Model-test-study-on-effective-ratio

Nutrient removal in an A2O-MBR reactor with sludgereductionABSTRACTIn the present study, an advanced sewage treatment process has been developed by incorporating excess sludge reduction and phosphorous recovery in an A2O-MBR process. The A2O-MBR reactor was operated at a flux of 77 LMH over a period of 270 days. The designed flux was increased stepwise over a period of two weeks. The reactor was operated at two different MLSS range. Thermo chemical digestion of sludge was carried out at a fixed pH (11)and temperature (75℃) for 25% COD solubilisation. The released pbospborous was recovered by precipitation process and the organics was sent back to anoxic tank. The sludge digestion did not have any impact on COD and TP removal efficiency of the reactor. During the 270 days of reactor operation, the MBR maintained relatively constant transmembrane pressure. The results based on the study indicated that the proposed process configuration has potential to reduce the excess sludge production as well as it didn't detonated the treated water quality.Keywords: A2O reactor; MBR; Nutrient removal; TMP1. IntroductionExcess sludge reduction and nutrients removal are the two important problems associated with wastewater treatment plant. MBR process has been known as a process with relatively high decay rate and less sludge production due to much longer sludge age in the reactor (Wenet al., 2004). Sludge production in MBR is reduced by 28-68%, depending on the sludge age used (Xia et al.,2008). However, minimizing the sludge production by increasing sludge age is limited due to the potential adverse effect of high MLSS concentrations on membrane (Yoon et al., 2004). This problem can be solved by introducing sludge disintegration technique in MBR (Young et al., 2007). Sludge disintegration techniques have been reported to enhance the biodegradability of excess sludge (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). In overall, the basis for sludge reduction processes is effective combination of the methods for sludge disintegration and biodegradation of treated sludge. Advances in sludge disintegration techniques offer a few promising options including ultrasound (Guo et al., 2008), pulse power (Choi et al.,2006), ozone (Weemaes et al., 2000), thermal (Kim et al., 2003), alkaline (Li et al., 2008) acid (Kim et al., 2003) and thermo chemical(Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). Among the various disintegration techniques, thermo chemical was reported to be simple and cost effective (Weemaes and Verstraete, 1998). In thermal-chemical hydrolysis, alkali sodium hydroxide was found to be the most effective agent in inducing cell lysis (Rocker et al., 1999). Conventionally, the nutrient removal was carried out in an A2O process. It has advantage of achieving, nutrient removal along with organic compound oxidation in a single sludge configuration using linked reactors in series (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). The phosphoroes removal happens by subjecting phosphorous accumulating organisms (PAO) bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Akin and Ugurlu, 2004). These operating procedures enhance predominance PAO, which are able to uptake phosphorous in excess. During the sludge pretreatment processes the bound phosphorous was solubilised and it increases the phosphorousconcentration in the effluent stream (Nishimura, 2001).So, it is necessary to remove the solubilised phosphorus before it enters into main stream. Besides, there is a growing demand for the sustainable phosphorous resources in the industrialized world. In many developed countries, researches are currently underway to recover the phosphoroes bound in the sludge's of enhanced biological phosphorus removal system (EBPR). The released phosphorous can be recovered in usable products using calcium salts precipitation method. Keeping this fact in mind, in the present study, a new advanced wastewater treatment process is developed by integrating three processes, which are: (a) thermo chemical pretreatment in MBR for excess sludge reduction (b) A2O process for biological nutrient removal (c) P recovery through calcium salt precipitation. The experimental data obtained were then used to evaluate the performance of this integrated system.2. Methods2.1. WastewaterThe synthetic domestic wastewater was used as the experimental influent. It was basically composed of a mixed carbon source, macro nutrients (N and P), an alkalinity control (NaHCO3) and a microelement solution. The composition contained (/L) 210 mg glucose, 200 mg NH4C1, 220 mg NaHCO3, 22一34 mg KH2PO4, microelement solution (0.19 mg MnCl2 4H20, 0.0018 mg ZnCl22H2O,0.022 mg CuCl22H2O, 5.6 mg MgSO47H2O, 0.88 mg FeCl36H2O,1.3 mg CaCl2·2H2O). The synthetic wastewater was prepared three times a week with concentrations of 210±1.5 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 40±1 mg/L total nitrogen (TN) and 5.5 mg/L total phosphorus (TP).2.2. A2O-MBRThe working volume of the A2O-MBR was 83.4 L. A baffle was placed inside the reactor to divide it into anaerobic (8.4 L) anoxic (25 L) and aerobic basin (50 L). The synthetic wastewater was feed into the reactor at a flow rate of 8.4 L/h (Q) using a feed pump. A liquid level sensor, planted in aerobic basin of A2O-MBR controlled the flow of influent. The HRT of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic basins were 1, 3 and 6 h, respectively. In order to facilitate nutrient removal, the reactor was provided with two internal recycle (1R). IRl (Q= 1)connects anoxic and anaerobic and IR 2 (Q=3) was between aerobic and anoxic. Anaerobic and anoxic basins were provided with low speed mixer to keep the mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) in suspension. In the aerobic zone, diffusers were used to generate air bubbles for oxidation of organics and ammonia. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the aerobic basin was maintained at 3.5 mg/1 and was monitored continuously through online DO meter. The solid liquid separation happens inaerobic basin with the help of five flat sheet membranes having a pore size of 0.23 pm. The area of each membrane was 0.1 m2. They were connected together by a common tube. A peristaltic pumpwas connected in the common tube to generate suction pressure. In the common tube provision was made to accommodate pressure gauge to measure transmembrane pressure (TMP) during suction. The suction pump was operated in sequence of timing, which consists of 10 min switch on, and 2 min switch off.2.3. Thermo chemical digestion of sludgeMixed liquor from aerobic basin of MBR was withdrawn at the ratio of 1.5% of Q/day and subjected to thermo chemical digestion. Thermo chemical digestion was carried out at a fixed pH of 11(NaOH) and temperature of 75℃for 3 h. After thermo chemical digestion the supernatant and sludge were separated. The thermo-chemicallydigested sludge was amenable to further anaerobic bio-degradation (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004), so it was sent to theanaerobic basin of the MBR2.4. Phosphorus recoveryLime was used as a precipitant to recover the phosphorous in the supernatant. After the recovery of precipitant the content was sent back to anoxic tank as a carbon source and alkalinity supelement for denitrification.2.5. Chemical analysisCOD, MLSS, TP, TN of the raw and treated wastewater were analyzed following methods detailed in (APHA, 2003). The influent and effluent ammonia concentration was measured using an ion-selective electrode (Thereto Orion, Model: 95一12). Nitrate in the sample was analyzed using cadmium reduction method (APHA, 2003).3. Results and discussionFig. 1 presents data of MLSS and yield observed during the operational period of the reactor. One of the advantages of MBR reactor was it can be operated in high MLSS concentration. The reactor was seeded with EBPR sludge from the Kiheung, sewage treatment plant, Korea. The reactor was startup with the MLSS concentration of 5700 mg/L. It starts to increase steadily with increase in period of reactor operation and reached a value of 8100 mg/L on day 38. From then onwards, MLSS concentration was maintained in the range of 7500 mg/L by withdrawing excess sludge produced and called run I. The observed yields (Yobs) for experiments without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion were calculated and given in Fig. 1. The Yobs for run I was found to be 0.12 gMLSS/g COD. It was comparatively lower than a value of 0.4 gMLSS/g CODreported for the conventional activated sludge processes (Tchoba-noglous et al., 2003). The difference in observed yield of these two systems is attributed to their working MLSS concentration. At high MLSS concentration the yield observed was found to be low (Visva-nathan et al., 2000). As a result of that MBR generated less sludge.The presently used MLSS ranges (7.5一10.5 g/L) are selected on the basis of the recommendation by Rosenberger et al. (2002). In their study, they reported that the general trend of MLSS increase on fouling in municipal applications seems to result in no impact at medium MLSS concentrations (7一12 g/L).It is evident from the data that the COD removal efficiency of A2O system remains unaffected before and after the introduction of sludge digestion practices. A test analysis showed that the differences between the period without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion (run II and III) are not statistically significant.However, it has been reported that, in wastewater treatment processes including disintegration-induced sludge degradation, the effluent water quality is slightly detonated due to the release of nondegradable substances such as soluble microbial products (Ya-sui and Shibata, 1994; Salcai et al., 1997; Yoon et al., 2004). During the study period, COD concentration in the aerobic basin of MBR was in the range of 18-38 mg/L and corresponding organic concentration in the effluent was varied from 4 to 12 mg/L. From this data it can be concluded that the membrane separation played an important role in providing the excellent and stable effluent quality.Phosphorus is the primary nutrient responsible for algal bloom and it is necessary to reduce the concentration of phosphorus in treated wastewater to prevent the algal bloom. Fortunately its growth can be inhibited at the levels of TP well below 1 mg/L (Mer-vat and Logan, 1996).Fig. 2 depicts TP removal efficiency of the A2O-MBR system during the period of study. It is clearly evident from the figure that the TP removal efficiency of A/O system was remains unaffected after the introduction of sludge reduction. In the present study, the solubilised phosphorous was recovered in the form of calcium phosphate before it enters into main stream. So, the possibility of phosphorus increase in the effluent due to sludge reduction practices has been eliminated. The influent TP concentration was in the range of 5.5 mg/L. During thefirst four weeks of operation the TP removal efficiency of the system was not efficient as the TP concentration in the effluent exceeds over 2.5 mg/L. The lower TP removal efficiency during the initial period was due to the slow growing nature of PAO organisms and other operational factors such as anaerobic condition and internal recycling. After the initial period, the TP removal efficiency in the effluent starts to increase with increase in period of operation. TP removal in A2O process is mainly through PAO organisms. These organisms are slow growing in nature and susceptible to various physicochemical factors (Carlos et al., 2008). During the study period TP removal efficiency of the system remains unaffected and was in the range of 74-82%.。

