Food Services and Student Life A Business Anthropological Case Study

英语学校餐馆对话作文A Conversation at the School Cafeteria。

Student A: Hey, have you tried the food at the school cafeteria? I heard they have some new options.Student B: No, I haven't. I usually bring my own lunch from home. Is it any good?Student A: Well, it's hit or miss. Some days the food is pretty decent, but other days it's not so great.Student B: That doesn't sound very promising. What kind of options do they have?Student A: They have a variety of options. They have a salad bar, a sandwich station, and a hot food section.Student B: That doesn't sound too bad. What kind of hot food do they serve?Student A: They usually have a daily special, like spaghetti or stir-fry. And they also have some regular items like burgers, chicken tenders, and pizza.Student B: Hmm, those sound like typical cafeteria foods. Are they at least fresh?Student A: Well, sometimes the food is fresh, but other times it seems like it's been sitting out for a while. It really depends on the day.Student B: That's not very reassuring. How about the prices? Are they reasonable?Student A: The prices are okay, I guess. They're not too expensive, but they're not exactly cheap either. It's about what you would expect from a school cafeteria.Student B: I see. Well, I think I'll stick to bringing my own lunch for now. It sounds like the cafeteria food is a bit unpredictable.Student A: Yeah, I don't blame you. Bringing your own lunch is definitely a safer option.Student B: Plus, I can save some money by bringing my own food.Student A: That's true. The cafeteria food can add up after a while.Student B: Well, thanks for the heads up. I appreciate it.Student A: No problem. I'm always here to help.Student B: Alright, I'll catch you later. I need to go grab my lunch from my locker.Student A: Sounds good. See you later!In this conversation, two students discuss the food options at their school cafeteria. While one studentmentions that the food can be hit or miss, the other student decides to continue bringing their own lunch from home. They also discuss the variety of options available, the freshness of the food, the prices, and the benefits of bringing their own lunch. Overall, they agree that bringing their own lunch is a safer and more cost-effective choice.。

答案CHAPTER 43 练习：A. 用括号内的词将汉语译成英语:1)The research about this enzyme can be traced back to 1970s.2)Recently, the use of reproducible resource has reached new heights.3)Vinegar could play on the taste buds.4)Pay attention to the harmony of appearance, smell, taste, texture when confecting thebeverage.B. 根据课文判断下列陈述是否正确：1)T2)T3)T4) F5) F6)TCHAPTER 54练习：1)用表内提供的词组合成句子，描述图中勺的相对位置：Seven spoons are symmetrically and evenly spaced. Perforated spoon with black hand is at the far left and goes to the left of perforated spoon with stainless steel hand. Slotted spoons with black hand is next to perforated spoon with stainless steel hand on the right and goes to the left of slotted spoon with stainless steel hand. Three-cornered stirring spoon is next to slotted spoon with stainless steel hand on the right and goes to the left of solid spoons with black hand. Solid spoons with stainless steel hand is at the far right.2) 根据Fig 5-3 描述其余不同用具相对于球形切割器Ball cutter 的位置One ball cutter is placed horizontally below the center of the place, and a straight spatula goes to the top-left of it. Next to the straight spatula on the right is a cook’s fork. In front of the straight spatula is an offset spatula. A pie server is on the right of the offset spatula and in front of the cook’s fork.CHAPTER 63 练习：A．用建议的词进行汉译英1)Make the eye level even with the bottom of meniscus inside the tube.2)The electronic scales should be placed where they set level and where they receive aminimum amount of jarring.3)Use this method to analyze the arginine through HPLC, the linearity range is from 0.5 g to10 μg.4)Portion 100 ounce flour into 5 fractions.5)The column is 2 inch in diameter and 10 inch in highness.Chapter 74练习：构词1) Study the meanings of stems and affixes, and then give examples of words you know which are derived from these stems and affixes.2) Mach these stems and affixes with their meaningsChapter 83 练习：A. 学习实验方法和讨论结果的表述(用括号内的词或句型将汉文译成英文)1)The details of an analytical method for determination of the content of glutamic acid is asfollowing.2)Initiate the research with the determination of the pH range-finding.3)The food additive most frequently employed include sugar, salt, vinegar and so on.4)The enzyme reaction is terminated after a period of 2 hours by heating.5)According to the regulations, experimental dose-effect relationship must be no less than fiveconcentration levels, each concentration level with triplicate parallel test, employed with a control.6)The sample should be watched in regard to the color changes in the process of experiment.7)Select the enzyme depending on the using temperature and pH.8)If there are indications that the liver is damaged after medicine feeding then the subacuteexperiment must be carried out.9)To establish of standard curves, pre-tests of at least three concentration levels should beconducted to establish the range.10)It could be demonstrated that this compound could be capable of showing different colorsunder different pH in this experiment.11)In the experiment of detecting pesticide residue, GC has proved most adaptable.12)In the chronic animal experiments, no less than four groups plus a control group ofexperimental animals are employed, each consisting of at least 25 pairs of mice.13)The experiment should be operated in the temperature and humidity controlled room.14)The minimum toxic dosage level is expected to produce no toxicity, at the other extreme themaximum dosage should be sufficient to cause pathological changes, but not cause high mortality before the end of the experiment. Other dosages fall in between these two dosages.15)In the experiment need to be sampled at various intervals, the quantity of sample in eachgroup should increase accordingly.16)Observations and sampling should be made of every two hours.17)The change of the detective current is due to contamination of the electrode.18)Control group should be handled in the identical manner as the sample.19)The theory of that literature could be cited to show that our experimental results are right.20)This new chromatogram is about ten times as sensitive to pesticide residues as the old one.21)Patient is as much as ten times more susceptible to toxic compounds than healthy individual.B. 构词1) Study the meanings of suffixes, stems and affixes, and then give examples of words you know2) Study the meanings of following stems and affixes. Mach these stems and affixes with theirChapter 92 练习：A. 学习下列化学词汇的前缀、词干和后缀，根据它们的词义将下列的化学名词译成中文。

该单词书共有例句5984个，陆续更新中，敬请期待1. He abandoned his wife and ran off with his lover. 他抛弃了妻子，和情人跑了。

2. Vaughan got a tattoo on his abdomen. 沃恩在腹部刺了个纹身。

3. I abide by what I have said. 我说话算数。

4. The boat started as soon as we got aboard. 我们一上船，船就开了。

5. There were more than 1500 people aboard the Titanic at that time. 当时泰坦尼克号上有1500多名乘客。

6. Capital punishment has been abolished in this country. 该国已经废除了死刑。

7. Opportunities for employment abound in this boomtown. 这个新兴的城市就业机会很多。

8. The lake abounds with fish. 湖里都是鱼。

9. He makes no attempt to go abroad. 他无意出国。

10. There was a rumor abroad that she was kidnapped. 四处在传她遭绑架的谣言。

11. The van comes to an abrupt stop to avoid committing the traffic lights. 货车为了不闯红灯，来了个急停。

12. I have been struck by his awkward look and abrupt manner. 他笨拙的样子和唐突的举止给我留下了深刻的印象。

13. How many absences does Jack have this month?这个月杰克缺席了多少次？14. The absence of such vitamin makes poor health. 缺乏这种维生素会使人生病。

2018年全国普通高等学校运动训练、民族传统体育专业单独统一招生考试英语注意事项:1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2。

将答案涂写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

第一卷(三大题,共120分)Ⅰ.单项选择（共20小题：每小题2分,满分40分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。

1。

Losing their way，they got out of the car and______________ the map .A。

studying B。

studied C。

to study D。

study2。

I’ll try to get back in time，but I'm not_______________ any promises.A。

saying B. telling C。

making D。

do3. Presidents are no different from _____________ else; they are human beings。

A。

anybody B。

somebody C. nobody D. everybody4。

Anna is very thoughtful. She always thinks about______________other people want.A。

how B。

when C. where D. what5. I was so interested in digging that I did not notice things_____________ around me。

A。

to happen B. happening C. happened D。

happen6.-—do we have to take off shoes before entering？—-No, you___________。

A。

果然如词考研高频词汇电子版一、出现频率在20次以上的单词（5个）researcher（23），development 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y，wistful，wordy，work-life，workman，workmate，work-moral，workstation，worldly，world-renowned，worriedly，worrisome，worshipper。

真体验-我在金匠学服务设计，Goldsmiths伦敦大学金史密斯学院服务设计全面解读伦敦大学金史密斯学院服务创新设计解读Innovation & Service Studio分享人▽Wenxin Duan伦敦大学金史密斯学院创新&服务设计硕士“ANTI-UPGRADING CULTURE”的发起人UXD金牌导师Duan毕业于伦敦大学金史密斯学院创新&服务设计硕士，本科为工科背景，跨专业成功申请工业设计和服务设计。

对于非设计背景如何申请设计专业有丰富的心得和经验，擅长产品设计及服务设计，尤其是服务设计的设计思维及设计工具，是“ANTI-UPGRADING CULTURE”的发起人，主要研究如何改变人们的行为模式。

01关于学校[学校概况]伦敦大学金史密斯学院（Goldsmiths, University of London，以下简称Goldsmiths）又译金匠学院，是以工艺和娱乐学院（Goldsmiths' Technical and Recreative Institute）之名于1891年成立，后于1904年并入伦敦大学，更名为伦敦大学金史密斯学院。

