14.突破语法知识—非谓语动词之现在分词
一、动词-ing形式概述
动词-ing形式包括现在分词（the present participle）和动名词，是三种非谓语动词之一。
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
动词-ing形式的功能
动词-ing的形式：
1.He hurried home,looking behind as he went.
2.Having finished their work,they had a rest.
3.The large building being built is a library.
4.Having been shown the lab,we were taken to see the library.
二、现在分词的两个基本特点
1、在时间上表示动作正在进行
There are many sleeping students in class.
2、在语态上表示主动
Feeling the lesson is boring,the students are sleepy.
三、现在分词的构成
1、一般动词，变化：加+ing，例子：wash——washing，read——reading
2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，变化：去掉e，再加+ing，例如：make——making write——writing use——using
3、以重读闭音节结尾的动词且末尾只有一个辅音字母，变化：双写最后的辅音字母，再加+ing，例如：run——running，swim——swimming，put——putting
4、以ie结尾的动词，变化：改ie为y，再加+ing，例如：lie——lying,die——dying，tie——tying
5、以c结尾的动词，变化：变c为ck，再加+ing，例子：picnic→picnicking，traffic→trafficking（例外：arc 作弧形运动，arcing）
6、以l结尾的动词，变化：如果动词原形以非重读音节结尾，则末尾的字母l双写与不双写均可。其中不双写的是美式拼写。
tavel→travelling/traveling(U.S.)
7、以x、w、y结尾的动词，直接加ing。例如：
原词：fix+ing→fixing（修理）
原词：follow+ing→follow（跟随）
原词：employ+ing→employing（雇用）
8、例外（双写辅音字母和直接加ing），单音节单词中有两个元音的动词无需双写n。
原词：iron+ing→ironing（熨烫）
9、以元音字母加e结尾，或以e结尾，且e发音的动词（ee,oe,ye），直接加ing。例如：
原词：be+ing→being（做）
原词：see+ing→seeing（看见）
原词：free+ing→freeing（释放）
10、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加ing。例如：
原词：ride→去e+ing→riding（骑）
以字母ie结尾的动词，先将变ie为y，再加ing。例如：
原词：lie→先将ie变为y+ing→lying（躺）
原词：tie-→先将ie变为y+ing→tying（系）
原词：die→先将ie变为y+ing→dying（死）
11、以c结尾的动词，变c为ck，再加+ing。例如：
原词：picnic→c变为ck+ing→picnicking（野餐）
原词：traffic→c变为ck+ing→trafficking（交易）
原词（例外）：arc+ing→arcing（电弧放电）
四、现在分词的功能作用
1、作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。例如：
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：
in the following years也可用in the years that followed,
the man speaking to the teacher可改为
the man who is speaking to the teacher.
2、现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.
The present situation is inspiring.
"be+doing"既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于"be+doing"表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
3、作宾语补足语
以下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。
Can you hear your sister singing the song in the next room?
Tom kept the car waiting at the gate.
4、现在分词作状语
①作时间状语
（While)Working in the factory,his father was an advanced worker.
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)China's approach to protecting its environment while________(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，”says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
②作原因状语
Being a Party member,he is always helping others.
③作方式/伴随状语，表示伴随
He stayed at home,cleaning and washing.
练习：(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,________(listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
④作条件状语
(If)Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.
⑥作让步状语
Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon
⑦如果分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，可采用分词独立结构作状语。分词独立结构则："名（代）词＋现在分词"构成，可在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。
Class being over,the children went home.
Nobody being in the room,I didn't go in.
Weather permitting,we'll start tomorrow.
He went to the front door,his son following him.
⑧注意固定结构的分词独立成分作状语：现在分词独立成分一般已形成固定结构，表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度或看问题的态度。
Generally speaking,we don't agree with you.
Considering his age,the child reads quite well.
Judging from what you say,he ought to succeed.
但to tell the truth,to be sure,to be exact要用不定式。
总结：现在分词或分词短语做状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随状况，通常可以转换成相应的状语从句，表方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。
5、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别
6、分词的两个结构
（1）否定结构：not+分词
例如：
Not having known his address,I didn’t write to him.
