance mechanisms (e.g. multiple inheritance [S.Gossain et al, 1998]).
In order to describe how such mechanisms work, we introduce three categories of operations, i.e production operations, optionality operations, and monitoring operations, used to create a process family route, i.e. when common operations are specified. In the following these categories will be each represented with a specific shape, i.e. classical rectangle for production operations, rhomb for optionality and circle for monitoring operations, since a route can be viewed as a logical flow diagram of the manufacturing process.
3.2.1. Production Operations.
Production operations, which is the only category available in the existing model, contain “instructions”(i.e., events ) about how to work lots in order to make ICs. In the new model they are specified in three phases: type, template, and default.
Type groups all operations performing the same physical action. For instance, we have diffusion type,mentioned in sec.2, or mask type, that is the set of operations used to create the geometry of the device by means of partial photo-exposure of the silicon covered by a mask (a plate with transparent and opaque areas) followed by removal of unexposed material (distinct masking operations differ for the mask parameter),or measure type, collecting all operations where a physical or electrical parameter is traced.
Fig. 9 The definition of an operation through the three steps type , template and default .
a b c
An operation belongs to a given type if its script contains some specific events, characteristic for that type. Referring to the mask operation example, any operation of this type contains a script with at least two fixed events, i.e. the photo-exposure (with the mask as a parameter) followed by a measurement to test the photo-exposure.
Up to this stage (type specification phase), this operation script can be represented as in Fig. 9-a, where a certain number of possible events (1…x, unknown at this stage) appear before the masking event, where the value of mask is a parameter not yet specified. Then there may be other events (1…y), up to the measurement event (whose specification depends on the value of the parameter according to a function F(mask) ), and finally, another possible group of events (1…z).
The second phase is the template definition, where the number and type of all the groups of events 1…x, 1…y and 1…z are chosen, together with the exact form of F, but all events parameters are not yet specified (thus moving from Fig. 9-a to Fig. 9-b). This phase is called template since the structure of each operation is completely defined.
Last phase is the default, where it is possible to set any remaining parameter and calculate any related expression (F), as shown in Fig. 9-c. This step, at which an operation is completely specified, is called default since it represents a possible set of values for a template.
All operations are classified based on their type, and for each type (or template) a group of available corresponding templates (respectively, defaults) can be defined, in order to create a library for future use.
As an example, in Fig. 10 we show a type-template-default aggregational hierarchy, in particular we consider mask operations, whose core events specified inside type are the MASK and the VIS-Insp event, where the latter represent a visual ispection performed with an electronic microscope to measure physical parameter of interest. At template level, we show two different templates, the Mask-MS-01, with the MS-full additional event, and Mask-MS-02, with MS-full and MS-partial additional events. MS-full and MS-partial events are used to collect data coming from the previous measure VIS-Insp; when all data have to be collected, the MS-full is performed, otherwise the MS-partial is used. These MS events are anyway completely defined at this level.
Indeed, inside operation defaults shown in Fig. 9, such events are left as they were at template level, while MASK and VIS-Insp events move from an abstract to a concrete specification, e.g. we have current values for masks (this is indicated using a specific code, as BG8X00-H-560-A, BG4X-H-680-E, and BG8X00-H-60-r), toghether with current, mask-related values for measure events, where relationship is highlighted by naming codes, e.g. the Vis-BG8X00-H-560 is a measure depending on BG8X00-H-560-A mask event (the Func shown in Fig. 9 is contained inside Vis-BG8X00-H-560 event).
Each operation is defined following the type-template-default definition sequence. We distinguish “process family” operations, where these phases are all specified inside the process family (such operations are then independent from the product, i.e. they will be the same for all products belonging to that process family), and “product” operations, where some phase has to be specified when creating a product.
We note that in the current release of re-engineered model, such operations are those for which just the default can be set, so type and template are currently specified anyway inside process family.
The keypoint is that all what is set inside a process family is specified just once and will be automatically inherited by all products children; choosing which phases are specified in the process family context allow users to establish what part of the operation must be inherited, extending inheritance by allowing to set its degree.
Clearly, phases specified inside process family represent the part (of that operation) which is common across products children. We also note that the use of type-template-default definition sequence reduces anyway the specification time for a single product, since the use of type-template-default libraries avoids to specify each single event or parameter.
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Fig. 10 An example of type-template-default hierarchy.
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As an example, we consider the hierarchy shown in Fig. 3, in particular products BG4X-1 and BG4X-3. Such products differ for a parameter (the chip thickness), so their production flow can be defined just once, using a proper template where lapping operation is performed (lapping is a mechanical operation which reduces the thickness of silicon wafer). This template contains a currently undefined parameter which will be replaced with two distinct defaults (each with the proper value for thickness) inside each product. Similarly, this mechanism can also be used to represent two process families differing for some parameter. When greater abstraction is required, we move up to the type level, so even more different products or process families can be grouped.
The type-template-default definition path can also be extended to the event level. In particular, in the current model, an event consists of a group of actions named steps, so it is easy to define for an event the type as the level in which core steps are chosen, while in the template all steps but their parameters are specified and finally in the default parameters are specified. Although, we want that an event is atomic (sec. 2), i.e. we do not want that steps are considered, since they concern low level details (related to manufacturing), hence we extend just template and default levels to events by viewing parameters for steps as a whole. In this way, an event template is a complete event with no parameters, whereas in an event default all its parameters are specified, so for instance event A in Fig. 9-b is an event template, (in Fig. 9-c there is a corresponding default), while MS events in Fig.10 are default events. A template event can only appear in a template operation, whereas a default event can appear both in a template operation and in a default operation, (a template operation must have at least one template event, while a default operation consists of default events only since it must be completely specified).
We note that in current model abstraction support, as the type-template-default phases, is not provided at all.
3.2.2. Optionality operations Expressions
The second category of operations has the role of control flow statements. In a sequence of operations, indeed, it is necessary to specify one or more alternative paths, thus having a decision block that, depending on a condition C (based on one or more expressions), executes different sets of operations (paths) or assigns different parameters to the same operation.
The decision block is represented with the optionality operations category, and it does not imply any physical action (no events inside), as it only contains a condition. This is also the reason why in the current model only production operation exists (in the current model an operation must always contain events while a production flow does not support any alternative paths).
We follow two phases when defining this category of operations, one in which the structure of the condition is set (as in a template), and one in which all the current values of the variables in the conditions are provided (as in a default), so conditions can be evaluated and a path is chosen. We note that a phase equivalent to type for production operations should allow to select a specific category of condition from a library. We are currently developing such classification.
Like the previous category, optionality operations can generally be “process family dependent”, i.e. completed inside the process family, or parameters values will only be known inside products, so only the structure of the condition is set in the process. The inheritance mechanism, hovewer, is slightly different from production operations. In order to describe such mechanism, we consider in detail the structure of conditions and expressions.
A condition can be viewed as an if…then…else or a case…switch construct, containing one or more expressions, each of which returns one of a set of values (so an expression is not necessarily binary).
To make up an expression, classical operators (+, -, *, /, AND, OR, NOT, as well as <; >; <>; =) are available and act on environment variables, i.e. on all information about current hierarchical sub-tree (e.g. Transactions of the SDPS JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 75
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if the condition is set in a product, the environment consists of all product attributes plus those belonging to parent family process and technology). Environment can also include other information, e.g. user-defined variables.
Expressions can be off-line or on-line . Off-line expression evaluation depends on definition of objects in Fig. 6 (it does not depend from the production flow), while on-line conditions are evaluated when production is running.
