当前位置:文档之家› APD偏压电路的最佳设计_外文翻译

APD偏压电路的最佳设计_外文翻译

APD偏压电路的最佳设计_外文翻译
APD偏压电路的最佳设计_外文翻译

APD偏压电路的最佳设计

孙纯生,秦世桥,王兴书,朱冬华

1 .国防科技大学光电科学与技术学院,中国长沙410073

2 . 海军工程大学装备工程部,中国武汉430033

本文提出了一种基于温度补偿和负载电阻补偿的雪崩光电二极管(APD)反向偏压控制方法,并详细的分析了背景光和负载电阻对雪崩光电二极管检测电路的影响。为雪崩光电二极管偏置电路的设计建立了一种理想的温度补偿和负载电阻补偿模型。据预测,这种控制方法特别适用于车辆使用的激光测距仪。实验结果证实,本文提出的设计可以很大程度的改善测距仪的性能。

雪崩光电二极管(APD)的特点是具有很高的量子效率和教大的内部增益,这可以很大程度的降低对前置放大电路性能的要求,并能提高检测电路的信噪比(SNR)。因此,它具有很广泛的用途,如光纤通信、激光测距仪、微弱信号探测器等。为了使检测电路能获得最佳检测性能,APD的外部电压需要接近最佳倍增因子时的电压。由于最佳倍增因子是许多因数的复函数,如:外部温度、背景光通量、放大器噪声和系统带宽,因此需要设计一个复杂的反馈控制电路及时的调整雪崩光电二极管的偏压。当然这就增加了开销。本文介绍了一种简单的、避免高开销的方式,就是确保温度补偿的同时给APD偏置电路选择一个合适的负载电阻。通过这种方式,背景光对雪崩光电二极管检测电路造成的不良影响可在一定程度上得到补偿,并且检测电路抗背景光能力得到了改善。在这种方法基础上为汽车防撞设计的激光测距仪能很好地满足系统的要求。

APD激光检测电路的主要噪声源包括检测器噪声、负载电阻噪声、放大电路前端噪

声,还有背景光电流和信号光电流造成的散粒噪声。当前的信噪比可以按照下列方程式计算:

(1)

方程1右边分子部分是光信号电流。方程1右边分母部分是噪声电流,包括三个方面。第一项是背景光电流和信号光电流造成的散粒噪声,第二项是检测器噪声,最后一项是负载电阻噪声和跟随放大电路的等效噪声。在方程中,s P 代表检测器接收到的光信号功率,M 是APD 的倍增增益,o R 是当M=1时的电流灵敏度,e 是电子的电荷量,等于1.602×10-19C ,B 是检测电路的通频带宽,b P 是检测器收到的背景光功率,A F 是APD 的过量噪声系数,ds i 是APD 表面漏电流,db i 是负载漏电流,K 是玻耳兹曼常数,等于1.3807 × 10-23 JK-1,T 是检测器负载电阻的温度(K),l R 是检测器的负载电阻(Ω),n F 是放大电路的等效输入噪声系数。

由于实际使用中M 是远远大于1的,暗电流可表示为d i ≈M db i ,而APD 过量噪声因子

A F =kM +(1-k )(2-1/M )≈2+kM 。在这一近似条件下,当d (i SNR )/dM =0,i SNR 达到其最大值且倍增因子达到最佳,可表示为:

(2)

方程2中符号和方程1中符号的含义相同。我们知道,最佳倍增因子是外部温度、光信号功率、背景光功率,APD 噪声、光谱灵敏度、放大器噪声和系统带宽的函数。此外,特别是APD 内部结构决定了其倍增增益M 随工作温度变化而变化。用温度系数T C 来描述这种影响。对于C30737系列的APD ,T C 为 0.6 V/℃,这意味着在相同条件下,当APD 的工作温度增加1℃,为了维持APD 倍增因子不变偏压需要增加0.6 V 。