（2）复合结构（独立主格结构）有两种形式：
A、名词（代词主格）+分词（只作状语）
It being Sunday,we don’t go to school.
The day’s work done,they went home.
他们做完一天的工作就回家了。
He sat there with his feet pointing to others.
他坐在那儿把脚指向别人。
7、现在分词的时态和语态形式
①现在分词完成时态的被动结构有时等于一个过去分词（即having been done=done）。
②现在分词的完成时态不能作表语、定语和宾补，只放在状语的位置上。
③现在分词一般时态的被动结构（being+v.-ed）表示“正在被”之意，而在动名词中只表示被动。
8、seat/dress这两个动词后如有宾语用现在分词，反之用过去分词。
include/consider这两个动词如果放在名词之前用现在分词，名词之后用过去分词。
例如：
We went there,including our boss.
We went there,our boss included.
missing/remaining作“丢失的”和“剩下的”讲，只有现在分词形式；
left作“剩下的”讲只能放名词后或代词后。
There are only five students left in the room.
五、动名词的功能作用
1、动名词的主动和被动
主动：doing被动：动名词被动的时态
（1）被动一般式――句子的主语是动名词（被动式）的逻辑主语
如：He came in without being asked.
He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment.
He came to the party without being invited．
（2）被动完成式――动作在谓语动词动作之前发生
如：She doesn’t remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad.
她不记得曾经被给予过一次出国的机会。
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
2、动名词作主语
His coming home late worries his mother.
John’s coming here will get us out of trouble.约翰的到来将会使我们脱离困境。
动名词的被动作主语
(2002)__________（expose)to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
3、动名词作动词或短语动词的宾语
I don’t remember him/his giving me that book.
Do you mind my/me smoking?
我抽烟你介意吗？
Her parents insisted on her studying medicine.
Have you heard of my sister’s winning the contest?
动名词的被动作宾语
The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
这松鼠幸运得很，刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
动名词在need，want，require，be worth后接宾语，常以主动形式来表示被动意义.
cf.be worthy of being done/to be done
This book is worthy of being read/to be read.
这本书值得一读。
need/want/require doing sth/to be done(需要做…)
eg.My bike needs repairing/to be repaired.
4、作介词宾语
I don’t like the idea of our living here.
我不愿意我们住在这里。
I knew nothing about the window being open.
我一点也不知道窗户敞开着。
He left the city without our knowing it
他离开城市我们大家都不知道。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
【单词20个】
enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid（避免）,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit（承认），deny（否认）,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk（冒险）,appreciate（感激）,
【短语22个】
be busy,be worth,feel like,can’t stand,can’t help,dream of,be fond of,be keen on，prevent…(from),keep…from,stop…（from）,protect…from,set about,be engaged in,spend…(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,persist in
5、动名词作表语
What is most important is Tom’s going there at once.
The main trouble is their not having enough money.
动名词被动作表语
(1998)What worried the child most was________to visit his mother in the hospital.
A.his not allowing
B.his not being allowed
C.his being not allowed
D.having not been allowed
动名词作表语，表示抽象的动作或行为。带逻辑主语的动名词复合结构也可做表语。
6、作同位语：
The cave,his hiding-place is secret.
那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
7、作定语：
He can’t walk without a walking-stick.
他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school.
你们学校有游泳池吗？
7、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，名词可用普通格代替所有格，代词可用宾格形式代替形容词性物主代词。eg.
I don’t like you/your/Tom/Tom’s being late.但是动名词作主语时，只能用your/Tom’s being late形式。例:What worried the child most was his not____(allow)to visit his mother in the hospital
8、另外，有关于否定的一个特殊结构：
“There+be+no+V-ing”结构，其中的动词（do）多为“转述”或“认知”等意义的动词，如：tell,say,know 等，其后一般跟疑问句，如when，what等。
There is no saying what may happen.
很难说会发生什么事。
There is no telling when he will return.
说不清他何时回来。
There is no knowing when we shall meet again.
I.用括号内动词的正确形式填空
1.I wouldn’t advise_____(go)there by bus,because it is too crowded.
2.The Yangtze River,________(know)in China as the Chang Jiang,is the longest river in Asia and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country.