Off-line expression can be used to improve process families and product specification through a greater abstraction. Considering the example hierarchy shown in Fig. 3, products BG8X00-0 and BG8X00-1differ for a subsequence, i.e. the BG8X00-0 contains some etching phase performed with a single operation,while the BG8X00-1 requires a pair of operations. Such a situation can be easily modelled through a proper off-line expression (C in Fig. 11), e.g. based on product’s version (the last character of products name), so that the path with one operation is chosen for BG8X00-0, while BG8X00-1 will use the path with two operations.
Off-line condition can also be used in the same way to represent process families differing for some subsequence, given that a proper condition (e.g. based on some object’s attribute) must be established to choose the right path. We note that in the current model there is no support for grouping such similar sequences differing just for some subsequence, hence each production flow must be defined separately (generally copying from an existing one and then making changes according to specifications, as mentioned in sec.2).
Fig. 11 Example of off-line condition.
Fig. 12 - Inheritance of off-line condition.
C True for Prod X Process family
Product X
Table 2 Operations categories.
On-line expressions are also used to provide a greater abstraction, but they model conditions depending on some production-related quantity. An example is the fault check operation, used to control lots belonging to a given product in order to evaluate the rate of faulty chips, an important parameter used to discover how manufacturing process can be improved (for instance, this rate is used to test manufacturing process during new technologies development, where production flow must be refined until faulty chips rate decrease below a given threshold). Since checking each single lot is a very time-consuming task, lots are checked with a statistical frequency, i.e. each time a certain number of lots have been processed, the next lot must perfom a specific test operation to evaluate faulty chips rate. In order to model this, we create an optionality operation whose condition is based on the number of lots being processed, so when the condition is true the faulty check operation will be perfomed on the current lot.
In a process family route there can be both on-line and off-line conditions, whereas in a product only on-line can “survive” (they will be evaluated during production): all off-line must be solved and replaced in the route for that product with the path associated with result value (Fig. 12).
While on-line conditions are inherited by products “as they are”, together with all their operation subsequences, off-line expression are used to establish which subsequence of operations a product inherits from a process, acting as a tool to drive the inheritance, i.e. achieving a conditional inheritance.
In addition to on-line/off-line characteristic, a condition can also be human-dependent. This is modeled by introducing users and user classes, i.e. groups of users with specific rights and/or limitations. Such conditions, which may be both off-line and on-line, are implemented by adding users and classes to the environment variables, so an expression like “@admin-class” means that the path will be chosen by any users with administrator privileges during the creation of the object.
An example of human dependent condition is when the subsequence of operation to be performed depends on the human operator supervising production machines, e.g. he has to decide what machine can or must be used according to its state, an information which affects the subsequence of operations to be executed and which is not always automatically detectable, since some machines must be managed manually. Transactions of the SDPS JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 1, 77
Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science JUNE 2002, Vol. 6, No. 2, 78Fig. 13 Example of process family definition.
To be completed
Complete
Finally, we note that an expression can also appear in a production operation (as the Func shown in Fig. 9), and that it is possible to have also optionality events, which can only appear in production operations (optionality operations contain no events).
3.2.3. Monitoring Operations.
This category of operations is used during execution of the production sequence to check the status of parameters of interest (e.g. lots throughput), to track alerts when missing given deadlines or to trace the history of flow execution. Monitoring operations play the role of supervisoring operations [A. Cichocki et al., 1998; F. Leymann, 1999]. As in the case of optionality class, these operations contain no events, hence do not exist in the current model; moreover, monitoring events can be defined.
3.2.
4. Putting it all together.
Table 2 shows the three categories of operations we introduced, together with their main features,while a comprehensive example of a process family is shown in Fig. 13; in the route, entirely created during process family definition, we have an optionality operation with a condition C1, here supposed binary, human-independent and on-line. From this operation we have two different paths, one with operation a, and the second with b, assumed to be process family-dependent, and c, product-dependent. This means
that type, template and then default for b are all specified in the process family context, while the default level for operation c is specified in the product. Then, d is a monitoring operation, followed by an optionality operation containing a binary, human-independent, off-line condition C2 with two paths, operations e and f. This is product-dependent,with a template containing a human-dependent, off-line optionality event (condition @U), whose choices are template a and default b.
We note that generally it is also possible to have jumps in a route or in a script. A jump can be conditional or not, using optionality operations, and can be a loop when it is directed to previous operations. Hence, we can create repeat-until, for, and while-do or simple goto constructs.
When a product child of such a process family is created, the inheritance mechanism allows to create a partially complete product, with at most template production operations (product-dependent) to be specified at default level, with completed default operations (process family - dependent) that must not be altered, otherwise inheritance would be violated, and with optionality and/or monitoring operations containing expressions. Inside expressions there will be environment variables already defined during process family definition, variables known in product definition context (e.g. product name), and variables to be completed manually.
Having finished such steps, all off-line expressions must return a value such that the templates can be completed, or the path to follow in an optionality operation can be chosen, or the desired check (in the monitoring operation case) can be made. In on-line expressions, missing parameters will be known when production will run.
All these steps are needed since in order to work lots according to a production flow of a given product, the product must be completely specified at a concrete level (e.g. templates are no more allowed).
By this hypothesis, a product child of the process defined above is shown in Fig. 14, where we assume that C2 returns X2 and that the user @U created the product choosing the right-hand side branch in the relative condition.
The high abstraction provided with gradual and conditional inheritance mechanism allow to reduce significantly time for production flows specification, e.g. referring to Fig. 3 we can define just a production flow for BG4X-1 and BG4X-3 products (using the type-template-default mechanism), and just a production flow for BG8X00-0 and BG8X00-1 (using optionality operations). Similarly, we may also group (if there is a significant set of common operations) production flows for BG4X-1 / BG4X-3 and for BG8X00-0 / BG8X00-1 into a single production flow, saving time and reducing error-prone situations.
3.2.5. Process Family and Product States.
To manage each object, a Finite State Machine (FSM) is provided, as mentioned in sec. 3.1. This models objects life-cycle, both with classical states as creation and deletion, as well as states specifically devoted to model production [A. Cichocki et al., 1998; F. Leymann, 1999; Longheu A, 1999]. Considering just process family and product objects, in Fig. 15 we show their FSM, examining in the following each single state.
The first state we consider is Creation, in which a new instance for an object is created. This can be done from scratch, or using the inheritance mechanism (if a product is being created, as no template for process families is defined in our context), or finally copying from other objects.
In particular, when a product is copied, pasting the copied product inside the same process family, leads to a conflict concerning the logical identity of the new product, since it will be logically the same as the original until it is modified. If the copy is made from another process family the copied product is invalid (i.e. lots cannot be worked following the production flow of that product) until it will be changed in order to meet inheritance constraints of the destination process family.
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Copying process families can result in a logical conflict only (if the copied process family is pasted inside the same technology), while no inheritance constraints can be violated when pasting a process family out of its technology, since technologies simply group process families sharing the same geometry,where a device’s geometry is not currently defined through an inheritance mechanism in our context.Finally, we can copy a process family and pasting it as a product. In this case, the process family also must become a product, i.e. all of its template operations must be completely specified at default level, and any off-line expression must be evaluated and replaced with the subsequence associated to the result value Fig. 15 FSM for process and product.
State Creation Cr
Unistantiable U
Obsolescent
O Complete (Updating)
Complete (Istantiable)
Fig. 14 Example of product definition.
.
