新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考题答案Unit_3
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大学跨文化英语综合教程3pursuing happiness答案1、( ) .Would you please ______me the gifts from your friends? [单选题] *A.to showB. showingC. show(正确答案)D. shown2、You needn’t _______ me. I’m old enough to take care of myself. [单选题] *A. worry about(正确答案)B. write downC. put awayD. wake up3、How can I _______ the nearest supermarket? [单选题] *A. get offB. get upC. get to(正确答案)D. get on4、His understanding made a deep impression_____the young girl. [单选题] *A.on(正确答案)B.inC.forD.with5、45.—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.—Good idea. [单选题] *A.with; forB.for; on(正确答案)C.to; onD.for; in6、_____ yuan a month _____ not enough for a family of three to live on today. [单选题] *A. Five hundred; is(正确答案)B. Five hundreds; areC. Five hundred; areD.Five hundreds; is7、I have only two tickets for TF Boys’concert. ______ you ______ he can go with me.()[单选题] *A. Either; or(正确答案)B. Either; norC. Both; andD. Not only; but also8、Helen is new here, so we know _______ about her. [单选题] *A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing(正确答案)9、Comparatively speaking, of the three civil servants, the girl with long hair is _____. [单选题] *A. more helpfulB. extremely helpfulC. very helpfulD. the most helpful(正确答案)10、We _______ play basketball after school. [单选题] *A. were used toB. used to(正确答案)C. use toD. are used to11、He kept walking up and down, which was a sure()that he was very worried. [单选题] *A. sign(正确答案)B. characterC. natureD. end12、_____how to do with the trouble of the computer, Tom had to ask his brother for help. [单选题] *A.Not to knowB.Not knowing(正确答案)C.Not knownD.Not know13、I paint a lot of pictures. [单选题] *A. 评论B. 注意C. 悬挂D. 画(正确答案)14、July hardly joins in any class activities,_____? [单选题] *A. does she(正确答案)B. doesn't sheC. didn't sheD. is she15、62.--There is? ? ? ? ? sale on in the shop today. Let’s go together.--Please wait? ? ? ? ? ?minute. I’ll finish my homework first. [单选题] *A.a; theB.a; a(正确答案)C.the; aD.the; the16、If you had told me earlier, I _____ to meet you at the hotel. [单选题] *A. had comeB. will have comeC. would comeD. would have come(正确答案)17、The classmates can' t()Alice from her twin sister. [单选题] *B. tell(正确答案)C. talkD. say18、Tom is ____ honest man, so we all like to work with him. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. /D. any19、You wouldn' t have caught such ____ bad cold if you hadn' t been caught in ____?rain. [单选题] *A. a, /B. a, aC. a,the(正确答案)D. /, /20、Is there ____ for one more in the car? [单选题] *A. seatB. situationD. room(正确答案)21、His remarks _____me that I had made the right decision. [单选题] *A.ensuredB.insuredC.assured(正确答案)D.assumed22、43.How much did you ________ the man for the TV? [单选题] *A.pay(正确答案)B.takeC.spendD.buy23、People cut down many trees ______ elephants are losing their homes. ()[单选题] *A. ifB. butC. so(正确答案)D. or24、95--Where and when _______ you _______ it? [单选题] *A. did; buy(正确答案)B. do; buyC. have; boughtD. will; buy25、For the whole period of two months, there _____ no rain in this area. Now the crops are dead [单选题] *A. isB. wasC. has been(正确答案)D. have been26、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are27、—_____ are the Olympic Games held? —Every four years [单选题] *A. How longB. How often(正确答案)C. How soonD. How far28、Miss Smith is a friend of _____. [单选题] *A. Jack’s sister’s(正确答案)B. Jack’s sisterC. Jack sister’sD. Jack sister29、John will go home as soon as he _______ his work. [单选题] *A. finishB. will finishC. finishedD. finishes(正确答案)30、We need some green paint badly, but there' s _____ at hand. [单选题] *A. notB. nothingC. little(正确答案)D. none。
Unit 1 1.Fume smoke or vapour ; offensive or suffocating gas 2.sandy of the colour of sand ; pale reddish-yellow 3.somehow for some reason or other 4.stale dry and unappetizing 5.dingy dirty-looking ; not fresh or cheerful 6.proceed go ahead 7.bloodshot full of blood ; red because the small blood vessels are swollen or broken 8.dismayed made afraid or discouraged at the prospect of trouble Unit 2 1.rage be very angry 2.a vegetable plot a small piece of land for growing vegetables 3.croaking rough and harsh 4.murmur speak in a low but not clear voice 5.wind down lower ( the car window ) by turning the handle 6.gesture of despair movement of the head or hand to show helplessness 7.brutal cruel 8.quarantine the period of separation from others so that the disease cannot spread Unit 3 1.globe world 2.circle move around 3.indirectly not straight to the point ; in a roundabout way 4.idle talk talking about unimportant things 5.coincidence a combination of events happening in such a way that it seems planned or arranged 6.hastily in a hurry 7.demand ask forcefully 8.roar speak in a loud, deep voice Unit 4 ’s property after death 1.will the legal statement concerning the disposal of one2.signature personperson’’s name written by himself 3.literary of literature 4.supposition a guess 5.playwright dramatist, a person who writes plays 6.vague not clearly known 7.confirm prove the truth of something 8.verse poetry Unit 6 1. outlay a spending of money 2. refill a new filling 3. theoretically in theory 4. uranium heavy white metal which is radioactive, a source of atomic energy 5. bonnet metal lid on the front of a car 6. submarine a ship that can stay under water 7. radiation the process in which energy in the form of rays is sent out from atoms 8. synthetic not naturally produced ; artificial Unit 7 1. pose as pretend to be 2. pest an annoying thing 3. suspense and anxiety state of being anxious and uncertain about something unknown 4. fidgeting moving about restlessly 5. assure make somebody believe, feel sure 6. apace quickly 7. inquisitive chatterbox a person who is curious about other people and talkative 8. obstinacy and willfulness stubbornness and pig-headedness 9. escapism that which makes one stay away from unpleasant reality 10. justify give a good reason for Uint 8 Shelter------------------------- f. protection;a building offering protection dust-jacket----------------------h. dust-jacket----------------------h. a a a loose loose loose paper paper paper cover cover cover put put put roung roung roung the the the hard hard hard cover cover cover of of of a a a book book book for for protection become engrossed in----------d. have one ’s attention completely taken up by Content--------------------------e. satisfaction Browse--------------------------a. read here and there in books especially for enjiyment Variety --------------------------b. collection of different kinds of things apart from ----------------------g. besades Tempt----------------------------c. attract Unit 9 Fledgling------------------------j. young and inexperienced Spectacular---------------------e. very impressive Adroit --------------------------g. quick and skilful Coma----------------------------i. unconsciousness due to injury Flurry---------------------------a. sudden excitement Recuperate---------------------b. get back one ’s strength massive hemorrhage----------c.l osing a lot of blood Fragile--------------------------f. easily injured or broken Concussion--------------------d. (an)injury to the brain Permanent---------------------h. lasting for a long time or forever Unit10 Cudgel-------------------------c. short,thick stick Buck---------------------------g. lower one ’s head or body so as to avoid being hit Placatory----------------------f. submissive,undisturbed Negligently-------------------h. carelessly Wry----------------------------b. twisted Bawling-----------------------a. loud,rough shouting Pandemouium----------------d. (scene of)wila and noisy disorder Gramophone------------------e. record-player Unit1 P12 1. It It is is is an an an excellent excellent excellent photograph photograph photograph of of of Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Johnson.George, Johnson.George, Johnson.George, her her her son, son, son, has has has decided decided decided to to make several e nlargements enlargements . 2. There was a temporary shortage of fresh water on that small island. 3. This muslin is beautiful! But it ’s so flimsy. Is it washable ? 4. The The helicopter helicopter helicopter came came came to to to rescue rescue rescue the the survivor of of the the the plane plane plane crash crash crash as as as soon soon soon as as as the the local authorities received the radio message. 5. Have you seen the advertisement which says that a teaching post is vacant in a school in the suburbs of London? 6. A proverb says that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 7. He was tall and muscular. Obviously he has a perfect constitution . 8. At the end of the interview the young man overcame his nervousness and asked about his salary. 9. The The headmaster headmaster headmaster opened opened opened the the the door door door and and and looked looked looked at at at the the interviewee with with an an an air air air of of disapproval. 10. His efforts for an early arrival proved to be a failure because he had to make such an awkward journey. Unit 2 P28 1. Be (be) a teacher, he wants to be competent enough in the subjects he is teaching. 2. While crossing (cross) the street, you must keep your eyes open. 3. Having been damaged (damage) during the war, the airport has never been used again. 