3.The question________(discuss)at the meeting now is important to all of us.
4.The meeting________(be)over,I found her seated at the desk and________(listen)to music.
5.If you have your kid________(behave)so badly,he may not get along well with others.
6.(2019·北京高考)Earth Day,________(mark)on22April,is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.
II.单句改错
1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Everyone was silent,wait to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.
2.After waiting for an hour,Katia went home,felt lonely and miserable.
3.I together with my two friends,was eating dinner at a Chinese restaurant,locating in the center of New York.
4.Giving another hour,he could have done the test better.
Summary
本节课我们学习突破语法知识—非谓语动词之现在分词
一、动词-ing形式概述
二、现在分词的两个基本特点
三、现在分词的构成
五、动名词的功能作用
14.突破语法知识—非谓语动词之现在分词 一、动词-ing形式概述 动词-ing形式包括现在分词（the present participle）和动名词，是三种非谓语动词之一。 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 动词-ing形式的功能 动词-ing的形式： 1.He hurried home,looking behind as he went. 2.Having finished their work,they had a rest. 3.The large building being built is a library. 4.Having been shown the lab,we were taken to see the library. 二、现在分词的两个基本特点 1、在时间上表示动作正在进行
There are many sleeping students in class. 2、在语态上表示主动 Feeling the lesson is boring,the students are sleepy. 三、现在分词的构成 1、一般动词，变化：加+ing，例子：wash——washing，read——reading 2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，变化：去掉e，再加+ing，例如：make——making write——writing use——using 3、以重读闭音节结尾的动词且末尾只有一个辅音字母，变化：双写最后的辅音字母，再加+ing，例如：run——running，swim——swimming，put——putting 4、以ie结尾的动词，变化：改ie为y，再加+ing，例如：lie——lying,die——dying，tie——tying 5、以c结尾的动词，变化：变c为ck，再加+ing，例子：picnic→picnicking，traffic→trafficking（例外：arc 作弧形运动，arcing） 6、以l结尾的动词，变化：如果动词原形以非重读音节结尾，则末尾的字母l双写与不双写均可。其中不双写的是美式拼写。 tavel→travelling/traveling(U.S.) 7、以x、w、y结尾的动词，直接加ing。例如： 原词：fix+ing→fixing（修理） 原词：follow+ing→follow（跟随） 原词：employ+ing→employing（雇用） 8、例外（双写辅音字母和直接加ing），单音节单词中有两个元音的动词无需双写n。 原词：iron+ing→ironing（熨烫） 9、以元音字母加e结尾，或以e结尾，且e发音的动词（ee,oe,ye），直接加ing。例如： 原词：be+ing→being（做） 原词：see+ing→seeing（看见）
教学目标：讲解现在分词作状语及区分不定式、现在分词作状语的异同 重点难点： 1.现在分词和不定式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 2.分词作状语时，要看它同句子主语之间的关系，以确定是现在分词还是过去分词。 3.注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定分词的时态形式 4、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式. 5. 连词+分词形式（分词作状语的省略问题） 6.不定式作结果状语和现在分词作结果状语的区别。 7. 现在分词的独立主格结构和评价性状语 Step 1 lead in 朗读下面一首唐诗，找出其中的现在分词形式 Thinking in the Silent Night 静夜思 Before my bed there is bright moonlight 床前明月光 So that it seems that frost on the ground. 疑是地上霜 Lifting my head, I watch the bright moonlight. 举头望明月 Lowering my head, I dream tha t I’m home. 低头思故乡 Step2 现在分词作状语的意义 动词的现在分词作状语，修饰动词，相当于状语从句，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况及独立成分等，作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。 一. -ing分词短语作时间状语，代替一个时间状语从句(引导词有when ,while ) 温馨提示： 1．现在分词所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when, while引出。 2．现在分词所表示的动作一发生，主句的动作就立即发生时。如： When she saw those pictures，she remembered her childhood. =Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，她想起了自己的童年。 As soon as he heard the good news, he jumped with joy. =（0n）Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 他一听到这个好消息，就高兴地跳起来。 二．-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。(引导词有because ,as ,since) 如：As he was ill, he didn't go to school yesterday =Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。 三．-ing分词也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个条件状语从句。(引导词有if,unless,once) If you work hard, you will succeed. =Working hard, you will succeed. 如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。 If you turn to the left, you will find the path leading to the school.