Goldsmiths是伦敦大学联盟的一份子，专攻传播媒体与文化创意、艺术课程。

Goldsmiths的美术系更是英国首屈一指，孕育了许多YBA 青年艺术家。

自1990年以来，来自Goldsmiths的毕业生已经获得了超过30次的透纳奖提名并产生了9位得主。

学校的学术风格：追求创新。

在QS世界大学学科排名中，Goldsmiths的艺术设计排名全球第11，全英第3。

Goldsmiths地理位置比较好，这也是我选择这个学校的一个原因。

Goldsmiths位于艺术氛围最好的伦敦，地处伦敦二区New Cross，租房子等生活成本相较伦敦市中心低一些，但交通还是很方便的。

设计专业的学生会在两个校区上课：主校区&Deptford校区，Deptford 是学校为Design的学生专门租的一幢楼，两个校区间步行距离约15分钟。

I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2015, 12, 43-49Published Online November 2015 in MECS (/)DOI: 10.5815/ijisa.2015.12.04Low Complexity Business Status Update Framework: One Touch Approach for Food andBeverage IndustryE. M. AngFaculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, 75450, MalaysiaEmail: jessicaaem@K. S. YongFaculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, 75450, MalaysiaEmail: kinsum91@Lenard Z. W. LeeFaculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, 75450, MalaysiaEmail: lenardlee90@K. K. WeeFaculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, 75450, MalaysiaEmail: wee.kuok.kwee@.myAbstract—Today, many individuals are used to dine-out. However, they are unaware of the business operation on that particular moment of the day. Several times, we end up arriving at the restaurant only to find that it is closed/having a break. Hence, we propose a framework for a system of related applications which solves the above problem by being informative regarding the business operability to the customers. Firstly, a trader side framework that allows food stall operators to inform the status and nature of their business to their customers whether they are open for business or not. Secondly, a customer side framework for the food stall operator customers to view restaurant status, menu and to place booking. Mobile applications are developed based on the proposed framework for both trader and customer. And lastly, a website is developed for the general public to view the business status of the stall operators. By being able to inform customers the status of the business, it will provide convenience to many people in our society. Our contribution will be the aforementioned framework as well as mobile apps and website which provides convenience to many people in our society, in terms of reducing time wastage as well as fuel costs to the stall’s destination.Index Terms—Framework, android application, website, business operation, sensor tag.I.I NTRODUCTIONThese days’ people tend to dine-out by having a meal with their family, colleagues, or individually, as it saves time and energy from the meal preparation. It is considered to be convenient to people with a hectic lifestyle, especially those that are living in the city, where people do not have the time, tired or reluctant to set up a proper meal after a long day’s work. This is especially so during festive season.Based on an online newspaper article in [1], it is stated that based on the Malaysian Food Barometer (MFB) survey with a sample of 2000 people, the percentage of Malaysians dine outside of home for at least a meal is 64 percent while the other 36 percent that have their meals at home, 12.5 percent have at the minimum one meal outside. Figure 1 gives an overview of the Malaysian food cultures eating habits [2]. Based on a recent study as stated in [1], Professor Doctor Jean-Pierre Poulain, whom is a head researcher, Taylor’s Toulouse University Centre co-director and leader of Chair of Food Studies, stated that many people in Malaysia dines out. He added that this occurs in places like Kuala Lumpur as well as the countryside.As a customer or even tourist that wants to dine out, often we would try to figure out what to eat every meal. As of today, we often utilize mobile devices frequently on daily affairs due to efficiency as well as trend [3]. In the android market, there are existing mobile applications which gives a bunch of choices and selections on various cuisines [4]. There are also mobile applications which provide delivery services. For example, fast food services like McDelivery [5]. Apart from mobile applications, customers are able to browse online for information on restaurants that are well established. However, some smaller stalls which have yummy food, for example hawker stalls, are not made known themselves. Thesestalls rely on customers to advertise their business and bring about more customers. Also, their business operation location and time is not fixed as they tend to be mobile and flexible. For example, a ‘char kuey teow’ (fried noodles) stall that goes around various ‘pasar malam’ (night market) to do business. Thus, we proposed a framework which involves several applications that is able to bridge this gap between the food traders and customers. The applications include android mobile applications, one for the trader, and one for the client, as well as a website for both users to have access on any mobile device.Fig.1. Malaysian Food Culture [2].The flow of this manuscript is arranged as the following: Section II gives a brief elaboration on the related works made available in the Google Play market. The problem statement and objective of this development is given in Section III and Section IV respectively. Section V provides an overview of the applications architecture’s framework. The Bluetooth sensor setup for traders is elaborated in Section VI, while Section VII provides an overview of the client side framework. Section VIII gives a brief description on the development of the websites outlook. Section XI explains in detail in regards to the server application. In the last section, we conclude the paper.II.R ELATED W ORKSeveral related works which are made available on Google Play are reviewed [4]. An android app called Galaxy Eat Out was presented by a Thailand company, Wongnai Media Company Limited, which allows users to have a choice over 100’000 restaurants to dine in Bangkok and a few provinces in Thailand [6]. This app also provides direction and contact information of the restaurant. In addition, it is an interactive application as it allows users to post images and reviews. Figure 2 illustrates the icon of Galaxy Eat Out. Apart from android app, Wongnai also has their very own webpage that provides several features which include a choice of various places to dine, restaurants information, coupons and etc. [7].Fig.2. Galaxy Eat Out [5].Another android application that is made known both in Singapore and Malaysia is the app called HungryGoWhere [8][9]. Figure 3 and 4 respectively shows what the android application looks like for Singapore and Malaysia on Google Play.Fig.3. HungryGoWhere Singapore [8].Fig.4. HungryGoWhere Malaysia [9]. HungryGoWhere is developed not only android applications but also iOS applications. They have a website for viewers to browse as well [10]. This android application acts as a food guide assisting users to determine what and where to eat around them, as well as what to cook. Apart from that, this app has a filter function which allows users to filter the list of places to dine based on price, popularity (in terms of dish or restaurant), cuisine, and halal [9]. Through the app, users can connect and share with other users their findings. In addition, the Singapore version of this app provides the feature for users to place table bookings [8].In [11] displays an android application called Nearby Restaurants Café Pizza. Figure 5 is an image of the app on Google Play.Fig.5. Nearby Restaurants Café Pizza [11].This app determines nearby fast food services. It calculates the distance between the users mobile through GPS to the nearest fast food restaurant. However, the range covered by this app does not include Malaysia. Apart from fast food services, several other types of places are supported. This includes restaurants, bars, café, food (shops), night clubs, parking areas, automated teller machine (ATM), and bakeries. Information about the location is provided in terms of the name of the restaurant, the distance to get there, navigation, contact number, as well as ratings.Another android application in [12] features to provide users with local details about food, shopping, relaxation as well as promotional deals. This app is based on location, hence users are able to look for items near them with the map provided [12]. Similarly to the Hungrygowhere app, a website is developed for users to view on browsers. This app provides one stop destination in determining business and listings, posting free ads, and etc.Fig.6. FINDIT Malaysia [12].Recently, the popular social media, Facebook, has added a function to their ‘page info’ [13][14]. Businesses, like cafes, restaurants or shops, can now display their stalls operation hours. Based on the set operation days, a status is displayed ‘Closed now’ on non-operating hours or days, and ‘Open’ during the operating time.Figure 7 illustrates on the app made available on Google Play for users to install.Fig.7. Facebook [13].III.P ROBLEM S TATEMENTA common occurrence for people who eat most of their meals out is discovering that the food stall is close or not ready for business upon reaching it. This consumes a lot of time and petrol which can be avoided if people knew the opening status of the stall before beginning their journey there. Sometimes, due to unavoidable circumstances, the food stall may not be open. The operator of these stalls would also like to have a good way of informing the public that they are closed. This can also reduce the disappointment as well as stress level from spending several hours on travelling, including getting caught in a traffic jam, just to end up finding that the stall is closed.Based on current app development, the focus are more towards well established restaurants and businesses. However, small food stalls which sell yummy food are not made known. Hence, there is a need to bridge the gap between the rural (whom are mostly not technology savvy) and urban community.IV.O BJECTIVESTo propose a framework and develop an application which enables the general public to be informed about the opening status of food operators and also make orders/reservations via Internet.To propose a framework and develop an application for food stall operators to update their stall’s status (opening, closing and etc), and receive order/reservations. V.F RAMEWORK OF THE A PPLICATIONS A RCHITECTURE Figure 8 is an overview of the projects architecture. This diagram is to visualize the system’s framework and understand how the food stall operators (trader) and the food stall operators customers (client) are able to interact with the developed android application via network connection. Both mobile applications are android based mobile applications which are developed using the Android Software Development Kit (Android SDK) and installed as an .apk on trader and client devices. Android SDK is utilized as it consists of development tools, an emulator, source codes and several libraries which are made available for building Android applications [15].Fig.8. Architecture Overview.The website was designed primarily on Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) and functions to display the operating status of the food stall operators to the public and for the public to place their orders.Figure 9 represents the flow chart of the applications architecture for both trader and client. Both users are required to register before being able to login. As for the traders, the registration comes together with the Bluetooth setup. Once logged in, both users are able to view the Stall List, Menu, and Stall Details/Information page however, trader has additional functions which include Insert Food Items, Delete Food Items and view Booking List. As for the client, only the clients are able to perform Orders/Reservations. Further elaboration on the frameworks setup and functionality are given in the sections below.Fig.9. Flow Chart.VI.B LUETOOTH S ENSOR S ETUP (T RADER S IDE)In order connect the trader side application to the Bluetooth sensor tag [16], the application needs to firstFig.10. Bluetooth Sensor List scan for nearby sensor devices [17]. After scanning, if there are any devices in range, a list of devices will appear as in Figure 10 and the application can select which sensor to connect to.Fig.11. Sensor Parameters SelectionThe configuration and viewing of the environment variables, that is to be detected by the sensor, parameters can be selected from the preferences page. Users will need to press on the options button of their phone, and select the preference option and they will arrive at the page shown in Figure 11. Based on Figure 11, various environment variables can be selected to be detected for validating whether a stall is in operation or not.Figure 12 shows the environment parameters and values detected by the sensor. As shown in Figure 6, the sensors are configured to detect object and ambience temperature. The values of the parameters constantly changes according to the values detected by the sensor. When the trader side application detects that the temperature is above a certain threshold due to cooking activity by the stall owner, it will send a Short Message Service (SMS) to the server to update the stall operating status from CLOSED to OPEN. After a certain period of inactivity, the temperature will revert to normal and the application will send another SMS to the server to update the status of the stall from OPEN to CLOSED.Fig.12. Sensor Parameters DetectionThe android mobile application is developed using several Android APIs which can be looked-up in the package index [18]. Based on Figure 13, for the trader side mobile application, trader’s stall is to be registered using the trader’s mobile phone number simply by SMS. The SMS will be sent to our server via a GSM modem. Notification on stall registration will be sent out from our server to trader by SMS as well.Fig.13. Trader Side FrameworkThe mobile app is connected to a Bluetooth sensor tag (Texas Instrument, n.d.