摄影词汇英汉对照表
A
Aberration
像差
Accessory
附件
Accessory Shoes
附件插座、热靴Achromatic
消色差的
Active
主动的、有源的Acutance
锐度
Acute-matte
磨砂毛玻璃
Adapter
适配器
advance system
输片系统
AE Lock(AEL)
自动曝光锁定
AF(Autofocus)
自动聚焦
AF Illuminator
AF照明器
AF spotbeam projector AF照明器
Alkaline
碱性
Ambient light
环境光Amplification factor
放大倍率
Angle finder
弯角取景器
Angle of view
视角
Anti-Red-eye
防红眼
Aperture
光圈
Aperture priority
光圈优先
APO(APOchromat)
复消色差
APZ(Advanced Program zoom)
高级程序变焦
Arc
弧形
ASA(American Standards Association) 美国标准协会
Astigmatism
像散
Auto bracket
自动包围
Auto composition
自动构图
Auto exposure
自动曝光
Auto exposure bracketing
自动包围曝光
Auto film advance
自动进片
Auto flash
自动闪光
Auto loading
自动装片
Auto multi-program
自动多程序
Auto rewind
自动退片
Auto wind
自动卷片
Auto zoom
自动变焦
Automatic exposure(AE)
自动曝光
Automation
自动化
Auxiliary
辅助的
B
Back 机背
Back light 逆光、背光
Back light compensation 逆光补偿
Background 背景
Balance contrast 反差平衡
Bar code system 条形码系统
Barrel distortion 桶形畸变
BAse-Stored Image Sensor (BASIS) 基存储影像传感器
Battery check 电池检测
Battery holder 电池手柄
Bayonet 卡口
Bellows 皮腔
Blue filter 蓝色滤光镜
Body-integral 机身一体化
Bridge camera 桥梁相机
Brightness control 亮度控制
Built in 内置
Bulb B 门
Button 按钮
C
Cable release 快门线
Camera 照相机
Camera shake 相机抖动
Cap 盖子
Caption 贺辞、祝辞、字幕
Card 卡
Cartridges 暗盒
Case 机套
CCD(Charge Coupled Device) 电荷耦合器件
CdS cell 硫化镉元件
Center spot 中空滤光镜
Center weighted averaging 中央重点加权平均Chromatic Aberration 色差
Circle of confusion 弥散圆
Close-up 近摄
Coated 镀膜
Compact camera 袖珍相机
Composition 构图
Compound lens 复合透镜
Computer 计算机
Contact 触点
Continuous advance 连续进片
Continuous autofocus 连续自动聚焦
Contrast 反差、对比
Convetor 转换器
Coreless 无线圈
Correction 校正
Coupler 耦合器
Coverage 覆盖范围
CPU(Central Processing Unit) 中央处理器Creative expansion card 艺术创作软件卡
Cross 交叉
Curtain 帘幕
Customized function 用户自选功能
D
Data back 数据机背
Data panel 数据面板
Dedicated flash 专用闪光灯
Definition 清晰度
Delay 延迟、延时
Depth of field 景深
Depth of field preview 景深预测
Detection 检测
Diaphragm 光阑
Diffuse 柔光
Diffusers 柔光镜
DIN (Deutsche Industrische Normen) 德国工业标准
Diopter 屈光度
Dispersion 色散
Display 显示
Distortion 畸变
Double exposure 双重曝光
Double ring zoom 双环式变焦镜头
Dreams filter 梦幻滤光镜
Drive mode 驱动方式
Duration of flash 闪光持续时间
DX-code DX编码
E
ED(Extra low Dispersion)
超低色散
Electro selective pattern(ESP)
电子选择模式
EOS(Electronic Optical System)
电子光学系统
Ergonomic
人体工程学
EV(Exposure Value)
曝光值
Evaluative metering
综合评价测光
Expert
专家、专业
Exposure
曝光
Exposure adjustment
曝光调整
Exposure compensation
曝光补偿
Exposure memory
曝光记忆
Exposure mode
曝光方式
Exposure value(EV)
曝光值
Extension tube
近摄接圈
Extension ring
近摄接圈
External metering
外测光
Extra wide angle lens
超广角镜头
Eye-level fixed
眼平固定
Eye-start
眼启动
Eyepiece
目镜
Eyesight correction lenses 视力校正镜
F
Field curvature 像场弯曲Fill in 填充(式)
Film 胶卷(片)
Film speed 胶卷感光度Film transport 输片、过片Filter 滤光镜
Finder 取景器
First curtain 前帘、第一帘幕Fish eye lens 鱼眼镜头Flare 耀斑、眩光
Flash 闪光灯、闪光
Flash range 闪光范围
Flash ready 闪光灯充电完毕
Flexible program 柔性程序
Focal length 焦距
Focal plane 焦点平面
Focus 焦点
Focus area 聚焦区域
Focus hold 焦点锁定
Focus lock 焦点锁定
Focus prediction 焦点预测
Focus priority 焦点优先
Focus screen 聚焦屏
Focus tracking 焦点跟踪