英语语法讲义 以下是为大家整理的英语语法讲义的相关范文，本文关键词为英语,语法,讲义,学习,资料,欢迎,下载,英语,语法,讲义,，您可以从右上方搜索框检索更多相关文章，如果您觉得有用，请继续关注我们并推荐给您的好友，您可以在综合文库中查看更多范文。 学习好资料欢迎下载 英语语法讲义 前言 第一章英语的时态
第一节一般现在时的用法第二节一般过去时第三节一般将来时：第四节现在完成时第五节过去完成时第六节将来完成时第七节现在进行时第八节过去进行时第九节将来进行时 第二章动词 第一节系动词第二节助动词 第三节短语动词（动词短语）：起动词作用的短语第四节非谓语动词（动词短语） 第三章独立主格第四章虚拟语气第五章感叹句第六章从句 第一节名词性从句 名词性从句一：引导名词从句的连接词名词性从句二：名词性that-从句名词性从句三：名词性wh-从句 名词性从句四：if/whether引导的名词性从句 第二节定语从句 定语从句一：关系代词引导的定语从句定语从句二：关系副词引导的定语从句 定语从句三：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句四：介词&关系词 定语从句五：as,which非限定性定语从句定语从句六：关系代词that的用法 第三节状语从句 状语从句一：地点状语从句状语从句二：方式状语从句状语从句三：原因状语从句状语从句四：目的状语从句状语从句五：结果状语
从句状语从句六：条件状语从句状语从句七：让步状语从句第七章形容词和副词 第一节形容词：第二节副词 第八章主谓一致结束语 学习好资料欢迎下载 前言 首先，我们简要讨论一下要不要学习英语语法的问题。 中国目前现阶段主张英语语法可以不学的人往往这样说：“我们中国人，如果智力正常，从小就会说汉语，能遣词造句，没见过哪个小孩先学语法再学话的。再说，英语讲得多了，有了语感，语法还不是水到渠成的事。” 本人个人认为这种实践出真知的说法具有一定的科学正确性，不可完全否认。但我仍主张学一点英语语法理论。 语法，实际上就是给你语言整体上的语感（规则），学习语法的目的，不仅仅是要获得解释语言现象的鱼，更重要的是要让你知道如何用语感去钓语言深层的鱼。 就目前而言，我认为通过学习英语语法，求得对英语的整体感觉非常重要。以前初高中我们只是学习一些语言点，语言现象，最高级
过去分词专项训练 Part1: Fill in the blanks 1. When_______(ask) why he was late, he went red.(脸红了) 2. Deeply ____ (move) by the story, she began to cry. 3. He walked out of the house，_______ （follow）by his pet dog ______(name )Snoopy. 4. When______ (travel), you should take care of your health. 5. Although________ (shock) at the nationwide milk crisis, many mothers still showed they would choose the brands of milk powder cautiously instead of saying “no” to it. party. 6. Even if______ (invite), I won’t attend the evening = Even if I______ (invite), I won’t attend the evening party. 7 _______(dress )in white, she looks really pretty. 8 ________(see) the picture, I couldn’t help thinking of his good old days. 9 Can you see the boy ___________ (question) by the police now? 10 The building ___________ (complete) at the end of this year will be our library. 3. At last the man managed to make himself ___ with his ____ French. A. understood; broken B. understand; break C. understanding; breaking D. understand; broken 4. _____ to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century, the computer is playing a more and more important role in social life. A. Considered B. Considering C. To consider D. Consider 5. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 6. Daring, Can’t you get _________ quickly, only fifteen minutes for the party! A. changing B. change C. to be changed D. changed 7. We must study as much as possible to meet the needs of a _________ world we face. A. ever-changed B. ever-change C. ever-changes D. ever-changing 8 The ________ story of the hero _______ everyone to tears. A. moving; moved B. moving; moving C. moved; moved D. moved; moving 9. After the storm there were quite a few ______ trees on the ground. Many people saw them ______ down when the storm came up. A. fallen; fall B. fallen; fallen C. fallen; to fall D. falling; fall 10. To our great grief, there were more than 10 million people _______ in the Wen Chuang earthquake. A. killing B. to be killed C. killed D. having been killed em big at all. 11 _____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t se A Compare B When comparing C Comparing D When compared 12. If one third of a person’s blood _______, they may die. A. lost B is lost C. is losing D. loses tudents ____ outside to come in right away. 13. It’s time for the class meeting. Tell the s A. playing B. to play C. played D. who play 14. ____ drivers are a danger to the safety of the public. A. Drank B. Drunk C. Drinking D. Drink - 1 - / 3