历年马基试题 【辨析题】 1、人类的认识和实践是有限的。 答：不完全正确。人类的认识和实践就其现实性即它们的具体实现来说是有限的。(1分)然而，有限与无限是对立的统一。有限是无限的环节、部分和因素，有限包含、体现着无限。人类认识和实践发展的本性，决定有限的界限必然不断地被打破和超越，而趋于无限。(2分)人类已有的认识和实践的成果不是限制、束缚新的认识和实践的框框，而是认识和实践进一步向深度和广度扩展的前提和基础。因而，人类的认识和实践既是有限的又是无限的。(3分) 2、价格是价值的表现形式，有价格的必有价值。 答：错。价值是凝结在商品中的无差别的人类劳动，价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现。(2分)但是，商品经济条件下，某些并非商品也不具有价值的东西，却取得了商品的形式，可以买卖，从而具有价格。尽管价格是价值的表现形式，但有价格的东西并不一定具有价值。(3分) 3、相对剩余价值是超额剩余价值产生的前提。 答：错。相对剩余价值是指在工作日长度不变的条件下，由于必要劳动时间的缩短，从而相应地延长剩余劳动时间而产生的剩余价值。(1分)超额剩余价值是个别企业首先提高劳动生产率，使产品的个别价值低于社会价值，又按社会价值出售而获得的。(1分)由于资本家普遍追求超额剩余价值，使社会劳动生产率提高，生活资料价值下降，从而劳动力的价值下降，必要劳动时间缩短，剩余劳动时间相对延长，实现了相对剩余价值的生产。该命题的错误在于颠倒了相对剩余价值与超额剩余价值产生的因果关系。(3分) 4、生产商品过程中劳动力商品创造的价值是劳动力价值和剩余价值之和。 答：对。劳动力商品的使用价值就是工人的劳动，而工人劳动创造的价值不仅补偿劳动力的工资，还创造出了更多的价值即剩余价值。 5、马克思认为，生产力是划分社会经济形态的客观标准。 答：不完全正确。划分社会经济形态的标准是生产关系。但生产力起间接作用。 6、量与事物的存在是直接同一的。 答：错。质与事物的存在是直接同一的，但量与事物的存在则不是直接同一的。量的变化在度的范围并不影响事物性质的变化，只有量变突破度，才会引起质变。 7、古希腊哲学家说：“没有理性，眼睛是最坏的见证人”。 答：错。本论强调了理性认识的重要性，如没有理性认识，感性认识是盲目的，这有合理之处，但是，不能以此而否认感性认识的作用。感性认识与理性认识是辩证统一的，理性认识依赖于感性认识，感性认识有待于上升为理性认识。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 多媒体演示文稿的设计与制作 多媒体演示文稿的设计与制作( 初级)策勒县策勒乡托帕学校图尔荪江麦提尼亚孜通过对多媒体演示文稿的设计与制作(初级)课程的学习,我已经掌握了多媒体演示文稿的设计与制作基本知识及制作方法,收获颇多,现就自己的学习谈谈学习体会.一、知识点： 1、创建演示文稿；2、插入多媒体资源；3、多媒体资源的搭配； 4、播放和调用文稿。 二、应用1、PowerPoint 中有多种创建演示文稿的方法，对于一个初学者想要快速制作一个演示文稿可以根据内容提示向导创建演示文稿。 内容提示向导是创建演示文稿最快捷的一种方式，在内容提示向导的引导下，不仅能帮助使用者完成演示文稿相关格式的设置，而且还帮助使用者输入演示文稿的主要内容。 2、在多媒体演示文稿的页面中插入有关的文本、图片等多媒体资源需以下几个步骤： 选择要插入的多媒体资源；调整插入对象的位置和大小；3、（1）配色方案： 配色方案就是由多媒体演示文稿软件预先设计的能够应用于幻灯片中的背景、文本和标题等对象的一套均衡搭配的颜色。 通过配色方案，使多媒体演示文稿色彩绚丽，多呈现的内容更加生动，进行配色时需完成以下几个步骤： 1 / 3
选择配色方案；应用配色方案；（2）利用版式搭配多媒体资源：版式是PowerPoint2003 软件中的一种常规排版的格式，通过幻灯片版式的应用可以对文字、图片等等更加合理简洁完成布局，通常PowerPoint2003 中已经内置文字版式、内容版式等版式类型供使用者使用，利用版式可以轻松完成幻灯片制作和运用。 运用版式搭配多媒体资源需要以下几个步骤： 选择版式；应用版式；（3）、图形组合： 图形组合是 PowerPoint 软件中的一种图形处理功能，可以将多个独立的形状组合成一个图形对象，然后对组合后的图形对象进行移动、修改大小等操作，操作步骤如下： 选择图形；组合图形；4、播放和调用文稿： （1）、自定义播放： 由于一个演示文稿中可能有很多张幻灯片，有些时候我们不需要全部播放出来，这时就需要对演示文稿中的幻灯片设置自定义播放。 自定义播放演示文稿需以下几步： 选择要播放的演示文稿；设置自定义播放；（2）、打包演示文稿：演示文稿制作完成后，往往不是在一台计算机上播放，有时会出现演示文稿中所插入的视音频等资源不能顺利播放的情况。 如张老师把在家做好的演示文稿拿到教室播放，在排除连线、播放软件问题等因素后，演示文稿中插入的资源仍不能播放，请教计算机老师后，计算机老师建议可以通过以下两种方式解决：打包演示文稿；用 U 盘把 PowerPoint 中的所有资源拷到教室重
复习资料 辨析题部分 市场经济是商品经济，但商品经济并非就是市场经济。 正确。市场经济是商品经济发展到一定阶段的产物，是发达商品经济的表现形式和现代形态。只有建立了统一市场和市场体系的商品经济才是市场经济。市场经济是市场化的商品经济。只有以社会化大生产为基础的商品经济，才能成为市场经济。市场经济是社会化的商品经济。经济关系货币化，金融市场、金融工具和金融手段全面介入经济运行，才能形成市场经济。市场经济是货币化的商品经济。只有在开放条件下，才能与世界经济接轨，把国市场与国际市场对接起来，形成现代市场经济。市场经济是开放化的商品经济。 价格是价值的货币表现，价格的变化就是价值变化的表现。 价值是价格的容和基础。在自由竞争的条件下，价值的变化必然引起价格的变化。但是，在现实的交换活动中，影响价格变化的不仅仅是价值的变化，还有供求关系、竞争、货币币值和政府政策等因素。 价格是价值的表现形式，有价格的必有价值。 价值是凝结在商品中的无差别的人类劳动，价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现。但是，商品经济条件下，某些并非商品也不具有价值的东西，却取得了商品的形式，可以买卖，从而具有价格。尽管价格是价值既表现形式，但有价格的东西并不一定具有价值。 现实中，商品的市场价格常常与价值不符，是对价值规律的否定。 商品的价值量是由生产这种商品的社会必要劳动时间决定的。商品交换要以价值量为基础，实行等价交换。价格围绕价值上下波动正是价值规律作用的表现形式。因商品价格虽然时升时降，但商品价格的变动总是以其价值为轴心。一般情况下，影响价格变动的最主要因素是商品的供求关系。同时，价格的变化会反过来调整和改变市场的供求关系，使得价格不断围绕着价值上下波动。另外，从较长时期和全社会来看，商品价格与价值的偏离有正有负，可彼此抵消。因此总体上商品的价格与价值还是相等的。所以，现实中商品的市场价格常常与价值不符是必然的，不是对价值规律的否定，而正是其表现形式之一。 商品的价值有两个源泉即生产资料和劳动力的价值。 此观点错误。在生产使用价值的过程中，劳动、资本、土地、技术是不可缺少的，马克思肯定各种生产要素在财富生产中同等的重要性，他说：“劳动并不是它所生产的使用价值即