机器学习之常用的分类模型评价指标常用的分类模型评价指标是衡量机器学习模型在分类问题上的性能的指标，用于评估模型的准确性和可靠性。

以下是常用的分类模型评价指标：1. 准确率（Accuracy）：准确率是最简单直观的评价指标，表示模型正确预测样本的比例。

准确率定义为：准确率 = (正确预测的样本数)/ (总样本数)。

2. 精确度（Precision）：精确度衡量模型预测为正样本的准确率，即在所有预测为正样本中，有多少是真正的正样本。

精确度定义为：精确度 = (真正的正样本数) / (预测的正样本数)。

3. 召回率（Recall）：召回率衡量模型对正样本的识别能力，即在所有真正的正样本中，有多少被正确预测出来。

召回率定义为：召回率 = (真正的正样本数) / (真正的正样本数 + 假负样本数)。

4. F1分数（F1 Score）：F1分数综合考虑了精确度和召回率，用于衡量模型的综合性能。

F1分数定义为：F1=2*(精确度*召回率)/(精确度+召回率)。

5. 特异度（Specificity）：特异度衡量了模型对负样本的识别能力，即在所有真正的负样本中，有多少被正确预测出来。

特异度定义为：特异度 = (真正的负样本数) / (真正的负样本数+假正样本数)。

6. 假正例率（False Positive Rate，FPR）：假正例率衡量了模型将负样本错误预测为正样本的能力。

FPR定义为：FPR = (假正样本数) / (真负样本数 + 假正样本数)。

7. AUC-ROC：AUC-ROC（Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve）是ROC曲线下的面积，用于衡量模型分类准确性的整体能力。

AUC-ROC的取值范围为0.5到1，值越接近1表示模型性能越好。

8. 查准率-查全率曲线（Precision-Recall Curve）：查准率-查全率曲线绘制了不同阈值下的查准率和查全率之间的关系。

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海马对酒精引起的记忆障碍、应激诱导的抑郁以及疲劳症状的改善作用摘要线纹海马（Hippocampus erectus）是一味名贵中药材，现代研究发现其具有抗疲劳、抗衰老，增强学习记忆等多种功能。

而现代社会酗酒和抑郁症高发，并随之伴有记忆损伤以及身体疲劳，均已严重威胁到人类健康并造成巨大经济损失，但是目前缺乏有效治疗手段。

因此本论文探究了海洋中药—线纹海马在以上疾病动物模型中的治疗和改善作用，为线纹海马营养保健、药用价值的开发提供科学的理论依据。

为探究海马对于记忆的改善作用，本研究利用跳台实验检测小鼠记忆能力。

实验方法：将小鼠为4组，正常组与乙醇组喂食普通饲料，另外2组分别喂食含有质量分数为0.22%的雌、雄海马饲料，共喂食6周。

6周后，用30%的乙醇对小鼠灌胃，进行记忆障碍造模。

在跳台实验中，记录小鼠跳下平台的潜伏期与错误次数，以此检验小鼠学习记忆能力。

跳台实验结束24 h后，牺牲小鼠，保留脑组织，检测脑内AChE和ChAT活性。

实验结果：与对照组相比，模型组小鼠跳下平台的潜伏期显著下降（P＜0.01），错误次数显著升高（P＜0.01）；与模型组相比，喂食雄海马的小鼠跳下平台的潜伏期显著升高（P＜0.05），错误次数显著减少（P＜0.05），脑组织中的AChE活性显著降低（P＜0.05）；而喂食雌海马的小鼠上述指标均无显著变化。

为探究海马对于抑郁症的改善作用，本研究利用慢性应激制造斑马鱼抑郁样行为模型，利用新鱼缸潜水实验检测其抑郁样行为。

实验方法：斑马鱼共分4组，对照组、应激组、应激+0.044%海马组以及应激+0.22%海马组。

应激造模后，记录新鱼缸潜水实验中，斑马鱼的顶部转移次数、顶部用时、冻结次数、冻结时间以及从鱼缸底部到跨越鱼缸中线的潜伏期。

实验结束后，牺牲斑马鱼，保存样品。

检测斑马鱼的皮质醇、IFN-γ以及IL-6含量，同时利用高效液相检测组织中的单胺类神经递质含量。

实验结果：应激能显著降低斑马鱼的顶部转移次数和顶部用时，同时延长其潜伏期，而0.044%海马能有效逆转这些变化。

]
BEGIN PAUP;
Lset Base=(0.2789 0.2637 0.2411) Nst=6 Rmat=(2.1562 4.4909 1.9751 1.8702 62557 Pinvar=0.0132;
END;
Begin paup后面的一段命令是在paup中运行，来执行这个模型的命令。
3． 在开始－运行中输入cmd命令，确认，弹出一个dos界面的窗口，将其默认目录改为model.scores文件所在文件夹，修改方式为在dos窗口输入：cd 盘符：\filename\filename，确认，这里我们输入
cd C:\modeltest3.7\” Modeltest3.7 folder” \bin\。带有空格的文件夹名要用双引号括起来。
PAML软件的一些简单的具体的使用操作（转）
2009-08-31 10:45
PAML软件的一些简单的具体的使用操作(2008-11-14 153642)标签：杂谈
1. 首先用Clustal X进行序列比对：要保证：保证核苷酸序列是三的倍数，没有终止密码子，核苷酸序列的第一位是密码子的第一位。假设序列名为cox1.fas
5、然后点击左边的按钮“select file”，找到“model.scores”，之后，点击按钮
“Modeltest！！”，然后就会出现运行结果了。
6、会出现两个运行结果，一个是hLRT得出的结果，另一个是AIC给出的结果。
[!
Likelihood settings from best-fit model (TrN+I+G) selected by hLRT in Modeltest 3.7 on Fri Jul 24 15:23:49 2009
计算不同model下的似然值。如果序列比较多，且长的话，需要计算一阵呢！

