Exercises for American Literature (I) - Chapter 3
Chapter 3 The Modern Period
A. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.
1. ______, disregarding grammar and punctuation, always used "i" instead of "I" to refer to himself as a protest against self-importance.
A. Wallace Stevens
B. E. E. Cummings
C. Robert Frost
D. William Carlos Williams
2. Sherwood Anderson explores the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters in terms of Freud's theory of psychology, particularly in one book ______.
A. Winesburg, Ohio
B. Babbit
C. The Grapes of Wrath
D. The Catcher in the Rye
3. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature, if not the most successful in all his experiments, is ____________.
A. Arthur Miller
B. Tennessee William
C. George Bernard Shaw
D. Eugene O'Neil
4. As he is a leading spokesman of the "Imagist Movement", ______famous one-image poem "In a Station of the Metro" would serve as a typical example of the imagist ideas.
A. T. S. Eliot's
B. Robert Frost's
C. Ezra Pound's
D. Wallace Stevens's
5. In his masterpiece, _______, Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of American after the heroic time of Jefferson.
A. Make it New
B. The Cantos
C. Confucius
D. Polite Essays
6. Robert Frost is generally considered a regional poet in the sense that his subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in_______.
A. New England
B. New York
C. southern America
D. the West
7. _______stems from the ambiguity of the speaker's choice between safety and the unknown.
A. "Mending the Wall"
B. "Home Burial"
C. "The Road Not Taken"
D. "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"
8. _______ marks the climax of Eugene O'Neil's literary career and the coming of age of American drama.
A. The Hairy Ape
B. Long Day's Journey Into Night
C. "The Iceman Cometh
D. The Emperor Jones
9. _______is a play that concerns the problem of modern man's identity.
A. The Hairy Ape
B. Long Day's Journey Into Night
C. Desire Under the Elms
D. The Emperor Jones
10. _______ uses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.
A. Desire Under the Elms
B. The Emperor Jones
C. Lazarus Laughed
D. The Great God Brown
11. _______is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.
A. Ernest Hemingway
B. F. Scott Fitzgerald
C. William Faulkner
D. Ezra Pound
12. _______is Hemingway's first true novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation. "
A. The Sun Also Rises
B. A Farewell to Arms
C. In Our Time
D. For Whom the Bell Tolls
13. In a tragic sense, _______is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only
a partial victory is possible.
A. For Whom the Bell Tolls
B. In Our Time
C. The Old Man and the Sea
D. A Farewell to Arms
14. Faulkner once said that _______is a story of "lost innocence," which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.
A. The Sound and the Fury
B. Light in August
C. Go Down, Moses
D. Absalom, Absalom ]
15. In A Rose for Emily, Faulkner makes best use of the_______ devices in narration.
A. Romantic
B. Realistic
C. Gothic
D. Modernist
B. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook.
1. As a descendent of the Southern aristocracy, Emily is typical of those in Faulkner's Yoknapatwapha stories who are the ______ of the Old South but the ______ of the past.
2. Most of Faulkner's works are set in the American South, with his emphasis on the Southern subjects and______.
3. Ernest Hemingway deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code, known as "______.”
4. Frederick Henry, the hero of A Farewell to Arms, represents the experience of a whole nation, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with the ______ and ______ of the universe.
5. Most critics have agreed that Fitzgerald is both an insider and an outsider of the jazz Age with a ______vision.
6. Fitzgerald never spared an intimate touch in his fiction to deal with the bankruptcy of the______.
7. Eugene O'Neil's plays such as The Emperor Jones and The Hairy Ape, are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critics, and American tragedies on the ______ model.
8. Most of Robert Lee Frost's poems are simple in the way that they are ______ or dialogues, they are short and direct on the informational level, and they have simple diction.
9. Ezra Pound's earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize thel9th century ______, later he is more concerned about the problems of the ______ culture.
10. The primary imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and ______, to stick closely to the object or experience being described, and to move from explicit______.
11. J. D. Salinger is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the ______ era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students' classic.
12. Americana fiction in the 1960s and 1970s proves to be different from its predecessors and is always referred to as “______fiction.”
13. In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer's task was to develop techniques that could represent a ______ with the past.
14. Ernest Hemingway dramatizes in his novels the sense of loss and despair among the post-war generation who are ______ and ______scarred.
15. Sinclair Lewis is a sociological writer and his Babbit presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited ______ mind.
C. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.
1. The two thinkers whose ideas had the greatest impact on the Modern period were Darwin and Sigmund Freud.
2. The defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.
3. A typical modern work seems to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, but to end with
a resolution.
4. Modernistic techniques and manifestos were initiated by poets first and later entered and transformed fiction in this period.
5. Ezra Pound's poetry is greatly influenced by his study of oriental literature.
6. The Cantos expresses Ezra Pound's search for order.
7. Ezra Pound's reputation as a forerunner of the 20th century American fiction can never be depreciated.
8. "In the Station of the Metro" is an observation of the poet made in a London railway station.
9. Robert Lee Frost has long been well known as a poet who belongs to the new.
10. In Robert Lee Frost's poems, profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the plain language and the simple form.
11. Robert Frost wrote most of his poems in free verse.
12. Eugene O'Neil, Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams are together called "founders of the American drama. "
13. Fitzgerald shows an interest both in the upper-class society and in the lower-class society.
14. Fitzgerald skillfully employs the device of having events observed by a "central consciousness" to his great advantage.
15. Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain.
16. In his novels, William Faulkner exploits the modern stream-of-consciousness technique to emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.
D. Name the author of each of the following literary works.
1. Go Down, Moses
2. Absalom, Absalom！
3. Light in August
4. "Indian Camp"
5. The Great Gatsby
6. The Old Man and the Sea
7. For Whom the Bell Tolls8. The Hairy Ape
9. The Cantos 10. Long Day's Journey Into Night 80
11. "A Pact"
E. Define the literary terms listed below.
1. The Lost Generation
2. The Imagist Movement
F.
A) For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.
1. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough. "
2. ". . . I come to you as a grown child
Who has had a pig-headed father;
I am old enough now to make friends.
It was you that broke the new wood,
Now is a time for carving.
We have one sap and one root—
Let there be commerce between us. "
3. ". . . For all
That struck the earth,
No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble,
Went surely to the cider-apple heap
As of no worth.