多媒体演示文稿的设计与制作学习心得体会 杨保政 作为一名小学数学年教师，我对教学媒体和资源总是充满了兴趣。在上课的时候，我更喜欢利用多媒体，来引导学生学习新知识。但有的时候上课的效果却不尽如人意。这次能参加全员培训中我学到制作演示文稿的时候，清新的ppt 演示，实用的制作技巧，让我眼前一亮，制作攻略更是让我热血沸腾，我终于认识到了我以前为什么很用心的制作PPT，但是效果却不好的原因了，那就是没有人会对着密密麻麻的知识点感兴趣的，不由得想到了初中时候的自己，和他们不是一样的吗？ 在本次培训中制作演示文档的部分，我对它进行了简单的总结： 攻略一：少即是多：每页一个主题；巧用备注栏；字少图大；提炼关键词句。呆板无趣的知识点会让学生们昏昏欲睡，如果将知识点精炼再加上图片会提升学生学习的兴趣，而且也减轻了学生的负担，让他们在快乐中获取知识。甚至在PPT中我可以恰当使用高桥法，醒目的字眼跃然眼帘，再不用老师来反复强调这是重点啊重点啊！ 攻略二：：换位思考：文字不小于24号；及时回顾总结；文字和背景反差鲜明；从学生的角度来思考一堂课的教授方
法，没有那么多过目不忘的学生，怎么讲课才能使学生印象深刻呢？看来我要在这方面多下功夫了。 攻略三：逻辑清晰：顺序播放；逻辑主线简明；格式一致；思想要点图表化。 攻略四：形象表达：适当运用全图型PPT；图表图形化；精心设计封面和目录；用声音烘托气氛。一幅好图胜过一千句话，无关的美景干扰主题；过多的插图分散注意；过于复杂的画面增加认知负荷；插图与背景混杂 攻略五：动静结合：控制长度；加快速度；明确目的；聚焦内容 在本次学习中，有一句话令我印象深刻，一堂课是否精彩，关键是教师而不是工具！是啊，无论ppt做得多么华丽，内容是多么深刻。但是一堂课的精彩与否，还是得靠教师来把握，路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索！
化工制图复习题 1.化工行业中常用的工程图样的分类。答：化工机器图、化工设备图和化工工艺图。 2.化工设备零部件的种类分为哪两大类？举例说明。答：① 化工机器。指主要作用部件 为运动的机械，如各种过滤机，破碎机，离心分离机、旋转窑、搅拌机、旋转干燥机以及流体输送机械等。 ②化工设备。指主要作用部件是静止的或者只有很少运动的机械，如各种容器（槽、 罐、釜等）、普通窑、塔器、反应器、换热器、普通干燥器、蒸发器，反应炉、电解槽、结晶设备、传质设备、吸附设备、流态化设备、普通分离设备以及离子交换设备等。 3.筒体（钢板卷制、无缝钢管）公称直径如何确定？（外径、内径各为多少？）答：一 般来说，直径从300mm至6000mm，筒体可由钢板卷焊而成，其工程直径为筒体的内径；当DN在1000mm以内时每增加50mm为一个直径档次，在1000~6000mm时每增加100mm为一个直径档次。直径小于500mm时，可以直接使用无缝钢管来作筒体，其工程直径为同体的外径。 4.椭圆封头公称直径如何确定？（外径、内径各为多少？）答：其长轴为短轴的2倍，J B/T4746——2002《钢制压力容器用封头》规定，以内径为标准椭圆形代号为EHA，以外径为标准的椭圆形封头代号为EHB。 5.筒体与封头的连接方式有哪些？答：直接焊接、法兰连接。
6.管法兰的分类？答：一 个是由国家质量技术监督局批准的管法兰国家标准GB/T9112~9124—2000另一个是化工行业标准HG20592~20635—2009《钢制管法兰、垫片、紧固件》。 8.管法兰按其与管子的连接方式分为哪几类。答：平焊法兰、对焊法兰、螺纹法兰、承 插焊法兰、松套法兰。 9.压力容器法兰分为哪几类?密封面形式有几种？答：有甲型平焊法兰、乙型平焊法兰和 长颈对焊法兰，其密封面形式有平面型密封、凹凸面密封、榫槽面密封。 11.球形、椭圆、碟形、锥形、平板封头的特点。 12.补强圈的作用及标注方法。答：补强圈用来弥补设备因开孔过大而造成的强度损失， 其形状应与被补强部分壳体的形状相符，使之与设备壳体密切贴合，焊接后能与壳体同时受力。 13.鞍式支座的类型及标注方法。答：A型（轻型）B（重型）两种。每种又有F型（固定 式）和S型（活动式）。 14.耳式支座的类型及标注方法。答：有A 型（短臂）、B型（长臂）和C型（加长臂）。 15.支承式支座的类型及标注方法。答：有AB两种类型，A有若干块钢板焊成，B用钢 管制作而成。 16.裙座的种类。答：圆柱形裙座、圆锥形裙座。 17.各种支座的使用场合、分类。答
有效电子数：不是所有的自由电子都能参与导电，在外电场的作用下，只有能量接近费密能的少部分电子，方有可能被激发到空能级上去而参与导电。这种真正参加导电的自由电子数被称为有效电子数。 K状态：一般与纯金属一样，冷加工使固溶体电阻升高，退火则降低。但对某些成分中含有过渡族金属的合金，尽管金相分析和Ｘ射线分析的结果认为其组织仍是单相的，但在回火中发现合金电阻有反常升高，而在冷加工时发现合金的电阻明显降低，这种合金组织出现的反常状态称为K状态。X射线分析发现，组元原子在晶体中不均匀分布，使原子间距的大小显著波动，所以也把K状态称为“不均匀固溶体”。 能带：晶体中大量的原子集合在一起，而且原子之间距离很近，致使离原子核较远的壳层发生交叠，壳层交叠使电子不再局限于某个原子上，有可能转移到相邻原子的相似壳层上去，也可能从相邻原子运动到更远的原子壳层上去，从而使本来处于同一能量状态的电子产生微小的能量差异，与此相对应的能级扩展为能带。 禁带：允许被电子占据的能带称为允许带，允许带之间的范围是不允许电子占据的，此范围称为禁带。 价带：原子中最外层的电子称为价电子，与价电子能级相对应的能带称为价带。 导带：价带以上能量最低的允许带称为导带。 金属材料的基本电阻：理想金属的电阻只与电子散射和声子散射两种机制有关，可以看成为基本电阻，基本电阻在绝对零度时为零。 残余电阻(剩余电阻)：电子在杂质和缺陷上的散射发生在有缺陷的晶体中，绝对零度下金属呈现剩余电阻。这个电阻反映了金属纯度和不完整性。 相对电阻率：ρ (300K)／ρ (4.2K)是衡量金属纯度的重要指标。 剩余电阻率ρ’：金属在绝对零度时的电阻率。实用中常把液氦温度(4.2K)下的电阻率视为剩余电阻率。 相对电导率：工程中用相对电导率( IACS%) 表征导体材料的导电性能。把国际标准软纯铜(在室温20 ℃下电阻率ρ= 0 .017 24Ω·mm2/ m)的电导率作为100% , 其他导体材料的电导率与之相比的百分数即为该导体材料的相对电导率。 马基申定则(马西森定则)：ρ＝ρ’＋ρ(T)在一级近似下，不同散射机制对电阻率的贡献可以加法求和。ρ’：决定于化学缺陷和物理缺陷而与温度无关的剩余电阻率。ρ(T)：取决于晶格热振动的电阻率(声子电阻率)，反映了电子对热振动原子的碰撞。 晶格热振动：点阵中的质点(原子、离子)围绕其平衡位置附近的微小振动。 