-a; Texas Instrument, n.d.-b) whereby the sensor is configured to detect some elements in the environment which can indicate that a stall is open. As an example, the sensor can be configured to be sensitive to heat. The sensor can be placed close by kitchenware’s that heats up when the stall is in operation. For example, kitchen stove and boiling pot heats up when the stall is in operation. The sensor can detect this significant increase of heat and automatically sends an update to the mobile device which in turn update the server to display the status of the stall as ‘open’. When the cooking activity no longer happens, the temperature of the kitchen wares will revert back to normal. Upon detecting this, the sensor will again send an update to the mobile device and the mobile device can update the stall status on the web server to ‘closed’. Apart from heat, the sensor can also be configured to detect motion, pressure and etc.Traders have additional features whereby they can upload and remove images of their products to display as well as for reservation purposes. Traders will be able to view their client’s details (mobile phone number, etc.) and orders on the booking list once the client has made an order.VII.C LIENT S IDE F RAMEWORKSimilarly to the trader side application, the client side application is also an android application system. Figure 14 gives an overview of the client side framework that’s developed in a mobile android application for clients to view the stall’s details (location, op eration hours, etc.), status and menu of the trader’s stall. By registering an account using their mobile phone number, clients are able to place an order/reservation in the android application. A login page is provided whereby clients can login to our application.Fig.14. Client Side FrameworkUsing the client side mobile application, users can view the status of the stalls to know whether it is open or not. The client application retrieves this information from the server and displays it to the users. Clients are also able to perform booking of food via the application. At each restaurant page, clients are able to view the trader stall’s food offers and select how many of food items that they would like to order. Traders are able to view the orders placed via the website. Once the booking has been made, for example in the case whereby the customer books a specific amount of food, the customer may proceed to the stall and inform the trader’s their mobilenumber in order for the vendor to verify the booking. This cuts down on waiting time when the customer reaches the stall because the food stall owner is able to take their order much sooner.VIII.W EBSITE O UTLOOKIn addition to the development, a website is developed using HyperText Markup Language (HTML), PHP and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) [19]. Both trader and client website functions are similar to having use the android application, hence giving them an option to access the system through their web browsers on any device.IX.S ERVER A PPLICATIONIn this project, server is utilized whereby it is connected to a Global System for Mobile (GSM) modem to receive SMS updates from stall operators. The wireless GSM modem needs to have a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, which can be easily obtained from a wireless carrier, in order to function in a GSM wireless network [20]. ActiveXperts Serial Port Component 3.2 [21] is utilized in the Attention Terminal (AT). It runs on commands which in this case, it is used to control the modulator-demodulator (MODEM) in order to have the functionality of sending and receiving SMS-es. This SMS update will tell if a particular stall is open or not. When a server receives a SMS from a trader side application, it will refer to the content of the SMS to update the status of th e stall. If the content has the keyword “OPEN”, then the server sets the stall status to open and updates the website accordingly. If the content has the keyword “CLOSED”, then the server sets the stall status to be closed on the website.X.C ONCLUSIONIn a nutshell, framework is developed to provide convenience to the society. The framework can be categorized as a Green Innovation as it is able to reduce time wastage, effort, and also fuel costs to the stall’s destination. In big cities, traffic jams commonly occur during peak hours such as lunch time. When people have advance knowledge on the opening status of the eating location, they do not need to spend time travelling on the road just to discover that the place is not open after reaching their destination. The smaller food stalls with exquisite local delicacies can also be part of a choice for customers to try out, hence promoting our local cuisines worldwide.Based on our proposed framework, stall operators have a good way of reaching out to the community to let the people know their operating status. This can also be a strategy to bridge between the high economic impact areas with the rural community and also the technological gap in the community. For example, low cost housing residents ‘mak cik’ (aunties) and ‘pak cik’ (uncles) whom are not tech savvy but cook delicious meals.R EFERENCES[1]Tan, C. (2014). More Malaysians eat out nowadays butare we eating enough healthy food?.Retrieved from .my/News/Nation/2014/08/03/Food-always-on-our-minds-More-Malaysians-eat-out-nowadays-but-are-we-eating-enough-healthy-food/ on May 2015.[2]Lazar, A., Shoba, & Hafeez. (2014). Malaysian FoodCultures. Malaysian Food Barometer. Retrieved from .my/~/media/Images/TSOL/Photos-Gallery/Nation/2014/08/03/malaysianfoodcultureschart0308.ashx/ on May 2015.[3] C. Zhou, Z. Weng, C. Xu, and Z. Su, “Integrated TrafficInformation Service System for Public Travel Based on Smart Phones Applications: A Case in China,” Int. J.Intell. Syst. Appl., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 72–80, 2013.[4]Google. (2012). Google Play. Retrieved fromhttps:///store/apps?hl=en on May 2015. [5]McDonalds Malaysia. (2015). McDelivery Malaysia.Google Play. Retrieved from https:///store/apps/details?id=.mcdonalds.delivery&hl=en on May 2015.[6]Wongnai Media Company Limited (2013). Galaxy EatOut.Google Play.Retrieved from https:///store/apps/details?id=com.wongnai.samsung.eatout&hl=en on July 2015.[7]Wongnai Media Company Limited (2015). Wongnai.Google Play.Retrieved from https:/// on July 2015.[8]GTW Holdings (2015). HungryGoWhere Singapore.Google Play.Retrived from https:///store/apps/details?id=hgw.android.app on July 2015.[9]GTW Holdings (2015). HungryGoWhere Malaysia.Google Play.Retrived from https:///store/apps/details?id=com.singtel.hungrygowhere on July 2015.[10]Singtel Digital Media Pte. Ltd. (2015). HungryGoWhereMalaysia. Retrieved from http://www.hungrygowhere.my/ on July 2015.[11]Free Offline Maps & Guides (2014). Nearby RestaurantsCafe Pizza. Google Play. Retrieved from https:///store/apps/details?id=off.guide.online.food on July 2015.[12]Getit Transnational (2015). Findit Malaysia. Google Play.Retrieved from https:///store/apps/details?id=com.kelltontech.maxisgetit on August 2015.[13]Facebook (2015). Facebook. Google Play. Retrieved fromhttps:///store/apps/details?id=com.facebook.katana&hl=en on August 2015.[14]Facebook (2015). Facebook. Retrieved from/ on August 2015.[15]S.-C. Chong, B.-K. Leong, W.-K. New, and Y.-J. Chin,“An Android-based Remote Desktop for IOS Platforms,”Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl., vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 18–27, 2013.[16]Texas Instrument. (n.d.-a). CC3541 SensorTagDevelopment Kit. Retrieved from /tool/cc2541dk-sensor on May 2015. [17]Texas Instrument. (n.d.-b). The SensorTag Story.Retrieved from/ww/en/wireless_connectivity/sensortag2015/index.html?DCMP=sensortag&HQS=sensortag-bnon May 2015.[18]Android Developers. (n.d.). Package Index|AndroidDevelopers. Retrieved from/reference/packages.html on May 2015.[19] W3Schools. (n.d.). W3Schools Home . Retrieved from on May 2015.[20] Developershome. (n.d.). Introduction to GSM / GPRSWireless Modems . Retrieved from /sms/GSMModemIntro.a sp on May 2015.[21] ActiveXperts, S. (n.d.). ActiveXperts Serial PortComponent . Retrieved from /serial-port-component/ on May 2015.Authors ’ ProfilesE. M. Ang was born in Malacca, Malaysia, in 1991. She obtained her Bachelor (Hons.) of Information Technology majoring in Security Technology from Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia, in the year 2013.She is currently pursuing her Master degree in Science (Information Technology),in the very same university, performing research related to the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. Her research interest includes areas in networking which involves the advancement of wireless communications technology.K. S. Yong received his Bachelor (Hons.) of Information Technology in Data Communications and Networking with First Class Honours from Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia in 2014.He is currently a postgraduate student in Multimedia University, Malacca. His field of study is on Mobile Wireless Network,particularly in the area of power saving in the Long Term Evolution network.Lenard Z. W. Lee was born on August 11, 1990. He received his Bachelor (Hons.) of Information Technology from Multimedia University Malaysia in 2014.He is currently pursuing his M. Sc (IT) at the same university. His research interest includes Long Term Evolution, WiMAX and machine learning.K. K. Wee received his BSc in Computer Science and MSc in Networking from University Putra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He then completed his study in PhD (Engineering) from Multimedia University, Malaysia.He is currently Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Information Science andTechnology in Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia. He is also a member of Editor Board of an International journal and Senior Member of IEEE. His research interests include Quality of service, broadband wireless access, networking and mobile communication.How to cite this paper: E. M. Ang, K. S. Yong, Lenard Z. W. Lee, K. K. Wee,"Low Complexity Business Status Update Framework: One Touch Approach for Food and Beverage Industry", International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications (IJISA), vol.7, no.12, pp.43-49, 2015. DOI:10.5815/ijisa.2015.12.04。

Edward Sapir (1884 - 1939)

1884 1909 1925-31 1931-39
Born in Germany, Lauenberg PhD from Columbia University, University of Chicago Yale University

4. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf are credited with developing the most relevant explanation outlining the relationship between thought and language, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
立春、雨水、惊蛰、春分、清明、谷雨、立夏、小满、芒种、夏至、小暑、
大暑、立秋、处暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降、立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、 小寒、大寒。
3. The relationship between language and culture

Conclusion: On the one hand, language as an integral part of human being, permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality. On the other hand, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.