E7.2E7.3E7.4-------------------------------------------- (1) (2) ahe ahe -------------------------------------------- age 0.605*** 0.585*** (15.02) (16.02)female -3.664*** (-17.65)bachelor 8.083*** (38.00)_cons 1.082 -0.636 (0.93) (-0.59)（表2）Robust ci in parentheses*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1-------------------------------------------- N 7711 7711 -------------------------------------------- t statistics in parentheses* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01 (表1)（1） 建立ahe 对age 的回归。

截距估计值是1.082，斜率估计值是0.605。

（2） ①建立ahe 对age ，female 和bachelor 的回归。

Age 对收入的效应的估计值是0.585。

② age 回归系数的95%置信区间： (0.514，0.657)（3） 设H 0:βa,（2）-βa,（1）=0 H1:βa,（2）-βa （1）≠0由表3，得SE ，SE(βa,（2）-βa,（1）)=√（0.0403）²+(0.0365)²=0.054t=（0.605-0.585）/0.054=0.37<1.96所以不拒绝原假设，即在5%显著水平下age 对ahe 的效应估计没有显著差异，所以（1）中的回归没有遭遇遗漏变量偏差。

learningrate参数-回复什么是学习率（learning rate）参数？学习率是机器学习中的一个重要参数，用于控制模型的学习速度或者说梯度下降的步长。

它决定了模型在每次迭代中更新权重的幅度。

学习率的选择很关键，过小的学习率会导致模型收敛缓慢，而过大的学习率可能会导致模型无法达到最优解。

在机器学习算法中，我们通常会最小化一个损失函数，以找到最佳的模型参数。

梯度下降是一种常用的优化算法，它通过计算损失函数对参数的梯度来更新模型的参数。

学习率的大小决定了更新参数时的步伐大小。

如果学习率较大，模型参数会在每次迭代中做较大幅度的更新，但可能会错过最优解；如果学习率较小，模型参数的更新幅度较小，收敛速度会变慢。

如何选择合适的学习率参数？选择合适的学习率参数是一项重要的任务，因为它直接影响模型的性能和训练速度。

下面介绍几种常用的方法来选择合适的学习率参数。

1. 固定学习率：在训练过程中，将学习率设定为一个固定的常数。

这种方法简单直接，但可能需要大量的实验来确定最佳的学习率值。

2. 学习率衰减（learning rate decay）：在训练的过程中逐渐降低学习率。

一种常用的学习率衰减策略是每个epoch（所有训练样本都被遍历一次）将学习率减小一个固定的因子（如0.1），以逐渐降低学习率。

3. 学习率重启（learning rate restarts）：在训练过程中周期性地重置学习率。

例如，可以在每个epoch结束时重设学习率为一个较大的值，以帮助模型跳出局部最优解。

4. 学习率自适应（learning rate adaptive）：根据模型训练的进展动态调整学习率。

一种常见的自适应方法是AdaGrad，它根据参数的梯度历史信息自适应地调整学习率。

还有其他一些自适应算法，如Adam、RMSProp 等。

5. 学习率调度（learning rate scheduling）：根据训练的进展和性能动态地调整学习率。

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模型拟合指标引用文献全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：模型拟合指标是评价建立的模型对实际数据的拟合程度的重要指标之一。