One can see what will trouble
This sleep of mine, whatever sleep it is.
Were he not gone,
The woodchuck could say whether it's like his
Long sleep, as I describe its coming on,<
Or just come human sleep. "
4. "I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference. "
5. "The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep. "
B) Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English.
1. "I'll take yuh for a walk sown Fif’ Avenoo. We'll knock 'em offen de oith and croak with de band playin'. Come on, Brother. (The gorilla scrambles gingerly out of his cage. Goes to YANK and stands looking at him. YANK keeps his mocking tone —holds out his hand. ) Shake — de secret grip of our order. (Something, the tone of mockery, perhaps, suddenly
enrages the animal. With a spring he wraps his huge arms around YANK in a murderous hug. There is a cracking snap of crushed ribs —a gasping cry, still mocking, from YANK. ) Hey, I didn't say kiss me!"
A. Identify the author and the title of the novel from which the passage is taken.
B. Where does the story take place?
C. What happens to YANK?
2. "He smiled understandingly — much more than understand ingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faces — or seemed to face — the whole external world for an instant, and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor.
A. Identify the author and the title of the novel from which the passage is taken.
B. Who is he?
C. What is going on in this part of the novel?
3. " 'Where are we going, Dad?' Nick asked.
'Over to the Indian camp. There is an Indian lady very sick. '
'Oh,' said Nick.
Across the bay they found the other boat beached. Uncle George was smoking a cigar in the dark. The young Indian pulled the boat way up on the beach. Uncle George gave both the Indians cigars.
A. Identify the author and the title of the work from which the passage is taken.
B. What does Dad imply when he says "There is an Indian lady very sick"?
C. Why is Dad going to the Indian camp?
5. "And so she died. Fell ill in the house filled with dust and shadows, with only a doddering Negro man to wait on her, we did not even know she was sick; we had long since given up trying to get
any .information from the Negro. He talked to no one, probably not even to her, for his voice had grown harsh and rusty, as if from disuse. "
A. Identify the author and the title of the work from which passage is taken.
B. Who dies?
C. How do you describe the relationship between her and hei neighbors?
G. Give brief answers to the following questions.
1. Briefly introduce Ezra Pound's view on the Imagist poetry.
2. Comment on Robert Lee Frost's poetic style.
3. Analyze the themes in Eugene O'Neil's plays.
4. Comment on Eugene O'Neil's dramatic experiments.
5. Why is The Great Gatsby a successful novel?
6. Analyze F. Scott Fitzgerald's literary style.
H. Short essay questions.
1. Summarize Ernest Hemingway's literary achievements.
2. Comment on William Faulkner's literary creation and literary-achievements.
Answers to Chapter 3
A.
l. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. D
8. B 9. A 10. D ll. B 12. A 13. C 14. A 15 C
B.
1. symbols, prisoners
2. consciousness
3. grace under pressure
4. insanity, futility
5. double
6. American Dream
7. Greek
8. dramatic monologues 9. Romanticism, modern 10. moralizing, generalization
11. post-war 12. new 13. break 14. physically, psychologically
15. middle-class
C.
l. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F
9. F 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. T 16. T
D.
1. William Faulkner
2. William Faulkner
3. William Faulkner
4. Ernest Hemingway
5. F. Scott Fitzgerald
6. Ernest Hemingway
7. Ernest Hemingway 8. Eugene O'Neil 9. Ezra Pound
10. Eugene O'Neil 11. Ezra Pound
E.
1. The Lost Generation
When the First World War broke out, many young men volunteered to take part in "the war to end wars.” Bu t they found that modern warfare was not as honorable or heroic as they thought it to be. Disillusioned and disgusted by the materially merry-making and spiritually empty life in America, they began to write from their own experiences in the war. They were basically expatriates who left America and started a community of writers and artists in Paris. They experimented on new modes of thought and expression. These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, "The Lost Generation”.
2. The Imagist Movement flourished from 1909 to 1917 and involved quite a number of British and American writers and poets. The movement advanced modernism
in arts and concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism. As one of the leaders of the Imagists, Pound laid down the three Imagist poetic principles: direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.
F.
A)
1. From Ezra Pound's "In a Station of the Metro.”
It is an observation by the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway station.
2. From Ezra Pound's "A Pact.”
As time went by, Pound had realized that some agreement existed between "Whitmanesque" free verse, which he used to attack for its carelessness in composition, and the Imagist poetry. He'd like to learn from the free verse and show respect to Whitman.
3. From Robert Lee Frost's "After Apple-Picking.”
This poem is a vivid memory of the poet's working experience on the farm. The poet feels satisfied and tired as well. In this part the poet hints that he will never forget the scene of harvest even in his human sleep, which indicates death.
4. From Robert Lee Frost's "The Road Not Taken.”
When facing two roads that diverge in a wood, he has to choose and he chooses the one less traveled by, and his choice makes his life different from that of others. Here the poet tries to show the importance of choosing a correct way of life.
5. From Robert Lee Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.”
The poet seems to show that he would like to stay forever in the beautiful snowy woods, but as a poet, he still has many tasks to fulfill in his life and he has to go ahead. "Before I sleep" may be understood as "before I die.”
B)
1. A. From Eugene O'Neil's The Hairy Ape.
B. It takes place in a zoo.
C. Yank wants to show intimacy to the gorilla but, out of his expectation, he gets crushed to death by it.
2. A. From F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.
B. Gatsby.
C. A luxurious party is being held in Gatsby's house.
3. A. From Ernest Hemingway's "Indian Camp.”
B. He implies that the lady is going to give birth to a baby.
C. Dad is going to help the lady give birth.
4. A. From William Faulkner's A Rose for Emily.
B. Emily dies.
C. She is secluded from her neighbors.
G.
1. As one of the leaders of the Imagists, Pound laid down the group's three main principles, which include direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome. "The point of Imagism," Pound wrote in 1914, "is that it does not use images as ornaments. The image itself is the speech. The image is the word beyond formulated lan guage. “Obviously the primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing, to stick closely to the object or expe-rience being described, and to move from explicit generalization. Pound's famous one-image poem "In
a Station of the Metro" serves as a classic specimen of the Imagist ideas.