4. Not knowing (not know) his address, I couldn ’t possibly pay him a visit. 5. Having settled (settle) down in a new country, I may soon forget my old habits. 6. Walking (walk) through the fields, one can take a look at the wild flowers. 7. We didn We didn’’t think he was very old, judging (judge) by the way he walks. 8. She was wheeled to the hospital, followed(follow) by her children. (follow) by her children. 9. The children went to the park, a mile away from the school, singing and talking(sing and talk 10. I am sorry to have kept you waiting (wait) for two hours. 11. Can you hear the children shouting (shout) in the next room? 12. He whispered “Watch out ” at the same time trying (try) to make as little noise as possible. 13. The little girl sat sat in in in a corner in a corner in deep silence, letting (let) her doll dangle at her side. 14. Finding (Find) the room unlocked, we immediately went in. Unit 8 P122 A 1. We haven ’t seen him for more than ten years and I find him a changed (change) person, He has become a promising (promise) young man. 2. In the c oming coming (come) week, morequalified (qualify) teachers will be sent here. (qualify) teachers will be sent here. 3. There lived an unusually determined (determine) farmer in the nearby village. 4. In order to improve our spoken (speak) English, the leading (lead) comrades in our department have made a surprising (surprise) decision. 5. Taking a camel ride was a frightening (frighten)experience for me 6. Teaching is a more demanding (demand) job than working as a tourist guide. 7. The child, very pleased (please), cleaned her soiled (soil) hands and went to bed with her lovely toy. 8. our Y our unwillingness unwillingness unwillingness to to to cooperate cooperate cooperate with with with the the the doctor doctor doctor has has has made made made the the the case case case even even even more morecomplicated9. The interested (interest) (interest) spectators spectators spectators sat sat sat watching watching watching the the exciting (excite) (excite) football football match for an hour in spite of their soaked (soak) clothes. 10. After a tiring (tire) day ta work, the tired (tire) woman sat in the park enjoying the beautiful sunset with a pleasant smile on her face. B 1. The doctor insisted on giving (give) the patient an immediate operation 2. Fascinated (fascinate), we watched the sun rising (rise) above the horizon. 3. If If you you you practice practice singing (sing) (sing) often, often, often, you you you will will will know know know how how to do (do) (do) it it it without without making (make) such an exhibition of yourself. 4. Peter hated k eeping keeping (keep) to his bed. He missed playing (play) with his friends and never failed to be (be) at the window to see (see) them climbing (climb) the apple-tree. 5. Would you mind o pening opening (open) the window? 6. I persuaded him taking (take) care of the child while I went shopping (shop), but I really could not depend on his doing (do) anything I asked him to do (do). 7. I I ought ought to have remembered (remember) (remember) to to to tell tell tell (tell) (tell) (tell) my my my secretary secretary secretary to to to post post post the the letter letter for for for me me me this this this morning morning morning but but but I I I was was was busy busy preparing (prepare) (prepare) a a a speech speech speech and and and I I forgot to do (do) so. 8. “Would you like t o to watch (watch) television now?” “I would prefer to read (read) a newspaper. (read) a newspaper. As a rule, I prefer reading (read) to watch (watch) TV.” 9. “Yesterday I found one of the pages in the book I bought missing (miss). Could you change it for me?”“I ’m sorry to tell(tell) you that all the copies of this book have been sold out.” 10. Reference books are not allowed to be taken (take) out of the teachers ’ reading room. 11. “The swimming (swim) pool needs to cleaning(clean).(clean).(clean).”” “You needn You needn’’t tell me, I haven ’t time to do (do) it. (do) it.” 12. “It is no use our waiting (wait) for him any longer. He doesn’t know the way so he won ’t come.”“But the film is worth seeing (see).” “He He’’ll regret m issing missing (miss) the chance.” “I ’m sure he’ll show up at any minute. He knows how to find (find) his way. He (find) his way. He used to be(be) a tourist guide in this city when he was young.(be) a tourist guide in this city when he was young.”Unit 9 P138 A 1. Boxing Boxing has has has been been been a a a controversial controversial topic topic of of of conversation conversation conversation for for for a a a long long long time, time, time, its its supporters say that it is man ’s instinct to wish to show that his strength is greater than that of his opponent.(STRONG) 2. They maintain that this instinct makes boxing a sport that is fine and manly .(MAN) 3. They They also also also say say say that that that it it it is is is very very very good good good for for for young young young boys boys boys to to to learn learn learn how how how to to to defend defend themselves in case of necessity .(NECESSARY) 4. Those who wish to see the abolition of boxing say just the opposite.(ABOLISH) 5. They declare that it is brutal and savage.(BRUTE) 6. Professional fighters are particularly criticized, but even more so the promoters of boxing matches who, it is said, make untold wealth out of the sufferings of the boxer.(WEALTHY) 7. But it must be realized that boxers too can make a lot of money, and a good fighter can look forward to a comfortable retirement if he is sensible.(RETIRE) 8. And it is undeniable that a famous boxer can attract far more spectators that even the most famous pop singer or film star.(DENY) 9. Even the most unemotional can’t fail to be affected by the exciting atmosphere of an important boxing match.(EMOTION) 10. Although we may not always approve of the motives that lead a man to take up professional professional boxing boxing boxing as as as a a a career, career, career, we we we can can can’’t t help help help admiring admiring admiring his his bravery in in the the ring.(BRA ring.(BRAVE) VE) As a rule In a gesture of despair At such short notice In hostile silence Claim Keep to one's bed Cling to No exception to Help out Spoil If only 1.As a rule southerners prefer rice, whereas northerners prefer steamed bread. southerners prefer rice, whereas northerners prefer steamed bread. 2.Everyone must get up at six to do morning exercises and those who stay up late are no exception to the rule. 3." Keep to your bed for three days,drink a lot of water and take two pills after each meal,"the doctor said to him. 4.When Mary had broken several plates for the third time on the same day,her mother spread out her hands i n in a gesture of despair . 5.The little boy clung to his mother, and kept asking her to tell him a story. 6.She spilt some milk on the desk and spoiled our new tablecloth/ 7.It is said that"the cursed cave" has already claimed many lives. 8.Mr.Smith helped out with the milking on the farm. with the milking on the farm. 9.We received three days' notice to vacate the house as the rent was overdue.Jack was sitting in a corner in hostile silence because it was unreasonable of landlady to ask us to move out because it was unreasonable of landlady to ask us to move out at suchshort notice. 10.Our room is in a terrible mess. If only mother could be here/ As if It so happened Caught up with Loses Coincidence Make any difference Extraordinary concurrence of events On the contrary Gains Purple with anger 1.Does it m ake make any difference whether you do it alone or with the help of others? whether you do it alone or with the help of others? 2.It does seem a happy coincidence that April 23rd was Shakespeare's date of birth as well as the date of his death. 3.My watch doesn't work properly,sometimes it gains and sometimes it loses . 4.I don't think that Chinese youth are a "lost generation", on the contrary , they are a vital force in , they are a vital force in the realization of the four modernizations. 5. 5. The fact that China won so many gold medals in the 1996 Olympic Games shows that we have The fact that China won so many gold medals in the 1996 Olympic Games shows that we have caught up with the world advanced level in some sports and games. the world advanced level in some sports and games. 6.Having been brought up in England,the young Indian man spoke as if he were a native English he were a native English speaker. 7.It so happened that that on on on the the the day day day when when when she she she visited visited visited the the the great,remarkable great,remarkable great,remarkable castle castle castle in in in Britain,I Britain,I Britain,I was was there too. —What would you call it ? —i'd call it an extraordinary concurrence of events . 8.On hearing my comment on his work,he yelled, purple with anger . . Am doubtful Its effects will be felt Are equal to To sum up Be well on the way There is much outlay on Except Worth 1.the 1.the human human human brain brain brain is is is able able able to to to work work work in in in many many many different different different ways ways — it it can can can classify classify classify all all all kinds kinds kinds of of information;it information;it can can can think think think creatively,it creatively,it creatively,it can can can make make make astonishing astonishing astonishing scientific scientific scientific and and and technical technical technical progress. progress. Tosum up,it is a complex and delicate part of the human organism. 