Focusing 聚焦、对焦、调焦
Focusing stages 聚焦级数
Fog filter 雾化滤光镜
Foreground 前景
Frame 张数、帧
Freeze 冻结、凝固
Fresnel lens 菲涅尔透镜、环状透镜Frontground 前景
Fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑
G
Glare 眩光
GN(Guide Number) 闪光指数
GPD(Gallium Photo Diode) 稼光电二极管Graduated 渐变
H
Half frame 半幅
Halfway 半程
Hand grip 手柄
High eye point 远视点、高眼点
High key 高调
Highlight 高光、高亮
Highlight control 高光控制
High speed 高速
Honeycomb metering 蜂巢式测光Horizontal 水平
Hot shoe 热靴、附件插座
Hybrid camera 混合相机
Hyper manual 超手动
Hyper program 超程序
Hyperfocal 超焦距
I
IC(Integrated Circuit) 集成电路
Illumination angle 照明角度
Illuminator 照明器
Image control 影像控制
Image size lock 影像放大倍率锁定
Infinity 无限远、无穷远
Infra-red(IR) 红外线
Instant return 瞬回式
Integrated 集成
Intelligence 智能化
Intelligent power zoom 智能化电动变焦Interactive function 交互式功能Interchangeable 可更换
Internal focusing 内调焦
Interval shooting 间隔拍摄
ISO(International Standard Association) 国际标准化组织
J
JIS(Japanese Industrial Standards) 日本工业标准
L
Landscape 风景
Latitude 宽容度
LCD data panel LCD数据面板
LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 液晶显示
LED(Light Emitting Diode) 发光二极管
Lens 镜头、透镜
Lens cap 镜头盖
Lens hood 镜头遮光罩
Lens release 镜头释放钮
Lithium battery 锂电池
Lock 闭锁、锁定
Low key 低调
Low light 低亮度、低光
LSI(Large Scale Integrated) 大规模集成
M
Macro
微距、巨像
Magnification
放大倍率
Main switch
主开关
Manual
手动
Manual exposure
Manual focusing
手动聚焦
Matrix metering
矩阵式测光
Maximum
最大
Metered manual
测光手动
Metering
测光
Micro prism
微棱
Minimum
最小
Mirage
倒影镜
Mirror
反光镜
Mirror box
反光镜箱
Mirror lens
折反射镜头
Module
模块
Monitor
监视、监视器
Monopod
独脚架
Motor
电动机、马达
Mount
卡口
MTF (Modulation Transfer Function 调制传递函数
Multi beam
多束
Multi control
多重控制
Multi-dimensional
多维
Multi-exposure
多重曝光
Multi-image
Multi-mode
多模式
Multi-pattern
多区、多分区、多模式
Multi-program
多程序
Multi sensor
多传感器、多感光元件
Multi spot metering
多点测光
Multi task
多任务
N
Negative 负片
Neutral 中性
Neutral density filter 中灰密度滤光镜Ni-Cd battery 镍铬(可充电)电池
O
Off camera 离机
Off center 偏离中心
OTF(Off The Film) 偏离胶卷平面One ring zoom 单环式变焦镜头One touch 单环式
Orange filter 橙色滤光镜
Over exposure 曝光过度
P
Panning 摇拍
Panorama 全景
Parallel 平行
Parallax 平行视差
Partial metering 局部测光
Passive 被动的、无源的
Pastels filter 水粉滤光镜
PC(Perspective Control) 透视控制Pentaprism 五棱镜
Perspective 透视的
Phase detection 相位检测Photography 摄影
Pincushion distortion 枕形畸变Plane of focus 焦点平面
Point of view 视点
Polarizing 偏振、偏光
Polarizer 偏振镜
Portrait 人像、肖像
Power 电源、功率、电动
Power focus 电动聚焦
Power zoom 电动变焦
Predictive 预测
Predictive focus control 预测焦点控制
Preflash 预闪
Professional 专业的
Program 程序
Program back 程序机背
Program flash 程序闪光
Program reset 程序复位
Program shift 程序偏移
Programmed Image Control (PIC) 程序化影像控制Q
Quartz data back 石英数据机背
R
Rainbows filter 彩虹滤光镜
Range finder 测距取景器
Release priority 释放优先
Rear curtain 后帘
Reciprocity failure 倒易律失效
Reciprocity Law 倒易律
Recompose 重新构图
Red eye 红眼
Red eye reduction 红眼减少
Reflector 反射器、反光板
Reflex 反光
Remote control terminal 快门线插孔
Remote cord 遥控线、快门线
Resolution 分辨率
Reversal films 反转胶片
Rewind 退卷
Ring flash 环形闪光灯
ROM(Read Only Memory) 只读存储器
Rotating zoom 旋转式变焦镜头
RTF(Retractable TTL Flash) 可收缩TTL闪光灯
S