格波：晶格振动以弹性波的形式在晶格中传播，这种波称为格波，它是多频率振动的组合波。 热容：物体温度升高1K时所需要的热量(J/K)表征物体在变温过程中与外界热量交换特性的物理量，直接与物质内部原子和电子无规则热运动相联系。 比定压热容：压力不变时求出的比热容。 比定容热容：体积不变时求出的比热容。 热导率：表征物质热传导能力的物理量为热导率。 热阻率：定义热导率的倒数为热阻率ω，它可以分解为两部分，晶格热振动形成的热阻(ωp)和杂质缺陷形成的热阻(ω0)。导温系数或热扩散率：它表示在单位温度梯度下、单位时间内通过单位横截面积的热量。热导率的单位：W/(m·K) 热分析：通过热效应来研究物质内部物理和化学过程的实验技术。原理是金属材料发生相变时，伴随热函的突变。 反常膨胀：对于铁磁性金属和合金如铁、钴、镍及其某些合金，在正常的膨胀曲线上出现附加的膨胀峰，这些变化称为反常膨胀。其中镍和钴的热膨胀峰向上为正，称为正反常；而铁和铁镍合金具有负反常的膨胀特性。 交换能：交换能E ex=－2Aσ1σ2cosφA—交换积分常数。当A＞0，φ＝0时，E ex最小，自旋磁矩自发排列同一方向，即产生自发磁化。当A＜0，φ＝180°时，E ex也最小，自旋磁矩呈反向平行排列，即产生反铁磁性。交换能是近邻原子间静电相互作用能，各向同性，比其它各项磁自由能大102～104数量级。它使强磁性物质相邻原子磁矩有序排列，即自发磁化。 磁滞损耗：铁磁体在交变磁场作用下，磁场交变一周，B-H曲线所描绘的曲线称磁滞回线。磁滞回线所围成的面积为铁 =? 磁体所消耗的能量，称为磁滞损耗，通常以热的形式而释放。磁滞损耗Q HdB 技术磁化：技术磁化的本质是外加磁场对磁畴的作用过程即外加磁场把各个磁畴的磁矩方向转到外磁场方向(和)或近似外磁场方向的过程。技术磁化的两种实现方式是的磁畴壁迁移和磁矩的转动。 请画出纯金属无相变时电阻率—温度关系曲线，它们分为几个阶段，各阶段电阻产生的机制是什么？为什么高温下电阻率与温度成正比？ 1—ρ电-声∝T( T > 2/ 3ΘD ) ； 2—ρ电-声∝T5 ( T< <ΘD )；
研究生入学考试政治真题及答案马基部分
全国研究生入学考试政治理论真题和答案选 (马基部分) 一、单项选择题。1～16小题，每小题1分，共16分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。 1.爱迪生在创造电灯之前做了两千多实验，有个年轻的记者曾经问她为什么遭遇这么多次失败。爱迪生回答：“我一次都没有失败。我创造了电灯。这只是一段经历了两千步的历程。”爱迪生之因此说“我一次都没有失败”，是因为她把每一次实验都看作 A.认识中所获得的相对真理 B.整个实践过程中的一部分 C.对事物规律的正确反映 D.实践中能够忽略不计的偶然挫折 【答案】 A 【解析】此题考查的是真理的绝对性和相对性。爱迪生把每一次的实验的结果都看成了认识过程中的相对真理。无数相对真理的总和构成绝对真理，因此爱迪生说她一次也没有失败。故A正确。 2.俄国早期马克思主义理论家普列汉诺夫说，绝不会有人去组织一个“月食党”以促进或阻止月食的到来，但要进行社会革命就必须组织革命党，这是因为社会规律与自然规律有所不同，它是 A.不具有重复性的客观规律 B.由多数人的意志决定的 C.经过人的有意识的活动实现的 D.比自然规律更易于认识的规律 【答案】 C 【解析】此题考查的是社会规律和自然规律的区别。社会规律与自然规律的区别主要体现在两个方面。一是自然规律的重复性高，社会规律的重复性低。二是自然规律不需要人去参与，自然而然就能够出现，社会规律需要有人的参与才能体现出来。A本身表述错误，B违背了规律的客观性也是错的，D说法也不准确，因此C是正确答案。 评价：此题不是很难，还是沿用了往年以材料带考点的形式。从此题中我们能够得出如下的结论：一是马原的基础知识很重要，特别是相关知识点之间的区别与联系，因此建议预备考研的同学在复习时要重点把握基础知识。二是掌握好答题技巧，建议大家在做
多媒体演示文稿的设计 与制作学习心得体会 This model paper was revised by LINDA on December 15, 2012.
多媒体演示文稿的设计与制作 学习心得体会 通过这次培训学习，使我进一步地掌握了制作和应用ppt等网络教学的知识和技能，增长了见识，理论水平、操作水平也有所提高。基本上掌握多媒体教学演示文稿的制作方法，主要有以下几个方面内容： （一）创建多媒体教学演示文稿； （二）编辑幻灯片； （三）编辑超级链接； （四）播放并调试幻灯片； （五）使用动画效果； 对我们教师来说，PowerPoint课件是最早接触的。利用PowerPoint可以创建出非常漂亮的幻灯片文稿，这些幻灯片中既可以有文字，还可以包含图画、表格、统计图表、组织结构图，甚至可以有声音、乐曲和动画效果，还可以为这些幻灯片设计出统一或不同的背景。利用PowerPoint可通过各种形式放映幻灯片，既可以在完全没有人工干预的情况下自动放映，也可以由使用者手工控制播放，可以令每张幻灯片从不同的角度，以不同的方式切入到屏幕上，使得放映效果生动有趣。这次网络研修，主要学习了Powerpoint基础操作、基本编辑；音、视频处理；演示文稿中动画的设置，设置不同的背景，艺术字与自选图形等。通过学习我对制作课件有了新的认识，制作课件既要讲究精美又要讲究实用。不同的制作软件具有不同的特点，在制作课件时，应根据需要选择合适的制作软件。制作课件是一个艰苦的创作过程，优秀的课件应融教育性、科学性、艺术
性、技术性于一体，这样才能最大限度地发挥学习者的潜能，强化教学效果，提高教学质量。 在这一次的学习中，我通过对每个章节的仔细学习，才知道平时经常用的ppt有如此强大的教学课件制作功能，可以说我之前所掌握的只是ppt课件制作功能的冰山一角。 在现代教育教学中多媒本技术在教育教学上的运用越来越多，多媒体以它更直观、更灵活、更易让学生理解的特点，使它成为许多教师教学方法的首选。而之前我只是对ppt课件的制作有一点认识，通过教师深入浅出的讲解和鲜活的实例，让我对ppt课件有了更深的认识，在今后的课件制作方面，我会把所学的制作技能运用其中，制作出更加实用、高效的教学课件。 通过学习，使我更加深刻地了解了多媒体课件制作的方法及技巧，认识到多媒体课件制作为教师专业化的成长提供了一个平台，同时也让我明确了本次学习的目标、内容、使自己由传统化教师向现代化教师发展。 张三
试卷三答案 、选择题（每题5分，共5分） 1 ?在对焊法兰下面打一各钩 、作图题（每题10分，共30 分） 1?求作俯视图（10分） 2. 参照物体轴测图，求作左视图（10） 考试答案： 《化工制图》 开课性质：考试 I ------- I
3?补全剖视图上的缺线（10 分） 三、将主视图画成全剖视图（10分）
四、用多次旋转的表达方法画岀正确的主视图（15分） 五、分析螺栓连接中的错误，补全所缺的图线（20 分）