英语中级听力答案英语中级听力答案篇一：英语中级听力第八课>>Section OneTask 1 TwinsKey to ExercisesA. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following questions.1.a2. c3. b4. c5. a6. bB. Fill in the blanks with information about the twins.Name : Laura and SarahSex: femaleSimilarities:1. Blonde2. brown eyes3. same height4. same weight5. same size6. same shoesDifferences1. Laura is single, but Sarah has a well-fed happy husband andfour healthy children.2. When Laura was learning to type, Sarah was washing up.3. When Laura was writing articles for the school newspaper, Sarah was knitting.4. When Laura was in Panama, doing her first job for United Information Services, Sarah was having her second child.C. True or False Questions. Write a T in front of a statement if it is true according to the recording and write an F if it is false.1.T2. FSection TwoTask 1 Can I Take a Message?Key to ExercisesA. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. a2. cB. Fill in the following blanks.1. Message 1:Caller’s name: Mary RobertsCaller’s number:772-1852Message: Call back at that number till 12.30 or between 2 and 5this afternoon.2. Message 2:Caller’s name: Mr BrownCall er’s number: 743-9821Message: Cancel the lunch appointment for tomorrow noon, because he is out of town for a while. Please call and reschedule.3. Message 3:Caller’s name: Mrs TurnerMessage: She won’t be home until 8 o’clock. She’sworking late.4. Message 4:Caller’s name: WendyMessage: Tickets for Puerto Rico is booked. That’s Pan Am Flight 226, leaving Tuesday the 12th at 8 am. Ticket will be sent over later this afternoon.5. Message 5:Caller’s name: Juan SalvadeMessage: He’ll call ba ck about the meeting next Wednesday.C. Fill in the following blanks.1. I’m sorry, he’s in a meeting right now. May I take a message?2. I’m going to be out of town for a while. Would you offer myapologies to Mr Turner and have him call me, please?3. Oh, excuse me just a minute . I have another call. Can you hold for a second?4. Thank you for holding. Can I help you?第九课>>Section OneTask1Willing to TrainKey to ExercisesA. True or false Questions. Write a T in front of a statement if it is true according to the recording and write an F if it is false.1. T2. T3. F4. TB. Fill in the blanks with information about Catherine based on her own statement. Name: Catherine HuntAge: almost nineteenQualification:1. qualifications from school, very good results2. certificates for ballet and for playing the pianoInterests:1. tennis2. swimming3. travelling4. talking to peopleIntelligence: reasonably intelligentC. Give brief answers to the following questions.1. Dancing and music.2. A good girl. A bit lazy and disorganized sometimes, but very bright.3. Be a teacher or a vet.4. Because she believes that Cathy likes working with young children and looking after sick animals.5. She wants to talk to Cathy, not her mother.6. No. She is not bright enough to be a vet and wants to find something different from school work.7. Yes, if it is for something useful.8. Nursing, because she has good qualifications in English and Maths.9. Very hard work, not very pleasant sometimes.10. At first she is afraid she is not good enough. Later she thinks she should enjoy that.D. Complete the following sentences.1. Ever since she was a little girl she’s been very keen on hermusic and dancing. She ought to be a music teacher or something. She’s quite willing to tra in for a few more years toget the right job.2. My mother sent me to lessons when I was six, so I’m quite good,I suppose.But, I don’t want to do that for the rest of my life, especi ally music.It’s so lonely.3. I went to France with the school choir last year. I really enjoyed that. And I like talking to people. But I suppose you mean real interests --- things that would help me to get a job.4. I wondered about being a hairdresser --- you meet lots of people, and you learn to do something properly --- but I don’t know. It doesn’t seem very worthwhile.5. I do look after sick animals. I looked after our dog when it was run over by a car. My mother was sick, but I didn’t mind. I was too worried about the dog.第十二课>>Section OneSection TwoTask 1 CrimeKey to ExercisesA. Choose the best answer to complete each of the followingstatements.1. a2. b3. bB. Activities. Write down what happened to the two villains at the following locations.(1)South Street They parked the car outside the bank.(2)High Street crossroads The traffic lights were red.(3)The garage opposite the school to repair the car(4)Outside the Police Station The catch of the money bag broke and they had to pick up all the notes.(5)Ox Lane They switched cars.(6)Church Lane Roads were dug up.(7)London Road roundabout The road was blocked owing toa traffic accident.(8)The Boss’s The two arrived empty-handed.Task 1 learning to RephraseKey to Exercise1. Am. Indians in Southwest; agricultural life since 1 AD, similar today2. farm on mesas --- tops of high, flat mountain plateau --- Spanish --- table3. live on mesas or in caves on sides of cliffs4. early history: Anasazi used baskets, later pottery, change --- important, began a series of secondary changes5. fill basket with ground corn + water, build fire6. many stones heated on fire & dropped into basket of food, but must be heated again soon7. men brought idea but not how to make pottery; shown in anthropological discoveries8. solved problem of cooking & storing food, a more prosperous &comfortable life篇二：英语中级听力答案lesson2Section1Task1:A T F T FB 1. Synching up matching sound and pictures according to the numbers stamped along the edge of the film and the sound tape. Logging recording the detail of the film and the sound in a log take2. Make a first selection of the best takesPrepare a “ rough cut” an initial version of the film.Prepar e the “fine cut” the final form of the film.3. Approve the “fine cut”Dubbingvoice,music,background noise and sometimes special effects are put togetherThe “neg” cutters cut the original negatives on the films, so that these match the edited film exactlyTask2:Aa b a c c cBT F T FC 1.forty people2.have no apartmentsleep on the steps of buildingcrawlover sleeping people to get inside3.nothing will growthey never see the sun4.soylentsoylent red soylent yellow soylent green twosoybeans soylent greenocean plants5.ninety degree6.electricity ride bicycles to make itSection2Task1A 1. 14922.He thought he had arrived in India3. They were kind to them and wanted to help4. They wanted bigger farms and more land for themselvesMore immigrants came from Europe.5.It was their mother. Everything came from their mother and went back to it. And It was for everybody6.They started fighting back7. By 1875 the Indians had lost the fight: and had to live in ‘reservations’8. Indians are bad and the White Man is good and brave in Hollywood filmB a c b cTask 2A 1. 1-d2-b3-a4-c2. more than 15 million people160000the year 1851700000B F T F F T TC 1. Different states in Italy were fighting for political reasons. Some others went there for gold The first group of 300 Italians went to work in sugar –came field of northern Australia. Some good Italian fishermen went to western Australia.2. The first Greeks went to work in vineyards in southeastern Australia There were about 500 Greeks in Australia.There were Greek cafes and restaurants all over Sydney and out in the countryside. Many Greeks arrived in AustraliaSection3Task 1: Learning to Predict(1) Answer: It’s good exercise. Keeps you fit.Reason: The word “yeah” suggests that the boy will say something in agreement with the woman’s comment.(2)Answer: We turn the music up really loud and start dancing. Reason: The p hrase “why not” suggests that the boys will simply dance in the street.(3) Answer: They can’t do it like me yet.Reason: The word “but” suggests an opposite meaning.(4) Answer: It’s a very old book.Reason: The word “actually” also suggests an opposite meaning..(5) Answer: Write down your address and I’ll get the boy to bring them round..Reason: The conversation takes place in a store. If the store owner agrees to deliver the goods, the only thing he wants to know will be the address of the customer(6) Answer: Tell us all about it over dinner.Reason: The woman sounds very much interested in the man’s experience. So she will certainly ask the man to tell her something about it..Task2The Foolish FrogOnce upon a time a big, fat frog lived in a tiny shallow pond. He knew every plant and stone in it, and he could swim across it easily. He was the biggest creature in the pond, so he was very important. When he croaked, the water snails listened politely. And the water beetles always swam behind him. He was very happy there.One day, while he was catching flies, a pretty dragon fly passedby. ‘You’re a very fine frog,’ she sang, ‘but why don’t you live in a bigger pond? Come to my pond. You’ll find a lot of frogs there. You’ll meet some fine fish, and you’ll see the dangerous ducks. And you must see our lovely water lilies. Life in a large pond is wonderful!’‘Perhaps it is rather dull here,’ thought the foolish frog. So he hopped after the dragon fly.But he didn’t like the big, deep pond. It was full of s trange plants. The water snails were rude to him, and he was afraid of the ducks. The fish didn’t like him, and he was the smallest frog there. He was lonely and unhappy.He sat on a water lily leaf and croaked sadly to himself, ‘I don’t like it here. I think I’ll go home tomorrow.’But a hungry heron flew down and swallowed him up for supper. 篇三：英语中级听力答案Lesson 12Section oneII. Exercises:A: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. TB: (1) –(d);(2) –(e);(3)-(f);(4) –(a);(5) –(b);(6)-(c)C:1. He is going to wear a motorcycle helmet with an oxygen mask inside.2. The police will probably come and ask them to move sincea police station is just fifty yards awayfrom the bank.3. Because it will stink and they will never be able to use it if it smells like that.4. Because they can keep a lookout there since the room is on the top floor of the building. And there,Fingers can radio Ginger and tell him to come.Section two:II. Exercises:Task 1: CrimeA: 1. a 2. b 3. bB:(1) They parked the car outside the bank.(2) The traffic lights were red.(3) To repair the car.(4) The catch of the money bag broke and they had to pick up all the notes.(5) They switched cars.(6) Roads were dug up.(7) The road was blocked owing to a traffic accident.(8) The two arrived empty-handed.Task 2: Shop-lifter:A: 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. bB:1. She likes to change the color with her mood.2. She sweats a lot, so she has to use a lot of powder.3. She gets nervous if she doesn‘t know the time.4. She is a heavy smoker; she uses lighters for finding her way in the dark and for finding the keyholelate at night. And she is a lighter collector.C:1. letting, take a look in2. to take yourself off.3. make a fuss.4. insist on seeing5. need, sarcastic, made myself plain6. for the inconvenience7. carry one‘s valuables around, be broken into, outSection three:Task 1: Learning to rephrase1. Am. Indians in Southwest; agricultural life since 1 AD, similar today2. farm on mesas –tops of high, flat mountain plateau –Spanish –table3. live on mesas or in caves on sides of cliffs4. early history: Anasazi used baskets, later pottery, change –important, began a series of secondary changes5. fill basket with ground corn and water, build fire6. many stones heated on fire and dropped into basket of food, but must be heated again soon.7. men brought idea but not how to make pottery; shown in anthropological discoveries8. solved problem of cooking & storing food, a more prosperous & comfortable lifeTask 2: Dictation (omitted)Lesson 13Section oneTask 1: Guessing what people are talking aboutA: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. TB:1. wine and good food2. the river3. walking along the river and all the couples4. paintings thereC:1. reminds, of2. got something about it, sort of charm …3. unusual, in the center of4. from the top5. down by the riverTask 2: Nice to see you!A. 1. c 2. aB: (1) –(d, i); (2) – (a); (3) –(e, f) (4) –(b, c, f); (5) – (h); (6) –(g) C:1. are keeping you busy2. in the process, doing it up3. give you a hand with, something of4. see myself leaving, foreseeable5. my butting in6. over here on a scholarship, the Royal Academy of Music Section two:Task 1: What do you like about your job?A: 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. cB: 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. TC:1. a night person2. on the lookout for, stump me3. plan on sticking around4. the Beatles, a great beat to move to5. coming up with6. at the end of, have slimmed down, built up7. against a tight deadline8. At first, working withTask 2: What do you think of yourself?A: 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. aB:1. a. a secretaryb. good at her jobc. different in her private lifed. pretty tidy in officee. incoherent in her behavior2. a. concerned about state affairsb. critical of the political systemc. eager to bring law and order to his country3. a. easy-goingb. a bit vicious when upsetc. not sympatheticd. not interested in civil rights4. a. a retired army officerb. respectable and dignifiedc. helpful to those dependent on himd. a bit fanatic about organization and descriptione. not too polemicf. fond of his wife and family。