2. Robert Lee Frost has long been well known as a lyrical poet. It is difficult to classify him with the old or the new. He did not break up with the traditional rhythm and iambic pattern nor made any experiment on form. Instead, he learned from the tradition and made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression. Images and metaphors in his poems are taken from the simple rural life and the pastoral landscape. Profound ideas are revealed under the disguise of the plain language and the simple form. What Frost did was to take symbols from the limited human world and the pastoral land-scape to reach the universal meaning beyond the rustic scene. By using simple spoken language and conversational rhythms and treating seemingly trivial subjects, Frost achieves an effortless grace in his style. He combines traditional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm. He writes in both the metrical forms and the free verse, and sometimes he writes in a form that might be called
semi-free or semi-conventional.
3. Of all O'Neil's plays, most of them are tragedies, dealing with the basic issues of human existence and plight; life and death, illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and reality, self and society, desire and frustration, etc. As a playwright, O'Neil himself was making his-lifelong endeavor to find the truth of life. In his writing, he is looking for an answer both psychologically and artistically, and his dramatic thought follows a tragic pattern running through all his plays, from a celebration of "pipe dreams" to the doubt about the reality of the dream or the inevitability of the defeat. So his final dramas became "transcendental," in the way that the dramatization of man's endeavor in finding the meaning of life results in a tragic failure.
4. O'Neil was a tireless experimentalist in dramatic art. He was constantly experimenting with new styles and forms for his plays i especially during the twenties when Expressionism was in full swing.
Between 1920 and 1924 came his outstanding achievements in symbolic expressionism ? The Emperor Jones (1920), The Hairy Ape (1922), All God's Chillun Got Wings (1924) and Desire Under the Elms (1924). These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek model. What is more, the expressionistic techniques are used in these plays to highlight the theatrical effect of the rupture between the two sides of an individual human being, the private and the public. Built on the success of the expressionistic experimentations, O'Neil reached out to extend his mastery of the stage and worked up to the climax of his career. He concerned himself with some non-realistic forms to contain his tragic vision in a number of his plays, such as The Great God Brown (1926) and Lazarus Laughed (1927).
5. A masterpiece in American literature, The Great Gatsby evokes a haunting mood of a glamorous, wild time that seemingly will never come again. Besides, the sense of loss and disillusionment that comes with the failure are embodied fully in the personal tragedy of a young man whose "incorruptible dream" is "smashed into pieces by the relentless reality. " Gatsby is a mythical figure whose personal experience approximates a state of mind of the American. Gatsby is the last of the romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment take him in search of his personal grail; Gatsby's failure predicts to a great extent the end of the American Dream.
6. Fitzgerald is one of great stylists in American literature. His style, closely related to his themes, is explicit and chilly. His accurate dialogues and his sensitive styles provide the reader with a vivid sense of reality. He uses the scenic method in his chapters, each one of which consists of one or more dramatic scenes. Sometimes he intervenes passages of narration, leaving the tedious process of transition to the readers' imagina tion. He also skillfully chooses a dramatic narrator through whose” central consciousness" everything is delivered to organize the wholeness of the work. The accurate details, the completely original diction and metaphors, the bold impressionistic and colorful quality have all revealed his consummate artistry.
H.
1. Greatly and permanently scared by the war experiences, Hemingway formed his own writing style together with his theme and hero. The Sun Also Rises (1926) is Hemingway's first important novel. It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War "The Lost Generation.” Hemingway's sec-ond big success is A Farewell to Arms (1929), which writes the epitaph to a decade and to the whole generation in the 1920s. For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) and The Old Man and the Sea (1952) tell more about the later Hemingway. In the former Hemingway shows that life is worth living and there are causes worth dying for and the latter is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces in which only a partial victory is possible. His other works include Men Without Women, Death in the Afternoon, and so on.
Hemingway deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code. In one sense, he seems to write one theme: "grace under pressure.” Hemingway has been trying to demonstrate the theme acted out by his hero in his works. Those who survive in the process seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes. Hemingway once said, “The dignity of movement of an ice berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.” Typi cal of this "iceberg" analogy is Hemingway's style, which he has been trying hard to get. According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorial comments, without conventionally e-motive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs. Seemingly simple and
natural, Hemingway's style is actually polished and deliberate, but highly suggestive and connotative. Besides, Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism traced first to Mark Twain. He sticks to economy in his writing, which is a striking application of "Less is more.” Ernest Hemingway, a Nobel Prize winner for literature, is one of the greatest American writers. His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitude have been widely recognized and imitated, not only in
English-speaking countries but all over the world as well.
2. William Faulkner has always been regarded as a man with great might of invention and experimentation. He added to the theory of the novel as an art form and evolved his own literary strategies.
The range of narrative techniques used by Faulkner is remarkable. He would never step between the characters and the reader to explain, but let the characters explain themselves and hinder as little as possible the reader's direct experience of the work of art. The most characteristic way of structuring his stories is to fragment the chronological time. He deliberately broke up the chronology of his narrative by juxtaposing the past with the present, in the way the montage does in a movie. The modern
stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner to emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator. And the interior monologue Faulkner used helps him achieve the most desirable effect of exploring the nature of human consciousness. Moreover, Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view, which gave the story a circular form, wherein one event is centered, with various points of view radiating from it, or different people responding to the same story. The other narrative technique Faulkner used to construct his stories includes symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.
Most of Faulkner's works are set in the American South, with his emphasis on the Southern subjects and consciousness. Of the nineteen novels and seventy-five short stories, fifteen novels and many of his stories are about people from a small region in Northern Mississippi, Yoknapatawpha County, which is actually an imaginary place based on Faulkner’s childhood memory about the place where he grew up, the town of Oxford in his native Lafayette County. With his rich imagination, Faulkner turned the land, the people and the history of the region into a literary creation and a mythical kingdom.
Of Faulkner's literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards:The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and Go Down, Moses.