2.A 2.A computer computer computer can can can do do do nearly nearly nearly everything everything everything that that that man man man can can can do do except for for one one one thing,i.e.,it thing,i.e.,it thing,i.e.,it can't can't can't think think creatively. 3.This article is of great value in our work.It is worth our studying thoroughly. 4.Many people say that Chinese herbal tonic may not give quick results,but its effects will be felt eventually. 5.People in many countries like to have pets.They keep cats,dogs,fish,birds,tortoises,guinea pigs and even snakes and monkeys.As a result, there is much outlay on pet food and accessories. 6.As we all know,sports are not just for participants;they are for spectators as well.Many people enjoy being"fans "or "supporters "of one team or one particular sportsman.As a matter of fact,the popularity and fame of many professional sportsmen are equal to those of the greatest Hollywood those of the greatest Hollywood movie stars. 7.I am doubtful about your ability to understand different gestures. about your ability to understand different gestures. 8.If we we have have have sufficient sufficient funds funds and and and support,we'll support,we'll be well on the way to to researching researching researching space space exploration. At the end In the middle of Be engaged in Justify himself Conclusion Keep thinking Draw Rush Dreadful necessity Show particular aptitude Itch Something for nothing Ignore Strong-minded Indiscreet enough At the end of the trial,we of the trial,we kept thinking of one thing —what conclusion can we draw from this trial? The defendant was young man only in his late twenties,who showed particular aptitude for for mechanical mechanical engineering.Many engineering.Many engineering.Many a a a time time time he he he was was rushed in in to to to solve solve solve some some some complicated complicated complicated production production problems when he was in the middle of a meal or (was) engaged in some experiments. some experiments. But two months ago,he was indiscreet enough to get involved in gambling.After he had got something for nothing for a number of times,he felt so happy that he even for a number of times,he felt so happy that he even justified himself by by saying that it was only a recreational activity that he did in his spare time. He ignored the repeated advice and kind criticism from his parents,colleagues,and schoolmates.He schoolmates.He was was was not not dreadful necessity enough enough to to to quit quit quit gambling.When gambling.When gambling.When he he he saw saw saw a a a game game game of of cards being played,he would itch to take someone's place. Finally he got deeply into debt and,out of dreadful necessity, he began to steal money from the factory safe.He was caught red-handed and tried in court. Be shocked to the core Recall Get ... Nowhere Sway from side to side In particular There was a fatal note of pleading Mount What was the worst Nail down After After years years years of of of struggle struggle struggle as as as a a a lawyer,Ruth lawyer,Ruth lawyer,Ruth had had had saved saved saved enough enough enough money money money to to to buy buy buy a a a four four four storeyed storeyed building in the heart of Harlem.When she took over the building ,she was shocked to the core. It was in a terrible condition.She could still recall what it was like then,The whole building was in disrepair. In particular, the toilets did not work; the furnace was broken so there was no hot water;the floors,stairs and walls were in a state of decay, Many windows swayed from side to side in the wind.As she looked at it,a sudden feeling of being deceived mounted in her.She could not choose but put more money into the building. After she had it renovated from cellar to roof,the building took on a completely new look. When she applied for the legal use of the building,she ran into a lot of troubles.And what wasthe worst was that,these troubles couldn't be was that,these troubles couldn't be nailed down.When she finally went to the District Attorney to report the case, t here was a fatal note of pleading in her voice.But as it turned out,her talk with him got her n owhere nowhere . Unit 11. 他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。
1. Is it still often the case that “everyone’s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. What’s the difference between today’s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Cultureteaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one’s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall‘s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2.What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs, are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2.Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word ―friend can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one’s family? And in what country does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn‘t as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized?For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person‘s life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take. 8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to or different from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extent and quite different fromother Western friendships.9. What is your family like? In what aspects is it the same as or different from the traditional? What problems may arise when people from different family backgrounds communicate with one another?As we all know, many cultural differences exist in family structures and values. In some cultures, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions; while in others, the individual, not the family, is primary. Many Chinese families are still quite traditional. They are often extended families, with three or even four generations living under the same roof. In such families, people may care a lot about families’ welfare, reputation and honor. No matter what they do, they tend to put the interest of the whole family as the top priority. For them, the family as a whole always comes first, and its individual members are second. However, there are also many Chinese families now in which individual needs are given more stress than ever before and the relationship between parents and children are more egalitarian than hierarchical. Therefore, communication between people from different family backgrounds may be intercultural to some extent. What one considers as appropriate may be regarded as improper by the other, and sometimes it would be very difficult for them to understand each other in the way each of them prefers to be understood.1. What can we do to avoid attributing a very different meaning to thephrase or interpret it much more literally?We have to be aware of the cultural implications of the phrase.2.What are the other functions of using question forms apart from asking for information?It serves as a lubricant to move the conversation forward. A question that has this function can be called a ―social question.3. Why are those Germans getting stiffer and more reserved all the time when visiting Ingrid Zerbe?They are confused about how to address her, for she introduces herself by first and last name rather than by last name and professional title.4. How does the environment influence the use of language? Language reflects the environment in which we live. We use language to label the things that are around us.5. Does the author think there are exact equivalents in dictionaries that have the same meanings in different cultures?No. According to the author, there are no such equivalents between languages; therefore, to communicate concepts effectively, cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.6. How does the language change over time?Words and phrases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning may change over time.7. Does the author think it is possible for countries such as France andIceland to keep their language pure by implementing language policy to ensure the use of standardized language?The author does not think so, because, for instance, the Academie Francaise may insist on certain rules, but other French-speaking groups may make their own rules and consider their French just as correct.8. What are the possible language barriers in classroom teaching?In some cases the professors actually may have a poor command of the language; however, in most cases the problem is not the language but different intonation patterns and different cultural signals.9. What are the major differences between Chinese and English in categorizing kinfolk? What other examples of connotative differences can you give between the two languages?In categorizing kinfolk, what the Chinese language finds significant are the person‘s sex, age, and whether he or she is closely related to one‘s father or mother. All these things, however, are not significant in the English language.1. What made the author feel learning to converse in Mexico City was easier for him/her in one way, more difficult in another?It's easier because Mexicans service the relationship and they care about everyone in the conversation. But their conversation doesn‘t move in a straight line, drifting around both in the topic and in the way they use words.2. Why did the Mexican customer slide into the topic of the full eclipse of the sun?For the Mexican, the conversation starts with one topic, but if another interesting topic seeps in he or she will ride it around for a while. Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.3. What did the American businessman feel about the Mexican‟s way of conversation?For the American, a conversation should have a topic, and he wants to take a straight line through it from beginning to end. So he felt very impatient about the Mexican‘s way of conversation.4. What “conversational ideal” was represented by the example of a championship skier who was interviewed on TV?The Swedish conversational ideal is to response in a concise manner without elaborating specific details, especially those for self-promotion. .5. What problems are likely to occur if an American talks with a Swede? The American may feel totally lost in the conversation since he or she would not get as much information from the Swede as he or she has expected.6. What are the differences between Anglos and Athabaskans in conversation?There are a lot differences between them. For instance, at the beginningof a conversation, Anglos almost always speak first. Athabaskans think it is important to know what the social relationship is before they talk with someone. There is another difference in how long one should talk. Athabaskans tend to have longer turns when they talk with each other, but Anglos expect shorter turns.7. Is it enough just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners when one learns a foreign language? What else does he or she also need to know?It is far from enough just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners when one learns a foreign language. One also has to know about the culture of using the language in social life, things like who talks first, who talks next, who opens and closes conversations and how they do it, in order to be able to use the language in culturally appropriate manners.8. In what ways are Chinese similar to or different from the Americans, Mexicans and Swedes ?It seems that we Chinese are somewhat similar to Mexicans in the way we are having a conversation. Unlike Americans, we do not usually move in a straight line in a conversation and may also care much about the other‘s feeling.9. Do you think there has been some change in the way we Chinese respond to compliments in the last decade or two? What basicdifferences can we still find between the English-speaking people and the Chinese people in the use of compliment and response?There seems to have been some change in the way we Chinese respond to compliments in the last decade or two. For example, like the English-speaking people, more and more Chinese, particularly young people, nowadays tend to use 谢谢(Thank you) to respond to a compliment. However, we Chinese are still different from the English-speaking people in the use of compliment and response to it. For instance, implicit compliments(隐性恭维语)are more likely to be found in the Chinese society.●纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
Unit1 Sportsmanship:It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3.The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves,and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners,they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations.Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper,closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized.③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk. Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much. Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality:1.How do the Chinese teach their children?A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do?A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method?A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach thatfavors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture? What is polychronic culture?Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive. Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words..Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture? What is Low-context culture?High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures? What is the function of silence in high-context cultures?It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different cultures?Different in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?The five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, depending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.(此文档部分内容来源于网络,如有侵权请告知删除,文档可自行编辑修改内容,供参考,感谢您的配合和支持)。
Unit 11. Fume smoke or vapour ; offen sive or suffocati ng gas2. san dy of the colour of sand ; pale reddish-yellow3. somehow for some reas on or other4. stale dry and un appetiz ing5. din gy dirty-look ing ; not fresh or cheerful6. proceed go ahead7. bloodshot full of blood ; red because the small blood vessels are swolle n or broken8. dismayed made afraid or discouraged at the prospect of troubleUn it 21. rage be very angry2. a vegetable plot a small piece of land for grow ing vegetables3. croak ing rough and harsh4. murmur speak in a low but not clear voice5. wi nd dow n lower ( the car window ) by turning the han dle6. gesture of despair moveme nt of the head or hand to show helpless ness7. brutal cruel8. quara nti ne the period of separati on from others so that the disease cannotspreadUn it 31. globe world2. circle move around3. in directly not straight to the point ; in a roun dabout way4. idle talk talk ing about uni mporta nt things5. coin cide nee a comb in atio n of events happe ning in such a way that it seems pla nnedorarran ged6. hastily in a hurry7. dema nd ask forcefully8. roar speak in a loud, deep voiceUn it 41. will the legal statement concerning the disposal of one ' property after death2. sig nature pers on's n ame writte n by himself3. literary of literature4. suppositi on a guess5. playwright dramatist, a pers on who writes plays6. vague not clearly known7. confirm prove the truth of someth ing8. verse poetryUn it 61. outlay a spe nding of money2. refill a new filli ng3. theoretically in theory4. uranium heavy white metal which is radioactive, a source of atomic en ergy5. bonnet metal lid on the front of a car6. submari ne a ship that can stay un der water7. radiati on the process in which en ergy in the form of rays is sent out fromatoms8. syn thetic not n aturally produced ; artificialUnit 71. pose as prete nd to be2. pest an annoying thing3. suspe nse and an xiety state of being an xious and un certa in about someth ing unknown4. fidgeti ng moving about restlessly5. assure make somebody believe, feel sure6. apace quickly7. inq uisitivechatterbox a pers on who is curious aboutother people and talkative8. obsti nacyand willfu In ess stubbor nn ess and pig-headed ness9. escapism that which makes one stay away from un pleasa nt reality10. justify give a good reason forUint 8Shelter ------------------------- f. protect ion;a buildi ng offeri ng protect iondust-jacket -------------------- h. a loose paper cover put roung the hard cover of a book forprotecti onbecome engrossed in -------- d. have one ' attention completely taken up byContent ------------------------ e. satisfact ionBrowse ------------------------- a. read here and there in books especially for enjiyme ntVariety -------------------------- b. collect ion of differe nt kinds of thingsapart from --------------------- g. besadesTempt -------------------------- c. attractUnit 9Fledgling ----------------------- -j. young and in experie needSpectacular ------------------- e. very impressiveAdroit --------------------------- g. quick and skilfulComa --------------------------- i. uncon scious ness due to injuryFlurry ------------------------- a. sudde n exciteme ntRecuperate ------------------- b. get back one ' strengthmassive hemorrhage --------- c」osing a lot of bloodFragile -------------------------- f. easily injured or broke nConcussion ------------------- d. (an )injury to the brainPermanent -------------------- h. lasti ng for a long time or foreverUni t10Cudgel ----------------------- c. short,thick stickBuck -------------------------- g. lower one 'head or body so as to avoid bei ng hitPlacatory --------------------- f. submissive ,un disturbedNegligently ------------------ h. carelesslyWry ---------------------------- b. twistedBawling ---------------------- a. loud,rough shout ingPandemouium -------------- d. (scene of)wila and noisy disorderGramophone --------------- e. record-playerUnit1 P121. It is an excellent photograph of Mrs. Johnson.George,her son, has decided to makeseveralenlargements .2. There was a temporaryshortage of fresh water on that small island.3. This muslin is beautiful! But it ' so flimsy. Is it washable?4. The helicopter came to rescue the survivor of the plane crash as soon as the localauthorities received