初中英语听力与阅读八年级上册听力材料全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Listening Struggles and Triumphs in 8th Grade EnglishEnglish class has always been one of my biggest challenges in school. I'm just not a natural with languages like some of my classmates seem to be. The reading and writing isn't too bad once I put in the effort, but listening comprehension is definitely my biggest weakness. This year in 8th grade English, the listening materials have been really pushing me to my limits.At the start of the year, we were reviewing some basic conversational English through audiobooks and recordings. Things like asking for directions, ordering food, making purchases - that kind of thing. I thought it would be a good refresher after the summer, but I was quickly overwhelmed. The speakers were going at full speed without any pauses or repetition. By the time my brain processed what they said, the recording had already moved on!My teacher Mrs. Roberts could see I was struggling. She's always been really supportive and encourages us to keep tryingour best. She let me listen to the files again during free periods and even printed out transcripts a few times so I could read along. Gradually, I started being able to pick out more words and phrases. Breaking it down line-by-line was crucial for building my comprehension.Once we moved into more academic listening like lectures and documentary clips, I realized just how far behind I was. There was so much subject-specific vocabulary that was completely new to me on topics like history, science, and literature. The speech was more complex overall with idiomatic expressions and different accents to adjust to. Forget about catching every word - I could barely understand the gist half the time!The low point was probably when we had a guest lecturer discuss the Indigenous peoples of North America before European colonization. The lecturer spoke so quickly and used all these anthropological terms I'd never encountered before. About ten minutes in, I just started doodling in my notebook because I couldn't follow any of it. I felt so discouraged.ButI didn't give up. I made a commitment to prepping more thoroughly for listening activities. Before each recording, I started reviewing key vocabulary from the unit. If transcripts or outlines were available, I looked them over to familiarize myselfwith the topic. During the actual listening, I focused intently on the speaker's intonation and any repeated words or phrases as cl篇2A Day in the Life of an 8th GraderHey there! My name's Alex and I'm an 8th grade student at Rockville Middle School. I thought I'd give you a peek into a typical day in my life. Warning - it's a wild ride!It all starts at 6:30am when my mom bursts into my room yelling "Rise and shine! Time for school!" Like any reasonable 13-year-old, I groan and pull the covers over my head, savoring those last few minutes of sleep. But mom's not having it - she yanks the blankets off until I finally drag myself out of bed.After getting dressed and wolfing down a quick breakfast, it's out the door by 7:15 to catch the school bus. The bus ride is always...interesting. You've got the loud kids blasting music, the snorers who fell asleep before we even left, and of course, the epic battle for the last few seats. Luckily, I've mastered the art of squeezing onto the end of the bench beside my best friend Ryan.We pull up to school at 7:45 and the real craziness begins. Hundreds of kids flooding the hallways, slamming lockers, yelling across the halls to their friends. It's pure chaos! I have tostrategically weave my way through the maze of people to my first class - Math. Ugh, algebra. Why do letters and numbers have to be combined into one evil subject?The morning just flies by after that. It's a blur of English literature, where we're analyzing some ancient poem that makes no sense, and science, where we're dissectingformaldehyde-soaked frogs (disgusting!). Oh, and don't get me started on P.E. - an entire period of running laps and playing dodgeball against aggressive ball-throwers. It should be illegal, I swear.Finally, it's lunchtime at 11:30 - the one salvation of the day. I buy a greasy slice of pizza and a carton of chocolate milk, then head to our usual table with Ryan, Jen, and the rest of our friend group. We spend the 30 minutes gossiping about teachers, complaining about homework, and sharingawful cafeteria food stories. Ah, the main course is laughter and venting with great friends.The afternoon is more of a blur - history, where we're memorizing hundreds of dates from the American Revolution, and art, where I've never possessed an ounce of skills with a paintbrush. By the time the final bell rings at 3:15pm, my brain is completely fried.I meet up with Ryan at his locker and we make our way to the bus depot, dodging stampeding herds of students racing to beat the bus line. We pile onto the smelly, humid bus for another eventful ride home. Kids are yelling, throwing things, blasting music videos - you name it. Somehow I survive the 30 minute trip.Once I'm back home at 4pm, I scarf down an afternoon snack and get started on the mountain of homework that's been assigned. Two hours of math problems, reading assignments, essays, and studying later, I'm finally free! I spend the rest of the evening relaxing - shooting some hoops outside, playing video games, watching TV and chatting with friends online. Ahhh, sweet freedom...Until mom yells from the kitchen at 8pm "Homework done? Time for bed!" Could the torture never end?? I grudgingly get ready for bed, praying that tomorrow will be a snow day so I can sleep in. A kid can dream, right? So that's a day in my hectic life as an 8th grader - a whirlwind of academics, craziness and adolescent fun. Wish me luck surviving the remaining school year! Catch you later.篇3A Trip to the Science MuseumHey there! Today I'm going to tell you all about my class trip to the science museum last week. I was really looking forward to it because science is one of my favorite subjects. Plus, it was a nice break from sitting in classrooms all day listening to lectures. Don't get me wrong, I love learning, but it's good to get out and actually experience things hands-on sometimes too.We took the bus to get to the museum, which was about a 45 minute drive from our school. I sat with my friends Jake and Emma on the bus and we were pretty hyped up and chatting about all the cool exhibits we wanted to see. When we arrived, our teacher Mr. Roberts went over the rules and schedule with us. Basically, we had three hours to explore the museum in our assigned groups, meet back for a lunch break, and then have another hour before leaving to see any final exhibits.My group's first stop was the physics section. There was this really neat area all about motion, with interactive displays that let you experiment with things like momentum, inertia, and gravity. One exhibit had you riding little go-kart like vehicles down a track with different loops and curves to experience the G-forces. Another had you pulling a weight along different surfaces to feel the effects of friction. My favorite though was the air track whereyou could give a puck different amounts of force and angles to study its trajectory. I felt like a real scientist setting up those mini experiments!After the physics stuff, we headed over to the biology wing. They had a whole rainforest environment set up in there, which was amazing. You could walk along elevated walkways through this huge glass enclosure filled with trees, plants, and even some animals like exotic birds and butterflies. Our guide pointed out different rainforest species as we went and explained things like pollination, the food chain, biodiversity and why rainforest conservation is so important. I had no idea there were so many different life forms all coexisting in that ecosystem.Next up was the paleontology area, which was right up my alley since I'm super into dinosaurs. They had actual fossilized skeletons and remains on display of creatures like T-Rex, Triceratops, and Stegosaurus. You could even do a dinosaur fossil dig, where you used brushes and tools to carefully uncover buried fossil fragments. I was able to identify part of a raptor claw! Crazy to think those things roamed the earth millions of years ago. This part of the museum really brought my dinosaur obsession to life.We broke for lunch after that. The museum had a pretty nice cafeteria with decent food options like sandwiches, pizza, salads and the like. Jake, Emma and I got burgers, fries and shakes and crashed at a table with some of our other friends. It was a needed break after doing so much walking around already.Once we were refueled, my group went to check out the space exhibits. I've always been fascinated by astronomy and space exploration, so this section was a real treat. One of the highlights was the planetarium, which had an amazing domed theater that projected the night sky onto the ceiling. A narrator took us on an tour of the galaxy, pointing out planets, stars, nebulas, and other stellar phenomena. It was breathtaking.They also had a bunch of space artifacts and displays about famous space missions and accomplishments. I geeked out over things like Neil Armstrong's spacesuit, an actual moon rock you could touch, pieces of the Hubble telescope, and models of the Space Shuttle and International Space Station. An entire exhibit focused on the future of space travel and what living on Mars might one day be like. That's definitely something I'd love to experience if we're able to establish a human settlement there eventually.With about 30 minutes left, my group made one final stop at the environmental science wing before having to head back. This part explored topics like renewable energy, climate change, sustainability, and humanity's impacts on the planet. A lot of it was pretty sobering, highlighting issues like pollution, deforestation, rising sea levels, and disappearing species. However, there was also emphasis on how we can turn things around through conservation, better technology, and lifestyle changes. One really compelling display broke down all the small differences a single household could make just by doing things like driving less, recycling properly, and cutting down on energy/water usage.Finally, our time was up and we had to board the buses back to school. I was exhausted but felt like I had learned so much cool stuff across all those different science disciplines. A lot of the knowledge from our textbooks really came alive through those interactive, hands-on displays. Not only was it fun and engaging, but it will definitely help cement those scientific concepts in my mind even better. I already can't wait for our next big field trip!。