在数据分析和建模中，我们常常需要借助模型来描述数据之间的关系，从而进行预测、推断或探索性分析。

而模型拟合指标则可以帮助我们评价这些模型的有效性和准确性，从而为我们的决策提供支持和参考。

在实际的数据分析中，经常会用到各种不同类型的模型来对数据进行建模。

例如线性回归模型、逻辑回归模型、决策树模型、支持向量机模型等等。

而在使用这些模型的过程中，我们需要用一些指标来评价这些模型在数据上的表现如何。

这些指标可以反映出模型对实际数据的拟合程度，帮助我们评估模型的准确性和鲁棒性。

模型拟合指标的选择还取决于我们所关注的问题和具体的应用场景。

比如在探索性数据分析中，我们可能更关心模型的解释性和可解释性；而在预测建模中，我们则更注重模型的预测准确性和稳定性。

在选择模型拟合指标时，要考虑到自身的研究目的和需求，选择合适的指标来评价模型的表现。

在实际应用中，模型拟合指标的选择和使用需要谨慎，不同的指标对模型的评价有不同的侧重点和局限性。

因此在选择模型拟合指标时，要根据具体的问题和数据情况来进行选择，并结合其他评价方法来综合评估模型的表现。

只有这样，我们才能更好地利用模型拟合指标来指导我们的数据分析工作，为我们的研究提供更有力的支持和指导。

第二篇示例：模型拟合指标是评价模型拟合程度和预测能力的重要工具，广泛应用于统计学、机器学习、金融等领域。

通过对模型预测值和真实观测值之间的差异进行量化，可以帮助我们评估模型在不同情况下的表现，从而指导我们对模型的调整和改进。

在研究和实践中，有很多种模型拟合指标被提出，不同的指标适用于不同的问题和数据类型。

本文将介绍一些常用的模型拟合指标，并举例说明其在某些研究中的应用。

一、均方根误差（RMSE）均方根误差是最常用的模型拟合指标之一，用来评估模型的预测精度。

RMSE描述了模型预测值与真实观测值之间的平均偏差程度。

Model Test 2News Report OneMalawi is one of the poorest nations in Africa with millions of people living under the poverty line .Unemployment rates are high. And those who have jobs have low wages. [1]Yet a recent survey shows that many Malawians are using more than half of their monthly incomes on mobile phone usage. This makes Malawi one of the most expensive countries in the world to use cell phones.In fact, a report by the International Telecommunications Union, ITU, says on average, Malawians use more than twelve dollars a month on cell phones.[2]Lack of competition is why mobile costs are so high. The government might be forced to intervene to bring down the cost of using a mobile phone. Many consumers also want the providers to give them value for their money by improving the quality of service they get.1.What is the result of the recent survey?2.Why are the mobile costs so high in Malawi?News Report TwoBlack Friday is the day after Thanksgiving, and it`s a massive shopping day. This year the retailers have a little bit of a unique opportunity. So, here are a few strategies:[3]One, retailers are rolling out promotions early. More people are shopping in November, before Black Friday.Two, minimize wait times. Stores are increasing staff and mobile checkouts. The fact is, shoppers are more valuable than ever before. So, stores are really working hard to keep them happy.[4]Three, focus on online sales. Researcher NPD Group says 60 percent of consumers plan to shop online this year. So, expect more special online and mobile deal, and fewer shipping fees, but at the end of the day, these tactics can only go so far.Ultimately, what people spend and where they spend it, depends on how they feel about their job, the economy, and how much money is in their pocket.3.What do the retailers usually do before Black Friday?4.What is one of the strategies according to the news report?News Report Three[5]Parents are being urged to download a free app which tells them the sugar content of food and drink. The “sugar smart app”, from Publ ic Health England (PHE), works by scanning barcodes and revealing total sugar in cubes or grams. Officials hope it will help combat tooth decay, obesity and type two diabetes and encourage families to choose healthier alternatives.[6]PHE says young children are eating three times more than the sugar limit. Its new Change4Life advertising campaign, which includes the sugar app, suggests that on average children aged four to ten years old are consuming 22kg of added sugar a year. That`s about 5,500 sugar cubes-more than the weight of an average five-year-old child.The app has been developed to raise awareness of how much sugar is contained in everyday food and drink. [7]It works on more than 75,000 products, offering a quick guide to help parents to assess potential purchases that may harm their children`s health.Dr Alison Tedstone, chief nutritionist from PHE, said children were having too much sugar in their diets and this was leading to painful tooth decay, weight gain and the potential for serioushealth problems in later life.5.What is the news report mainly about?6.What can we learn about the children in England?7.How can the app help parents?Conversation OneW:Jack, I heard you were looking for a job. Have you found one yet?M：I`m getting discouraged and frustrated. I went to the weekly job market the day before yesterday. But no one was really wanting to hire an English major.W:I quite agree with you. I went there, too. [8] I found that many of the companies there were only looking for people with more skills.M:I can`t agree with you more. You went there, too? Have you had any job opportunities?W：You know, I have learned computer and know it quite well. [9]A quite prosperous company would give me an interview.M:How wonderful!Tell me about it.W:You know I am familiar with Word Perfect. The first person I talked with showed greet interests in me. When they found I was able to speak very good English, they were even more impressed. [8]You know they just want people with combination of skills.M:[10]I was hoping to finding a sales job in an import-export company.W:[10]You`d be good at that kind of job. Your English is very good. You are interested in business. One of my friends has been working in an import-export company for many years, and now he is the personal manager of that company. [11]If you would like, I will call him and ask him to help you find a job there.M:[11]I would really appreciate that. I know some of my classmates have found job in that area. Thank you for you help.W:You are welcome.8.What kind of people were most companies looking for?9.What do we learn about the woman from the conversation?10.Why does the woman think the man will be good at a sales job?11.How can the man find a sales job?Conversation TwoM:Hi, Rose, you are so absorbed that [12]you didn`t even know I came in.W:Oh, you scared me. We were assigned the homework to learn more about the Bronte sisters.[12]Now I am reading one of their books Jane Eyre.M:I`ve just read it the other day. No wonder you were absorbed. It is worth reading. It was written by the eldest sister, Charlotte Bronte.W:So, you know the sisters. Tell me about them.M:[13]The other two are Emily and Anne, and their famous works are Wuthering Heights, and Agnes Grey respectively.W:I leaned they had a brother. Is he also well-known?M:Well, it`s interesting that those literature geniuses had such an ordinary brother. Whatever he did, he ended up a failure. However, later he got famous because it was he who left the world the sisters` only picture.W:You mean without him, we would not have learned what the sisters looked 3like?M:Definitely true. [14]Personally, I think the reason, why he was a failure is that he might havebeen spoiled. Have you learned that his sisters sacrificed a lot to promote him?W:What do you mean?M:In the early period of the 19th century, women were usually looked down upon. So the hopes of a family rested on the male child. [15] The three sisters had their first books published in their pen names.W:So, inequality between men and women was a historical problem. But it`s a pity that the sisters died very young.12.What was the woman doing when the man came in?13.Who wrote Wuthering Heights?14.Why was the Bronte sisters` brother a failure?15.What do we know about the Bronte sisters` first books?Passage OneI live in a small village in the country. My wife and I run the village shop. We have a very peaceful life-boring, some might say, but we love it. We know all the people in the village, and have plenty of time to stop and chat. I have plenty of time for my hobbies, too-gardening, fishing, and walking in the countryside. I love the outdoor life. It wasn`t always like this, though.[16]\[17]I used to have a really stressful job, working till late at the office every evening, and often bringing work home at the weekend. [16]The advertising world is very competitive ,and when I look back ,I can’t imagine how I stood it.I had no private life at all,no time for the really important things in life.Because of the pressure of the job,I used to smoke and drink too much.The crisis came when my wife left me.She complained that she never saw me and that I had no time for family life . This made me realize what was really important to me . I talked things through with her , and decided to get back with her again and to start a new and better life together . I gave up tobacco and alcohol and searched for new hobbies. Now, I`m afraid of looking back, sine the past life seemed a horrible nightmare.16.What did the speaker use to do for a living?17.What do we know about the speaker`s life in the past?18.What made the speaker change his life style?Passage TwoPeople with bigger brains tend to score higher on standard tests of intelligence, according to new study findings. [19]However, study author Dr. Michael A. McDaniel emphasized that these findings represent a general trend, and people with small heads should not automatically believe they are less intelligent. For instance, Albert Einstein’s brain was“not particularly large”, Mc Daniel noted. “There’s some relationship between brain size and intelligence on average, but there’s plenty of room for exceptions,” he said. [20]Interest in the relationship between brain size and intelligence grew in the 1803s, when German scientist Frederick Tideman wrote that he believed “there was a connection between the size of the brain and the mental energy displayed by the individual man”. Since that statement, scientists have conducted numerous studies to determine if Tiedmann’s argument was,in f act, correct. More recently, researchers have published additional studies on intelligence and brain size. For his study, McDaniel analyzed more than 20 studies that investigated the relationship between brain size and intelligence in a total of 1,530 people. The studies showed that on average, people with bigger brains tended to be more intelligent. The relationship between brain size and intelligence was stronger in women than men, and in adults than children, McDaniel noted. In an interview, McDaniel not ed that he’s not surewhy the relationship was stronger for adults and women. [21]Previous research has shown that women, on average, tend to have smaller brains than men, but score just as well-if not higher-in tests of intelligence, he said.19.What does Dr. McDaniel believe?20.When did the study on the relationship between brain size and intelligence becomepopular?21.What can we infer from the previous research mentioned in the passage?Passage ThreeA new study found that 43 percent of boy and girl participants drank at least one daily serving of soda. Four percent of the youngsters had four or more sodas to drink every day.[22]The study’s author, Shakira Suglia says her team found that children who drank the most soda were more than two times as likely as those who drank no soda to show signs of aggression. For the children who consumed four or more soft drinks per day, they see an association between aggressive behaviors, attention problems and withdrawn behaviors.[23]The aggressive behaviors included destroying possessions belonging to others, taking part in fights and physically attacking people.Shakira Suglia says the researchers identified the link after they considered socio-demographic factors like the child’s age and sex. They also considered other possible influences, such as whether the boys and girls were eating sweets or given fruit drinks on a normal day. [24]In addition, the researchers examined parenting styles and other social conditions that might be taking place in the home.Doctor Suglia says it is not clear why young children who drink a lot of soda have behavior problems. A substance often found in soft drink is caffeine, which helps to make people feel energized. [25]She suggests that caffeine could be causing the five year olds to be more aggressive.22.What did the researchers find from the study?23.What did the aggressive behaviors include according to the passage?24.What factors did the researchers consider before they identified the link?25.What is supposed to be the cause of the aggressive behaviors according to DoctorSuglia?。