基本句式训练 一、基本句 1、谁（什么）是什么 2、谁（什么）有什么 3、谁（什么）干什么 4、谁（什么）怎么样 二、量词+名词；形容词+名词；动词+名词 三、三素句、四素句、五素句 句子训练一 如下面例句： 1 姐姐学打字。 2 妈妈是优秀教师。 3 菊花真好看。 第一句告诉我们“谁干什么--姐姐学打字”； 第二句告诉我们“谁是什么--妈妈是优秀教师”； 第三句讲“什么怎么样--菊花真好看”。 如果少了一个部分，句子就不完整，意思就不清楚了。又如： 1 你星期天去图书馆吗？ 2 房子建好了吗？ 3 爸爸下班了吗？
第一句问：“你星期天干什么”； 第二句问：“房子怎么样了”； 第三句问：“爸爸是不是下班了”。 为了表达出发问的语气，句子的末尾用了表示疑问语气的“吗”字和“？”，句意更清楚，听的人就更明白了。还有一种表达感情的句子，也是由两个部分组成的。 例三： 1这棵白杨多高啊！ 2我玩儿得多么开心啊！ 第一句讲“白杨高”，第二句讲“我开心”，都是讲“谁”或“什么”“怎么样”。 为了表达对白杨的赞美和“我”的高兴心情，句子的末尾加上了“啊”字和“！”。 1、谁干什么 例：学生写字。 1 农民___________。 2 __________扫地。 3 小鸟__________。 4__________吃害虫。 2、谁是什么
例：爸爸是工人。 1 我是_________。 2 _________是英雄。 3北京是_________。 4 _________是益虫。 3、谁怎么样 例：解放军很勇敢。 1 弟弟_________。 2 _________勤快。 3 菊花_________。 4 _________凉快。 想一想，练一练： 1．按三种基本句式写句子，回答问题。 ①______ ______(谁干什么) ②______ ______ (什么干什么) ③______ ______(谁是什么) ④______ ______ (什么是什么) ⑤______ ______(谁怎么样) ⑥______ ______ (什么怎么样) 2．把下列句子补充完整。 ①同学们（）。②小猴子（）。
外贸英语函电的写作格式常用范文 外贸函电涉及到的知识很广泛，那么外贸函电的英语写作格式需要注意哪些问题呢，接下来为大家整理了外贸英语函电的写作格式，希望对你有帮助哦! 1.请求建立商业关系 Rogers Chemical Supply Co. 10E.22Street Omaha8,Neb Gentlemen: We have obtained your name and address from Aristo Shoes, Milan , and we are writing to enquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us. We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, We are interested in extending our, range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations.If your prices are competitive we would expect to transact a significant volume of business. We look forward to your early reply. Very truly yours 自米兰职权里斯托鞋类公司取得贵公司和地址，特此修函，祈能发展关系。多年来，本公司经营鞋类进口生意，现欲扩展业务范围。盼能惠赐商品目录和报价表。如价格公道，本公司必大额订购。烦请早日赐复。此致 2.回复对方建立商业关系的请求 Thank your for your letter of the 16th of this month. We
第七章财务管理系统设计与实现 §7.1 财务管理系统业务简介 一、财务管理业务概述 企业财务管理是基于企业再生产过程中客观存在的财务活动和财务关系而产生的，根据企业再生产过程中的资金运动，工业企业财务管理的内容包括：固定资金管理、流动资金管理、专用资金管理、产品成本管理、销售收入管理、企业纯收入和财务支出管理等。其中固定资金管理是指垫支在劳动资料上的资金（包括：厂房、机器设备等固定资产）；流动资金是指垫支在劳动对象上的资金（包括：原材料、燃料、在产品、产成品、银行存款及各种结算项目）；专用资金是指具有专门用途的资金（包括：生产发展基金、更新改造基金、新产品试制基金、大修理基金等）；成本管理将在下一章中详细介绍。 二、财务管理工作的具体内容 1.凭证 凭证的制作和管理是财务工作的一项重要内容，所有的财务活动都要通过制作凭证才能记入相应的帐目。当经济活动发生后，财务人员要收集业务的原始凭证（发票、入出库单等），并根据业务活动涉及的财务科目填写相应的凭证分录，制成记帐凭证。在一段时间后要将凭证归类装订成册以备检查。财务涉及的凭证一般包括：收款凭证、付款凭证和转帐凭证。 2.记帐 在凭证制作完成后，由会计人员对凭证进行审核，检查凭证制作是否正确，然后再根据凭证涉及的科目登记相应的明细分类帐和总帐。 3.银行帐 企业银行帐因为牵涉到流动资金的管理，所以管理起来较为严格，需要计算每天的收入、支出并结出余额。另外银行帐管理还包括银行对帐业务。企业的开户银行为企业设立一本收入、支出明细帐，而企业本身也有银行存款收入、支出的日记帐，这两本张之间就存在着一个对帐问题。银行定期给企业发出银行对帐单，企业根据对帐单上银行帐的收入、支出记录和自己记的银行日记帐记录进行核对，将对上的记录销掉，查找出哪些记录是银行未作登帐的（银行未达帐），哪些记录是企业未登帐的（企业未达帐），并制作出未达帐调节表。 4.往来帐 往来帐是指企业与往来户（客户、供应商）之间发生的应收款、预收款、应付款、预付款业务。往来业务量对企业来说一般是比较多的。要管理好每一个往来户的每一笔往来款，首先要对往来户单独设立帐户，将每一笔应收、应付款详细记录清楚；当收款或付款时，将收到或付出的款项逐笔分配到应收或应付款记录中进行勾对，销掉应收或应付款记录。这是一项比较复杂而繁琐的工作。 5.报表及财务分析 企业每个核算期末都要制作报表，上报上级单位和财政税务部门。各类财务报表从不同角度反映企业的经营和财务状况，报表主要有：资产负债表、利润表和财务状况变动表。 财务工作还能及时为企业领导提供相关的财务数据信息，如：资金使用情况，企业赢利
把句子写具体的训练 东高地一小朱园平 小学三年级处于语言、词汇积累和运用的重要阶段，结合这一时期学生知识层次的特点，除了在课文学习的过程中进行这方面的指导、训练外，进行必要的专项训练也是必不可少的。把句子写具体的训练不但可以使学生养成积累词汇的习惯，并尝试加以运用，还可以启发学生多角度的思维，为将来把一篇文章写具体打下基础。试想，如果学生能准确地围绕一句话从不同的角度把句子写具体、细致、生动，在引导学生把几个不同的意思写具体组合成一篇文章也就不成问题了。在单元练习1中，第三道训练题是一道照样子把句子写具体的练习，这道练习题是在前面给一个中心句，要求在后面补充说明前面的中心句。从而使这句话更具体、生动给人留下极深的印象。怎样才能指导学生掌握这种把句子写具体的方法呢？为了使学生更好的理解句子，体会怎样把围绕中心句把句子写具体，我在讲课之初是这样设计： 一、读题明题意： 首先出示题目要求：照样子把句子写具体。引导学生分析题目，让学生明白这道题对写句子提出了两个要求：1、是要严格按照样子 2、能够使句子在原有程度上更具体。 二、分析例句知方法： 在学生明确自己的任务后，我出示了例句。 例句：教室里很安静，连．同学们匀称的呼吸声都．能听清楚。
我先和学生一起分析例句，明确“教室里很安静，”是这句话要表达的主要意思，其中安静是这句话的重点词，要想写好这句话首先要清楚“安静”这个词的意思。让学生说说安静的含义，明白“安静”就是没有声音。接着我在与学生分析后半句，可以看出后半句是对前半句的补充说明，进一步体现了教室里安静的程度，使用了“连……也”的句式。进而理解安静有不同的程度，而例句的后半句也正是补充说明安静的程度的。连同学们匀称的呼吸声都能听清楚，这是一种比较夸张的表现方法说明了教室安静的程度深。最后，让学生读这句话体会教室里安静到什么程度。然后我引导学生体会到教室里安静的程度各不相同还可以用么词语表示：学生指出了有真安静、十分安静、特别安静。抓住这个时机我顺水推舟反问，后半句话有没有很、特别、十分这些字眼为什么却让我们感受到了真安静、十分安静、特别安静。作者运用了其他事物的情况体现了安静的程度。使我们感受更深刻。在此基础上，我又让学生补充说一些表示安静的程度的句子。同学们的积极性很高，也补充了一些好句子。 教室里真安静，连同学们写字的刷刷声都能听见。 教室里真安静，连一根针掉在地上都能听见。 此时我点播学生：我们用特别微小的平时可能听不到的声音来突出教室里的很安静。让学生体后到可以从不同的角度来补充说明。通过这样的练习让学生知道什么是补充，学生从不同的角度来扩句，开阔了思路。 三、利用练习学会方法：