从前面一段的分析,我们知道,电路温度和背景光补偿旨在控制偏压,以便在不同SNR

温度和背景光条件下电路仍能保持最佳的APD 倍增因子。目前有几种偏置电路控制方法:恒流偏置,温度补偿和恒虚报警控制。恒流偏置是只适用于不变的背景光或无背景光情况。温度补偿抗背景光的能力较差。恒虚假控制可以保持最佳的倍增因子,但复杂的电路和高成本才换来较高的性能。本文提出了一种新方法,为APD 偏压电路设计了温度补偿以及串行电阻背景光补偿,实现高性能的同时保持低成本。

温度变化对APD 偏置电路的影响主要在两个方面:一是温度变化使负载电阻噪声发生变化,因而改变了APD 检测电路的最佳增殖因子;另一方面,温度变化改变了APD 载流子和晶格之间的碰撞频率和强度,这也改变了APD 的倍增因子。以下就是分析这两个因数的影响。

APD 倍增因子M 和其反向偏置电压V 之间的关系可以用下式描述:

(3)

其中V 是APD 的反向偏置电压,B V 是某一确定温度时的击穿电压,n 介于1和3之间,它由半导电材料、半导体掺杂分配和辐射源的波长决定。在方程3中,当M 达到最佳值opt M 时反向偏置电压达到最佳opt V 。从方程2和3我们能够得到最优偏置电压opt V 、工作温度和接收到的背景光功率b P 之间的关系如下:

(4)

方程4只包括APD 偏置电路的温度对负载电阻噪声的影响,例如上文提到过的一个方面。温度变化对APD 倍增因子影响可表示为温度系数t C 。以最佳工作电压22V 为22℃作为参考点,温度变化引起的最佳偏置电压的变化可以描述为: (5)

方程5右边前面两项的和Δ1V 表明负载电阻噪声对最佳偏置的影响。方程5右边第三个项Δ2V 表明工作温度对APD 偏置的影响。公式5显示了当温度变化时如何控制偏置

电压优化倍增系数。这仅仅是APD 偏置电压工作的温度补偿模型。

从方程5,我们知道ΔV 不仅取决于APD 的工作温度T ,而且还取决于击穿电压B V 、接收光信号功率和背景光功率。因此,方程5是不符合实际工程的。实际中,Δ2V >>Δ1V ,所以方程5可以近似为: V (6)

APD 的温度系数(用t C 表示)和22 ℃时的最佳工作电压可在设备手册里获得,工作温度可用温度传感器测出。因此,APD 偏压相对于22V (22V 由于温度变化而造成的)的补偿可通过方程6得到。

温度补偿由模拟温度传感器、模拟数字转换A / D 转换器、微控制器和可调直流电源供应(DC )电路组成,其电路框图如图1所示:

图1.温度补偿电路原理图

模拟温度传感器置于APD 附近监测其工作温度。A / D 转换器将模拟温度信号变量转换成数字信号变量。单片机的作用是将A/D 转换器提供的数字温度信号转变成相应的控制信号,并根据方程6和控制方程调整数字电位器的输入电阻值调整直流电源供应。通过调整输入电阻值来调整直流适配器,这样就能输出合适的APD 偏压。 温度补偿、背景光补偿可以通过适当选择的负载电阻实现。因此检测电路的抗背景光干扰能力可以大大改善。图2显示了APD 检测电路的偏置电路及其外围电路,其中0V 是

温度补偿后输入的可调的直流电压,π型滤波器由电容1C 、2C 和电阻C R 组成,输出脉

冲信号的读出电路由电容3C , 电阻f R 和运算放大器V A 组成。

l R 是APD 偏压电路的直流负载电阻。

我们将在下面分析APD 偏压电路负载电阻(C R )对抗背景光能力的的影响。从图2,我们知道,APD 偏置电压的性能可表示为:

图2.APD 的外围电路

V (7)

由方程3和7,偏置电压apd V 、背景光功率b P 和负载电阻C R 间的关系可以表示为: (8) 基于温度补偿,并假设只考虑背景光功率b P 对APD 最佳偏置电压opt V 的影响,opt V 和b P 之间的关系给出如下:

