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新时代大学生读写译5答案Keys and translation(unit3)

新时代大学生读写译5答案Keys and translation(unit3)
新时代大学生读写译5答案Keys and translation(unit3)

Keys to exercises

SECTION A

EX: II, P. 63

1.Sales promotion, advertising, personal selling and publicity.

2.Business people use techniques of sales promotion mainly in two ways: they often use a

combination of these techniques; they use these techniques as supplementary to the other three promotional activities.

3.Sales promotion is to stimulate demand.

4.They are applicable to both consumers and businesses. Also, they can be used with

industry selling as well as consumer products.

5.Because it brings promotion to the point of purchase, which has been found more effective

than media advertising. For example, a US study shows that a majority of purchases in supermarkets are generated by in-store decisions.

6.It helps consumers become acquainted with a new product and it also helps provide extra

competitive advantage to existing products.

7.The effectiveness of sales-promotion techniques may be reduced or even nullified if they

encounter psychological barriers on the part of shop owners and/ or consumers.

Sales-promotion techniques that are not consistent with the local preference will also be ineffective.

8.From the last two paragraphs we may learn that, to make the techniques of sales

promotion effective, one must take into account the psychological barriers on the part of both shop owners and consumers. At the same time, the techniques must be consistent with the local preferences.

9.Positive

10.The author wrote this passage in order to discuss various aspects of sales-promotion

techniques, recommend them and advise using them carefully.

EX: III, P. 63

Acquainted/ magnified/ quota/ slump/ accommodating/ collided/ repay/ amended/ whereby/ launch/ filmed/ expenditure

EX: IV, P. 64

As such/ fall under/ enlightened about/ applicable to/ in conjunction with/ become acquainted with/ is supplementary to / bring in/ in search of/ given away/ in nature/ put up

EX: V, P. 65

Education/ capacity/ knowledge/ discussion/ population/ awareness/ empire/ operations

EX: VI, P. 65

1.As such, the event evoked curiosity and awe in most of us.

2.The techniques of sales promotion, to work well, must gain the trust of middlemen in

business as well as consumers. At the same time, they should be consistent with the local preferences and customs.

3.To launch this new product into the European market, the company gave away 10,000 free

samples for the local consumers to try.

4.As their life has been bettered, going on tours/trips out in the holidays has become a

fashionable/ stylish pastime for quite a few people.

5.The purpose of waging the war is, in nature, to control the oil resources in the area.

6.Sales promotion is effective in helping the consumers become acquainted with a new

product when it is first introduced to a market.

7.The new administration has realized that economic reforms must be deepened in

conjunction with effective measures taken to ensure the basic conditions of employment and daily life for those poor people.

8.Towards its sales objective this year, the company offered a training course to enlighten

consumers about its latest products.

9.To effectively raise our productivity, we should bring in advanced management experience

from other countries.

10.Professor Wu’s lecture helped the students become acquainted with the use of this

software product. It also gave them an idea of software development.

EX: VII, P. 66

With the development of a market economy in China, techniques of sales promotion have been more and more widely employed. The popularity of varied and numerous promotional activities such as discounts, bonuses, and promotional parties has grown steadily. The reason is that they not only help manufactureers and businesses earn higher and quicker profits, but also help consumers become acquainted with the products involved and get some practical benefits. However, if these techniques are used to promote products of inferior quality, both the manufacturers and the businessmen will be made to pay for that.

EX: IX, P. 66

CBDAB/ BCCAD/ ABDCB/ CADBD

SECTION B

EX: XII, P. 71

Many/ louis Cheskin, a specialist/ Array/ get attention, shapes/ kindly messages/ completeness, softness and inclusiveness, positive associations

EX: XIII, P. 77

BDCBD/ AABDC

EX: XIV, P. 78

Consoling/ bewildered/ array/ sensation/ inclusive/ overwhelming/ gigantic/ deemed/ dazzled/ graphic/ consensus/ differentiating

EX: XV, P. 79

To/ for/ with/ of/ in/ of/ about/ under/ between/ to/ to/ by, with

Unit3 section A产品促销概述

Para. 1 产品促销是指除广告、个人销售和宣传以外的推销活动。严格地说,不属于以上三种结合在一起的推销活动都被认为是促销。比如说,一家航空公司向乘客赠送打折卡,用这种卡在一家有名的服装公司购买大衣,价格会低很多。本文所说的推销是一个广义的概念,包括促销以及其他三种推销活动。