11----------------精选公文范文----------------1 外贸英语函电书写格式要求 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：外贸英语函电写作技巧 外贸英语函电写作技巧 英文信函的信头也称信端，其内容包括发件公司的名称、标志、通信地址、电话号码、传真号、电子邮箱等。书写信头的目的是为了方便收件人了解信函来自何处，并为回复提供联系方式。 很多公司都会印制带信头的信纸。一般来说，人们喜欢将简单的信头放在信纸上端居中，将复杂的信头放在信纸的右侧或上下两端。在使用这种信纸打印信函时，一定要注意为信头留出足够的空间。 对于私人商务信函，如求职信等，
22----------------精选公文范文----------------2 信头通常写在信纸的右上方。 如果信函的长度超过两页，那么从第2页开始就不再需要信头了，只需写上页码、收件人姓名及日期。 英文地址的书写和中文地址的书写有很大区别，应遵循从小到大的原则。特别值得注意的是，地址中的标点符号需正确使用。当前的习惯做法是，行末一般不加标点符号，但行中间该加标点的地方，还是不应省略。门牌号码与街道名称之间不加标点，但是在城市与国家名称之间必须用逗号分开。 英文商务信函中称呼的书写有讲究 在英文信函书写中称呼是对收信人的尊称语。一般位于信内地址下方空一行；有Attention时也一样，位于Attention下面空一行。称呼后面一般用逗号（英式），也可以用冒号（美式）。 如果信是写给公司的，并没有直接
33----------------精选公文范文----------------3 的联系人，称呼应为：“Dear Sirs,”（英式）或“Gentlemen:”（美式）。在不能确定收信人性别的情况下，还可以使用To Whom It May Concern或Dear Madam or Sir。不过这两种称呼应尽量避免使用，因为人们觉得它们不能显示足够的友好。在写信给特定的组织时，更愿意使用Dear Member,Dear Customer,和Dear Human Resources Manager这样的称呼。 如果知道收件人的姓名，就应该直接把姓名用入称呼里。 1．商务信函一般用Dear Miss Brown，Dear 。Dear纯属公务上往来的客气形式。 2．写给亲人、亲戚和关系密切的朋友时，用Dear或Mydear再加上表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名。例如：My dear father，Dear Tom等。
建立业务关系 Dear Sirs， Through the courtesy of Mr.Freemen,we are given to understand that you are one of the leading exporters of Chinese light industrial products in your area. We now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations with you. We are very well connected with all the major dealers of light industrial products in this area . We are confident that we can sell large quantities of Chinese goods if we receive your offers at competitive prices. Please send to us necessary information regarding your products for export. We look forward to receiving your early reply. Y ours sincerely, XXX Dear Sirs， We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of September 10 ,2009,informing us of your interest in our products. We look forward to establishing positive business relationship with your corporation. We are a state-owned corporation（国有公司) specializing in the export of Chinese light industrial products. We are convinced that our joint business efforts will be to our mutual benefit. As requested, a booklet including a general introduction , the scope of business and other topics are enclosed for your reference . Should you require any further information,please don't hesitate to let us know. Y ours sincerely, XXX 询盘 United Textiles Ltd. Y ork House , Lawton Street ,
Warm-up exercises Warm-up exercises One 1.我们无意催促你们作出决定，为你方利益着想，建议你们尽快利用此次报盘We have no intention of urging you to make the decision, thinking about for the interests of you, advise you to utilize this offer as soon as possible 2.将我们的报价与其他公司比较后，相信你们会赞同我们所提供的商品价廉物美。 After comparing our quotation with other companies, it is believed that it is good and cheap that you will agree to the goods that we offer. 3.我方欣然接受你们A103号订单订购1，000件“英雄”牌男式衬衣，请按合同规定的条款开立以我方受益人的即期信用证。 We accept your order No. A103 and order 1,000 " hero " brand shirts in men's style joyfully, the clause that please stipulate according to the contract is opened with our beneficiary's sight letter of credit. 4.依照随函附上的详细情况，我们向贵公司订购中国面料。请注意，货物必须与样品完全相符。如果第一份试购单令人满意，我们将继续大量订购。According with the details enclosed, we purchase the Chinese surface fabric from your company. Please note, the goods must be in full conformity with the samples. If the first trial order is satisfactory, we will continue ordering in a large amount. 5.抱歉，不能接受你们的还盘，因我衬衣的报价与当前市场价格相符。 I am sorry, can't accept your counter offer, because the quotation of my shirt is in conformity with market price at present. Warm-up exercises TWO 1.要求定购我们产品的人越来越多。The demand for our products has kept rising. 2.这些报价比其他任何地方都要低得多。 They are still lower than the quotations you can get elsewhere. 3.我想了解一下贵国的投资环境。 I"d like to know some information about the current investment environment in your country. 4.我们相信双方都有一个光明的前景。We are sure both of us have a brighter future. 5.我们的对外贸易政策一向是以平等互利、互通有无为基础的。 Our foreign trade policy has always been based on equality and mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods. Warm-up exercises 3 我认为你推销时不会有任何困难。I don"t think you"ll have any difficulty in pushing sales. 一般你们报盘的有效期是多长？How long will your offer hold good?