the radio message.5. Have you seen the advertisement which says that a teaching post is vacant in a school inthe suburbs of London?6. A proverb says that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.7. He was tall and muscular. Obviously he has a perfect constitution .8. At the end of the in terview the young man overcame his nervousness and asked abouthis salary.9. The headmasteropened the door and looked at the interviewee with an air of disapproval.10. His efforts for an early arrival proved to be a failure because he had to make such anawkward journ ey.Unit 2 P281. Be(be) a teacher, he wants to be compete nt eno ugh in the subjects he is teach ing.2. While crossing (cross) the street, you must keep your eyes open.3. Having been damaged (damage) during the war, the airport has never been used aga in.4. Not knowing (not know) his address, I couldn'tpossibly pay him a visit.5. Having settled (settle) down in a new country, I may soon forget my old habits.6. Walking (walk) through the fields, one can take a look at the wild flowers.7. We didn'tthink he was very old, judging (judge) by the way he walks.8. She was wheeled to the hospitalfollowed (follow) by her children.9. The children went to the park, a mile away from the school, singing and talking (si ng andtalk10. I am sorry to have kept youwaiting (wait) for two hours.11. Can you hear the childrenshoutinq (shout) in the next room?12. He whispered Watch out” at the same time trying (try) to make as little noise as possible.13. The little girl sat in a corner in deep silenee, lettinq (let) her doll dangle at her side.14. Finding (Find) the room uniocked, we immediately went in.Unit 8 P122 A1. We haven'seen him for more than ten years and I find him a changed (change) person,He has become promising (promise) young man.2. In the coming (come) week, morequalified (qualify) teachers will be sent here.3. There lived an unusuallydetermined (determine) farmer in the nearby village.4. In order to improve our spoken (speak) English, the leading (lead) comrades in ourdepartment have made aurprising (surprise) decision.5. Taking a camel ride was frightening (frighten)experienee for me6. Teaching is a moredemanding (demand) job than working as a tourist guide.7. The child, very pleased (please), cleaned hersoiled (soil) hands and went to bed with herlovely toy.8. Your unwillingness to cooperate with the doctor has made the case even more complicated9. The interested (interest) spectators sat watching the exciting (excite) football match for anhour in spite of theirsoaked (soak) clothes.10. After a tiring (tire) day ta work, the tired (tire) woman sat in the park enjoying the beautifulsun set with a pleasa nt smile on her face.B1. The doctor insisted ongiving (give) the patient an immediate operation2. Fascinated (fascinate), we watched the sunrising (rise) above the horizon.3. If you practice singing (sing) often, you will know how to do (do) it without making (make)such an exhibiti on of yourself.4. Peter hatedkeeping (keep) to his bed. He missed playing (play) with his friends andnever failed to be (be) at the window to see (see) them climbing (climb) the apple-tree.5. Would you mind opening (open) the window?6. I persuaded him taking (take) care of the child while I went shopping (shop), but I reallycould not depe nd on hisdoing (do) anything I asked him to do (do).I ought to have remembered (remember) to tell (tell) my secretary to post the7.letter for me this morning but I was busy preparing (prepare) a speech and I forgot to do (do) so.8. Would you like to watch (watch) television now?”I' would prefer to read (read) a newspaper.As a rule, I prefer reading (read) to watch (watch) TV”9. Yesterday I found one of the pages in the book I bought missing (miss). Could you change it for me?'I 'm sorry to tell (tell) you that all the copies of this book have bee n sold ou ” 10. Refere nee books are not allowed to be taken (take) out of the teachers 'read ing room.11. The swimming (swim) pool needs to cleaning (elean)”You neednttell me, I haven'ttime to do (do) it. ” 12. It is no use our waiting (wait) for him any Ion ger. He does n 'tk now the way so he won'tcome.”But the film is worth seeing (see)”He ' regret missing (miss) the chanee ”I 'm sure he'llshow up at any minute. He knows how to find (find) his way. He usedto be (be) a tourist guide in this city whe n he was young.Unit 9 P138 A1. Boxing has bee n a con troversial topic of conv ersatio n for a long time, its supporters say that it is mans instinet to wish to show that his strength is greater than that of his oppo nen t.(STRONG)2. They maintain that this instinet makes boxing a sport that is fine and manly .(MAN)3. They also say that it is very good for young boys to learn how to defend themselves in case ofiecessity.(NECESSARY)4. Those who wish to see theabolition of boxing say just the opposite.(ABOLISH)5. They declare that it isbrutal and savage.(BRUTE)6. Professional fighters are particularly criticized, but even more so the promoters of boxing matches who, it is said, make untold wealth out of the sufferings of theboxer.(WEALTHY)7. But it must be realized that boxers too can make a lot of money, and a good fighter can look forward to a comfortableretirement if he is sensible.(RETIRE)8. And it is undeni able that a famous boxer can attract far more spectators that eve n themost famous pop sin ger or film star.(DENY)9. Eve n the mostunemotional can 'fail to be affected by the excit ing atmosphere of animporta nt boxi ng match.(EMOTION)10. Although we may not always approve of the motives that lead a man to take up professional boxing as a career, we can't help admiring his bravery in the rin g.(BRAVE) 1. As a rule souther ners prefer rice, whereas no rther ners prefer steamed bread.2. Everyone must get up at six to do morning exercises and those who stay up late are no exception to the rule.3. " Keep to your bed for three days,drink a lot of water and take two pills after each meal,"the doctor said to him.4. Whe n Mary had broke n several plates for the third time on the same day,her mother spread out her hands in a gesture of despair.5. The little boy clung to his mother, and kept asking her to tell him a story.As a ruleIn hostile sileneeCli ng toSpoil In a gesture of despair Claim No excepti on to If only At such short no tice Keep to on e's bed Help out6.She spilt some milk on the desk and spoiled our new tablecloth/7.It is said that"the cursed cave" has already claimed many lives.8. Mr.Smith helped out with the milking on the farm.9. We received three days' no tice to vacate the house as the rent was overdue.Jack was sitt ing in a corner in hostile sile nee because it was un reas on able of Ian dlady to ask us to move out at such short notice .lO.Our room is in a terrible mess. If only mother could be here/As if It so happe ned Caught up withLoses Coin cide nee Make any differe neeExtraord inary con curre nee of eve nts On the con traryGains Purple with an gerI. Does it make any differenee whether you do it alone or with the help of others?2.It does seem a happy coincidenee that April 23 rd was Shakespeare's date of birth as well as the date of his death.3. My watch does n't work properly,sometimes it gains and sometimes it loses.4.I don't think that Chinese youth are a "lost generation", on the contrary , they are a vital force in the realizati on of the four moder ni zati ons.5. The fact that China won so many gold medals in the 1996 Olympic Games shows that we have caught up with the world advaneed level in some sports and games.6. Havi ng bee n brought up in En gla nd,the young In dia n man spoke as if he were a n ative En glish speaker.7.It so happened that on the day when she visited the great,remarkable castle in Britain,l was there too. —What would you call it ?—i'd call it an extraordinary concurrenee of events .8.0n heari ng my comme nt on his work,he yelled, purple with an ger .Am doubtful Its effects will be felt Are equal toTo sum up Be well on the way There is much outlay onExcept Worth1. the human brain is able to work in many different ways —it can classify all kinds of information;it can think creatively,it can make astonishing scientific and technical progress. To sum up,it is a complex and delicate part of the huma n orga ni sm.2. A computer can do nearly everything that man can do except for one thing,i.e.,it can't think creatively.3. This article is of great value in our work .I t is worth our study ing thoroughly.4. Ma ny people say that Chin ese herbal tonic may not give quick results,but its effects will be felt even tually.5. People in many coun tries like to have pets.They keep cats,dogs,fish,birds,tortoises,gu inea pigs and even snakes and monkeys.As a result, there is much outlay on pet food and accessories.6. As we all kno w,sports are not just for participa nts;they are for spectators as well.Ma ny people enjoy bein g"fa ns "or "supporters "of one team or one particular sportsma n.As a matter of fact,the popularity and fame of many professional sportsmen are equal to those of the greatest Hollywood movie stars.7.1 am doubtful about your ability to understand different gestures.8」f we have sufficie nt funds and support,we'll be well on the way to researchi ng space explorati on.At the end In the