Second curtain 后帘、第二帘幕
Secondary Imaged Registration(SIR) 辅助影像重合Segment 段、区
Selection 选择
Self-timer 自拍机
Sensitivity 灵敏度
Sensitivity range 灵敏度范围
Sensor 传感器
Separator lens 分离镜片
Sepia filter 褐色滤光镜
Sequence zoom shooting 顺序变焦拍摄Sequential shoot 顺序拍摄
Servo autofocus 伺服自动聚焦
Setting 设置
Shadow 阴影、暗位
Shadow control 阴影控制
Sharpness 清晰度
Shift 偏移、移动
Shutter 快门
Shutter curtain 快门帘幕
Shutter priority 快门优先
Shutter release 快门释放
Shutter speed 快门速度
Shutter speed priority 快门速度优先Silhouette 剪影
Single frame advance 单张进片
Single shot autofocus 单次自动聚焦Skylight filter 天光滤光镜
Slide film 幻灯胶片
Slow speed synchronization 慢速同步SLD(Super Lower Dispersion) 超低色散SLR(Single Lens Reflex) 单镜头反光照相机SMC(Super Multi Coated) 超级多层镀膜Soft focus 柔焦、柔光
SP(Super Performance) 超级性能
SPC(Silicon Photo Cell) 硅光电池
SPD(Silicon Photo Dioxide) 硅光电二极管Speedlight 闪光灯、闪光管
Split image 裂像
Sport 体育、运动
Spot metering 点测光
Standard 标准
Standard lens 标准镜头
Starburst 星光镜
Stop 档
Synchronization 同步
T
Tele converter
增距镜、望远变换器
Telephoto lens
长焦距镜头
Trailing-shutter curtain
后帘同步
Trap focus
陷阱聚焦
Tripod
三脚架
TS(Tilt and Shift)
倾斜及偏移
TTL flash
TTL闪光
TTL flash metering
TTL闪光测光
TTL(Through The Lens)
通过镜头、镜后
Two touch
双环
U
UD(Ultra-low Dispersion) 超低色散Ultra wide 超阔、超广Ultrasonic 超声波
UV(Ultra-Violet) 紫外线
Under exposure 曝光不足
V
Vari-colour 变色
Var-program 变程序
Variable speed 变速
Vertical 垂直
Vertical traverse 纵走式
View finder 取景器
W
Warm tone 暖色调
Wide angle lens 广角镜头
Wide view 广角预视、宽区预视Wildlife 野生动物
Wireless remote 无线遥控World time 世界时间
X
X-sync X-同步
Z
Zoom 变焦
Zoom lens 变焦镜头
Zoom clip 变焦剪裁Zoom effect 变焦效果
2015年成人学位英语考试英汉互译精选练习 汉译英部分： 1.每个人都知道，学习对一个人的成长是至关重要的。 2.我们的新产品非常受欢迎，对此我们感到十分自豪。 3.您能说话大声点好让每个人都听得见吗？ 4.除了英语，你最好再学一门外语。 5.在教育孩子方面，表扬要比批评有效得多。 6.今年他们建造的房子跟去年一样多。 7.对不起，我忘了把你要的书带来了。 8.这项工作太难了，你干不了。 9.无论多么困难，我也不会失去信心。 10.物体离我们越远，看起来就越小。 11.他们试图想出一个解决这个问题的办法。 12.你离开教室时，别忘了关灯。 13.他喜欢一边做作业，一边听音乐。 14.我已了解清楚，他的结论是以事实为依据的。 15.对于年轻人来说，独立思考问题的能力很重要。 1.【答案】Everyone knows that learning is vital(very important)to one's development(growth). 2.【答案】Our new products are so popular that we are all proud of it. 或our new products are very popular, of which we are very proud. 3.【答案】Could you speak a little louder so that everyone can hear you? 4.【答案】Besides English, you'd better learn another foreign language. 5.【答案】In educating children, praise is much(far)more effective than criticism.. 6.【答案】They have built as many houses this year as they did last year. 7.【答案】I am sorry.I forget to bring the book you want. 8.【答案】The work is too difficult for you to do.
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
UNIT 2 Food and Health\n 第二单元食物与健康\n Topic 1 You should go to see a doctor.\n 话题1 你应该去看医生。\n Section A\n A部分\n 1a Listen, read and say\n 1a 听、读与说\n Betty: What's wrong with you? Do you have a cold?\n 贝蒂：你怎么了？你感冒了？\n Kangkang: No, I don't. I have a toothache.\n 康康：不，不是。我牙疼。\n Betty: I'm sorry to hear that. You should see a dentist.\n 贝蒂：听到这个消息我感到很难过。你应该去看牙医。\n Kangkang: I think I will.\n 康康：我想是要去看的。\n Betty: I hope you'll be well soon.\n 贝蒂：我希望你很快就没事了。\n Kangkang: Thank you.\n 康康：谢谢你。\n Section B\n B部分\n 1a Listen, read and say\n 1a 听、读与说\n Steve: Hey, Bruce. You look pale. What's the matter?\n 史蒂夫：嘿，布鲁斯。你看起来很苍白。怎么了？\n Bruce: Well, I have a headache and a cough. I'm feeling terrible! \n 布鲁斯：呃，我头疼还咳嗽。我觉得很难受！\n Steve: I'm sorry to hear that. How long have you been like this?\n
