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新托福阅读SUMMARY题型解法

新托福阅读SUMMARY题型解法
新托福阅读SUMMARY题型解法

对于目标明确,清晰认识自己薄弱的考生一定很想知道托福阅读summary题型该怎么解。接下来上海环球托福为考生解答。

首先,做阅读就要了解掌握文章的主旨是什么,新托福阅读SUMMARY题作为文章最后一种题型,考察的是对文章主要段落的主旨概括能力,而非全篇文章主旨。直白一点说,就是只需要关注文章局部段落,而不需要在意全局。这不同于老托福阅读里面每篇文章都有一道“What is the passage mainly about”这样的全文主旨题。

接着,考生要如何掌握主旨,来完成summary的题目。阅读英语段落的时候,应该是“匀速阅读”还是“变速阅读”呢?当然是“变速阅读”!这样考生才能做到阅读时的详略得当。但是,“变速阅读”是“先快后慢”还是“先慢后快”呢?这就要从英语的思维方式说起。

汉语族人的思维方式是“螺旋式”的,喜欢画龙点睛,我们称之为“Save the best for the last”。而英语族人的思维方式是“直线式”的,喜欢直入主题,我们称之为“Say what you want to say, then say why”。阅读英语段落的要领:变速阅读,先慢后快,精读首句,浏览全段。据统计,70%-80%的英语段落都是首句是主题句。所以,以后阅读英语段落,应该先精读首句(把握首句的“主题”和“方向”),再浏览全段(把握全段的“关系词”),才能实现快速阅读。而很多同学以前阅读的时候,要么就是倾向于到段落结尾找主题句(这主要是受了汉语思维方式的影响),要么就干脆把有限的精力平均分配到一段话内部的每个单词。

说了那么多,上海环球托福为你提出掌握主旨的方法:

1、常用法——分析段落结构找主题句

通过段落结构来概括主旨,常见的段落结构有如下六大类:(1)总分;(2)总分总(由总分演变而成);(3)分总;(4)分总分(由分总演变而成);(5)对比;(6)并列。其中,前四种段落结构都存在主题句和支持句之分。而后两种结构中可能不存在主题句,其段落内部会分成若干个势均力敌的部分,只不过对比结构段落的两部分之间方向相反,而并列结构段落的各部分之间方向相同。一、总分结构

总分结构的主题句一般为首句(如果首句结束后,第二句话存在转折关系,那么主题句就是第二句)。最常见的总分段落的标志就是第二句话前面出现“for example/instance”等举例关系词。如果总分结构段落最后再加一个总结句,就是总分总结构。这种段落结构约占70%。这个方法最大好处是大部分段落都存在主题句,所以能够广泛应用该方法概括段落主旨。这就是“常用法”的由来。但是,该方法的缺点是,如果段落结构比较复杂,又存在大量生词,可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。

2、简易法——重复出现是主旨

之所以有第二个方法是因为第一个方法有缺点,常用法的缺点是,如果段落结构比较复杂,又存在大量生词,可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。如果一段话在不断重复某一概念,就说明这段话在围绕这个概念展开,这个概念就是这段话的主旨。这就为我们快速把握主旨提供了极大的方便。因此,这种方法称为“简易法”。

在一段话内部重复出现可以分为三种类型。第一种是“原词”重复,但是这也是作者极力避

免的,所以才会出现后面两种:“同类词”重复和“指代”重复。当然,简易法固然快捷,但是并非所有段落都有重复出现的内容,所以这种方法有局限性,最好能与常用法互为补充。

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新托福阅读SUMMARY题型解法

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TPO25阅读之一(托福阅读真题)

The Evolutionary Origin of Plants The evolutionary history of plants has been marked by a series of adaptations. The ancestors of plants were photosynthetic single-celled organisms that gave rise to plants presumably lacked true roots, stems, leaves, and complex reproductive structures such as flowers. All of these features appeared later in the evolutionary history of plants. Of today’s different groups of algae, green algae are probably the most similar to ancestral plants. This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic (natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’ closest living relatives. In addition, other lines of evidence support the hypothesis that land plants evolved from ancestral green algae used the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments in photosynthesis as do land plants. This would not be true of red and brown algae. Green algae store food as starch, as do land plants and have cell walls made of cellulose, similar in composition to those of land plants. Again, the good storage and cell wall molecules of red and brown algae are different. Today green algae live mainly in freshwater, suggesting that their early evolutionary history may have occurred in freshwater habitats. If so, the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms. █The environmental conditions of freshwater habitats, unlike those of ocean habitats, are highly variable. █Water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or even daily and changing level of rainfall can lead to fluctuations in the concentration of chemical in the water or even to period in which the aquatic habitat dries up. █Ancient fresh water green algae must have evolved features that enable them to withstand extremes of temperature and periods of dryness. █These adaptations served their descendant well as they invaded land. selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles to terrestrial living, plants prospered and diversified. When plants pioneered the land, they faced a range of challenges posed by terrestrial environments. On land, the supportive buoyancy of water is missing, the plant is no longer bathed in a nutrient solution, and air tends to dry things out. These conditions favored the evolution of the structures that support the body, vessels that transport water and nutrients to all parts of plant, and structures that conserve water. The resulting adaptations to dry land include some structural features that arose early in plant evolution; now these features are common to virtually all land plant. They include roots or root like structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. Other adaptations occurred later in the transition to terrestrial life and now wide spread but not universal among plants. These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. These adaptations allowed an increasing diversity of plant forms to exploit dry land. Life on land, however, also required new methods of transporting sperm to eggs. Unlike aquatic and marine forms, land plants cannot always rely on water currents to carrytheir sex cells and disperse their fertilized eggs. So the most successful groups of land plants are those that evolved methods of fertilized sex cell dispersal that are independent of water and structures that protest developing embryos from drying out. Protected embryos and waterless dispersal of sex cells were achieved with the origin of seed plans and the key evolutionary innovations that they introduced: pollen, seeds, and later, flowers and fruits. Paragraph 1: 1.The word “presumably” in the passage is closest in meaning to

新托福考试题型包括哪些

新托福考试题型包括哪些

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智课网TOEFL备考资料

新托福考试题型包括哪些 摘要:新托福考试题型一共有四种分别为:听力,口语,阅读和写作,下面就跟着小编一起来详细的了解下这四种题型吧。 新托福考试题型介绍 新托福考试题型一共有四种分别为:听力,口语,阅读和写作,下面就跟着小编一起来详细的了解下这四种题型吧。 新托福听力 托福听力有4-6演讲,每个6道题;2-3对话,每个5道题,约60-90分钟,每道试题是1-2分,共34-36分。涉及2个或2个以上的说话者。听力部分每个对话是2-3分钟,每个演讲是4-6分钟。 由于是机考,考生在听录音资料之前无法得知试题。在播放录音资料时,电脑屏幕上会显示相应的背景图片。考生可以在听音过程中记笔记。考生不能复查、修改已递交的答案。这个部分持续大约50分钟。 新托福口语 新托福口语部分采用人机对话,模拟正式的上课讲演来考查学生。考试共有6道题目,一三五针对的是校园生活,二四六是相对学术性的题材。2道独立口语题,4道综合口语,时间为20分钟,每个回答得分是0-4分,分数范围是0-25分。

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