(9) 如果方程8中工作电压等于方程9的最佳值,温度补偿后APD 获得最佳倍增因子,检测电路信噪比也能达到最高水平。

为了检查上述方法的有效性,我们在汽车半导体激光测距仪设计中运用此方案,并设定具体参数来检测150米远的目标。如图3所示,APD 偏压apd V 、背景光功率和串行电阻C R 之间的关系可通过对方程8和9进行数值计算和分析得到。通过同样的方式,

如图

4,检测电路当前的i SNR 、背景光功率和串行电阻C R 之间的关系可以通过方程1、8

和9得到,这里s P =30 nW, 0R =0.35, B =35 M, b P =0~500nW 。在背景光较弱时,

b P =200nW, db i =8×10-11A, k =0.02, l R =400 Ω, n F =1, B V =158.6 V, 0V =0.95 V B.

图3显示了c R 取不同值时APD 偏压和的背景光之间的关系,其中实线代表最佳偏压opt V 和背景光之间的关系,虚线代表工作偏压apd V 和背景光之间的关系。该图显示了opt V 和apd V 随着c R 变化的补偿。因而可以找到一个最佳的c R 使opt V 和apd V 保持一致。图4对应于图3,显示了c R 取不同值时检测电路当前SNR 和背景光之间的关系,其中实线呈现了最佳SNR 和背景光间的关系,虚线显示了c R 取不同值时实际SNR 和背景光间的关系。该图显示了APD 检测电路和最佳偏压因c R 不同而产生不同的偏移时的实际SNR 。为了优化检测电路的性能,认真选择c R 对保持实际SNR 和最佳SNR 恒等非常重要。从图3和4,我们知道背景光对检测电路造成的不良影响可以通过选择合适的c R 得到一定的补偿,并能够改善检测电路的性能。

图3.()c s R 不同时apd V 和b P 间的关系 图4.()c s R 不同时i SNR 和b P 间的关系

这种雪崩光电二极管激光检测电路已广泛地运用于汽车防撞激光测距仪中,其性能测试的方法有两种。途径之一是在恒定的背景光下改变雪崩光电二极管的负载电阻,这时激光测距仪测距能力范围变化很明显。在明亮的背景光下,c R 为1.1M Ω时的测量范围比c R 等于5 M Ω或100 k Ω的范围大10 %~20 %左右。另一种方式是在相同的测量范围下改变APD 负载电阻,这时测量的抗背景光干扰能力具有明显的差距。在同一测量范

围,c R 为1.1M Ω对比c R 等于5 M Ω或100 k Ω抗背景光能力增加了20 %~30 %。

从以上理论分析和实验结果,我们发现基于负荷电阻的温度补偿和背景光补偿的APD 偏压控制方法可以大大地提高相同条件下APD 检测电路的检测能力范围和抗背景光能力。这种方法的电路设计特点是结构简单,成本低,所以它是一个实际可行的项目。

参考文献:

[1]谭庆贵,胡渝,林培.《激光光电子学》.2006年,17:77.

[2]孙春生,秦石乔,王兴树.《激光与红外》.2006年,36:632 .

[3]魏正军,廖常俊,王敬东.《光子学报》.2006,35:906 .

[4]汤中华.《激光技术》.1992,16:262 .

[5]霍廉政.《激光技术》.1993,17:137 .

[6]谭献玉.《光电技术》.2001年,21:129.

[7]章在轩,郭宁,于向东.《激光光电子学学报》.1999,10:132 .

[8]戎太平,苗林华.《华中科技大学学报》(自然科学版).2004年,32:16 .

[9]吕华,汪日.《红外和激光工程》.2002年,31:44 .

[10]缪家鼎,许文娟,谋同慎.《光电技术》. 杭州:浙江大学出版社.1987年,141-142.

[11] Yi-Ren Lai and Pie-You Chien, Method and apparatus forreducing the noise in the receiver of a laser range finder, U.S. Patent:5, 946 , 081, Aug.31,1999.