六、看懂冷凝器装配图，回答下列问题（20分） 1. 图上零件编号共有26种,属于标准化零部件有竺种，接管口有7个。 2. 装配图采用了2个基本视图。一个是主视图。另一个是宝视图。主视图采用的是全剖的表达方法,右视图采用的是半剖的表达方法。 3. A —A剖视图表达了_s型和_F型鞍式支座，其结构的螺栓孔不同，为什么？因为热胀冷缩的原因。 4. 图样中采用了丄个局部放大图，主要表达了封头和管板以及换热管的连接方法。 5. 该冷凝器共有98根管子。管内走水。管外走料气。 6. 冷凝器的内经为_400，外经为_408；该设备总长为1840 ,总高为.710。 7. 换热管的长度为1510，壁厚为2.5。 8. 试解释法兰30-1.6 ”件14）的含义。 法兰：连接管子或容器的零件。 30:法兰的公称直径。 1.6:法兰的公称压力
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1.根据人民群众是历史创造者的原理，结合当前实际和相关材料谈谈坚持党的群众观点和群众路线的现实意义 答：（1）唯物史观根据社会存在决定社会意识这个基本前提，第一次科学而彻底的解决了历史创造者这一问题，认为人民群众是历史创造者，只有人民才是创造世界历史的动力。 （2）人民群众从质上说是一切对社会历史发展起推动作用的人们，从量上说是指社会人口中的大多数，人民群众的最稳定的主体部分始终是从事物质资料生产的劳动群众及其知识分子。人民群众创造历史表现在：人民群众是社会物质财富的创造者；是社会精神的创造者；是社会变革的决定力量。 （3）唯物史观关于人民群众是历史创造者的原理，是无产阶级政党的群众观点和群众路线的理论基础。其主要内容是：群众观点就是坚信人民群众自己解放自己的观点，全心全意为人民服务的观点，一切向人民负责的观点，以及虚心向群众学习的观点；群众路线是在群众观点的指导下形成的，是群众观点在实际工作中的贯彻运用。 （4）改革开放35年来，我党坚持并不断发展马克思主义群众观，对之作出创造性的中国化表述，如：邓小平同志，他尊重群众，热爱人民，总是时刻关注最广大人民群众的利益和愿望，把“人民拥护不拥护”、“人民赞成不赞成”、“人民高兴不高兴”、“人民答应不答应”作为制定各项方针、政策的出发点和归宿，从而为我们树立了坚持群众观点和群众路线的光辉典范。“三个代表”重要思想强调要代表最广大人民的根本利益，科学发展观坚持以人为本、执政为民，都进一步继承和发展了人民群众创造历史的观点。在建设中国特色社会主义的伟大实践中，我们要尊重人民的主体地位，发挥人民首创精神，保障人民各项权益，走共同富裕道路，促进人的全面发展，做到发展为了人民，发展依靠人民，发展结果由人民共享，始终坚持全心全意为人民服务的宗旨。这表明了我党不断把群众观与实际相结合，此对群众观点和路线的贯彻运用和实际发展。 （5）时下，结合实际，我深深地感到坚持党的群众观点和路线必须牢记党的根本宗旨，把根植人民、来自人民、服务人民作为我们衡量一切工作成败的根本点，以优良的作风把人民群众紧紧凝聚在一起、团结起来，为实现党的各项任务而奋斗；党的历史和中外社会主义实践表明：人心向背，得人心者得天下，失民心者失天下，古今中，试观党的事业兴衰成败，只有加强党和人民的血肉联系，心贴心，同呼吸，共命运，把人民看作推动历史前进的主体，才能激发与活化人民群众建设社会主义现代化的积极性，能主动性与创造性，夯实并筑牢广泛而深厚的群众基础，使党的事业坚如磐石，稳若泰山，坚持群众史观，一方面，必须摆脱“四险”（精神懈怠、能力不足、脱离群众、消极腐败），避免“四风”（形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义、奢靡主义），坚持以人为本的原则，认真践行马克思主义群众观；另一方面，必须面对英雄史观、帝王史观、神学史观、唯抑制史观，坚信只有人民群众才是创造历史的真正英雄。 2.矛盾的普遍性与特殊性及其相互关系 矛盾无处不在，无时不有，是对矛盾普遍性的简明表述。其含义是：矛盾存在于一切事物中，存在于一切事物发展过程中的始终，旧的矛盾解决了，新的矛盾又产生，事物始终在矛盾中运动。矛盾的普遍性与矛盾的特殊性是辩证统一的关系。矛盾的普遍性即矛盾的共性，矛盾的特殊性即矛盾的个性。矛盾的共性是无条件的、绝对的，矛盾的个性是有条件的、相对的。任何现实存在的事物都是共性和个性的有机统一，共性寓于个性之中，没有离开个性的共性，也没有离开共性的个性。矛盾的共性和个性、绝对和相对的道理，是关于事物矛盾问题的精髓，是正确理解矛盾学说的关键，不懂得它，就不能真正掌握唯物辩证法。 矛盾的普遍性的特殊性辩证关系的原理是马克思主义的普遍真理同各国的具体实际相结合的哲学基础，也是建设中国特色社会主义的哲学基础。21世纪，人类社会的变化将更加剧烈而深刻，新情况、新问题层出不穷，因此，掌握矛盾的普遍性与特殊性辩证关系的原理，把马克思主义同我国实际和时代发展相结合，与时俱进，不断开拓新境界，是我们面临的重大问题。中国特色社会主义是马克思科学社会主义的一般原则与中国具体事迹相结合的产物，是植根于中国大地、反应人民意愿、适应时代要求的科学社会主义。它根据时代条件赋予科学社会主义以鲜明的中国特色，以全新的视野深化了我党对三大规律的（人类社会发展、执政发展、社会主义社会发展）的认识。从理论和实践相结合上系统回答了中国这样一个人口多、底子薄的东方大国建设什么样的社会主义和怎样建设社会主义这一问题，把此社会矛盾学说推向了中国化的新阶段。时下，只有全面深化改革，才能巩固发展社会主义，全面创新马克思主义，这是加快推进现代化进程实现中华民族伟大复兴这一中国梦的关键。
第5章演示文稿设计与制作 第1节认识演示文稿第1课时（共2课时） 一、教学目标： 1、知识与技能： （1）掌握“ wps演示”的启动和退出方法 （2）了解“ wps演示”窗口的组成和使用 （3）初步掌握“ wps ”基本操作 2、过程与方法：通过观看、欣赏“ WPS演示”范例作品，激发学习兴趣，结合任务认识“WPS 演示”的窗口，掌握标题幻灯片的制作方法，在实践过程中达成技能的形成。 3、情感态度与价值观：知道“ WPS演示”是一种展示、汇报工具软件，知道能用“WPS 演示”制作一些作品来展示自己的风采、想法等，感受信息技术的魅力和价值。 二、教学重点： 知道演示文稿的编辑 三、教学难点： 演示文稿的编辑 四、教学方法： 任务探究，体验学习，实验学习 五、教学过程： （一）情境导入 同学们，大家好！今天老师带了件礼品给大家，想看看吗？看完后请你说一说看到了什 么？听到了什么？ 师向学生展示介绍学校的演示文稿。 刚才老师向大家展示的作品是一个演示文稿，它可以将文字、图片、视频和音乐等素材 整合起来。演示文稿在我们的生活中用处可大啦，如产品介绍、自我介绍、辅助教学等。制 作这样的作品，需要专业的软件，你知道有哪些软件可以制作演示文稿呢？今天向大家介绍一款专门用于制作演示文稿的软件一一“WPS演示”。 今天这节课我们就一起来认识“ WPS演示”软件。（板书：第5章第1节认识演示文稿）（二）、新授 自主学习： 1、一个完整的演示文稿一般由___________________________________________________ 构成。 2、演示文稿中包含的素材一般有_________________________________________________ 等。 3、演示文稿的设计包括__________________________ 。 合作探究： 1、任务一：新建演示文稿 学生自学，打开“ wps演示”窗口，新建一个“ wps演示”文档。 2、任务二：新建“封面标题页” 下面我们来新建第一页幻灯片。 单击右侧的“版式”按键，打开“幻灯片版式”任务空格，在“母版版式”中选择“空 白” 3、任务三：插入字标题 插入“中国元素”艺术字 4、任务四：插入背景图片 插入“中国元素背景 1 ”并设置“叠放次序”为“置于底层”