前言 第一章英语的时态 第一节一般现在时的用法 第二节一般过去时 第三节一般将来时： 第四节现在完成时 第五节过去完成时 第六节将来完成时 第七节现在进行时 第八节过去进行时 第九节将来进行时 第二章动词 第一节系动词 第二节助动词 第三节短语动词（动词短语）：起动词作用的短语第四节非谓语动词（动词短语） 第三章独立主格 第四章虚拟语气 第五章感叹句 第六章从句 第一节名词性从句 名词性从句一：引导名词从句的连接词 名词性从句二：名词性that- 从句 名词性从句三：名词性wh- 从句 名词性从句四：if/whether引导的名词性从句第二节定语从句 定语从句一：关系代词引导的定语从句 定语从句二：关系副词引导的定语从句 定语从句三：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句四：介词&关系词 定语从句五：as, which 非限定性定语从句 定语从句六：关系代词that 的用法 第三节状语从句 状语从句一：地点状语从句 状语从句二：方式状语从句 状语从句三：原因状语从句 状语从句四：目的状语从句 状语从句五：结果状语从句 状语从句六：条件状语从句 状语从句七：让步状语从句 第七章形容词和副词 第一节形容词： 第二节副词 第八章主谓一致 结束语
前言 首先，我们简要讨论一下要不要学习英语语法的问题。 中国目前现阶段主张英语语法可以不学的人往往这样说：“我们中国人，如果智力正常，从小就会说汉语，能遣词造句，没见过哪个小孩先学语法再学话的。再说，英语讲得多了，有了语感，语法还不是水到渠成的事。” 本人个人认为这种实践出真知的说法具有一定的科学正确性，不可完全否认。但我仍主张学一点英语语法理论。 语法，实际上就是给你语言整体上的语感（规则），学习语法的目的，不仅仅是要获得解释语言现象的鱼，更重要的是要让你知道如何用语感去钓语言深层的鱼。 就目前而言，我认为通过学习英语语法，求得对英语的整体感觉非常重要。以前初高中我们只是学习一些语言点，语言现象，最高级的也只是学习了一些独立成块的构词造句，而从没有在空中俯瞰英语语法的脉络和走向，从而造成了盲人摸象，重复记忆，使学生在各个细微的语法现象间迷了路！ 英语语法书很多，学习英语语法的方法也不少。但是学好一样东西，根本没有绝对好的方法。如果号称包治百病的医生，要么是庸医，要么是骗子。事实上，每个人可以根据自己的实际情况，在不断尝试中摸索出适合自己的方法。 归根结底，语言就是规律和例外的组合！！如果两三年内你能把所有的语言规范和所见的语言特例都积累下来，你就是语法精通者！ 第一讲英语的时态 在这里我先声明一点，有许多同学都要问，也有许多老师问我，时态是基于动词用来表达英语里的基本时间逻辑概念的高级语法，时态的基础-动词你都没有讲，更别说构成英语句子的名词，形容词，代词，副词了，你讲什么时态？怎么讲？岂不是无米之炊？ 在这里大家先明确一点，就是在座的各位都已经不是英语的初级学者，而现阶段存在主要问题不是什么细节问题，而是有没有一个良好的，过硬的基础框架问题！ 英语语法里的时态，是随口就说，动笔就有的东西，如果这种基础都不过硬，不管你掌握了多么高深的词汇，多么华丽的句式，都会因为把漂亮的砖瓦错误地放置在了没有根基的建筑结构上，最终都会变成一堆废料！ 这就好像盖一栋楼，没有哪个人会说我们先要漂亮的砖瓦，在要稳固百年的混凝土结构！因为都知道，结构不牢固，砖瓦会塌下来砸人！而结构牢固，添置漂亮的砖瓦只是时间和积累的问题！ 明白了这层关系以后，我们就正式开始我们的语法课程：英语时态。 在开始讲解之前，我想先问大家一个问题：英语一共有几种时态？ 英语一共有16种时态：（见表）
英语语法-ing分词的用法 ing分词的用法 1、-ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）： 一般式完成式 主动形式doing 主动形式having done 被动形式being done 被动形式having been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。 4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)–ing分词（短语）作主语： Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。 在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。 ①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。 ②在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如： There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
英语现在分词 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020
现在分词的构成方法 (1)一般情况下，在动词后加-ing构成：work--working,sleep--sleeping,wait--waiting等。 (2)在不发音的-e结尾动词去掉e后再加-ing：smile--smiling,move-movingtake-takingmake--making等。 (3)以重读闭音节或r音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing：sit--sitting,plan--planning,refer--referring,occur—occurring,begin—beginning,beg—begging,cut—cutting,get—getting,hit—hitting,let— letting,swim-swimming,permit-permittingstop-stopping,drop-dropping,dig-digging,win-winning,run-running,put-putting,admit-admitting，shop--shopping,fit--fitting,forget--forgetting,spit--spitting (4)以字母ie结尾的动词，通常将ie改为y，再加ing：die--dying,lie--lying,tie--tying等。 (5)以字母l结尾动词，若末尾一个音节为重读音节，则必须双写l再加ing，如 control--controlling，但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节，则可双写l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语)，如:travel—traveling/travelling。 