Para. 2 促销的手段多种多样,数不胜数。常见的促销手段有附在商品上的优惠券、各种抽奖活动、游戏、竞赛、打折、产品演示、各种奖励、样品试用、钱款返还以及可兑换商品的赠券等。在同一促销活动中,多种手段可以结合使用,实际情况通常就是这样。一家从事早点麦片销售的公司为了拓展海外业务,还得向消费者传授吃干麦片和凉早餐的知识。为了培养这种新的早餐习惯,该公司发动了强大的广告攻势,同时开展了样品品尝和示范活动。另一家公司为了在经济萧条期间重占市场份额,免费向社会发放了150万新型婴儿尿布的样品。同时,每个包装袋上还印有一幅小熊的照片,父母们集齐规定数量的小熊照片,即可获得各式儿童用品。

Para. 3 从本质上说,促销活动具有暂时性的特点。促销活动本身没有自我持续的能力,因而它的作用就是作为广告、个人销售和宣传等推销活动的补充。为了将百威啤酒打入英国市场,该公司运用了"美国"主题,在7月4日和感恩节播放由美国演员在加利福尼亚拍摄的电视广告片。为加强宣传力度,该公司运用了大量的促销手段,向举办促销晚会的酒吧提供海报、装饰旗帜、横幅以及T恤衫等。同时公司还制作了带有"百威"标志的玻璃杯、酒吧餐巾、足球赛用的三角旗以及诸如此类的物品卖给酒吧常客。此外,该公司还专门邀请美国人筹划美国音乐之夜。

Para. 4 促销不仅限于刺激消费者的需求,也可以鼓励中间商加大对销售产品的支持。为使泰国的中间商销售其乳制品,一家美国公司同其签订销售合同。合同规定,只要产品销售达到一定的定额,该公司即以一美元的价格向零售小商店和饭店提供冰箱。同时,该公司还得说服这些泰国中间商不要在冰箱中储存其他公司的产品,并且不要为了省电而在夜间拔去冰箱的电源插头。

Para. 5 促销手段不仅可用于消费品的销售,也可用于工业品的销售。许多制药公司通过举办鸡尾酒会、旅游和其他活动来吸引药品批发商。他们向医生们赠送礼品,而且让医生的夫人们参加购物旅游。

Para. 6 无论是在美国还是在海外,促销活动越来越受人青睐,而且持续稳定。一家主要的广告杂志进行的一项问卷调查表明,公司经理们已从媒体广告转向促销活动。同五年前相比,有五分之三的公司开始增加对非媒体宣传的投入,如在产品交易会和展销会摆设摊位、举办使顾客能够直接购买产品的展销会、举办各种宣传活动等等。根据对美国消费者购物行为所作的一项调查,除了食品以外,超市里所售商品中有70%是顾客在店内临时决定购买的。因此,店内产品展示和其他促销手段的效果颇为显著。如果这种根据临时决定购买的方式能在美国以外的其他地方盛行开来,那么,促销活动在其他地方将被证明同样是必不可少的。

Para. 7 某一产品初次进入一个市场时,促销活动可以有效地帮助消费者了解这种产品。同时,对于现有产品,如果产品本身极具竞争力,互相之间无明显差别,尤其是如果这种产品单价较低而且流通量大,促销活动会同样有效。在这种条件下,就需要以促销来赢得"额外"竞争优势。一家日本公司将游戏卡装在其肥皂盒中,结果在泰国引起轰动效应。消费者禁不住对这种皂盒越买越多,以期得到得奖的纸卡。与此类似,在泰国大多数加油站曾经有这样的做法,顾客每加一次油,即可免费得到一块毛巾,作为馈赠。

Para. 8 在巴西,用电设施被看作商品,飞利浦公司希望巴西电工能够了解该公司的品牌。为此目的,公司开设了一个培训课程,除了颁发结业证书,还送电工一个工具箱作为奖励。

该课程共计四讲,附有大量插图,以适合文化水平较低的巴西电工。但该公司碰到的问题是,没有一家专为电工出版的行业杂志刊登这一课程的广告。飞利浦公司想了个办法,在电工用品商店设点展示,电工们可以在展点内随手取阅该培训课程的活页广告。