黄山学院初等教育学院2008－2009学年度第二学期06级英语班《英语翻译》期末考试卷 班级序号姓名成绩 一、选择题。（请将答案写在序号前面）20% 1. Success in many fields depends on getting the latest information. A. 许多领域的成功都取决于能否得到最新消息。 B. 田里的收成在很多方面依靠获得最新的消息。 C. 从很多方面讲，成功主要依靠在最后的时刻还能得到信息。 D. 在众多领域里，成功是获得最晚信息的保障。 2. At least three persons died in the fire and 23 others were injured. A. 至少3人因这次火灾和另外23次火灾造成死亡。 B. 起码有3个人在大火中丧命，23个以外的人受伤。 C. 火灾造成至少3人死亡，23人受伤。 D. 至少有3人死于火海，23人被火海包围。 3. Not only has he a first-class brain, but he is also a tremendously hard worker. A. 在一班，他不仅是头领，而且，也是一个非常严肃的工作者。 B. 他有一流的头脑，是个非常难对付的家伙。 C. 他不仅头脑好用，而且，还喜欢做极端困难的工作。 D. 他不仅头脑非常聪明，而且，工作上也非常勤奋。 4. It is reported that some areas of Australia have had no rain for more than four years. A. 有报道说，澳大利亚地区已经4年多没下雨了。 B. 据报道，澳大利亚的部分地区有4年多没下雨了。 C. 澳大利亚的个别地方被报道说没下雨的时间已经超过了4年。 D. 报纸报道，某些澳大利亚地区已经有4年多没下雨的时间。 5. The village was named after the high mountain standing in front of it. A. 这个村庄是以矗立在它面前的那座高山命名的。 B. 这个村庄的名字是来自于它面前的那座高山。 C. 这个村庄的名字是在前面的那座高山之后起的。 D. 这个村庄的名字是以站立在它面前的那座高山起的。 6. It was officially announced that the birth rate dropped greatly in the past three years. A. 据官方宣布，出生率在过去的三年中有了大幅下降。 B. 正式宣布，过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 C. 正式宣布，出生率大幅下降在过去三年。 D. 据正式声明，过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 7. The introduction of the new technique reduced the cost of the product three times. A. 对新技术的介绍，使产品的成本减少到三分之一。 B. 新技术的引进使产品的成本减少了三倍。 C. 对新技术的介绍使产品的成本减少到原来的三分之二。 D. 新技术的引进使产品成本减少了三分之二。 8. If you are buying a car, you may pay for it out of savings. A. 假使你正在买一辆汽车，你也许会透支购买。 B. 如果你要买一辆汽车，你可以用自己的储蓄存款支付。 C. 假定你打算买一辆汽车，你得花掉你得全部存款。 D. 加入你买一辆汽车，你需要用你的积蓄交此款。 9. Full-service banks can offer services unavailable at smaller financial institutions. A. 全面服务的银行能提供在小财政机构所不能获得的服务。 B. 提供全方位服务的银行能提供较小的金融机构所不能提供的服务。 C. 充满了服务的银行可能提供给较小的财政机构某些无法获得的服务 D. 全面服务的银行可能提供服务，这种服务是较小的金融机构所不能提供的。 10. The following qualifications are required from the candidates for the above position. A. 我们要求应聘高职位的求职者需具备以下资历。 B. 应聘以上职位，需具备下列资格。 C. 候选人为了高职位要求自己具备以下资历。 D. 以下资历是对应聘此职位的候选人的要求。 二、用正反表达法翻译下列句子。20% 1. The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 2. I wonder if he is coming. 3. Your request is beyond my power. 4. You will fail unless you work harder. 5. That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson. 6. Be sure to lock the door when you leave. 7. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 8. The doubt still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 9. Such flight couldn’t long escape notice. 10. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 三、用重复法翻译下列句子。20% 1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 2. It's our duty to rebuild and defend our home-land. 3. People forget your face first, then your name. 4. Each had his own business to handle. 5. Big families had their own difficulties.