cut--cutting切put--putting放swim--swimming游泳begin--beginning开始get--getting得到，获得forget--forgetting忘记hit--hitting打，击，撞spit-- spitting吐痰run--running跑sit--sitting坐babysit--babysitting临时照看婴儿split--splitting分裂shut--shutting关闭win--winning赢shop--shopping购物stop--stopping停止drop--dropping落下dip--dipping浸dig--digging挖plan--planning计划prefer--preferring更喜欢refer--referring查阅，参考let--letting 让trip--tripping绊倒step--stepping踩，踏rob--robbing抢劫set--setting设置nod--nodding点头fit--fitting合适regret--regretting后悔rot--rotting腐烂spot--spotting玷污slip--slipping滑倒wrap--wrapping包装 vs.及物动词Vi.不及物动词N.名词adv.副词Adj.形容词prep.介词Pron.代词Conj.连词Num.数词 illness患病haveafever发烧hurt疼痛haveacold感冒haveatoothache牙疼haveaheadache头疼haveasorethroat喉咙疼
高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 （1）一般情况直接加-s, 如：books, trees. （2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如：stories, countries. （4）以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是：黑人英雄 ．．中吃土豆 ．．、西． ．．．．在回声 红柿 ．．，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 （5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为 了自己 ．．和一片树叶 ．．上，把狼．劈成了两半．，即：selves, lives, ．．．．站在架子 ．．手里拿着刀子 ．．和他的妻子 ．．活命．，小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。 （6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。（7）“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时，作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 （8）不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语； 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系； 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
湖南省娄底市双峰县曾国藩实验学校初中英语语法《动名词和现在 分词的区别》教案 V-ing 的非谓语动词用法: 动名词和现在分词的区别 一、V-ing作动名词时具有名词的特征,因而在句中用作主语、表语、宾语、定语,有时它可以有自己的逻辑主语,也可以有时态和语态形式。如: 1. 作主语、表语 动名词作主语和表语表示泛指。如: Tom's not having finished his homework made his teac her angry. 汤姆没有完成作业使老师很生.(主语) Her job is keeping the offices clean. 她的工作是保持办公室清洁。(表语) 2. 作宾语 动名词常跟在某些动词如enjoy, finish, mind, can't help(禁不住), suggest(建议), advise, consider(考虑), practise, admit, imagine 等以及含介词的短语动词insist on, stop...from, look forward to, pay attention to等后面作宾语。如: Do you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这儿吸烟吗? 3. 作定语 动名词作定语时表示被修饰词的用途和作用。如: Don't forget to take a shopping basket with you. 别忘了带上购物篮子。 a sleeping baby (一个正在睡觉的baby) baby可以睡觉--动作性--现在分词 a sleeping car.（卧车）车不可以睡觉--名词性---动名词 二、V-ing作现在分词充当非谓语动词时,它主要在句中充当定语、表语、宾补、主补及状语。如: 1. 作定语 现在分词作定语时表示该动作正在进行，现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。单个现在分词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面.现在分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词之后。如: The rising sun looks very beautiful. 冉冉升起的太阳看上去很美。 若被修饰词与现在分词是被动关系时,须用现在分词的被动式(being done)作定语。如: The song being broadcas t is very popular with the young students. 正在播放的 歌曲深受青年学生的欢迎。 现在分词与动名词作定语的区别: 现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系,而动 名词作定语表示作用与用途。如: Let sleeping dogs lie. 别招惹麻烦。(现在分词。相当于定语从句 which are sleeping) I think some sleeping pills may help you. 我想安眠药可以助你入睡。(动名词.表示用途,相当于pills for sleeping) 2. 作表语 现在分词作表语表示主语的性质,这时通常可以看作形容词,可以用very, so或much等 修饰。如: The news that our team had been beaten by them in the match was very surprising. 我们队在比赛中被他们打败的消息让人感到很意外。 The sound we heard last night was so frightening. 我们昨晚听到的声音令人恐怖。