政治学思考题 第一章绪论 思考题 1、应当如何理解政治的内涵？ 答：1、经济学视角下的政治 （1）经济学视角下的政治主要是一种功能化的政治观。在古典政治经济学家乃至马克思那里，政治都是一定经济基础、一定生产关系基础之上的上层建筑，政治 是一定时期内经济关系的集中表现。当代的世界体系理论和依附论学者在一定 程度上也继承了这一传统。 （2）在现代西方经济学中，经济学家一般都是从个人主义的角度来观察政治，认为政治是市场缺陷的弥补者和市场秩序的维护者，政治活动本身也是理性的经济 人为维护和实现自己的最大利益而展开的一些计算和运筹过程，政治关系被等 同为一种交换关系。 2、社会学视角下的政治 （1）社会学者从社会的角度出发，一般将政治关系、政治组织看成是社会关系和社会组织演进到高级阶段的产物，或者从社会分工的角度将政治视为社会高级器 官及其活动，政治存在的意旨就在于维持社会的协调运转。 （2）社会视角下的政治也是一种功能化的政治，政治成了指向整个社会的社会功能之一。 3、法学视角下的政治 (1)法学视角下的政治是一种法律现象，政治成了立法、守法和执法的过程。 (2)有的法学家认为作为现代政治核心所在的国家就是法律的产物，国家是位执行 法律而设置的：有点法学家认为国家本身也只不过是一个法人，是一个具有独 立人格和相应意志及行为能力的权利和义务主体。 4、人类学视角下的政治 在当代人类学研究特别是文化人类学家的视角下，政治成了一种特定的仪式、信仰体系、符号和象征活动，是发现、阐述和表达意义的场所，政治具有自身的意义。 5、政治科学视角下的政治 在当代政治科学研究中，政治首先是被当做一个科学研究的对象来对待的。至于到底什么才是政治科学所研究的对象，政治科学领域内部也同样有着一耳光刘辩过程，在不同的时期作为政治科学研究对象的政治也并不完全一样。 就狭义而言，当代的政治主要是国家的活动及其形式和关系。就广义而言，当代的政治是一定的经济基础之上的社会公共权力的多哦你都敢形式及其关系。从时间上看，狭义的政治涉及国家的政治现象及其活动，而广义的政治则包括与社会公共权力相关联的各种权力现象和社会政治关系、行为与活动。 2、政治学研究的对象包括哪些方面？ 答：1、政治学即国家学。2、政治学的研究对象是公共权力及其权威性价值分配。3、政治学的研究对象是人类社会的政治关系及其发展规律。4、政治学的研究对象是公共事务。5、政治学的研究对象是政府及其公共政策。 3、简述政治学的研究方法。 答：1、马克思主义研究社会政治现象的方法论，即以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的方法来观察和分析社会政治现象包括历史分析法、经济分析法、阶级分析法。 2、政治学研究的具体方法，政治哲学的研究方法：早期政治科学的研究方法：制度研
多媒体演示文稿的设计与制作 ——基于网络环境下任务驱动教学单元教学案例设计 山西省运城市康杰中学赵红冰 【课时安排】8课时 【年级】高一年级 【学习目标】 ◆知识与技能： ①掌握多媒体演示文稿中幻灯片的基本制作方法。 ②熟练掌握幻灯片的自定义动画、幻灯片切换、放映方式等设置。 ③掌握多种媒体的插入方法与超级链接设置。 ④能够对幻灯片进行打包并解包放映。 ⑤能够利用多种途径搜集表现主题所需要的多媒体素材，并能进行筛选规类。 ⑥能利用网络教学软件提交作业。 ◆过程与方法： ①通过作品的制作过程提高学生综合处理多种媒体技术的能力。 ②通过幻灯片版面的整体布局和设计以及背景、色彩的搭配提高学生的艺术表现力和审美能力。 ③通过创建超级链接培养学生对作品的控制能力和交互能力。 ◆情感态度与价值观： ①图文声像并茂，激发学生学习兴趣。 ②友好的交互环境，调动学生积极参与。 ③丰富的信息资源，扩大学生知识面。 ④超文本结构组织信息，提供多种学习路径。 【学习重点】 确定主题并围绕主题搜集、筛选、分类整理素材。 幻灯片版面的设计与布局。 【学习难点】 色彩的搭配与风格的统一、独特。 【学习平台】 基于互联网的多媒体网络教室. 【学习方法】 基于“任务驱动教学方法”下的自主、协作、探究、创新的学习方法。 一、任务设计 （一）、任务描述： 学习完PowerPoint办公软件，我们已了解了这是一个集多种媒体的演示性文稿，通过多媒体的组合可以对主题的表达更形象、生动、丰富多彩。请同学们利用已掌握的制作演示文稿的多种技术来表达一个主题，制作出图文并茂、形象生动的电子演示文稿。 （二）、任务要求： 1、主题要求 自由命题：主题鲜明、内容健康，富有个性。 可参考以下方向： 宣传科普知识或环保知识；介绍本地区旅游资源；介绍本校风貌；介绍本班情况；
（0746）《化工制图》复习思考题 一、制图基本知识思考题 1、在国家标准中对图幅、图框格式以及比例是如何规定的？ 2、在国家标准中对字体及图线宽度是如何规定的？ 3、在国家标准中对尺寸注法是如何规定的？ 二、投影基础思考题 1、正投影法的概念及其特点？ 2、什么是显（反）实性？直线在怎样位置时，其投影具有显（反）实性？ 3、什么是积聚性？直线在怎样位置时，其投影具有积聚性？ 4、三面投影的投影对应关系是什么？ 5、怎样根据点的两面投影求其第三面投影？ 6、怎样根据两面投影区分投影面的垂直线和平行线？ 7、怎样根据三面投影，判别一个平面对投影面的相对位置？如果只有两面投影，能否判断？ 8、当已确定投影中的一个封闭线框为物体上某一平面的投影时，如何确定该投影是否反映平面的实形？ 三、基本立体及其表面交线思考题 1、棱柱体、棱锥体的投影有哪些特点？ 2、圆柱体、圆锥体的投影有哪些特点？ 3、在以上立体表面上取点和线有哪些方法？ 4、在什么情况下，圆柱面的截交线是圆、椭圆及两条平行线？ 5、在什么情况下，圆锥面的截交线是圆、双曲线及两条直线？ 6、在什么情况下，需要利用辅助线（直线和圆）求作截交线？ 7、在什么情况下，正交圆柱的相贯线可以采用简化画法？怎样判断其凹凸方向及虚实？ 8、在什么情况下，相贯线是平面曲线（圆、椭圆及两条平行线）？ 四、组合体思考题 1、什么是组合体？有哪些组合方式？ 2、什么是形体分析法？在组合体画图和读图时有什么作用？ 3、什么是线面分析法？在组合体画图和读图时有什么作用？ 4、什么是基准？哪些元素可以作为基准？ 5、标注尺寸时为什么要先选定基准？什么是定形、定位和总体尺寸？ 6、标注尺寸时应注意哪些问题？ 7、怎样才能结合形体分析法和线面分析法，快速而准确地完成组合体的读图？ 五、机件常用表达方法思考题 1、机件的常用表达方法有哪些？ 2、基本视图相互之间有怎样的位置关系？ 3、斜视图和局部视图的适用条件有哪些？ 4、全剖视、半剖视和局部剖视的适用条件有哪些？