Para. 9 由于该培训课程的学费很高,任何一个听课的个人都无能力支付,飞利浦公司将参加培训的对象限定为职业与电力工业有关的人员。同时让电力设备商店也参加该促销活动:公司向这些商店介绍本次活动的好处,同时,邀请商店的销售人员参加培训课程Para. 10 促销手段有时会与心理障碍发生冲突,这一情况在店主和消费者中都存在。有些国外零售商不大愿意接受产品厂家提供的打折赠券,因为他们担心厂家不会补偿他们在打折销售中损失的款额。另一方面,消费者可能对诸如返还款项的促销承诺心存怀疑,他们认为,这样的产品肯定有问题。

Para. 11 如同营销活动的其他诸多方面一样,促销手段也须改进。要使所用手段产生效果,就应使其迎合当地人的喜好。玩多米诺骨牌是巴西的一项全国性的消遣活动,飞利浦公司即在该国用多米诺骨牌作为购买电工产品的奖励。玩牌的一方要将骨牌彩色的一面朝上,不让对方看到带点数字的那一面。由于每张骨牌的反面印有飞利浦公司的名称,电工们便会经常想起这一品牌。

Unit3 section B以“貌”取物

Para. 1 走进一家普通的美国超市,在商品展架之间随便逛个30分钟,其中所陈列的大约30,000种商品会让你眼花缭乱,目不暇接。末了,许多商品都会让你感到值得一试。怎么回事呢?原来是那包装——一个悄然无声却又让人心动的推销员。

Para. 2 箱箱、罐罐、瓶瓶、听听、袋袋、管管,其设计都细致入微,触动内心世界。你是一个好父母吗?你关心环境吗?你想让生活更具魅力吗?你真的不想来点巧克力之类的东西吗?

Para. 3 那模拟货架上的每一个细节,都是想了又想、改了又改、试了又试。而包装设计更精确到以毫米计,因为,设计者希望你看到的远远不止包装和标签。人们购物时,实际是在认同一种个性、一种态度,甚至是一种信仰。

Para. 4 研究消费者对商品包装的情感反应,其先驱是路易斯?切斯金,他是于20世纪30年代即开始研究市场营销心理的专家。他曾将两个相同的产品进行不同的包装,其中一个用圆圈图案装饰,另一个用三角图案装饰。然后他让试验对象选择,并说出理由。80%以上的接受试验者选择了带圆圈图案的包装,原因是他们认为里面的东西质量更好。

Para. 5 “在同前200名接受试验者谈话时,我很难相信这一结果,”切斯金后来写道,“但同1,000名试验对象交谈后,我只好接受这样一个事实,那就是,大多数消费者的感觉从容器转移到了所盛之物上。”还有一项惊人的发现:在试用了这两件相同的产品以后,人们仍然以压倒的优势喜欢带圆圈图案包装的产品。

Para. 6 切斯金对大量不同类型的产品重复了同样的试验。发现之一是,包装外观对于消费者认识饼干口味和肥皂的洗涤效果有着巨大的影响。切斯金将这种现象叫做“感觉迁移”。正是这种“感觉迁移”成了包装研究的基础。

Para. 7 尽管消费者越来越精明,切斯金的理论仍然有效。一个没有告知品牌的啤酒测试可以重复多次,而品酒者对啤酒的口味和质量却有相当一致的意见。而如果事先让他们看到啤酒瓶子,则这些瓶子就会改变品评的结果。

Para. 8 切斯金实验中最富有戏剧性的一次是用三种不同色彩图案包装润肤霜。试用该霜的小组被告知,要试用的润肤霜有三种配方,并被要求对这些配方作出评估。

Para. 9 试验结果:色彩图案B(所包装的产品)恰到好处;色彩图案C香味不错,但效果欠佳;而色彩图案A十分让人生畏,有几名参试者用后皮肤上起了皮疹,结果只好去咨询医生。但实际上,这三种润肤霜完全相同。这一领域中的一部权威教材这样写道:“一般

而言,消费者并不区分产品和包装。在他们看来,往往是产品即包装,而包装即产品。”Para. 10 一家颇具影响的包装设计公司将此原则发挥到了牟利的极端程度。该公司为尚不存在的产品设计包装。接着这种包装就经受市场考验,营销理念也得到了改进。这样,只有厂家认为自己稳操胜券,才花钱开发那个产品。一家顶尖的巧克力公司生产一种即将面市的新产品,就是这样出笼的。