middle of Be en gaged inJustify himself Con clusi on Keep thi nkingDraw Rush Dreadful n ecessityShow particular aptitude Itch Someth ing for nothingIgnore Strong-min ded In discreet eno ugh At the end of the trial,we kept thinking of one thing — what conclusion can we draw from this trial?The defe ndant was young man only in his late twen ties,who showed particular aptitude for mecha nical engin eeri ng.Ma ny a time he was rushed in to solve some complicated product ion problems when he was in the middle of a meal or (was) engaged in some experiments.But two mon ths ago,he was in discreet eno ugh to get i nvolved in gambli ng.After he had got something for nothing for a number of times,he felt so happy that he even justified himself bysay ing that it was only a recreati onal activity that he did in his spare time.He ignored the repeated advice and kind criticism from his parents,colleagues,and schoolmates.He was not dreadful n ecessity eno ugh to quit gambli ng.Whe n he saw a game of cards being played,he would itch to take some on e's place.Fin ally he got deeply into debt an d,out of dreadful n ecessity , he bega n to steal money fromthe factory safe.He was caught red-ha nded and tried in court.Be shocked to the core Recall Get ... NowhereSway from side to side In particular There was a fatal note of pleadi ngMou nt What was the worst Nail dow nAfter years of struggle as a lawyer,Ruth had saved eno ugh money to buy a four storeyed buildi ng in the heart of Harlem.Whe n she took over the build ing ,she was shocked to the core.It was in a terrible condition.She could still recall what it was like then,The whole buildingwas in disrepair. In particular , the toilets did not work; the furnace was broken so there was no hot water;the floors,stairs and walls were in a state of decay, Many win dows swayed from side to side in the win d.As she looked at it,a sudde n feeli ng of being deceived moun ted in her.She couldnot choose but put more money into the buildi ng.After she had it reno vated from cellar to roof,the buildi ng took on a completely new look.When she applied for the legal use of the buildi ng,she ran into a lot of troubles.A nd what wasthe worst was that,these troubles could n't be n ailed dow n.When she fin ally went to the District Attor ney to report the case, t here was a fatal n ote of pleadi ng in her voice.But as it turned out,her talk with him got her no where.Unit 11. 他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。
新编跨文化交际英语教程Intercultural Communication in EnglishCase study 参考答案Case 1 【page 23】In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.在这种情况下,尽管人们努力去理解,但在与不同文化背景的人交流时似乎出现了问题。
We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms.我们应该知道,在埃及,就像在许多文化中一样,人际关系被看得如此重要,以至于无法以客观和非个人的方式表达出来。
虽然美国人的确重视人际关系,但他们更倾向于用不那么个人化、更客观的方式来谈论人际关系。
In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.在这种情况下,理查德的错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,因为食物只是设置或借口。
新编英语教程3答案【篇一:新编英语教程3 unit1-10练习册1-10课答案及书本第一部分连词题】fumesmoke or vapour ; offensive or suffocating gas2. sandyof the colour of sand ; pale reddish-yellow3. somehowfor some reason or other4. stale dry and unappetizing5. dingy dirty-looking ; not fresh or cheerful6. proceed go ahead7. bloodshotfull of blood ; red because the small blood vessels are swollen or broken8. dismayedmade afraid or discouraged at the prospect of troubleunit 21. rage be very angry2. a vegetable plot a small piece of land for growing vegetables3. croaking rough and harsh4. murmur speak in a low but not clear voice5. wind down lower ( the car window ) by turning the handle6. gesture of despairmovement of the head or hand to show helplessness7. brutalcruel8. quarantinethe period of separation from others so that the disease cannot spreadunit 31. globeworld2. circlemove around3. indirectlynot straight to the point ; in a roundabout way4. idle talk talking about unimportant things5. coincidence a combination of events happening in such a way that it seems planned or arranged6. hastily in a hurry7. demand ask forcefully8. roar speak in a loud, deep voiceunit 41. willthe legal statement concerning the disposal of one’s property after death2. signature person’s name written by himself3. literaryof literature4. suppositiona guess5. playwrightdramatist, a person who writes plays6. vague not clearly known7. confirmprove the truth of something8. verse poetryunit 61. outlaya spending of money2. refill a new filling3. theoretically in theory4. uranium heavy white metal which is radioactive, a source of atomic energy5. bonnet metal lid on the front of a car6. submarine a ship that can stay under water7. radiationthe process in which energy in the form of rays is sent out from atoms8. syntheticnot naturally produced ; artificialunit 71. pose as pretend to be2. pest an annoying thing3. suspense and anxietystate of being anxious and uncertain about something unknown4. fidgeting moving about restlessly5. assuremake somebody believe, feel sure6. apace quickly7. inquisitive chatterboxa person who is curious about other people and talkative8. obstinacy and willfulnessstubbornness and pig-headedness9. escapism that which makes one stay away from unpleasant reality10. justifygive a good reason foruint 8shelter------------------------- f. protection;a building offering protectiondust-jacket----------------------h. a loose paper cover put roung the hard cover of a book for protectionbecome engrossed in----------d. have one’s attention completely taken up bycontent--------------------------e. satisfactionbrowse--------------------------a. read here and there in books especially for enjiymentvariety --------------------------b. collection of different kinds of thingsapart from ----------------------g. besadestempt----------------------------c. attractunit 9fledgling------------------------j. young and inexperiencedspectacular---------------------e. very impressiveadroit --------------------------g. quick and skilfulcoma----------------------------i. unconsciousness due to injuryflurry---------------------------a. sudden excitementrecuperate---------------------b. get back one’s strengthmassive hemorrhage----------c.l osing a lot of bloodfragile--------------------------f. easily injured or brokenconcussion--------------------d. (an)injury to the brainpermanent---------------------h. lasting for a long time or forever unit10cudgel-------------------------c. short,thick stickbuck---------------------------g. lower one’s h ead or body so as to avoid being hitplacatory----------------------f. submissive,undisturbednegligently-------------------h. carelesslywry----------------------------b. twistedbawling-----------------------a. loud,rough shoutingpandemouium----------------d. (scene of)wila and noisy disorder gramophone------------------e. record-playerunit1 p121. it is an excellent photograph of mrs. johnson.george, her son, has decided tomake several 2. there was a temporary 3. this muslin is beautiful! but it’s so flimsy. is it ?4. the helicopter came to rescue the the plane crash as soon as thelocal authorities received the radio message.5. have you seen the school in the suburbs of london?6. a proverb says that a little7. he was tall and muscular. obviously he has a perfect .8. at the end of the interview the young man overcame his about his salary.9. the headmaster opened the door and looked at the with an air ofdisapproval.10. his efforts for an early proved to be a failure because he had to make suchan awkward journey.unit 2p281. 2. while (cross) the street, you must keep your eyes open.3. (damage) during the war, the airport has never been usedagain.4. ’t possibly pay him a visit.5. 6. (walk) through the fields, one can take a look at the wild flowers.7. we didn’t think he was very old, 8. she was wheeled to the hospital,(follow) by her children.9. the children went to the park, a mile away from the school, (sing and talk10. i am sorry to have kept you (wait) for two hours.11. can you hear the children (shout) in the next room?12. he whispered “watch out” at the same time (try) to make as little noise as possible.13. the little girl sat in a corner in deep silence, (let) her doll dangle at her side.14. (find) the room unlocked, we immediately went in.unit 8p122a1. we haven’t seen him for more than ten years and i find hima (change) person, he has become a 2. in the (qualify) teachers will be sent here.3. there lived an unusually (determine) farmer in the nearby village.4. in order to improve our (lead) comrades in our department have made a5. taking a camel ride was a6. teaching is a more (demand) job than working as a tourist guide.7. the child, very (please), cleaned her (soil) hands and went to bed with her lovely toy.8. your unwillingness to cooperate with the doctor has made the case even more9. the (interest) spectators sat watching the (excite) football match for an hour in spite of their (soak) clothes.10. after a (tire) day ta work, the (tire) woman sat in the park enjoying the beautiful sunset with a pleasant smile on her face.b1. the doctor insisted on (give) the patient an immediate operation2. (fascinate), we watched the sun3. if you practice (sing) often, you will know how (do) it without (make) such an exhibition of yourself.4. peter hated (keep) to his bed. he missed (play) with his friends and never failed(be) at the window (see) them (climb) the apple-tree.5. would you mind (open) the window?6. i persuaded him (take) care of the child while i went i really could not depend on his7. i oughtto tell (tell) my secretary to post the letter for me this morning but i was busy (prepare) a speech and i forgot8. “would you like ”“i would preferas a rule, i prefer (read) to watch(watch) tv.”9. “yesterday i found one of the pages in the book i bought you change it for me?”