第一章思考题论述题 1 、如何理解马克思主义物质观及其现代意义？ 答：马克思主义物质观的理解：1、马克思主义认为，物质是标志着客观实在的哲学范畴，它的唯一特性是客观实在性。它不依赖于人的感觉而存在，通过人的感觉为人所感知、复写、摄影和反映。2、物质是世界唯一的本源，物质第一性，意识第二性，意识是物质的产物，是物质世界的主观映象。3、物质世界是联系的，发展的，发展的根本原因在于事物的内部矛盾。4、时间与空间是物质运动的存在形式。5、不仅自然界是物质的，人类社会也具有物质性，世界的真正统一性在于它的物质性。 马克思主义物质观至今都具有丰富而深刻的理论指导意义：它坚持了物质的客观实在性原则和唯物主义一元论，同唯心主义一元论和二元论划清了界限；坚持了能动的反映论和可知论，有力地批判了不可知论；体现了唯物论和辩证法的统一、唯物主义自然观与唯物主义历史观的统一，为彻底的唯物主义奠定了理论基础。世界的物质统一性是马克思主义哲学的基石。我们通过实践改造客观物质世界，就要充分认识是物质是世界的本原，人的实践活动依赖于客观物质世界，而客观世界的规律性更制约着人的实践活动。就要在马克思主义 物质观指导下，正确认识和利用客观实际的发展规律，一切从实际出发，更好地认识和改造客观物质世界，以取得社会主义实践和各项事业的胜利。 2 如何理解社会生活在本质上是实践的？ 答：这一观点是正确的。从实践出发去理解社会生活的本质，是马克思主义世界观的重要组成部分。在马克思主义看来，全部社会生活在本质上是实践的：首先，构成社会的人是从事实践活动的人，推动社会运动的力量是千百万人的社会实践活动；其次，社会生活的全部内容就是不断进行的社会实践；再次，实践既是人的自觉能动性的表现，也是人的自觉能动性的根源，是人的生命表现和本质特性。因此，“全部社会生活在本质上是实践的”。 3 、国际经验表明，当一个国家和地区人均GDP进入1000美元到3000美元的时期，既是黄金发展期，又是矛盾突显期，处理得好，就能顺利发展，处理不好，将对经济社会产生不利影响。（见下题） 4 、《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》中提出：“发展必须是科学的发展，要坚持以人为本，转变发展观念，创新发展模式，提高发展质量，落实‘五个统筹’，把经济社会切实转入全面协调可持续发展的轨道。”请谈谈你对这段话的理解。答：一、对立统一规律是任何事物发展的根本规律。在我国社会主义社会初级阶段，存在着两对社会矛盾，一是社会的基本矛盾，即生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑之间的矛盾；二是社会的主要矛盾，即人民群众日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾。这些矛盾解决得好，就能促进经济社会的良性发展；解决得不好，就会极大地影响经济社会的发展。建设社会主义，必须努力克服生产关系中不适合生产力发展的部分，上层建筑中不适合社会主义经济基础的部分，大力发展生产力，不断加大经济社会发展的步伐，以最大限度地满足广大人民群众的物质文化需要。二、人均GDP进入1000-3000美元时期，一方面生产力和人民群众的物质文化生活水平普遍有了较大提高，这自然有利于激发广大人民群众的生产积极性，有利于经济社会的向前发展，所以是社会主义事业的黄金发展期。另一方面由于历史原因与现实的差异，所有制形式与分配方式的差异等，各地区各民族经济文化发展相对处于不平衡状态，各经济实体中人民群众的收入水平也出现了逐渐拉大差距的趋势，
多媒体演示文稿的设计与制作学习心得体会通过这次培训学习，使我进一步地掌握了制作和应用ppt等网络教学的知识和技能，增长了见识，理论水平、操作水平也有所提高。基本上掌握多媒体教学演示文稿的制作方法，这次培训学习心得体会如下： 一、知识点： 这次培训学习主要有以下几个方面内容： （一）创建演示文稿 （二）插入多媒体资源 （三）多媒体资源搭配 （四）播放和调试文稿 二、内容呈现： 1.创建课件页 （1）新建文稿 启动PowerPoint，在"新建演示文稿"对话框中选择"空演示文稿"。 （2）选择版式 默认的是“标题幻灯片”。课根据自己的需要进行选择； （3）输入文本 选择"插入"菜单中"文本框"中"文本框"命令后，在编辑区拖动鼠标，绘出文本框，然后输入相应文字或者粘贴上你所需要的文字。 （4）格式化文本 与其它字处理软件（如WORD）相似 （5）调整文本位置 通过调整文本框的位置来调整文本的位置。先选中要调整的文本框，使其边框上出现8个控制点，然后根据需要拖动控制点，文本框随之改变大小。当鼠标指针放在文本框边上的任何不是控制点的位置时，鼠标指针附带十字箭头，这时拖动鼠标可调整文本框的位置。 通过调整文本框的位置来调整文本的位置。先选中要调整的文本框，使其边框上出现8个控制点，然后根据需要拖动控制点，文本框随之改变大小。当鼠标指针放在文本框边上的任何不是控制点的位置时，鼠标指针附带十字 箭头，这时拖动鼠标可调整文本框的位置。
2、编排与修改 2.1 插入图片 （1）选择"插入"-"图片"，选取合适的图片，然后单击"插入"按钮。 2.2 选取模板 单击"格式"菜单中的"幻灯片设计…"命令，选择合适的模板，也可在幻灯片上单击右键，通过快捷菜单选择"幻灯片…"命令。 2.3 应用背景 如果不想对课件页添加模板，而只是希望有一个背景颜色或者是图片，可以单击"格式"菜单中的"背景"命令，在"背景"对话框中，打开下拉列表框，或单击"其他颜色…"选择合适的颜色，也可以选择"填充效果" 2．4影片、声音 执行“文件——插入——影片和声音”选择文件中的影片或者文件中的声音进行操作，为了防止课件到拷贝其他电脑无法获取文件，可将声音或影片文件与幻灯片文件放在同一文件夹下 三、学以致用： 1、PowerPoint中有多种创建演示文稿的方法，对于一个初学者想要快速制作一个演示文稿可以根据内容提示向导创建演示文稿。“内容提示向导”是创建演示文稿最快捷的一种方式，在“内容提示向导”的引导下，不仅能帮助使用者完成演示文稿相关格式的设置，而且还帮助使用者输入演示文稿的主要内容。 2、在多媒体演示文稿的页面中插入有关的文本、图片等多媒体资源需以下几个步骤：选择要插入的多媒体资源；调整插入对象的位置和大小； 3、（1）配色方案：配色方案就是由多媒体演示文稿软件预先设计的能够应用于幻灯片中的背景、文本和标题等对象的一套均衡搭配的颜色。通过配色方案，使多媒体演示文稿色彩绚丽，多呈现的内容更加生动，进行配色时需完成以下几个步骤：选择配色方案；应用配色方案；（2）利用版式搭配多媒体资源：版式是PowerPoint2003软件中的一种常规排版的格式，通过幻灯片版式的应用可以对文字、图片等等更加合理简洁完成布局，通常PowerPoint2003中已经内置文字版式、内容版式等版式类型供使用者使用，利用版式可以轻松完成幻灯片制作和运用。运用版式搭配多媒体资源需要以下几个步骤：选择版式；应用版式；（3）、图形组合：图形组合是PowerPoint软件中的一种图形处理功能，可以将多个独