Evolution of p53 pathway-related genes provides insights into anticancer mechanisms of natural longevity in cetaceansDEAR EDITOR,Despite the generally increased cancer risk in large, long-lived organisms, cetaceans, among the largest and longest-living mammals, appear to possess a counteracting mechanism.Nevertheless, the genetic basis underlying this mechanism remains poorly understood. The p53 pathway serves as an ideal target for studying the mechanisms behind cancer resistance, as most cancer types have evolved strategies to circumvent its suppressive functions. Here, comparative genetic analysis of 73 genes involved in the p53 pathway in cetaceans (Supplementary Table S1) was undertaken to explore the potential anticancer mechanisms behind natural longevity. Results showed that long-lived species contained three positively selected genes (APAF1, CASP8, and TP73)and three duplicated genes (IGFBP3, PERP , and CASP3)related to apoptosis regulation. Additionally, the evolutionary rates of three genes associated with angiogenesis (SERPINE1, CD82, and TSC2) showed a significant relationship with longevity quotient (LQ) and maximum lifespan (MLS), suggesting angiogenesis inhibition as another potential strategy protecting cetaceans from cancer.Interestingly, several positively selected tumor suppressor genes with high copy numbers were correlated with body size in the large-bodied and long-lived cetacean lineages,corroborating Peto’s paradox, which posits no link between cancer incidence and body size or longevity across species. In conclusion, we identified several candidate genes that may confer cancer resistance in cetaceans, providing a new avenue for further research into the mechanisms of lifespan extension.Mammalian lifespans and body masses (BM) exhibit considerable variability, with the shortest- and longest-living mammals differing by more than 100-fold and the smallest and largest mammals differing by more than 100-million-fold (Tacutu et al., 2018). The largest extant mammal, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus ), has an average adult weight of 136 000 kg and MLS of 110 years, while the longest-lived mammal, the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus ), has an average weight of over 100 000 kg and an MLS of 211 years.Typically, large and long-lived organisms face elevated cancer risk due to increased cell divisions, which increases the likelihood of DNA damage and potential cellular transformation to malignancy. Nonetheless, large whales, possessingapproximately 1 000 times more cells than humans,demonstrate an unexpectedly low cancer risk, despite their extended lifespans (Nagy et al., 2007). These observations align with Peto’s paradox, suggesting that these cetaceans have evolved an effective mechanism for suppressing cancer (Peto et al., 1975). The p53 pathway, vital for tumor suppression and lifespan extension, acts as a transcription factor to prevent tumor formation and development by selectively regulating target genes to induce cell cycle arrest,promote cell apoptosis or senescence, and accelerate DNA repair (Cha & Yim, 2013). Thus, studying the p53 pathway is a promising approach for uncovering the mechanisms by which large and long-lived species inhibit cancer.Based on MLS and BM records of non-flying eutherian mammals from the AnAge online dataset (Supplementary Table S2), a new allometric equation was derived:The LQ of all cetacean species was calculated using the allometric equation:Species with an LQ or MLS greater than 0.5 standard deviations (SD ) from the mean of 65 cetaceans were classified as long-lived. This determination was made after computing sequential thresholds ranging from 0 to 1.0 SD from the cetacean mean, with species designated as long-lived consistently falling within the 0.4 to 0.8 range (Supplementary Figure S1). The mean LQ value for the 65cetaceans was 0.97 with a 0.5 SD of 0.17 (LQ=0.97±0.17;Supplementary Table S3). Six cetacean species, including bowhead whales, long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas ), Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens ), killer whales (Orcinus orca ), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus ), and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T.aduncus ) were classified as long-lived (LQ>1.14) and five species were classified as short-lived (LQ<0.80), with the remaining intermediate species (0.8<LQ<1.14) serving as controls (Figure 1A). In terms of MLS, the mean value across all cetaceans was 47.90±15.67. Five long-lived species,including blue whales, bowhead whales, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae ), killer whales, and sperm whalesReceived: 09 April 2023; Accepted: 11 September 2023; Online: 11September 2023Foundation items: This work was supported by the National Key Program of Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2022YFF1301600), National Natural Science Foundation of China (32070409, 32270453 to S.X.X.), Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions to G.Y. and S.X.X., and Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province to S.X.X.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.Copyright ©2023 Editorial Office of Zoological Research, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesLiu et al. Zool. Res. 2023, 44(5): 947−949https:///10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.058(Physeter catodon) were identified with an MLS>63.57 and four short-lived species were identified with an MLS<32.23. Ancestral reconstructions based on MLS and LQ were performed to classify long-lived lineages in ancestral nodes (Supplementary Figure S2). Subsequent analyses were then performed on cetacean species identified as long-lived based on both standards (LQ>1.14, MLS>63.57).In this study, 23 genes exhibited copy number gains in at least one cetacean lineage (Figure 1B; Supplementary Table S4, S5). Among these, four genes (BCL2L1 in long-finned pilot whales, IGFBP3 and STEAP3 in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, and PERP in bottlenose dolphins) contained two copies unique to the long-lived cetacean lineages (LQ>1.14), whereas only one copy was identified in the other cetacean lineages. In addition, the long-lived sperm whale contained three copies of CCNB2 and two copies of MDM4, while only one copy of each was found in the other cetacean lineages. Results also showed CASP3 and CCNG1 duplication in all large, long-lived cetacean species (MLS>63.57), except for the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Ancestral state reconstructions estimated that the last common ancestor of baleen whales lived to over 110 years of age (Supplementary Figure S2), suggesting that increased copy numbers of both genes in common minke whales was the same as that of other baleen whales classified as long-lived based on MLS. In contrast, only one RCHY1 copy was identified in the five large, long-lived species, while two copies were found in the other cetacean species. Expanded analyses of 17 non-cetacean mammals indicated higher CASP3 and PERP copies in notable cancer-fighting species, including primates and naked mole-rats (Gorbunova et al., 2014). Neither genome assembly length nor scaffold N50 number influenced the estimated gene copy number (Supplementary Figure S3).A total of 46 “one-to-one” orthologous genes were identified among the 73 genes involved in the p53 pathway (Supplementary Table S6). To detect signatures of episodic selection in genes occurring in long-lived cetaceans, four different methods were used, including the free-ratio and branch-site models from PAML v4.9 and aBSREL and BUSTED from Datamonkey v2.0. The likelihood ratio test (LRT) indicated that the free-ratio model, which assumes an independent ω for each branch, provided a superior fit to the data compared to the one-ratio model for the APAF1, CASP8, and AIFM2 genes (P<0.05, Figure 1A; Supplementary Table S7). An ω value greater than one was observed exclusively in specific branches of APAF1 and CASP8, including the last common ancestor (LCA) of the humpback whale and the terminal branch for the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin for APAF1, as well as the LCA of delphinids and the branch leading to the Pacific white-sided dolphin for CASP8. The branch-site model from CODEML, designed to detect pronounced positive selection on a limited number of sites amidst predominant purifying selection, yielded consistent results. Evidence of positive selection was observed in the two long-lived branches leading to the sperm whale for TP73 and the long-finned pilot whale for AIFM2 (Figure 1A; Supplementary Table S7). Based on the BEB approach, twoFigure 1 Evidence of p53 pathway-related gene evolution in cetaceansA: Long-lived species identified based on LQ and MLS are marked in green and red, respectively. Short-lived species and control group are marked in purple and gray, respectively. Significant positive selections identified by free-ratio model, branch-site model, and aBSREL are indicated by a circle, pentagram, and triangle, respectively. Photo credit: NOAA Fisheries. B: Copy number variation in p53 pathway-related genes in cetaceans. Colors correspond to number of copies, with red indicating increasing copy number. Red bars represent long-lived species. C: Regression analyses between root-to-tip (ω) and three longevity traits (MLS, BM, and LQ).948 positively selected sites identified in both genes (TP73: 506; AIFM2: 459) exhibited radical changes in at least one property. The alternative branch-site model aBSREL in Datamonkey v2.0 appeared to be markedly more sensitive in detecting episodic selection than the branch-site methods in PAML v4.9. After multiple testing correction, TP73 displayed positive selection in the large, long-lived humpback whale (Supplementary Table S8). The BUSTED program, which may be particularly effective at testing for selection limited to foreground branches, further revealed positive selection in TP73 within the long-lived cetaceans (P<0.05, Supplementary Table S9). Employing these four methods of selection, three positively selected genes (APAF1, CASP8, and TP73) emerged as unique to the long-lived cetacean species. Collectively, all three positively selected genes (APAF1, CASP8, and TP73) and most genes with multiple copy numbers (IGFBP3, PERP, and CASP3) play roles in apoptosis regulation in the long-lived cetacean species (Supplementary Figure S4). This suggests that these long-lived lineages may have evolved apoptosis mechanisms to prevent cancer. Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression was performed between the evolutionary rate of each orthologous gene (represented by root-to-tip ω) and the three lifespan-associated traits (MLS, BM, and LQ). Results showed that the evolutionary rates of two angiogenesis-inhibiting genes (SERPINE1: R2=0.343, P=0.010; and CD82: R2=0.392, P=0.004) were significantly correlated with LQ (Figure 1C). SERPINE1, which encodes endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1), plays an important role in inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in mice (Wu et al., 2015). The tumor suppressor gene TSC2 (R2=0.364, P=0.008) was significantly positively associated with MLS in the cetaceans. TSC2 is implicated in the regulation of angiogenesis. Notably, absence of this gene results in elevated levels of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) and VEGF, and the subsequent activation of the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, which mediates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis (Brugarolas et al., 2003). In addition, research has shown that TSC2 is negatively regulated by mTOR signaling, with genetic inhibition of TOR activity leading to a two-fold extension in lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans (Brugarolas et al., 2003; Vellai et al., 2003). Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between the TP73 evolution rate and BM (R2=0.226, P=0.031). Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in cancer development, facilitating the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors, and promoting tumor metastasis to distant organs (Al-Ostoot et al., 2021). Thus, inhibition of angiogenesis may represent another anticancer mechanism in cetaceans.Peto’s paradox states that large-bodied, long-lived species do not exhibit a greater lifetime risk of cancer compared to small, short-lived species (Peto et al., 1975). For instance, despite the 100-fold difference in cell number between African elephants and humans, the former does not show a higher incidence of cancer compared to the latter (Abegglen et al., 2015). A similar observation has also been observed in large-bodied, long-lived cetaceans (Nagy et al., 2007). Our research findings provide strong evidence in support of Peto’s paradox. Notably, a series of positively selected genes and tumor suppressor genes with copy number variations were identified in the large, long-lived species. Moreover, a significant positive relationship between gene evolution and body size was identified for the tumor suppressor gene TP73,suggesting that cetaceans evolved mechanisms to counteract the risk of cancer caused by the accumulation of cellular mutations. However, further laboratory experiments are needed to verify this.SUPPLEMENTARY DATASupplementary data to this article can be found online.COMPETING INTERESTSThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONSS.X.X. designed the study. X.L. was responsible for the data collection and analysis. S.X.X. and X.L. drafted the manuscript. S.X.X. revised the manuscript. F.Y., Y.L., X.H., and L.X.S. participated in the data collection. Z.P.Y., W.H.R., and G.Y. helped edit the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank members of the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, for their contributions to this paper. We thank Mr. Tian-Zhen Wu and Mr. Xu Zhou for their helpful suggestions. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Ran Tian and Dr. Wei-Jian Guo for their technical support.Xing Liu1, Fei Yang1, Yi Li1, Zhen-Peng Yu1, Xin Huang1, Lin-Xia Sun1, Wen-Hua Ren1, Guang Yang1, Shi-Xia Xu1,*1 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology,College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing,Jiangsu 210023, China*Corresponding author, E-mail: *****************.cnREFERENCESAbegglen LM, Caulin AF, Chan A, et al. 2015. Potential mechanisms for cancer resistance in elephants and comparative cellular response to DNA damage in humans. JAMA, 314(17): 1850−1860.Al-Ostoot FH, Salah S, Khamees HA, et al. 2021. Tumor angiogenesis: Current challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treatment and Research Communications, 28: 100422.Brugarolas JB, Vazquez F, Reddy A, et al. 2003. TSC2 regulates VEGF through mTOR-dependent and-independent pathways. Cancer Cell, 4(2): 147−158.Cha HJ, Yim H. 2013. The accumulation of DNA repair defects is the molecular origin of carcinogenesis. Tumor Biology, 34(6): 3293−3302. Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Zhang ZD, et al. 2014. Comparative genetics of longevity and cancer: insights from long-lived rodents. Nature Reviews Genetics, 15(8): 531−540.Nagy JD, Victor EM, Cropper JH. 2007. Why don't all whales have cancer?A novel hypothesis resolving Peto's paradox. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 47(2): 317−328.Peto R, Roe FJ, Lee PN, et al. 1975. Cancer and ageing in mice and men. British Journal of Cancer, 32(4): 411−426.Tacutu R, Thornton D, Johnson E, et al. 2018. Human ageing genomic resources: new and updated databases. Nucleic Acids Research, 46(D1): D1083−D1090.Vellai T, Takacs-Vellai K, Zhang Y, et al. 2003. Influence of TOR kinase on lifespan in C. elegans. Nature, 426(6967): 620.Wu JB, Strawn TL, Luo M, et al. 2015. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibits angiogenic signaling by uncoupling vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2-αVβ3 integrin cross talk. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 35(1): 111−120.Zoological Research 44(5): 947−949, 2023 949。