Para. 11 色彩也是包装的有机组成部分。关于眼球转动的研究表明,包装的各种要素中,色彩所引起的反应最为迅速。

Para. 12 以一种颇受欢迎的品牌的蔬菜汁为例。数十年来,其标签上的总体布局基本保持不变:西红柿水平排开,四周绿叶环绕,胡萝卜竖直摆放更显夺目。有一点你也许不曾注意,但或许能够感觉到,那就是蔬菜色彩的鲜明夺目。

Para. 13 这些蔬菜色彩所采用的不是杂志和书本中所运用的标准四色工艺,而是五色工艺。这样的设计使得蔬菜具有令你眼花缭乱的色彩,因而具有强烈的诱惑力。

Para. 14 三角形和其他带尖角的图形能够吸引注意力,但切斯金的早期实验表明,人们看到三角形并不表明他们喜欢三角形。色彩也有同样的问题。切斯金指出,最引人注目的颜色是黄色。而黄色用在某些产品身上,有时会产生消极的联想,有时则会使人烦躁。Para. 15 你逛商场时,会看到包装上有许许多多耀眼的、尖尖的、要爆炸似的图案,充满阳刚之气,多为鲜艳的黄色设计。这些棱角分明的图案引人注意,而在这些图案上方,总是标着“新型配方”、“让利2毛9分”、“免费提供”等友好信息。消费者在决定是否将该商品买回家时,考虑的正是这些友善的信息。

Para. 16 具有阴柔美的图案,如圆形和椭圆形意味着完美、柔和、无所不包,这正是包装的根本主题,因为这些图案能够产生最积极的联想, 还必须和某些别的符号配合使用加以改进,才能取得良好的效果。于是,圆形往往同矩形或者粗体字母合用以形成对照:一家公司在用作商标的椭圆中间插入火炬,并镶嵌公司的名字。

Para. 17 显然,人们对于色彩和形状有着本能的反应,但这种反应究竟如何刺激人们购买一盒布丁混合料或是一瓶润肤霜,其心理机制还不十分清楚。显然,这肯定不是理性的过程。“我无法问你为什么喜欢某种包装,”一位营销咨询人员说,“你也无法告诉我。包装并非悄然无声,它在呼唤——不过它呼唤的是你的心灵。”

Para.18 这位咨询人员认为,在某种意义上,人们知道自己作出的购物选择无助于实现自己内心深处的需要。他说:“购物是一种应对之道。”通过购物,我们可以弥补感觉到的某一方面的不足,以求心理平衡。我们明知这些东西只是空洞的符号,但我们却追求这些鲜艳夺目的小玩艺儿,因为它们能给我们带来安慰,带来满足。从另一层面来看,也许是因为我们喜欢观看为争取我们青睐而展开的光彩夺目、富于心计的竞争。

C 汽车维修——切勿吃亏上当!

芝加哥附近有一家汽车销售商设有汽车修理车间,它的员工为你的汽车提供周到的保养。你把汽车开进车间,要求进行汽车在行驶了15,000英里后的检修,维修部会向你推荐车主手册上写着的维修项目——更换机油和汽油过滤器、轮换轮胎、检查刹车、排气系统和转向机构。此外,他们还建议进行额外的四项维护,并对发动机进行一次彻底检查。服务部经理说,这种综合维护可以使汽车保持优良状态,尤其是考虑到芝加哥恶劣的气候条件,更有必要。

全部费用总计298美元——相当于厂家规定的维护费用的三倍。但是,生产厂家说,在美国,绝大多数汽车行驶15,000英里根本用不着进行上述额外项目的维护。

精明的消费者对于不老实的机修工想出的维护把戏了如指掌。不过现在,车主们还得倍加小心,防止一种更为高明的行径,这种行径往往让车主们成千上万地破费:那就是虚假的维护方案。

122个汽车销售商被要求说明,他们对六种普及型汽车在行驶了15,000、30,000和60,000英里后,分别提供了什么服务。他们的回答表明,近80%的销售商所提供的维修项目都超过了生产商的规定,或者超出了大多数汽车的需要。 63%的销售商更换了厂家认为无需更换的零部件。