分词作状语用法是所有分词用法中最重要的，也是最难掌握的。 分词在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 一、现在分词作状语 一、现在分词作状语，表主动、进行，相当于一个状语从句，根据需要可以使用被动式或完成式。 Studying at the hometown, I enjoyed the happiest time during my life. Being ill, she can't go to work today. The children ran out of the room, laughing and jumping. 1. He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 2. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ________ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing 二、现在分词的时态语态 1. 现在分词的一般式由“动词+ing”构成，其被动式为“being+动词过去分词”。 例如：The students standing there are from Class Three. The English novel being translated by the editor now will be completed in October. 2. 现在分词的完成式由“having +动词过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having +been+动词过去分词”。 例如：Having finished all the work, they had a good rest. Having been given the right answer, the teacher asked me to sit down. Given more time, we will finish the work in time. 3. 现在分词的否定式为“not +动词-ing”，被动式的否定式为“not+being+动词过去分词”，其完成式的否定式为“not + having +动词过去分词”。 例如：Not knowing what to do, he sat there crying. Not being noticed by the public, the young writer felt a little pity. 1. _______ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered 2. Finding her car stolen, _______. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 二、过去分词作状语 过去分词只有一种形式，即done，表被动。 The mother came in, followed by her son. When heated，water will be turned into steam. Deeply moved by the film, we all cried. Born into a poor family, he had no more than two years of schooling. 1．_____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city. A. To see B. Seen C. Seeing D. See 2. _____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated. A. being founded B. Founded C. It was founded D. Founding 三、过去分词与V-ing作状语的区别
高考语法讲义 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式:He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel +do表示动作的完整性，真实性； +doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good?It feels comfortable. 2)使役动词have bid make let等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 3)help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do,cause sb to do,permit sb to do,enable sb to do force sb to do.be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do.begin to do.start to do We agreed_______here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET 1995） A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met（Key：C） 五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom(oneself)to?be accustomed to?face up to?in addition to?look forward to?object to?be reduced to?resign oneself to?be resigned to?resort to?sink to?be used to?be alternative to?be close/closeness to?be dedication/dedicated to?be opposition/opposed to?be similarity/similar to. 三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 He needs(a lot of)encouraging. 二.动名词：具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starving troops is necessary. 一)动名词的形式: 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.
现在分词 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ①It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ②It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。 eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有： A: start, begin, intend, attempt, continue等后接doing和to do无区别。 B: like, love, prefer, hate等后接doing和to do略有区别，后接doing侧重经常习惯性的行为，后接to do侧重具体的某一次行为。 eg: I like swimming in summer but today I like to see a film at home