外贸英语函电书写格式要求 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 篇一：外贸英语函电写作技巧 外贸英语函电写作技巧 英文信函的信头也称信端，其内容包括发件公司的名称、标志、通信地址、电话号码、传真号、电子邮箱等。书写信头的目的是为了方便收件人了解信函来自何处，并为回复提供联系方式。 很多公司都会印制带信头的信纸。一般来说，人们喜欢将简单的信头放在信纸上端居中，将复杂的信头放在信纸的右侧或上下两端。在使用这种信纸打印信函时，一定要注意为信头留出足够的空间。 对于私人商务信函，如求职信等，信头通常写在信纸的右上方。 如果信函的长度超过两页，那么从第2页开始就不再需要信头了，只需写
上页码、收件人姓名及日期。 英文地址的书写和中文地址的书写有很大区别，应遵循从小到大的原则。特别值得注意的是，地址中的标点符号需正确使用。当前的习惯做法是，行末一般不加标点符号，但行中间该加标点的地方，还是不应省略。门牌号码与街道名称之间不加标点，但是在城市与国家名称之间必须用逗号分开。 英文商务信函中称呼的书写有讲究 在英文信函书写中称呼是对收信人的尊称语。一般位于信内地址下方空一行；有Attention时也一样，位于Attention 下面空一行。称呼后面一般用逗号（英式），也可以用冒号（美式）。 如果信是写给公司的，并没有直接的联系人，称呼应为：“Dear Sirs,”（英式）或“Gentlemen:”（美式）。在不能确定收信人性别的情况下，还可以使用To Whom It May Concern或Dear Madam or Sir。不过这两种称呼应尽量避免使用，因为人们觉得它们不能显示足够的友
天津丰源汽车连锁服务有限公司成立于1988年，由最初从事汽车及汽车配件进出口贸易，发展成为现在拥有5家3000～5000 m2汽车用品直营连锁超市、一家3500 m2一类大修资质的汽车修理厂、3家三类快修店、一家二手车交易公司、一个汽车锁业公司、一个爱车俱乐部、一个汽车电子技术培训学校的大型联合企业。2001年引进国外汽车用品连锁超市的经营模式，借鉴正规美式仓储超市的经营理念及国内大型民用超市的管理经验，开办了大型汽车用品连锁超市。2001年～2004年，连续开办了5家直营连锁店。公司计划在2010年前再发展2 0～40家连锁店，除了占领天津市场外，还要进军外埠市场。 4.1.1 用户发展战略 1. 横向发展战略 利用自身的优势，涉足与汽车相关的所有领域，包括汽车销售、汽车进出口贸易、二手车销售、爱车俱乐部、汽车装饰用品加工生产及开办汽车电子学校等。 2. 纵向发展战略 ●依托领先的专业品质和16年的行业经验，构筑天津乃至华北地区汽车用品连锁超市网络。 ●沿袭欧美风尚，创造丰源车居文化，引导有车族的消费观向着更高品味发展。 ●拓展丰源汽车用品经营范围，向“高、精、尖、全”发展；不断开发汽车服务领域，以高质量的服务，力争作汽车行业的“龙头”。 3. 公司发展目标 ●5年之内再开设20～40家连锁超市，占领天津市场。 ●以天津为基地，进军外埠市场，力争10年内在华北地区赢得一定的市场占有率。 4.1.2 项目整体目标 对企业的各个层面进行全面、细致、规范的管理。为实现管理手段的科学化、现代化和规范化建立一套先进的信息管理系统。通过本系统的使用，能够达到以下目标：
●精确、实时地反映和准确处理公司各项业务活动，实现企业商品“进、销、调、耗、存、结”以及汽车维修、美容、加工的一体化管理。 ●对汽车维修、美容、加工等环节进行精细化管理。 ●对商品进行条码管理，从商品入库、出库到盘点，统一通过条码进行管理，从而杜绝人为错误的操作和由此导致的盘点数据不正确的问题。 ●有效控制商品的采购，避免商品短缺或重复进货，提高资金利用率。 ●优化商品结构，减少资金占用。 ●合理控制库存，提高库存周转率。 ●彻底解决信息孤岛问题，将各分店、各部门的信息完全共享，为公司将来的快速扩张提供强有力的支持。 ●利用视窗卡对会员进行智能化、人性化的管理，提高公司的形象。 ●及时、准确地将企业各类信息加工处理后反馈给公司的最高管理层，提供可靠、完整、科学的决策依据。 ●加强对员工管理考核的科学性，提高劳动效率，充分调动员工的积极性和创造性。 ●对于公司组织机构的调整、人员职务的变化、业务流程的重新设计及业务操作细节的调整，系统能够有足够的应变机制和可扩展性，从而快速地适应公司的编号。 财务管理作为企业管理的组成部分，与经济价值或财富的保值增值有关，是关于创造财富的决策，企业生存、发展、获利的总目标离不开财务的筹资、投资以及对资金的运用管理。另一方面，财务管理目标是制定生产目标、销售目标等一系列目标的基础和前提，这使得财务管理在企业管理中处于一个核心地位，财务管理目标将从根本上反映企业的总目标。所以确立一个合理的财务管理目标对企业的长远发展有着极为重要的意义。 4.2.1 财务管理的任务 近来，美国接二连三发生的著名企业财务作假事件，不仅沉重地打击了美国经济和投资者的信心，同时也在全球经济一体化的今天，警示着中国企业的决策
27种常用英文商务信函 1请求建立商业关系 Rogers Chemical Supply Co. 10E.22Street Omaha8,Neb Gentlemen: We have obtained your name and address fro m Aristo Shoes, Milan , and we are writing to enquire whether you would be willing to establish business re lations with us. We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, We are interested in extending our, range and would appreciate your catalogues and q uotations.If your prices are competitive we would expect to transact a significant volume of business. We look forward to your early reply. Very truly yours 自米兰职权里斯托鞋类公司取得贵公司和地址，特此修函，祈能发展关系。多年来，本公司经营鞋类进口生意，现欲扩展业务范围。盼能惠赐商品目录和报价表。如价格公道，本公司必大额订购。烦请早日赐复。此致 2.回复对方建立商业关系的请求 Thank your for your letter of the 16th of this month. We shall be glad to enter into business relat ions with your company. In compliance with your request, we are sending you, under separate cov er, our latest catalogue and price list covering our export range. Payment should be made by irrevo cable and confirmed letter of credit. Should you wish to place an order, please telex or fax us. 本月16日收到有关商务关系的来函，不胜欣喜。谨遵要求另函奉上最新之出口商品目录和报价单。款项烦请以不可撤销保兑之信用状支付。如欲订货，请电传或传真为盼。此致敬礼 3.请求担任独家代理 We would like to inform you that we act on a sole agency basis fora number of manufacturers. We specialize in finished cotton goods for the Middle eastern market: Our activities cover all types of household linen. Until now , we have been working with your textiles department and our colla boration has proved to be mutually beneficial. Please refer to them for any information regarding o ur company. We are very interested in an exclusive arrangement with your factoryfor the promotio n of your products in Bahrain. We look forward to your early reply. `本公司担任多家厂家的独家代理，专营精制棉织品，包括各灯家用亚麻制品，行销中东。与贵公司向有业务联系，互利互作。贵公司纺织部亦十分了解有关业务合作之情况。盼望能成为贵公司独家代理，促销在巴林市场的货品。上述建议，烦请早日赐复，以便进一步联系合作。此致敬礼