2019年成人英语三级考试口语英汉互译指导4 31. Given the nature of government and private employers， it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. 32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi. 33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven‘t. 34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner. 35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10，000 kilos. 36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time， we could make a long list of hobbies， taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish， to learning about the stars and making model ships. 37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath， so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.
高速视频处理系统中的信号完整性分析 摘要：结合高速DSP图像处理系统讨论了高速数字电路中的信号完整性问题，分析了系统中信号反射、串扰、地弹等现象破坏信号完整性的原因，通过先进IS工具的辅助设计，找出了确保系统信号完整性的具体方法。 关键词：高速电路设计信号完整性 DSP系统 深亚微米工艺在IC设计中的使用使得芯片的集成规模更大、体积越来越小、引脚数越来越多；由于近年来IC工艺的发展，使得其速度越来越高。从而，使得信号完整性问题引起电子设计者广泛关注。 在视频处理系统中，多维并行输入输出信号的频率一般都在百兆赫兹以上，而且对时序的要求也非常严格。本文以DSP图像处理系统为背景，对信号完整性进行准确的理论分析，对信号完整性涉及的典型问题[1]——不确定状态、传输线效应、反射、串扰、地弹等进行深入研究，并且从实际系统入手，利用IS仿真软件寻找有效的途径，解决系统的信号完整性问题。 1 系统简介 为了提高算法效率，实时处理图像信息，本图像处理系统是基于DSP+FPGA结构设计的。系统由SAA7111A视频解码器、TI公司的TMS320C6701 DSP、Altera公司的EPlK50QC208 FPGA、PCI9054 PCI接口控制器以及SBRAM、SDRAM、FIFO、FLASH等构成。FPGA是整个系统的时序控制中心和数据交换的桥梁，而且能够对图像数据实现快速底层处理。DSP是整个系统实时处理高级算法的核心器件。系统结构框图如图1所示。 在整个系统中，PCB电路板的面积仅为15cm×l5cm，系统时钟频率高达167MHz，时钟沿时间为0．6ns。由于系统具有快斜率瞬变和极高的工作频率以及很大的电路密度，使得如何处理高速信号问题成为一个制约设计成功的关键因素。 2 系统中信号完整性问题及解决方案 2．1 信号完整性问题产生机理 信号的完整性是指信号通过物理电路传输后，信号接收端看到的波形与信号发送端发送的波形在容许的误差范围内保持一致，并且空间邻近的传输信号间的相互影响也在容许的范围之内。因此，信号完整性分析的主要目标是保证高速数字信号可靠的传输。实际信号总是存在电压的波动，如图2所示。在A、B两点由于过冲和振铃[2]的存在使信号振幅落入阴影部分的不确定区，可能会导致错误的逻辑电平发生。总线信号传输的情况更加复杂，任何一个信号发生相位上的超前或滞后都可能使总线上数据出错，如图3所示。图中，CLK为时钟信号，D0、D1、D2、D3是数据总线上的信号，系统允许信号最大的建立时间[1]为△t。在正常情况下，D0、D1、D2、D3信号建立时间△t1<△t，在△t时刻之后数据总线的数据已稳定，系统可以从总线上采样到正确的数据，如图3(a)所示。相反，当信号D1、D2、D3受过冲和振铃等信号完整问题干扰时，总线信号就发生
Unit1 A new study shows that dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the person’s breath. Ordinary household dogs with only a few weeks of basic training learn to accurately distinguish between breath samples of lung- and breast-cancer patients and healthy subjects.One expert, who led the research, said, “Our study provides compelling evidence that cancers hidden beneath the skin can be detected simply by (dogs’) examining the odors of a person’s breath.” Early detection of cancers greatly improves a patient’s survival chances, and researchers hope that man’s best friend, the dog, can become an important tool in early screening. Unit 2 A research team recently replicated a bacterium’s genetic structure entirely from l aboratory chemicals, moving one step closer to creating the world’s first artificial organism. The researchers said, “It’s the second step of a three-step process to create a synthetic organism. But the final step could prove far more difficult.” Nonetheless, the