被调查的汽车销售商遍布全美七大城市。厂家配发的汽车用户手册中提供了两套维护方案,一套供"正常"行驶条件下使用,另一套则供恶劣行驶条件下使用。为了保证对汽车销售商的评估做到最大限度的公正,该项调查将他们所提供的维护方案同厂家配发的用户手册中关于恶劣行驶条件下的维护方案进行了比较。被调查的汽车是根据其普及程度、车身大小和车型而选出的,包括了美国最大的三家汽车公司的产品,也包括日本产的汽车。

结果发现,维修方面的两大可疑行径为:合理但进行得过早的维护(如更换火花塞和轮胎)以及无论在何种条件下其价格都值得怀疑的维护(如将其他化学品添加到发动机干净的机油中)。

美国西南部有一家汽车零售商的维修部总是不断地缩短维护周期。比如,用户手册上写着,第一次大检,应在行驶30,000英里之后,而该特许经销商却在汽车行驶12,000英里之后就建议用户更换新的空气过滤器、15,000英里之后建议更换后轮轴承、18,000英里之后建议更换火花塞和变速箱润滑油、24,000英里之后建议再次更换空气过滤器。同时,他们还建议在汽车行驶18,000英里之后就更换燃油过滤器——而厂家表示,该部件至少可保证行驶50,000英里。

调查中发现的最可疑的额外项目是那些"子虚乌有的维护"——那些根本无需维护、无法维护或者本不存在的零件进行的"维护"。比如,29%的马自达汽车经销商说,他们对该汽车行驶15,000英里之后就对阀门作调整,38%的经销商说在该汽车行驶30,000英里之后进行此项维护。但在过去五年中生产的所有马自达汽车,所有阀门都能自动调整而无需维护。

那长长的维修项目单总是归因于当地的条件(指气温、路面等条件)。 "厂家必须撰写一本涵盖全国各地不同情况的手册,"佛罗里达的一位维修部经理说, "全国各地的环境条件千差万别,有严寒、有酷暑,有的地方干燥、有的地方非常潮湿。厂家的维护手册只能作为参考,而销售商则必须考虑当地实际。"

他说,打个比方,他所在的佛罗里达地区(靠近海洋),盐分较多的空气容易腐蚀金属零部件,因此每一个零部件都得经常检查。炎热的夏季,要求每行驶30,000英里就更换一次冷却液,而不是厂家所推荐36,000英里才更换一次。他补充说,各地销售的劣质汽油会破坏汽车的尾气控制系统,因此,汽车中的一个关键部件,厂家说能至少可行驶50,000英里,实际上行驶30,000英里就该更换了。

上述各点,论据合理,以致各地汽车经销商都加以利用。经销商爱用的另一个理由是 "时行时止的驾驶"。在所调查的城市中,除西雅图外,这个理由常被用来为额外维护项目辩解。

然而,汽车厂家在撰写用户手册时,是考虑了这些情况的。 "我们生产的汽车,不会因为路上时行时止、空气的温度和其中的盐分而出问题。"美国马自达汽车公司质监部经理指出, "本厂和其他厂家在用户手册中所说的'极其潮湿的气候条件',指的是丛林地区和岛屿国家,而非佛罗里达。"

另一制造厂的一位经理指出,厂家的维护手册中已经考虑到极端的气候、交通、尘土等破环性条件,因而,听经销商说服你接受手册以外的维修通常是花冤枉钱。

美国汽车协会所属汽车维修车间的一位审批负责人建议,真正关心汽车维护的司机们,应该参阅用户手册中关于恶劣条件下的维修方案。这样相当于购买足够的火花塞、燃油过滤器、空气过滤器、冷却液和传动液,确保汽车终生顺利行驶,而且比销售商所提供的维护方案不知要省多少钱。

不过要防备那些并不依照用户手册行事的销售商。《汽车与司机》杂志一位技术编辑说,该杂志通过销售商维护其汽车。 "为了让他们按照用户手册进行维护,我们经常同他们据理力争,"他说, "我们从来都不是走进去就说,'请进行30,000英里的一般维护',相反,我们总是带着用户手册,告诉他们,'请你们做这个、这个还有这个。'"

为了避免争执,首先要通读用户手册,了解所需要的维护项目。其次,多找几个经销商咨询,看看哪个能最大限度地坚持手册中的方案。最后,事先同维修部经理商定,你要他做什么, 并审核费用。

这样,你既可以省下一大笔开支,又能够使你的汽车保持良好的运转状态。

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