××销售系统财务管理 一、客户资料建立 1．客户差不多资料建文件: 业务人员应搜集所有经销商差不多资料填立“客户差不多资料表”，审核后归档。 2．客户动态资料记录：应注意及时更新。 财务应注意通过各种渠道把握客户财务状况。 二、客户授信 目的：确保公司债权、货款的安全性，幸免呆帐。 信用治理部门（专门机构或营销、财务组成临时小组）应就客户资料表进行征信调查和信用额度、信用期限的评估； 信用治理应同时包含信用额度和信用期限两项内容，超出任一项，均视为超信用。 凡提供信用必存在风险，必要时需客户提供抵押担保或订金。 营销部门应随时关注客户情形, 深入了解客户的业绩消长、存货状况、资产变化、获利状况及经营者变动等运营情形及业界评判，如发觉客户出现或有专门时，及时采取必要措施，以确保货款安全。 财务部门应每月提供有关客户销售、欠款、存货等变动报表，并对报表数据进行深入分析，提供财务意见。 信用治理部门应每年/半年, 会同业务、财会等有关单位共同就现有客户的收款状况、信用额度及公司授信政策予以检讨、修订。 三、超信用处理 业务出货时，应开立“出货单”，转信用治理部门审查签章后才可转仓库出货。若有超过信用额度情形者，应填制“超信用通知单”；
为达有效监控，一样由商务软件系统治理出货流程，超出核定额度或期限，系统自动不能出货。 超信用由权责人员授权，可依下列方式予以处理： A.增加信用额度：依据有关授信作业规定，申请增加客户信用再行出货。 B.超信用先行出货：必须有相当权限人员授权，作例外处理。 C.先办款再出货：客户先行支付（或多于）此次出货金额后再行出货。 D.暂缓出货：不能依上述情形处理者。 4．超信用的运算公式如下，二者之一者为超信用： A.超信用额度＝核定之信用额度－应收票据－应收帐款－待出货额 B.有逾期欠款（即按帐期应收未收） 四、价格体系 统一价格体系：出厂价、二批供货价、经销商终端供货价、终端建议零售价。 大型/全国性商超由公司统一掌控，价格可单独制定。 客户归口对位，严格执行四级价格，例外处理必须适当授权审批。 五、出货审核 业务销货须开立“出货单”，经财务核对数量、售价，收款条件及信用治理部门信用审核，仓库才可出货。 据公司规定的客户级不和价格体系进行价格审核，若售价低于底限，必须有相当权限人员授权，作例外处理。 A.业务单位的经办人员、主管是否签章；。
推销产品信函中英文对照 Gentlemen：Last year we achieved a 25％ increase in the sales of our businessmen’s suits．we believed that this happy state of affairs can be attributed to two causes．First，we managed to avoid passing on any part of our increased manufacturing costs．Second，we believe ours are products of the finest materials and the highest techniques and are second to none in design and reliability．And so we are happy to be able to tell you that our new season’s suits are，if anything，more attractive than last year’s and our prices will pare very favorably with those of any of our petitors．We believe that you will agree that our samples prove the truth of our claims．We look forward to an even larger order than the one you favored with last year．Yours truly，中文对照敬启者：我公司的男装销售额去年增加25％，我们认为这有两种原因。第一、我们制作成本虽然增加，但售价未增；第二、本公司的产品原料好、技术高，而且在设计和可靠性方面，是独一无二的。能有机会把我公司季节性服装介绍给贵方，至感欣慰。有的同行产品可能比去年更具诱惑性，但我公司的价格比较便宜。我们确信阁下会同意，我方的样品可以证明我们所说的真实性。我方盼接到贵方比去年更多的订单。×××敬上
Unit 4 Exercises 1. Complete the following sentences by translating the part in Chinese into English. (1) establishing business relations with your company （与贵公司建立业务关系） (2) On the recommendation of Dalian Trading Company (承蒙大连贸易公司介绍) (3) have the pleasure to introduce ourselves to you （有幸自荐） (4) As requested (根据你方要求) (5) We are looking forward to (我方期盼) 2. Read the following sentences and try to find out the mistakes and make corrections. There is one mistake in each sentence. (1) to →from (2) on →for (3) trading with →handling (4) enter →enter into / enter →establish (5) by separate cover →under separate cover Or by separate cover →by separate mail 3. Translate the following sentences. Part I T ranslate the following sentences into English. (1) We are one of the leading importers dealing in electronic products in the area, and take this opportunity to approach you in the hope of establishing business relations. (2) We have been engaged in handling importing and exporting of machinery and equipment for many years, and our products have enjoyed great popularity in many countries. (3) We owe your name and address to the Commercial Counselor’s Office of our Embassy in Beijing. (4) We are given to understand that you are a manufacturer of daily chemicals. One of our clients intends to buy cosmetics from your country. We will appreciate it highly if you airmail the catalogue and price list of the goods available at present. (5)For our credit standing, please refer to the Bank of China, Shanghai Branch.