Accuracy 准确度Active control , AC阳性对照，活性对照Adverse drug reaction , ADR 药物不良反应Adverse eve nt , AE 不良事件Adverse medical eve nts 不良医学事件Adverse reacti on 药物不良反应Alb 白蛋白ALD (Approximate Lethal Dose ) 近似致死剂量ALP碱性磷酸酶Alpha spe nding fun cti on 消耗函数ALT丙氨酸氨基转换酶An alysis sets 统计分析的数据集Approval 批准Assista nt in vestigator 助理研究者AST天门冬酸氨基转换酶ATR衰减全反射法AUCss稳态血药浓度—时间曲线下面积Audit 稽查Audit or in spectio n 稽查/视察Audit report 稽查报告Auditor 稽查员Bias 偏性，偏倚Bla nk control 空白对照Bioequivale nee 生物等效应Bla nk control 空白对照Bli nd codes 编制盲底Bli nd review 盲态审核Bli nd review 盲态检查Bli nding method 盲法Bli nding/ mask ing 盲法，设盲Block 分段Block 层Block size 每段的长度BUN尿素氮Carryover effect 延滞效应Case history 病历Case report form 病例报告表Case report form/ case record form CRF病例报告表，病例记录表Categorical variable Cav平均浓度CD圆二色谱CL清除率Cli nical equivale nee 分类变量临床等效应Clinical study 临床研究Clinical study report 临床试验的总结报告Cli nical trial 临床试验Cli nical trial applicati on Cli ni cal trial exemptio n Cli nical trial protocol，CTA临床试验申请CTX临床试验免责CTP临床试验方案Cli nical trial/ study report 临床试验报告Cmax峰浓度Co-i nv estigator 合作研究者Comparis on 对照Complia nee 依从性Composite variable 复合变量Computer-assisted trial desig n ， CATD 计算机辅助试验设计Con fide nee in terval 可信区间Con fide nee level 置信水平Con siste ncy test 一致性检验Con tract research orga ni zati on ， CRO 合同研究组织Con tract/ agreeme nt 协议/合同Con trol group 对照组Coord in at ing committee 协调委员会Crea肌酐CRF (case report form ) 病例报告表Crossover desig n 交叉设计Cross-over study 交叉研究Css稳浓度Cure痊愈Data management 数据管理Database 建立数据库Descriptive statistical an alysis 描述性统计分析叮叮小文库DF波动系统叮叮小文库Dichotomies 二分类Docume ntati on 记录/文件Double bli nding 双盲 Double dummy 双模拟Double dummy tech ni que 双盲双模拟技术 Double-bl in di ng 双盲 Drop out 脱落 DSC 差示扫描热量计 Effective ness疗效Electronic data capture ， EDC 电子数据采集系统 Electronic data processing ， EDP 电子数据处理系统 Emerge ncy env elope 应急信件 End point 终点En dpo int criteria/ measureme nt 终点指标Equivale nee 等效性 Esse ntial docume ntatio n 必须文件Ethics committee 伦理委员会Excelle nt 显效Exclusi on criteria 排除标准 Factorial desig n 析因设计Failure 无效，失败 Final point 终点Diviatio n偏差 Dose-reacti on relati on剂量-反应关系叮叮小文库In itial meet ing启动会议Fixed-dose procedure 固定剂量法GC- FTIR 气相色谱-傅利叶红外联用 GC- MS 气相色谱—质谱联用 Gen eric drug 通用名药 Global assessme nt variable GLU 血糖Good non-clinical laboratory practice , GLP 药物非临床研究质量管理规Group seque ntial desig n 成组序贯设计Health economic evaluation , HEV 健康经济学评价 Hypothesis test 假设检验 Hypothesis test ing 假设检验InternationalConference of Harmonization , ICH 人用药品注册技术要求国际技术协调会，国际协调会议 Improveme nt 好转 In clusio n criteria入选标准In depe ndent ethics committee , IEC 独立伦理委员会 In formatio n consent form , ICF 知情同意书 In formatio n gatheri ng信息收集In formed consent , IC 知情同意Forced titrati on 强制滴定 Full an alysis set全分析集全局评价变量Good cli nical practice ,GCP 药物临床试验质量管理规范Good manu facture practiceGMP 药品生产质量管理规范Matched pair 匹配配对Missi ng value 缺失值 Mixed effect model 混合效应模式Mon itor 监查员 Mon itori ng 监查In spection 视察/检查In stituti on in specti on 机构检查In stitutio n review board , IBR 机构审查委员会Inten tion to treat 意向治疗( ---- 临床领域)Intention-to— treat ， ITTIn teractive voice resp onsesystemIn terim an alysis 期中分析Inv estigator研究者Inv estigator's brochure ， IBIR 红外吸收光谱 Ka 吸收速率常Last observati on carry forward LC — MS 液相色谱—质谱联用 LD50板数致死剂量 Logic check 逻辑检查意向性分析（— 统计学）,IVRS 互动式语音应答系统研究者手册,LOCF 最接近一次观察的结转LOCF Last observati on carry forward Lost of follow up 失访Marketing approval/ authorization定量限最近一次观察的结转上市许可证Mon itori ng report 监查报告MRT平均滞留时间MS质谱MS- MS质谱—质谱联用MTD( Maximum Tolerated Dose ) 最大耐受剂量Multice nter trial 多中心试验Multi-ce nter trial 多中心试验New chemical en tity ，NCE新化学实体New drug applicati on ，NDA新药申请NMR核磁共振谱Non-cli nical study 非临床研究Non-in feriority 非劣效性Non-parametric statistics 非参数统计方法Obedie nee 依从性ODR旋光光谱Open-bli nding 非盲Ope n-label 非盲Optio nal titratio n 随意滴定Origi nal medical record 原始医疗记录Outcome 结果Outcome assessme nt 结果指标评价Outcome measurement 结果指标Outlier 离群值Parallel group desig n 平行组设计叮叮小文库Parameter estimati参数估计onParametric statistics 参数统计方法Patie nt file 病人档案Patie nt history 病历Per protocol , PP符合方案集Placebo 安慰剂Placebo con trol 安慰剂对照Polytomies 多分类Power检验效能Precisi on 精密度Precli nical study 临床前研究Primary en dpo int 主要终点Primary variable 主要变量Prin cipal inv主要研究者estigatorPrin ciple inv，PI主要研究者estigatorProduct lice nse ，PL产品许可证Protocol 试验方案Protocol 试验方案Protocol ame ndme方案补正ntQuality assura nee unit ，QAU 质量保证部门Quality assura nee ，QA质量保证Quality con trol ，QC质量控制Query list ，query form 应用疑问表叮叮小文库Ran domizatio n 随机化叮叮小文库Ran domizati on 随机Range check 范围检查Rati ng scale 量表Regulatory authorities , RA 监督管理部门Replicatio n 可重复RSD日内和日间相对标准差Run in 准备期Safety evaluation 安全性评价Safety set 安全性评价的数据集Sample size 样本含量Sample size 样本量，样本大小Scale of ordered categorical rat ings 有序分类指标Secondary variable 次要变量Sequenee 试验次序Serious adverse eve nt ，SAE 严重不良事件Serious adverse reaction ，SAR 严重不良反应Serious ness 严重性Severity 严重程度Sig nifica nt level 检验水准Simple ran domizati on 简单随机Si ngle bli nding 单盲Si ngle-bli nding 单盲Site audit 试验机构稽查SOP试验室的标准操作规程Source data verification , SDV 原始数据核准Source data , SD 原始数据Source document , SD 原始文件Specificity 特异性Spon sor 申办者Sponsor-inv estigator 申办研究者Statistical tables 统计分析表Stratified 分层Study audit 研究稽查Subgroup 亚组Sub-i nvestigator 助理研究者Subject 受试者Subject diary 受试者日记Subject en rollme nt 受试者入选Subject en rollme nt log 受试者入选表Subject ide ntificatio n code ， SIC 受试者识别代码 Subject recruitme nt 受试者招募Sta ndard curve 标准曲线Stan dard operat ing procedureStatistic 统计量Statistical an alysis pla nStatistical an alysis pla nStatistical an alysis pla n，SOP 标准操作规程 统计分析计划统计参数计划书SAP 统计分析计划叮叮小文库Subject scree ning log 受试者筛选表Superiority 检验Survival an alysis 生存分析SXRD单晶X—射线衍射System audit 系统稽查T1/2 消除半衰期Target variable 目标变量T—BIL 总胆红素T—CHO总胆固醇TG热重分析TLC HPLC制备色谱Tmax峰时间TP总蛋白Tran sformatio n 变量变换Treatme nt group 试验组Trial error 试验误差Trial master file 试验总档案Trial objective 试验目的Trial site 试验场所Triple bli nding 三盲Two on e-side test 双单侧检验Un bli ndi ng 揭盲叮叮小文库Un bli ndi ng 破盲Un expected adverse eve nt , UAE 预料外不良事件U— VIS 紫外一可见吸收光谱Variability 变异Variable 变量Visual a nalogy scale 直观类比打分法Visual check 人工检查Vul nerable subject 弱势受试者Wash-out 清洗期Washout period 洗脱期Well-bei ng 福利，健康。