research is pushing forward at a rapid pace. Last June, the team revealed details of an experiment in which researchers inserted the DNA of one species of bacterium into the cells of another. That process almost magically booted up the inserted genome. The research team hopes to use a similar trick to boot up the artificially created genome, so as to create a man-made living organism. Unit 3 In recent years, the psychologists from many countries banded together to do a research which indicated that continued income growth could make people apply themselves to an ongoing consumption race rather than promote overall happiness. Everyone has to spend more and more money in order to maintain a constant level of happiness. This is because our vanity and jealousy are functioning . The way to sort out them out is to cultivate the noble sentiment of being considerate and serving the society. People shouldn’t pin all their hopes on money. Instead , friends, family and work are also playing a very improtant role . Therefore, hapiness is not an inborn trait, but a talent which everyone can learn. Unit 4 I used to feel excited at teaching my students the elegant economic theories that could supposedly cure societal problems of all types. But what is the good of all my complex theories when people were dying of starvation on the sidewalks and porches across from my lecture hall? My lessons were like the American movies where the good guys always win. But when I emerged from the comfort of the classroom, I was faced with the reality of the city streets. Here good guys were mercilessly beaten and trampled. Daily life ws getting worse, and the poor were growing even poorer. Unit 5 No one thought that shy little Einstein would grow up to a prominent scientist. He was slow in learning to speak, and he often paused to consider what he would say during a conversation.In school, Albert Einstein was singled out by his teachers as a troublesome child because he liked to ask difficult strange questions. He did not like to memorize facts and rules, but was interested in what lay below the surface of things. When he was four or five years old, for instance, his father gave him a compass. Little Einstein was curious about the mysterious force that could keep a compass needle always pointing north, which prompted him to read widely in science. His real studies were mostly done at home by reading books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Unit 6 Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make their own minds. They tend to take the initiatives, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They are considered sentimental. When they see a flag on ceremonial occasions, or attend parades celebrating Ame rica’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. They tend to be emotional at the reunions with family and friends, too. Sometimes, they can laugh at themselves and their country, while they will always remain intensely patriotic.