怎样把句子写具体 把句子写具体，就是在句子主要成分的前后，加上一些恰当的修饰或补充说明的词语，使句子表达的意思更加清楚明白，更加生动形象。 例如：1．翠鸟掠过湖面。 2．机灵的翠鸟掠过波光粼粼的湖面。 第2句加上一些修饰词语以后，就具体多了。它告诉了我们“是什么样的”翠鸟，掠过的湖面“是什么样的”。如果把第2句再修饰一下：“一只机灵的翠鸟轻轻地掠过波光粼粼的湖面。”表达的意思就更具体了。但要注意一点，把句子写具体并不是堆砌很多词语，只能根据表达的需要，该修饰的就修饰，不该修饰的就不要画蛇添足，以免造成重复、累赘。 例如：1．我们高兴。 2．我们高兴得跳起来。 第2句加上了“跳起来”，就把“高兴”的结果、程度具体地描绘出来，强化了表达的感染力。练习把句子写具体的方法很多，在小学语文课中学过的，有下列三种基本方法： 1．加定语。 例：队旗在空中飘扬。 “（鲜艳的）队旗在（蔚蓝色的）空中飘扬。”括号里的词语我们就叫它定语。加上这些定语后，就知道了是什么样的队旗，在怎样的空中飘扬。表达的意思更明白具体了。 这种练习同学们在语文作业里做过很多。 如；给下面的句子加上词语，使句子表达得更具体。 ①演员们的表演，受到了大家的欢迎。 演员们（）的表演，受到了大家的欢迎。 ②人群热烈欢呼起来。 （）的人群热烈欢呼起来。 上面句子中括号里要加的词语就是定语。加上什么样的定语，能使这两个句子的意思表达得更具体呢 根据句子的内容，第①句可以加下列一些词语： “昨天”——说明表演的时间 “在百花剧院”——说明表演的地点 “精彩”——说明什么样的表演 “昨天在百花剧院精彩”的表演——说明了表演的时间、地点和水平。
1. 申请人applicant 2. 实盘firm offer 3. 装运日期Time of shipment/delivery(date of shipment/delivery) 4. 航空货运单air waybill 5. 即期汇票sight draft 6. 合法持有人bona fide holder 7. 通知银行advising bank 8. 检验报告survey report 9. 到岸价CIF/cost, insurance and freight 10. 信用证修改书amendment to letter of credit 11. 中国对外贸易运输公司China National Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation 12. 代收银行，汇付行collecting bank 13. 订舱book shipping space 14. 运费率Freight rate 15.钩损险Hook Damage Risk 16.包装不良Improper packing 17. 支付条款Payment terms/terms of payment 18. 汇票draft 19. 装运港port of loading 20. 品质检验证书Inspection Certificate of Quality 21. 资信状况credit standing 22 信用证letter of credit
23. 销售确认书sales confirmation 24. 电汇telegraphic transfer 25. 仲裁Arbitration 26. 付款交单document(s) against payment 27. 水渍险With particular average/WPA 28. 提单bill of lading 29. 离岸价FOB/free on board 30. 贸易条款terms and conditions 31. 装箱单packing list 32. 原产地证明certificate of origin 33. 开证行Issuing/opening bank 34. 装运单据shipping documents 35. 综合险All Risks 36. 有关信用证the relevant letter of credit 37. 销售合同Sales Contract 38. 保险单Insurance Policy 39. 租船契约Charter Party 40. 索赔Lodge a claim (againt)…/claim 41.商业发票Commercial Invoice 42. 中国商检局China Commodity Inspection Bureau 43. 装船通知shipping advice/notice 44.目的港port of destination
小学生作文基本功训练：怎么把句子写完整怎样把句子写完整？ 一个完整的句子，要符合两个要求：一是表达的意思要完整；二是结构要完整。结构完整的句子一般有两个部分。前一部分主要讲“谁”或“什么”，后一部分主要讲“干什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。要告诉别人一件事，或表达一个完整的意思，一定要把句子的两个部分都写出来，意思才能表达清楚。 如下面例句： 1 姐姐 2 妈妈 3 菊花学打字。是优秀教师。真好看。 这三个句子各表达了一个完整的意思。第一句告诉我们“谁干什么——姐姐学打字”；第二句告诉我们“谁是什么——妈妈是优秀教师”；第三句讲“什么怎么样——菊花真好看”。如果少了一个部分，句子就不完整，意思就不清楚了。 又如： 1 你 2 房子 3 爸爸星期天去图书馆吗？建好了吗？下班了吗？ 这三个句子是向别人发问的。都表达出了完整的意思，也是由两个部分组成。第一句问：“你星期天干什么”；第二句问：“房子怎么样了”；第三句问：“爸爸是不是下班了”。为了表达出发问的语气，句
子的末尾用了表示疑问语气的“吗”字和“？”，句意更清楚，听的人就更明白了。 还有一种表达感情的句子，也是由两个部分组成的。 例三： 1 这棵白杨多高啊！ 2 我玩儿得多么开心啊！ 第一句讲“白杨高”，第二句讲“我开心”，都是讲“谁”或“什么”“怎么样”，都有两部分，意思完整。为了表达对白杨的赞美和“我”的高兴心情，句子的末尾加上了“啊”字和“！”。 把句子写完整，最重要的是掌握好我们在语文课中学过的单句的三种基本句式。 想一想，练一练： 1．按三种基本句式写句子，回答问题。①______ ______ 谁干什么？②______ 什么 ④______ 什么 ⑥______ 什么 ______ 干什么？ ______ 是什么？ ______ 怎么样？③______ ______ 谁是什么？⑤______ ______ 谁怎么样？ 2．把下列句子补充完整。①同学们（）②小猴子（）③太阳（）