机器学习笔记模型选择与评估（Modelselectionandevaluation）前言在机器学习中，我们需要用一些方法去衡量我们选择的模型效果的优劣。

这里我记录了一些比较常见的方法，以此来评估我们选择的模型在此场景下的优劣程度。

一、介绍我们将学习器预测输出与样本真实输出的差异称为误差。

预测正确的样本数占样本总数比例称为准确率（accuracy），相反错误样本数占样本总数的比例称为错误率（error rate）。

但是准确率并不能有效说明机器学习性能，实际上达到准确率100%的学习器在大多数情况都不好。

我们实际希望得到的是能够在新样本上表现很好的机器。

在新样本上的误差，我们称为泛化误差。

训练学习器的时候，学习器学习训练集“太好”，导致将训练集的一些特点当成所有样本的普遍规律，这样会导致泛化性能下降，这种现象在机器学习中被称为“过拟合”（overfitting）。

相反的学习器学习训练集太差，训练集一般的性质都没有学好，称为“欠拟合”（underfitting）。

二、评估方法现实任务中，我们需要选择合适的模型和合适的参数。

那么我们方案通常是，对候选的模型进行泛化误差评估，选取泛化误差最少的模型。

所以在我们模型训练之前对数据集进行划分，分成训练集和测试集。

我们会根据数据集的情况（数据量，分布是否均匀等）来选择合适的划分方式。

我们需要使用一个测试集来测试学习器对新样本的泛化能力。

测试样本也是从样本真实分布中独立同分布采样而得。

测试集和训练集尽可能互斥。

以下是常用的几种方式：2.1 留出法•把数据集分成互不相交的两部分，一部分是训练集，一部分是测试集。

•保持数据分布大致一致，类似分层抽样•训练集数据的数量应占2/3~4/5•为了保证随机性，将数据集多次随机划分为训练集和测试集，然后在对多次划分结果取平均。

•将数据集随机分为互斥的k个子集，为保证随机性，P次随机划分取平均。

•将k个子集随机分为k-1个一组剩下一个为另一组，有k种分法。

如何调优深度学习模型的训练参数深度学习模型在解决复杂任务方面显示出强大的潜力，但模型的性能取决于许多训练参数的选择。

调整这些参数可以提高模型的准确性、收敛速度和泛化能力。

在本文中，我将介绍一些有效的方法，帮助您调优深度学习模型的训练参数。

1. 学习率调整：学习率是深度学习模型中最重要的参数之一。

过大的学习率会导致收敛困难，而过小的学习率会导致收敛速度缓慢。

为了找到最佳的学习率，可以采用以下策略：- 学习率衰减（learning rate decay）：在训练过程中逐渐减小学习率，以保持模型在训练初期的快速收敛，而在训练后期时仍然能够较好地拟合数据。