An Exploration on the Servicescape Problem of Chinese Oriental City Restaurant in Britain Context【Abstract】the purpose of this study is to evaluate the influences that sevicescape exerts on Chinese Oriental City Restaurant in Britain. The study acts as a guide to managers to improve its sevicescape and make it more attractive and effective to their customers.【Key words】sevicescape；customers service；management【作者?介】杨薇，佟敏霞，广东海洋大学寸金学院。

1. IntroductionCustomer satisfaction on restaurants service is low in UK. （BBC News，2011）.According to the BBC News report （2011），‘the UK came a disappointing 14th in the 2010 international customer service rankings from the Nation Brand Index and was ranked 13th for its “welcome”by visitors. Top is Canada，followed by Italy and Australia.’Since the quality of care that a company provides to its customers greatly influence the satisfaction level of the customers，（Zeithaml，2009）this paper tries to explore and access the service customer care of a selected Chinese restaurant in Leeds，UK―The Oriental City Restaurant，an outlet of Sing-Ying Group from a cross- culture perspective.Company backgroundThe Oriental City Restaurant in UK has a variety of customer base consist of local British people and Chinese overseas etc. （Key Note，2008）Because of the culture mix among the customers，it would bring some problems in service delivering and evaluation if not is not handled appropriately.2. Literature review2.1 Service in the restaurant industryCustomer service is a crucial and obvious aspect of service in marketing It can happen on-site when an employee helps the customer with problems or answer their questions or over phones and online. The interaction occurs between the customers and employees in this process. But from Vargo and Bobs’of view，service also has an abstract aspect―the value that is derived from physical goods. （Zeithaml，2009）2.2 Gaps in Service and solutionsGaps occur during the process when a company delivers its service to its customers. There are four key gaps in the gap model：1 listening gap，2 service design and standard gap，3 service performance gap，4 communication gap. It is a helpfulframework to understand a company’s service quality. Gap 2 occurs because of wrong service designs and standards. Therefore，the management should make service standard match with customers’expectation and priorities. As in service design，effective design of physical evidence designed for customer service can help to close gap 2. （Zeithaml，2009）Physical evidencePhysical evidence affects customers’experience mainly via servicescape which will also affect the nature and quality of the social interaction between customers and employees.2.3 Consumer behavior in the service2.3.1 Behavior in the servicescapeMarketing focus on the effects physical setting，physical space and design bring to customers. Consumer behavior in servicescape can be divided into two aspects：individual behavior and social interactions between customers and employees. （Zeithaml，2009）2.3.1.1 Individual behaviorIndividual behavior in the servicescape means the influence physical setting exert on customers and employee inside which would lead to positive outcome or negative.（Zeithaml，2009）2.3.1.2 Social interactionIt refers to interactions between and among customers and employees. It is ‘defined partially is the configuration of the servicescape.’（Zeithaml，2009）2.3.1.3 CompatibilityCompatibility is also an influential factor during the process of social interaction and customers expected services.（Zeithaml，2009）2.3.2 Internal response to the servicescape2.3.2.1 Emotional and cognitionCustomers and employees have a cognitive，emotion and physiological respond to the physical environment. （Zeithaml，2009）2.3.2.2 Environment and emotionFrom the emotional aspect，it refers to emotional response to the environment. （Pleasure or displeasure，degree of arousal decided by the level of excitement or simulation）（Zeithaml，2009）2.4 Consumer behavior and servicescape in China and UKAccording to Hofstede’s （1991）analysis in culture dimensions，China belongs to an oriental country with long term Confucian philosophy. Therefore nonverbal clues arepreferred. Chinese people also value ‘Manzi’. So they always choose physical environment which can present itself most directly.In terms of the comparison between China and UK，first，China is a highly homogeneous and collectivist society while UK society is multicultural. （Mackenzie，2011）. Second，the working languages in UK and China are English and Chinese，respectively. Language is important for the process of cognition such as how to judge and choose. （Schmitt and Zhang，1998）. Third，compared with UK，the development level of service industry in China is low because it has only been opened to foreign business recently which was followed by its entry into WTO.（World Trade Organization）（Hunter and Sexton，2005）Besides，with the country’s development，new generation adopt ‘hedonism’rather than ‘work hard and get rich’. （MeEWen and Fang et al，2006）They like to experience novel element and thing related with fashion. They value creativity a lot. （Giddens，1991）3. Analyses and discussion3.1 Problems identificationIncompatible customer mix and interaction between different ethnic within the same restaurant have brought manyproblem to this restaurant. But this paper mainly focuses on anglicizing the service design and standard gap in order to find some clues for the problem solving.3.2 MethodologyA Central Intercept Test （CIT）of Street survey has been used for the primary data collection because of its high efficiency and cost effective. （Market Guide Online，2009）These five interviews were conducted in the city center and the respondents have mix cultural backgrounds consist of British，Chinese.3.3 Mapping of customers’perceptionBiter （1992）used the Mehrabian-Russell Stimulated Response Model and the Russell Model of Affect to develop the servicecape model. The two models have demonstrated how people response to the servicescape in psychology and provided us a way to understand consumers’ perception thoroughly.4. Implement and suggestionIn this case，the Oriental City Restaurant should blueprint its service the same prompt service，rather than some consumers experiencing inconvenience because of the system’s ‘bottle-neck’. The quality of employees should be improved because of the poor communication ability and unsatisfactorymanners. In addition，its core service should offer a competitive advantage or whether by using technology to meet those seeking quicker service. Moreover，the company’s brand image should be molded effectively by using servicescape elements to ‘create imagery and invoke feelings in its patrons’. （Debra and Aron，2004）In terms of the incompatibility occurs between customers，the company should assess compatibility of segments and isolate incompatible segments if possible and provide private rooms for customers who value individual space and time very much. It should enhance segment compatibility in order to increase customers’satisfaction of their experience. （Meuter and Bitner，1998 ）5. ConclusionsCustomer service care is important for a company to build and strengthen its brand. The customers’satisfaction of their experience contributes largely to their loyalty of the brand. （Grace et al，.2004）Servicescape plays a pilot role in deciding customers’cognitive and evaluation of a company while compatibility contributes to the harmony of an environment，especially for those who are at a multi-cultural environment. Compatibility can decide whether a globalbusiness investment succeed or not to a large extend. （Zeithaml，2009）This being the case，the Oriental City Restaurant should endeavor to improve its servicesacpe and customers’compatibility. Hopefully，through the service improvement and effective service delivering，the Oriental City Restaurant can adapt itself successfully and remain competitive. References：[1]Binter，J.M.1986.Consumer Responses to the Physical Environment in Service Setting Chicago：American Marketing Association.[2]Binter，J.M.1992 Servicescapes：The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees Journal of Marketing.56（4），pp.57-71.[3]Forgas，J.P.1979，Social Episodes London：Academic Press.[4]Giddens，A.1991，Modernity and Self-Identity：Self and Society in the Late Modern Age Oxford：Stanford University Press.[5]Grace，Debra；O’Cass，Aron（2004）Examining Service Experiences and Post-Consumption Evaluations The Journal of Services Marketing；18，6/7；ABI/INFORM Complete，pg.450.[6]Hofstede，G.1991.Cultures and Organizations：Softwareof the Mind New York：McGraw-Hill.[7]Hunter，A.and Sexton，J.1999.Contemporary States and Societies：Contemporary China1st edition London：Macmillan Press Ltd.[8]Ian Mackenzie 2011 English for Business Studies 3rd Edition，University Press，Cambridge，UK.[9]Karen，W.1997.The Service Experience in Two Cultures：A Behavioral Perspective Journal ofretailing.73.pp.337-360.[10]Meuter and Bitner，（1998）Self-Service Technologies：Extending Service Frameworks and Identifying Issues for Research AMA Conference.[11]McEwen，W.et al.2006 Insight the Mind of Chinese Consumer Harvard Business Review.pp.68-76.[12]Ruesch，J and Kess.W.1956.Nonverbal Communication Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California Press.[13]Russell，A.J and Lawrene.M.W.1982 Environmental Psychology Annual Review of Psychology.pp.651-688.[14]Schmitt，Berndt and Shi Zhang（1998），Language，Structure，and Categorization：A Study of Classifiers in Consumer Cognition，Judgment，and Choice Journal of Consumer Research，25（September），pp.108?C122.[15]Zeithaml，V.1981.How Consumer Evaluation Processes Differ between Goods and Services marketing of service Chicago：American Marketing Association.[16]Zeithaml，V，Bitner，J.M and Gremler，D.D.2009.Service Marketing New York：McGraw.。