[12] I-Jen Lai, Pi-Yao Chien, and Chih-Wei Hung, Light receivingcircuit of laser range finder, U.S. Patent: US2002/0033937 A1, Mar. 21, 2002.

本文译自:OPTOELECTRONICS LETTERS .Vol.3 No.3, 15 May 2007

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入,成立于1891年布朗强,一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年,相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手,强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年,强的模型电话,然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话,当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔(1847—1922)在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878(12个使用者),在1879年,多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年,贝尔原批专利过期,贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年,刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前,一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型,这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年,他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话,这次与实际指孔,仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年,一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年,之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做,在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立,直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后,强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位,靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计,在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯(1907—1978)和埃罗沙里宁(1910—1961)在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年,埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人,和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下,埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板,被称作埃姆斯夹板,在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯,钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆,艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片,由包括埃德加考夫曼,大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德,艾略特诺伊斯,马尔塞布鲁尔,弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出,查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时,椅子只有三条腿,稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW(低木椅)和DWC(就餐木椅)设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司(埃姆斯的战时雇主)生产出来,被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买,在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作,包括LCW(低金属椅)和DWC(就餐金属椅)模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直

机械设计设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

机械设计 摘要:机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置,例如:发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计,也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些,机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时,要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中,以及其它工程领域中,所有这些都需要机械设备,比如:开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词:设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性,现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度,或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段,应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性,不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法,也会在设计的早期,即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样,才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案,然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时,就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性,以及它的安全、重量、耐用性,并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸,同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性,如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用,像动力惯性、加速动力和能量;包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性,以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程,无论是正式或非正式的进行,对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后,以图样为设计的标准,并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要

机械专业毕业论文外文翻译

附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文: Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC

工业设计外文翻译

Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design,Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional

塔式起重机外文翻译、中英对照、英汉互译

外文资料翻译译文 塔式起重机 动臂装在高耸塔身上部的旋转起重机。作业空间大,主要用于房屋建筑施工中物料的垂直和水平输送及建筑构件的安装。由金属结构、工作机构和电气系统三部分组成。金属结构包括塔身、动臂和底座等。工作机构有起升、变幅、回转和行走四部分。电气系统包括电动机、控制器、配电柜、连接线路、信号及照明装置等。 塔式起重机简称塔机,亦称塔吊,起源于西欧。据记载,第一项有关建筑用塔机专利颁发于1900 年。1905 年出现了塔身固定的装有臂架的起重机,1923 年制成了近代塔机的原型样机,同年出现第一台比较完整的近代塔机。1930 年当时德国已开始批量生产塔机,并用于建筑施工。1941 年,有关塔机的德国工业标准DIN8770 公布。该标准规定以吊载(t)和幅度(m)的乘积(tm)一起以重力矩表示塔机的起重能力。 我国的塔机行业于20 世纪50 年代开始起步,相对于中西欧国家由于建筑业疲软造成的塔机业的不景气, 上海波赫驱动系统有限公司我国的塔机业正处于一个迅速的发展时期。 从塔机的技术发展方面来看,虽然新的产品层出不穷,新产品在生产效能、操作简便、保养容易和运行可靠方面均有提高,但是塔机的技术并无根本性的改变。塔机的研究正向着组合式发展。所谓的组合式,就是以塔身结构为核心,按结构和功能特点,将塔身分解成若干部分,并依据系列化和通用化要求,遵循模数制原理再将各部分划分成若干模块。根据参数要求,选用适当模块分别组成具有不同技术性能特征的塔机,以满足施工的具体需求。推行组合式的塔机有助于加快塔机产吕开发进度,节省产品开发费用,并能更好的为客户服务。 塔机分为上回转塔机和下回转塔机两大类。其中前者的承载力要高于后者,在许多的施工现场我们所见到的就是上回转式上顶升加节接高的塔机。按能否移动又分为:走行式和固定式。固定式塔机塔身固定不转,安装在整块混凝土基础上,或装设在条形式X 形混凝土基础上。在房屋的施工中一般采用的是固定式的。 设备特点和安全装置 塔式起重机的动臂形式分水平式和压杆式两种。动臂为水平式时,载重小车沿水平动臂运行变幅,变幅运动平衡,其动臂较长,但动臂自重较大。动臂为压杆式时,变幅机构曳引动臂仰俯变幅,变幅运动不如水平式平稳,但其自重较小。 为了确保安全,塔式起重机具有良好的安全装置,如起重量、幅度、高度和载荷力矩等限制装置,以及行程限位开关、塔顶信号灯、测风仪、防风夹轨器、爬梯护身圈、走道护栏等。司机室要求舒适、操作方便、视野好和有完善的通讯设备。 塔式起重机的检验产要点 1) 检查金属结构情况特别是高强度的螺栓,它的连接表面应清除灰尘、油漆、没迹和锈蚀,并且使用力矩手或专用扳手,按装配技术要求拧紧。 2) 检查各机构传动系统,包括各工作传动机构的轴承间隙是否合适,齿轮啮合是不是良好及制动器是否灵敏。 3) 检查钢丝绳及滑轮的磨损情况,固定是否可靠。 4) 检查电气元件是否良好,名接触点的闭合程度,接续是否正确和可靠。 5) 检查行走轮与轨道接触是否良好,夹轨钳是否可靠。装设附着装置、内爬装置时,各连接螺栓及夹块是否牢固可靠。