题型四英汉互译 学生学习与生活类 Passage 1 1. 现如今许多学生对上网十分感兴趣。 But it has the good sides and the Bad ones. Generally, we can see the following good sides. First it’s quick for kids to get lots of information they need. 2. They can also open their eyes by making use of the Internet. Besides, they can make a lot of friends on the Internet. But the bad sides are also clear. 3. It is easy for kids to fall in love with computer games and it’s hard for them to stop. That is a waste of time and money, 4. 并且这对他们的学习也有害。To make matters worse, a lot of kids get cheated on the Internet. However , I believe that the good sides are over the bad ones, so I would not give up the Internet. But I will never spend more than one hour on the Internet. 5. In this way， it will not have a bad influence on my life and study. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 【主旨大意】本文是一篇议论文。讲述了学生上网的两面性：有利的是可以更快地获取知识、提高学习成绩与结交很多朋友；不利的是很容易沉迷于网络游戏、影响学习及上当受骗。 many students are very interested in surfing the Internet.【解析】对……感兴趣be interested in...；上网surf the Internet。 2.他们也可以通过使用网络来开拓他们的视野。【解析】open eyes开拓视野；
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
Wall Street Take a Dive Ronald Reagan’s 1985 budget took a thunderous shelling last week. Day after day, jittery Wall Street investors fired sell orders, hitting stock prices with their heaviest declines since 1982. Testifying in Washington, Federal Reserve Chairman Paul V olcker fired the single most damaging salvo by warning that the deficits envisaged in the budget pose a “clear and present danger”, threatening to keep interest rates high and tip the economy into a new recession. The size of the deficits is staggering. Rudolph Penner, director of the Congressional Budget Office, predicted that if policy is not changed, the flow of red ink will swell from $190 billion this year to $326 billion by 1989. In testimony on Capitol Hill, the President’s men acknowledged that the economy was in danger. Chief Economic Adviser Martin Feldstein, known as the Administration’s “Dr.Gloom,”agreed with Penner’s warning that the deficit could reach the $300 billion range by the evd of the decade. If that happened, said Feldstein, federal borrowing would be swallowing 75% of American savings and putting powerful upward pressure on interest rates. Even Treasury Secretary Donald Regan, usually an optimist and a critic of Feldstein’s dour outlook, admitted that “without proper fiscal and monetary policies, there is a possibility of our slipping back into a recession in the U.S.”Unless the Federal Reserve speeds up growth of the U.S money supply , warned Treasury Under Secretary Beryl Sprinkel, a recession could start this year. 译文：华尔街股价下跌 罗纳德里根1985财政年度的财政预算，上周遭到了猛烈的抨击。华尔街的投资者深感不安，每天都要下令抛售股票，压低股票价格，导致1982年以来最大幅度的下跌。联邦储备局主席保罗沃尔克在华盛顿作证时，放了最厉害的一炮。他告诫说：从财政预算中可以预见的赤字，带来“清清楚楚的、实实在在的危险”，使得利率居高不下，使得经济失去平衡。 赤字数额高得惊人。国会预算审议室主任鲁道夫彭纳语言：如果政策不改变，赤字的泛滥将从今年的一千九百亿美元，增至1989年的三千二百六十亿美元。 总统的幕僚在国会作证时承认，经济处于危险状态。总统的首席经济顾问马丁费尔斯坦，人称政府中的“忧郁博士”，他赞同彭纳提出的告诫：至80年代末，赤字将达到三千亿美元这一幅度。费尔斯坦说，如果出现这一情况，联邦政府的举债将耗去美国人积蓄的75%，产生强大的压力是利率上涨。财政部长唐纳德里甘本来是个乐天派，对费尔斯坦的忧郁观点常持批评态度，可是就连他也承认：“没有正确的财政金融政策，美国可能再度陷入经济衰退。”财政部次长贝利尔斯普林克警告说：如果联邦储备局不加速美国的货币供应量，今年就会出现经济衰退。