Room Division Manager Reservation Front Office
Housekeeping Laundry Security
Engineering PBX .
Room Department
(Full Service Hotel)
Resident Manager I/C Rooms
Inventory, Work Orders,
Purchasing, Utilities, Tools
Chief Engineer Assistant Chief Engineer
Supervisor Energy Management
Supervisor Administration
Supervisor Preventative/ Maintenance
To learn the hotel staffing system.
.
Organizing
The process of structuring human and physical resources order to accomplish organizational objectives, involve dividing takes in jobs, specifying the appropriate department for each job, determining the optimum number of job in each department, and delegating authority within and among departments.
Director of Housekeeping Or Executive Housekeeper

埃默里大学校内外美食学校名称：美国埃默里大学 Emory University所在位置：美国，Emory University201 Dowman DriveAtlanta, GA 30322USAQS排名：71USNEWS排名：21学费：45008 美金录取率：0.27埃默里大学位于佐治亚州亚特兰大市，学校内有不少适合学生用餐的地方，学校周围也有很多口味不错的餐馆、咖啡馆、小吃店等。

虽然学校规定所有入住校内宿舍的学生必须参加膳食餐饮计划，但是也有学生喜欢偶尔去外面的餐馆换换口味。

下面，提供一些埃默里大学校内外美食的信息，以供参考。

学校膳食计划：所有入住埃默里大学校内宿舍的学生都被要求参加一个膳食餐饮计划，学校针对不同年级的学生设计了三种膳食计划：每学期100餐、每学期130餐或每学期无限餐，每学期的费用为$1,872～$3,245不等，大家可以根据自身情况按需选择。

参加膳食餐饮计划的学生必须在申请校内宿舍时确认选择，餐费包含不同金额的Dooley Dollars，使用Dooley Dollars付费可以享受5%的折扣优惠。

餐费将统一打在学生的校园卡中;在用餐时，你只需刷一下校园卡，就会自动扣除相应的费用。

膳食餐饮计划具有很大的灵活性，学生可以自己选择用餐时间、用餐地点等，校内的Dobbs University Center、Cox Hall Food Court或咖啡厅、面包店等地方都可以使用学生卡，这些餐厅的营业时间各不相同，每天提供的餐点也可能不一样，需要前往的学生请提前确认营业时间及当天所提供的餐品。

校内美食点：埃默里大学的校内用餐地主要有两处，分别是Dobbs University Center和Cox Hall，Dobbs University Center主要提供各类小吃、点心，Cox Hall主要提供快餐服务，此外，校园内还有十几处不同类型的小型用餐地，如：Rollins Café、White Hall、Eagle Convenience and Subs、The Depot等，这些用餐地提供早餐、午餐、下午茶、晚餐和夜宵，种类丰富，食物健康，价格实惠。