“i’m sorry”10. reference books are not allowed (take) out of the teachers’ readingroom.11. “the (clean).”“you needn’t tell me, i haven’t time”12. “it is no use our (wait) for him any longer. he doesn’t know the way sohe won’t come.”“but the film is worth ”“he’ll regret ”“i’m sure he’ll show up at any minute. he knows howused (be) a tourist guide in this city when he was young.”unit 9 p138a1. boxing has been a controversial topic of conversation for a long time, itssupporters say that it is man’s instinct to wish to show that histhan that of his opponent.(strong)2. they maintain that this instinct makes boxing a sport that is fine and3. they also say that it is very good for young boys to learn how to defendthemselves in case of 4. those who wish to see the of boxing say just the opposite.(abolish)5. they declare that it is6. professional fighters are particularly criticized, but even more so the promoters ofboxing matches who, it is said, make untold out of the sufferings of the boxer.(wealthy)7. but it must be realized that boxers too can make a lot of money, and a good fightercan look forward to a comfortable if he is sensible.(retire)8. and it is that a famous boxer can attract far morespectators that eventhe most famous pop singer or film star.(deny)9. even the most can’t fail to be affected by the exciting atmosphere ofan important boxing match.(emotion)10. although we may not always approve of the motives that lead a man to take upprofessional boxing as a career, we can’t help admiring his in the ring.(brave)as a rule in a gesture of despairat such short noticein hostile silence claimkeep to ones bedcling to no exception to help outspoil if only1.as a rule southerners prefer rice, whereas northerners prefer steamed bread.2.everyone must get up at six to do morning exercises and those who stay up late are no exception to the rule.3. keep to your bed for three days,drink a lot of water and take two pills after each meal,the【篇二:新编英语教程3 李观仪翻译答案】他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。
1.Is it still often the case that “everyone’s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems arecaused by minorities and immigrants. 2.What’s the difference between today’s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in anytime in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has acceleratedintercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated culturalinteraction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigrationpatterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how welive and communicate within thatworld. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from theinstant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communicationare cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one’s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing nguage is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze,touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish withoutprejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why? Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall‘s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2.What have you learned from those definitions about culture? Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes peoplemight prefer to satisfy higherneeds, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs, are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads? For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfythis basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life,such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealingwith death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly,greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different fromthose of the English-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by theEnglish-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendshipbecomes a necessity and part of their new life.2.Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations aboutwhat constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships,is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America theword ―friend can be applied to a wide rangeof relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4.In what country does friendship have much to do with one’s family? And in what country does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into thefamily, while in France it doesn‘t as, for instance, two men may ha ve been friends fora long time without knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized?For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his politicalopinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person‘s life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be ofvery different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements indifferent cultures? If you do, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom ofchoice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8.What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to or different from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyaltyand also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extent andquite different from other Western friendships.9. What is your family like? In what aspects is it the same as or different from the traditional? What problems may arise when people from different family backgrounds communicate with one another?As we all know, many cultural differences exist in family structures and values. In somecultures, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions; while in others, the individual, not the family, is primary.Many Chinese families are still quite traditional. They are often extended families, with three or even four generations living under the same roof. In such families, people may care a lot about families’welfare, reputation and honor. No matter what they do, they tend to put the interest of the whole family as the top priority. For them, the family as a whole always comes first, and itsindividual members are second. However, there are also many Chinese families now in which individual needs are given more stress than ever before and the relationship between parents and children are more egalitarian than hierarchical. Therefore, communication between people from different family backgrounds may be intercultural to some extent. What one considers as appropriate may be regarded as improper by the other, and sometimes it would be very difficult for them to understand each other in the way each of them prefers to be understood.1.What can we do to avoid attributing a very different meaning to the phrase or interpret it much more literally?We have to be aware of the cultural implications of the phrase.2. What are the other functions of using question forms apart from asking for information?It serves as a lubricant to move the conversation forward. Aquestion that has this function canbe called a ―social question.3. Why are those Germans getting stiffer and more reserved all the time when visiting Ingrid Zerbe?They are confused about how to address her, for she introduces herself by first and last name rather than by last name and professional title.4. How does the environment influence the use of language? Language reflects the environment in which we live. We use language to label the things that are around us.5. Does the author think there are exact equivalents in dictionaries that have the same meanings in different cultures?No. According to the author, there are no such equivalents between languages; therefore, to communicate concepts effectively, cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.6. How does the language change over time?Words and phrases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning may change over time.7. Does the author think it is possible for countries such as France and Iceland to keep their language pure by implementinglanguage policy to ensure the use of standardized language? The author does not think so, because, for instance, the Academie Francaise may insist on certain rules, but other French-speaking groups may make their own rules and consider their French just as correct.8. What are the possible language barriers in classroom teaching?In some cases the professors actually may have a poor command of the language; however, in most cases the problem is not the language but different intonation patterns and different cultural signals.9. What are the major differences between Chinese and English in categorizing kinfolk? What other examples of connotative differences can you give between the two languages?In categorizing kinfolk, what the Chinese language finds signifi cant are the person‘s sex, age,and whether he or she is closely related to one‘s father or mother. All these things, however, are not significant in the English language.1. What made the author feel learning to converse in Mexico City was easier for him/her in one way, more difficult in another?It's easier because Mexicans service the relationship and theycare about everyone in the conversation. But their conversation doesn‘t move in a straight line, drifting around both in the topic and in the way they use words.2. Why did the Mexican customer slide into the topic of the full eclipse of the sun?For the Mexican, the conversation starts with one topic, but if another interesting topic seeps in he or she will ride it around for a while. Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.3. What did the American businessman feel about the Mexican‟s way of conversation?For the American, a conversation should have a topic, and he wants to take a straight line through it from beginning to end. So he felt very impatient about the Mexican‘s way of conversation.4. What “conversational ideal” was represented b y the example of a championship skier who was interviewed on TV? The Swedish conversational ideal is to response in a concise manner without elaborating specific details, especially those for self-promotion. .5. What problems are likely to occur if an American talks witha Swede?The American may feel totally lost in the conversation since he or she would not get as much information from the Swede as he or she has expected.6. What are the differences between Anglos and Athabaskans in conversation?There are a lot differences between them. For instance, at the beginning of a conversation,Anglos almost always speak first. Athabaskans think it is important to know what the social relationship is before they talk with someone. There is another difference in how long one should talk. Athabaskans tend to have longer turns when they talk with each other, but Anglos expect shorter turns.7. Is it enough just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners when one learns a foreign language? What else does he or she also need to know?It is far from enough just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners when one learns a foreign language. One also has to know about the culture of using the language in social life, things like who talks first, who talks next, who opens and closes conversations and how they do it, in order to be able to use the language in culturally appropriate manners.8. In what ways are Chinese similar to or different from theAmericans, Mexicans and Swedes ?It seems that we Chinese are somewhat similar to Mexicans in the way we are having a conversation. Unlike Americans, we do not usually move in a straight line in a conversation and may also care much about the other‘s feeling.9. Do you think there has been some change in the way we Chinese respond to compliments in the last decade or two? What basic differences can we still find between the English-speaking people and the Chinese people in the use of compliment and response?There seems to have been some change in the way we Chinese respond to compliments in the last decade or two. For example, like the English-speaking people, more and more Chinese,particularly young people, nowadays tend to use (Thank you) to respond to a compliment. However, we Chinese are still different from the English-speaking people in the use of compliment and response to it. For instance, implicit compliments(隐性恭维语)are more likely to be found in the Chinese society.●纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
Unit 3Cultural DiversityReading IDifferent Lands, Different FriendshipsComprehension questions1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States? Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2. Do people from different countries usually have different expectationsabout what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe? In West Europe, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word “friend” can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with one’s family? And in what country does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with one‘s family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesn’t as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time without knowing each other‘s personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized?For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Different friends fill different niches in each person’s life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into steps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in contrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-and-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to or different from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to Germany friendship to some extent and quite different from other Western friendships.Reading IIComparing and Contrasting CulturesComprehension questions1. How is the mainstream American culture different from the Japanese culture?Americans believe that human nature is basically good and man is the master of nature. They are future-oriented and “being”-oriented. Their social orientation is toward the importance of the individual and the equality of all people. However, the Japanese believe that human nature is a mixture of good and evil. Man is in harmony with nature. They are both past-oriented and future-oriented. And they are both “growing-”and “doing-”oriented. They give emphasis to authorities and the group.2. Can you find examples to support the author’s view of traditional cultures in different value orientations?For example, the traditional Indian culture believes that man is subjugated by nature and it is being-oriented (which can be exemplified by its caste system). Also, traditional Chinese culture is past-oriented, for emphasis has long been given to learning from the old and past.3. Why do Americans tend to equate “change” with “improvement” and regard rapid change as normal?Concerning orientation toward time, Americans are dominated by a belief in progress. They are future-oriented. They believe that “time is money”and have an optimistic faith in the future and what the future will bring. So they tend to equate “change” with “improvement” and consider a rapid rate of change as normal.4. What does “Electric Englishman” mean when it is used to describe the American?As for activity, Americans are so action-oriented that they tend to behyperactive. That’s why that they have been described as “Electric Englishmen”, who always keep themselves busy.5. How would you explain the fact that contradictory values may exist in the same culture?As time changes faster and faster and there is more contact between cultures, it is more likely to find contradictory values existing in the same culture. This is especially the case in a society that is being transformed from a traditional one into a modern one. For example, in the Japanese culture, some people may still be very past-oriented and some are rather future-oriented, and even the same people may be sometimes past-oriented in certain situations and sometime future-oriented in other situations.6. What can we get from models of this kind about cultural differences? Models of this kind are quite useful in giving rough pictures of striking contrasts and differences of different cultures. However, such a model only compares cultures on some basic orientations. It does not tell us everything about every conceivable culture. We have to recognize that models of this kind are over-simplifications and can only give approximations of reality.7. Do cultural values change as time changes?Yes, the values may be in the process of marked change due to rapid modernization and globalization. However, they have a way of persisting in spite of change. The evolution of values is a slow process, since they are rooted in survival needs and passed on from generation to generation.8. How is communication influenced by differing cultural values?Putting people from one culture into another culture with radically different value orientations could cause stress, disorientation, and breakdowns in communication.Case StudyCase 9Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather’s d issenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchicalstructure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing with elders’ opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That‘s why the young chairman didn’t say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many Western cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions. Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as a rude and ill-bred person by other Japanese.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the Frenc h, Mr. Legrand’s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 11Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called “polite” behavior, and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or violation of social norms has taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, for instance, the attitude of the Australian student’s parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own deeds.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians’ lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.。