- 学习率策略（learning rate schedule）：使用预先定义的策略，如Step Decay，Exponential Decay或Piecewise Decay，根据训练迭代轮数动态调整学习率。

2. 批量大小选择：批量大小（batch size）也是深度学习模型中的重要参数。

较大的批量大小能够提高训练速度，但可能带来内存限制和泛化能力下降的风险，而较小的批量大小则具有更好的泛化能力。

在选择批量大小时，可以尝试不同的取值，并观察损失函数的收敛情况和模型在验证集上的性能。

3. 正则化参数设置：正则化是减少模型过拟合的有效方法，而正则化参数则控制着正则化的强度。

常用的正则化方法包括L1正则化和L2正则化。

较大的正则化参数可以增强模型对噪声数据或异常值的鲁棒性，但可能导致模型欠拟合。

相反，较小的正则化参数可能导致过拟合。

通过交叉验证或使用验证集来调整正则化参数，以实现模型在训练集和测试集上的良好性能平衡。

4. 激活函数选择：激活函数对于深度学习模型的性能也起着关键作用。

常见的激活函数包括ReLU、Sigmoid、Tanh和Leaky ReLU等。

不同的激活函数对模型的表达能力和梯度传播能力有影响。

在选择激活函数时，可以考虑模型的复杂度、数据的分布以及梯度消失或梯度爆炸的问题。

机器学习模型评估指标解析机器学习模型在各个领域都有着广泛的应用，它可以帮助人们从海量的数据中提取有价值的信息，并做出预测和决策。

在训练机器学习模型的过程中，我们需要对模型的性能进行评估，以确保其能够准确地完成预测任务。

而模型评估指标则是评价模型性能的重要标准之一。

本文将对常见的机器学习模型评估指标进行解析，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些指标。

一、准确率（Accuracy）准确率是最常见的模型评估指标之一，它表示模型在所有样本中预测正确的比例。

准确率的计算公式为：准确率=预测正确的样本数/总样本数。

然而，准确率并不是适用于所有情况的评估指标。

比如，在不平衡数据集中，如果一个类别的样本数远远多于另一个类别，那么模型只要把所有样本都预测为多数类别，也可以获得较高的准确率。

因此，在这种情况下，准确率并不能很好地反映模型的性能。

二、精确率（Precision）和召回率（Recall）精确率和召回率是针对二分类问题的评估指标。

精确率表示模型预测为正类别的样本中有多少是真正的正样本，计算公式为：精确率=真正的正样本数/（真正的正样本数+假正的正样本数）。

召回率表示真正的正样本中有多少被模型预测为正样本，计算公式为：召回率=真正的正样本数/（真正的正样本数+假负的正样本数）。

精确率和召回率通常是一对矛盾的指标，提高精确率会降低召回率，反之亦然。

因此，在实际应用中，我们需要根据具体的业务需求来选择合适的评估指标。

三、F1分数F1分数是精确率和召回率的调和平均数，它综合考虑了模型的精确率和召回率。

F1分数的计算公式为：F1=2*精确率*召回率/(精确率+召回率)。

F1分数通常用于评估二分类模型的性能，特别是在正负样本不平衡的情况下，它能够更好地反映模型的准确性。

四、ROC曲线和AUCROC曲线是用于评估二分类模型性能的另一种常见方法。

ROC曲线以假正例率（FPR）为横轴，真正例率（TPR）为纵轴，通过调整分类阈值，可以得到不同的ROC曲线。

敏感性Sensitivity又称真阳性率，就是发病之后，你的诊断方法对疾病的敏感程度（识别能力）。

敏感性越高，漏诊概率越低。

特异性Specificity特异性又称真阴性率，不发病（我们这里称之为健康）的特征是有别于发病的特征的，我们利用这些差异避免误诊，那么诊断标准对于这些差异利用的如何就用特异性来表示。

特异性越高，确诊概率越高。

train是训练集，val是验证集，test是测试集。

train是网络模型在训练的时候用的，而val是网络模型在训练过程中测试用的，如楼上所说，val是不影响训练的。

在训练的时候可以得到train和val这两个数据集的误差率，利用这个误差率可以绘制出学习曲线，通过观察学习曲线，你可以发现一些网络模型的问题，然后再根据这些问题去调整网络参数。

test就是网络模型训练完毕测试用的。

你要知道val是validation的简称。

training dataset 和validation dataset都是在训练的时候起作用。

而因为valida tion数据集和training没有交集，所以这部分数据对最终训练出的模型没有贡献。

validation的主要作用是来验证是否过拟合、以及用来调节训练参数等。

比如你训练0-10000次迭代过程中，train和validation的loss都是不断降低，但是从10000-20000过程中train loss不断降低，validation的loss不降反升。

那么就证明继续训练下去，模型只是对training dataset这部分拟合的特别好，但是泛化能力很差。

所以与其选取20000次的结果，不如选择10000次的结果。

这个过程的名字叫做Early Stop，validation数据在此过程中必不可少。

如果你去跑caffe自带的训练demo，你会用到train_val.prototxt，这里面的val 其实就是validation。

而网络输入的TEST层，其实就是validation，而不是test。

392021.010 引言随着汽车工业的高速发展，进一步提升车辆动力学各个参数性能已成为研究车辆各项行驶指标的重点要求及重要组成部分[1-2]。

而主动悬架系统的设计与研究更是成为车辆电气化、智能化的主要指标，研究悬架可以直接或间接的影响车辆的行驶安全性和操作安全性以及乘坐舒适性[3-4]。

而目前对于乘坐舒适性的研究前后悬架刚度比值及车辆行驶速度对乘坐舒适性影响的研究陈子禺1 吾泽胤2 蒋佳辰2 李培庆2（1．杭州容大智造科技有限公司，杭州 310000；2.浙江科技学院机械与能源工程学院，杭州 310000）概 要：针对汽车乘坐舒适性的问题，以轻型乘用车整车系统模型作为研究对象，通过车辆在一般随机路面下车辆的乘坐性能的主客观分析，从路面激励出发，通过仿真时车辆副车架反馈的参数判断车辆运行状态，并通过改变车辆悬架前后悬架的刚度之比，得到不同速度下副车架位移参数的变化，再根据车辆动力学仿真分析及验证，提出一种改善优化车辆乘坐舒适性的研究方法。

仿真试验结果表明，该研究方法可以优化乘坐体验，为汽车主动悬架的研究和乘员舒适性研究提供了有效的参考依据。

关键词：悬架刚度；随机干扰路面；Adams/Car；动力学响应特征；MATLABAbstract: Aiming at the problem of car ride comfort, the light-duty passenger car system model is taken as the research object. Through the subjective and objective analysis of the ride performance of the vehicle on general random roads, starting from the road surface excitation, the vehicle sub-frame feedback through simulation The parameters of the vehicle are used to determine the operating state of the vehicle, and by changing the ratio of the stiffness of the front and rear suspension of the vehicle suspension, the changes in the displacement parameters of the sub-frame at different speeds are obtained, and then based on the simulation analysis and verification of vehicle dynamics, an improvement and optimization of vehicle ride Research methods of comfort. The simulation test results show that the research method can optimize the riding experience, and it provides an effective reference for the research of the active suspension of the car and the research of occupant comfort.Key words: Suspension stiffness; Randomly disturbed road ; Adams/Car; Dynamic response characteristics; MA TLAB主要集中在对车辆悬架系统特性的研究上。