机械类毕业设计外文翻译

本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院:机电工程学院 专业:机械工程及自动化 姓名:高峰 指导教师:李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis,Dimensional Determination And

Analysis,Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed.Sometimes a failure can be serious,such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed.On the other hand,a failure may be no more than a nuisance.An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system.The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant,a condition that is readily detected and corrected.The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude.Generally speaking,dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads,and therefore,fatigue strength must be considered.Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle.For example,brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved. Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part.However,a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs.A ductile material,however will deform a large amount prior to rupture.Excessive deformation,without fracture,may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part.Therefore,a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function.Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts.Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep,which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures.In addition,the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure.For example,stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account.Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile. In general,the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure,which include the following. ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices

模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)

Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving

工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文:

DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.

外文翻译---港口起重机

附录A Portal power China’s rapid economic growth in the past decade has resulted in a big increase in freight traffic through the country’s seaports . Old ports are being expanded and new ports built to handle the large growth in container and bulk cargo traffic all along the Chinese coastline. China’s port expansion programme has provided a strong boost to the domestic port equipment industry, which has enjoyed a strong increase in demand for port cranes of various types, including container cranes and portal cranes along with bulk cargo handling equipment. State-run China Harbour Engineering (group) Corporation Ltd, established under the ruling State Council, is China’s largest supplier of port cranes and bulk cargo handling equipment. The organization controls both Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Co Ltd (ZPMC),the world’s largest manufacturer of quayside container cranes, and Shanghai Port Machinery Plant (SPMP), which specializes in the manufacturer of portal cranes and other cranes used in ports along with dry bulk cargo handling equipment. SPMP’s main market is China, although the company is looking to expand its overseas sales. Although less well known than its associate ZPMC, SPMP also operates large manufacturing facilities, and is due to move part of its production shortly to Changxing Island near Shanghai where ZPMC already operates a large container crane fabrication plant. Portal and other harbour cranes are SPMP’s major production item. During the past two years, the corporation has won contracts for 145 portal cranes from port authorities throughout China, both from new ports under construction and ports undergoing expansion. In recent years, SPMP has also supplied portal cranes to the United States, Iraq,and Myanmar.The port Rangoon of Myanmar in has purchased a 47m,40t portal crane while BIW of the United States has purchased three cranes-15t,150t, and 300t portal

机械类毕业设计外文文献翻译

沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 毕业设计(论文)题目:工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目:Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目:轴承的摩擦与润滑 系(部):机械系 专业班级:机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名:王宝帅 指导教师:魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日

外文文献原文: Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档