跨文化交际理论下的英语新闻汉译策略的论文文献综述报告摘要众所周知，词与词形成句，句与句构成篇，从而组成一则新闻。

因此句子就成了整个新闻的主要主城部分。

对新闻英语句子的翻译是始终表现出一个翻译者或一个记者的技巧。

那就是把一个扩展开的简单英语句子翻译成中文的技巧。

我们应该首先把英语句子分成几个意群,可以是一个词、一个短语,一个条款,甚至是一个组合的任何部分。

同时根据中国的时间和逻辑的序列，继而把意群转化成中文副本并同时记录下来。

如果任何一个句子的失去了它的逻辑,句子无论如何也不能成立。

因此从英文句子转化成汉语至少需要两个步骤的转化。

并以分割和转化以及重新排序为重点。

跨文化交际就是不同国家，不同文化之间的交流与沟通，以及相互理解。

它包含了人类学，文化研究，心理学，历史，艺术，宗教，地理和通讯等各个领域。

在我看来,外国人学习汉语最好就是多阅读中文报纸和杂志,多听广播和看电视。

我们也应该尽量接触接触英语报纸和电台。

一点也不夸张的说,社会的快速发展,给现代英语的领域带来了巨大的发展。

没有英语报纸和新闻媒体,我们找不到任何的方式使详细地记录了新生事物和多变的英语世界。

总之，本综述报告将着重讲如何运用跨文化交际理论去分析新闻翻译英语成中文的主要策略并进行研究。

ABSTRACTAs we all know that news was formed by sentences and sentences were formed by words. So the sentences were the main part of all the structure of news. The translation of English sentences about news was always show the skill of a translator or an journalist. To translate an expanded simple English sentence into appropriate Chinese. We should first and foremost divide the English sentence into several sense groups, which could be a word, a phrase, a clause, or even a combination of any of them. Then transform the sense groups into Chinese counterpartsand simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or the logic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.Intercultural Communication seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. This also includes areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, history, art, religion, geography, and communication.As I see, the foreigners studying Chinese have to read more Chinese newspapers and magazines, listening to radio and watching TV. We should try our best to get in touch with English newspaper and radio. Not at all exaggerated, the rapid development of society has brought about a great advance in the modern English field. Without English newspaper and journalistic media, we can not find any way to make a detailed record of the newly emerging things and changeable English world.Above all, this paper mainly studies how to use cross-communication theory to translate English news to Chinese.ContentIn order to accomplish my paper, I have read a large a mount of papers related to the information I need which was written by others. I simply paint a structure in my brain about how to write my paper before I began to write. In the first part, certainly I will introduce what is extensive reading and what is schema theory. And then I will give ideas about how to use schema theory to improve students' English reading ability. After reading all the papers I searched in the internet, I get a full understanding of these concepts. Now I will introduce what I have learned in sequence.Literature Review1 Expanded DefinitionIntercultural Communication seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them.This also includes areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, history, art, religion, geography, and communication.These theories can be applied to many fields such as business, management, marketing, advertising, education, health care and other public services.As business becomes more international, many companies need to know how best to structure their companies, manage staff and communicate with customers.Division is to reduce the English hypotactic structure into a certain number of meaningful groups. Look at the following examples.Remarks by US Presidents Bush at Qing Hua University (February22,2002, Beijing )I’m so grateful for the hospitality, and honored for the reception at one of China’s and the world’s great universities.I know how important this place to your Vice President. He not only received his degree here but more importantly, he met his gracious wife here.I want to thank the students for giving me the chance to meet with you, the chance to talk a little bit about me country and answer some of your questions.The students and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. So, congratulations. I don’t know if you know this or not, but my wife and I have daughters who are in college, just like you. One goes to the university of Texas. One goes to Yale. They are twins. And we are proud of our daughters, just like your parents are proud of you, I am sure.This paragraph can be divided into the following sense groups:Thank you for your hospitality. I’m glad to be here.The president Hu was a student in this university.I am proud of my twins daughters just like your parents because the Qinghua universityis a world famous university and is one of the best in China.If you make a division in this way, a long paragraph will be easy to understand and read. 1.1 Culture and CommunicationInitially, Hall and the other anthropologists on the FSI staff taught their trainees about the concept of culture, and about the macro-level details of specific cultures such as their kinship structure and social institutions. The diplomats and development technicians studying at FSIwere underwhelmed by this rather conventional anthropological approach. Hall (1959, p.32) noted: “There seemed to be no ‘practical’value attached to either what the anthropologist did or what he made of his discoveries.”The trainees complained to Hall that what the anthropologists told them about working with the Navajo was of little value to them because the United States did not have an embassy on the Navajo Reservation (Hall, 1959). The FSI trainees insisted that they needed to understand how to communicate effectively with individuals who had a different culture than their own. Hall (1959) concluded: “By and large, it is useless to deal with culture on the meta level.”Hall began to meet every weekday afternoon with George Trager to discuss how to reconceptualize the anthropology curriculum at FSI (Hall, 1992; Sorrells, 1998), thus bringing together linguistic and anthropological perspectives into an intellectual convergence that eventually became known as intercultural communication. Out of their joint work, Hall and Trager (1953) wrote a Foreign Service Institute training manual, The Analysis of Culture, in which they created a 10 by 10 matrix for mapping a given culture along certain dimensions (this matrix is reproduced in Hall’s [1959, pp. 190-191] The Silent Language).Hall trained 2,000 people at the FSI over a five-year period, mainly in batches of 30 to 35. The methods of training were highly participatory and experiential. Hall de-emphasized listening to lectures and reading books as a means of understanding intercultural communication. Hall gained useful classroom examples of intercultural communication from his trainees, many of whom already had extensive international experience. Further insights and teaching examples were obtained by Hall’s travels to visit his former trainees in their overseas assignments. Why did the “intellectual Camelot”for intercultural communication at FSI end in 1955? The Foreign Service Institute was embedded within the U.S. Department of State, with the purpose of training Foreign Service personnel. FSI was one part of a government bureaucracy, and the anthropologists and linguists teaching at FSI had difficulties in dealing with the rest of the U.S. State Department, which was suspicious of the enclave of academics at FSI. Hall (1992, p. 202) remembers that “My message was frequently misunderstood and actively resisted by most of the administrators as well as the members of the Foreign Service.”Eventually, the State Department decided to “clean out the anthropologists”from the Foreign Service Institute. With the departure of Hall and Trager, and others, the brief window of academic creativity that hadflourished at the FSI from 1951 to 1955 closed. The intellectual center of intercultural communication moved elsewhere, eventually (a decade or so later) to university-based departments of communication. One of the most important means of disseminating the elements of the original paradigm for intercultural communication, worked out at the Foreign Service Institute, was via Hall’s (1959) important book, The Silent Language.1.2 Transformation plus ReorderingAfter decomposing the original sentence into several meaningful groups, the transformation and reconstruction can be carried out in the meantime. Because the components of a Chinese sentence are more often interconnected through internal logical relationship instead of by marked linguistic denotations, the sequence of the components that indicates the internal Logic deserves the translator’s cautious consideration. Basing on the given purpose, supple ways and means of journalistic translation are admitted by Skopos theory at lexical levels.All in all, the Skopos theory, put forward by a German, is widely used in the process of translation and widens people’s traditional eye scope on translation method s and brings the debate on translation standards to a high level.To research on translations of news report with the skopos theory primarily aims at providing more details about the great theory in order that everybody could use the theory in their translation practice. This thesis is the very one to provide new perspective to the application of skopos theories to the translations of News report. It aims to make the best use of this theory in the common practice on the genre.2 TranslationsThen transform the sense groups into Chinese counterparts and simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or the logic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.2.1 Translating English Neologism into ChineseJournalistic neologisms introduce the newly emerging things, phenomena and experience in a vivid way. And their Chinese counterparts are hoped to perform the same function effectively. So the translation of English journalistic neologies must follow the principles of faithfulness andacceptability. Basing on the two principles, there are many methods to neological translation.(1)Translation in a literal way. With the progress of the news, the elements in English and Chinese translation have much in common. When coping with these similarities between two language systems.(2)Free translation：If there is not a complete equivalent in Chinese for an English neology. The translator shoulder adheres to the sense while looking for some other suitable form. This may be referred as free translation.(3)Transliteration: This method is very powerful when there is not counterpart in Chinese for the neologism, especially for people names and terms in various fields. For example, the word ‘Chechen 车臣; koala 考拉; Clone克隆；euthanasia安乐死; cellular phone移动电话; hula hoop呼拉圈; beeper BB机”. The wo rds about news were fron their sounds. When the mere translation sounds is not sufficient for the recipients to understand, it is necessary to add a generic word to the transliterated part to make the Chinese rendition more accurate in meaning.(4)Transference: Transference is to adopt or copy something completely from the source language to the target language without alterations. In the background of the frequent exchanges between the eastern and western cultures nowadays, the English new words have influenced the Chinese lexis substantially. Chinese speakers have come to use the English new words. We can feel the methods from the examples as follows.(1) He works enthusiastically as ever even though he has retired from the leading post. (尽管已退居二线,他的工作热情却丝毫不减).(2) Journalists should firmly object to the payoffs-aimed journalism which deviates from press ethics. (新闻记者应坚决反对有偿新闻,因为它违背了新闻记者的职业道德).2.2 Purposeful Translation of Journalistic SentencesAs we all know that news was formed by sentences and sentences were formed by words. So the sentences were the main part of all the structure of news. The translation of English sentences about news was always show the skill of a translator or an journalist. To translate an expanded simple English sentence into appropriate Chinese. We should first and foremost divide the English sentence into several sense groups, which could be a word, a phrase, a clause, or even a combination of any of them. Then transform the sense groups into Chinese counterparts and simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or thelogic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.3 Intercultural CommunicationsOver the past four decades the field of intercultural communication has grown mainly within university departments of communication. Dozens of textbooks on intercultural communication have appeared. Throughout the growth of intercultural communication study, Hall’s work has remained influential. Hall and his publications are still highly cited, both within the field of intercultural communication and outside of the field. Hall ranks as the second most-cited intercultural communication author and three of his books are among the most- cited books in intercultural communication, on the basis of the Social Science Citation Index from 1972 to 1998 (Hart, 1999a). Hall was considered the most influential figure in the field of intercultural communication by respondents in a survey of U.S. members of the Society for Intercultural Education, Training andResearch (SIETAR) (Harman and Briggs, 1991). Intercultural Communication in Japan American and Japanese intercultural communication scholars began studying U.S./Japanese communication behavior in the 1970s, stressing the differences in individualism/collectivism, low-context/high-context cultures, self-disclosure, and other values (Condon & Saito, 1974, 1976; Barnlund, 1975). Communication research on American/Japanese interaction, conducted by both U.S. and by Japanese intercultural communication scholars, expanded tremendously in the following decades. Today there are more studies of Japanese/American communication than of intercultural communication between any two other cultures (Ito, 1992). Why? The United States and Japan are the two largest economic powers in the world, and a high volume of trade and personnel interchange occurs between them. Further, several early and influential communication scholars, such as John C. Condon, William B. Gudykunst, and Clifford Clarke had personal life experiences involving Japanese/American communication, which influenced their research and writing about intercultural communication. Condon taught for a dozen years in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s at International Christian University, Tokyo. Gudykunst served at a U.S. Navy base in Japan, in charge of intercultural communication. Clarke, a founder of the Summer Institute in Intercultural Communication at Stanford University (now held annually nearPortland, Oregon), was raised by American missionary parents in Japan. Several important conferences and workshops on intercultural communication were held in Japan, bringing together scholars from the U.S. and Japan to focus on this new, growing field. Condon and Mitsuko Saito, his faculty colleague, organized two important conferences on intercultural communication, held at International ChristianUniversity, out of which books were edited (Condon & Saito, 1974, 1976). While courses in intercultural communication are taught throughout the world today, usually in university departments of communication, in Japan these courses are also offered in university departments of English and schools of business. One reason for the growing popularity of intercultural communication, and for the location of some courses in business schools, is that this field is perceived in Japan as a particularly useful skill for use in international business. The Influence of Hall on Intercultural Communication Edward T. Hall made three major contributions to the field of intercultural communication .Hall’s work made clear the concept of intercultural communication (he had also been one of the first scholars to use this term in the United States), stressing that interaction with non-Japanese people involved more than the mere exchange of words. Cultural systems of beliefs, values, and worldviews were also involved. Until Hall, much emphasis for so-called “internationalization”or “international communication" was placed simply on the mastery of eikaiwa (English conversation). The Japanese public prior to the mid-1960s believed that once an individual learned eikaiwa, that person would be an effective international communicator. Japanese simultaneous interpreters, who knew that much more was involved in achieving competence in dealing with English- speaking people, therefore felt the need to introduce such concepts as intercultural communication. Masao Kunihiro, who had majored in anthropology at the University of Hawaii, took notice of Hall’s work in intercultural communication in order to meet this need. As in the United States, Hall’s work helped scholars to identify the parameters of intercultural communication research and to establish this field by emphasizing the role of culture in communication with people from English-speaking countries. The introduction of Hall’s concept of intercultural communication also brought interdisciplinary perspectives to the issue of Japanese interactions with non- Japanese. The International Christian University conferences included Japanese scholars from various disciplines, including Takeo Doi and ChieNakane。

Distinguish “visible culture” from “invisible culture” ﹔“big C culture” from “small C culture” ﹔“high culture” from “anthropological culture”.
Perceive the difference between “mainstream culture” and “sub-culture/co-culture”
“I AM NOT AN ATHENIAN OR A GREEK; I AM A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD.”
2. Consider the following definitions of “culture”. Which one do you prefer? Why?
“culture is what a society does and thinks.”
❖ Dialogue between a British Teacher (A) and a Chinese Student (B)
High-context Culture:
❖ In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation).

Sheldon asked.“ My angry ex- -girlfriend(前女友) Pamela?”
"Ex? When did you two break up?" Virgil asked.
They had dated for two years. Pamela 29 him recently because she had seen Sheldon kissing a girl in the parking lot.
16. I am not going to wear this brown sweater __________. I don't like the color. A. no more B. much more C. ever more D. any more
17. _______ Italy won the World Cup? A. that B. where C. when D. how
"She cried the whole weekend, he said. "She wouldn't come out of her room. Her eyes were red. My little girl
has never been this sad since her cat got run over by a truck when she was six years old.” Catherine is a model student. She's a member of the Student Council. She,'s on the swim team, the
Ⅰ.单项选择(共20小题:每小题2分,满分40分) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。