Introduction2 war and peace

【世界名著】WarAndPeace(战争与和平)英文版WAR AND PEACEby Leo TolstoyBOOK ONE: 1805 CHAPTER I"Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the Buonapartes. But I warn you, if you don't tell me that this means war, if you still try to defend the infamies and horrors perpetrated bythat Antichrist- I really believe he is Antichrist- I will havenothing more to do with you and you are no longer my friend, no longer my 'faithful slave,' as you call yourself! But how do you do? I seeI have frightened you- sit down and tell me all the news."It was in July, 1805, and the speaker was the well-known Anna Pavlovna scherer, maid of honor and favorite of the Empress Marya Fedorovna. With these words she greeted Prince Vasili Kuragin, a man of high rank and importance, who was the first to arrive at her reception. Anna Pavlovna had had a cough for some days. she was, as she said, suffering from la grippe; grippe being then a new word inst. Petersburg, used only by the elite.All her invitations without exception, written in French, anddelivered by a scarlet-liveried footman that morning, ran as follows: "If you have nothing better to do, Count [or Prince], and if the prospect of spending an evening with a poor invalid is not too terrible, I shall be very charmed to see you tonight between 7 and 10- Annette scherer.""Heavens! what a virulent attack!" replied the prince, not in the least disconcerted by this reception. He had just entered, wearingan embroidered court uniform, knee breeches, and shoes, and had stars on his breast and a serene expression on his flat face. He spokein that refined French in which our grandfathers not only spoke but thought, and with the gentle, patronizing intonation natural to aman of importance who had grown old in society and at court. He went up to Anna Pavlovna, kissed her hand, presenting to her his bald, scented, and shining head, and complacently seated himself on the sofa."First of all, dear friend, tell me how you are. set your friend'smind at rest," said he without altering his tone, beneath the politeness and affected sympathy of which indifference and even irony could be discerned."Can one be well while suffering morally? Can one be calm in times like these if one has any feeling?" said Anna Pavlovna. "You are staying the whole evening, I hope?""And the fete at the English ambassador's? Today is Wednesday. I must put in an appearance there," said the prince. "My daughter is coming for me to take me there.""I thought today's fete had been canceled. I confess all these festivities and fireworks are becoming wearisome.""If they had known that you wished it, the entertainment would have been put off," said the prince, who, like a wound-up clock, by force of habit said things he did not even wish to be believed."Don't tease! Well, and what has been decided about Novosiltsev's dispatch? You know everything.""What can one say about it?" replied the prince in a cold,listless tone. "What has been decided? They have decided that Buonaparte has burnt his boats, and I believe that we are ready to burn ours."Prince Vasili always spoke languidly, like an actor repeating astale part. Anna Pavlovna scherer on the contrary, despite her forty years, overflowed with animation and impulsiveness. To be an enthusiast had become her social vocation and, sometimes even when shedid not feel like it, she became enthusiastic in order not to disappoint the expectations of those who knew her. The subdued smile which, though it did not suit her faded features, always playedround her lips expressed, as in a spoiled child, a continual consciousness of her charming defect, which she neither wished, nor could, nor considered it necessary, to correct.In the midst of a conversation on political matters Anna Pavlovna burst out:"Oh, don't speak to me of Austria. Perhaps I don't understand things, but Austria never has wished, and does not wish, for war.she is betraying us! Russia alone must save Europe. Our gracious sovereign recognizes his high vocation and will be true to it. That isthe one thing I have faith in! Our good and wonderful sovereign has to perform the noblest role on earth, and he is so virtuous and noblethat God will not forsake him. He will fulfill his vocation andcrush the hydra of revolution, which has become more terrible than ever in the person of this murderer and villain! We alone must avenge the blood of the just one.... Whom, I ask you, can we rely on?... England with her commercial spirit will not and cannot understand the Emperor Alexander's loftiness of soul. she has refused to evacuate Malta. she wanted to find, and still seeks, some secret motive in our actions. What answer did Novosiltsev get? None. The English have not understood and cannot understand theself-abnegation of our Emperor who wants nothing for himself, but only desires the good of mankind. And what have they promised? Nothing!Andwhat little they have promised they will not perform! Prussia has always declared that Buonaparte is invincible, and that all Europeis powerless before him.... And I don't believe a word that Hardenburg says, or Haugwitz either. This famous Prussian neutrality is just a trap. I have faith only in God and the lofty destiny of our adored monarch. He will save Europe!"she suddenly paused, smiling at her own impetuosity."I think," said the prince with a smile, "that if you had beensent instead of our dear Wintzingerode you would have captured the King of Prussia's consent by assault. You are so eloquent. Will yougive me a cup of tea?""In a moment. A propos," she added, becoming calm again, "I am expecting two very interesting men tonight, le Vicomte de Mortemart, who is connected with the Montmorencys through the Rohans, one of the best French families. He is one of the genuine emigres, the good ones. And also the Abbe Morio. Do you know that profound thinker? He has been received by the Emperor. Had you heard?""I shall be delighted to meet them," said the prince. "But tell me," he added with studied carelessness as if it had only just occurredto him, though the question he was about to ask was the chief motive of his visit, "is it true that the Dowager Empress wants Baron Funketo be appointed first secretary at Vienna? The baron by all accountsis a poor creature."Prince Vasili wished to obtain this post for his son, but otherswere trying through the Dowager Empress Marya Fedorovna to secure it for the baron.Anna Pavlovna almost closed her eyes to indicate that neither she nor anyone else had a right to criticize what the Empress desired or was pleased with."Baron Funke has been recommended to the Dowager Empress by her sister," was all she said, in a dry and mournful tone.As she named the Empress, Anna Pavlovna's face suddenly assumed anexpression of profound and sincere devotion and respect mingled with sadness, and this occurred every time she mentioned her illustrious patroness. she added that Her Majesty had deigned to show Baron Funke beaucoup d'estime, and again her face clouded over with sadness. The prince was silent and looked indifferent. But, with the womanly and courtierlike quickness and tact habitual to her, Anna Pavlovna wished both to rebuke him (for daring to speak he had done of a man recommended to the Empress) and at the same time to console him,so she said:"Now about your family. Do you know that since your daughter came out everyone has been enraptured by her? They say she is amazingly beautiful."The prince bowed to signify his respect and gratitude."I often think," she continued after a short pause, drawing nearerto the prince and smiling amiably at him as if to show thatpolitical and social topics were ended and the time had come for intimate conversation- "I often think how unfairly sometimes thejoys of life are distributed. Why has fate given you two such splendid children? I don't speak of Anatole, your youngest. I don't like him," she added in a tone admitting of no rejoinder and raising her eyebrows. "Two such charming children. And really you appreciate them less than anyone, and so you don't deserve to have them."And she smiled her ecstatic smile."I can't help it," said the prince. "Lavater would have said Ilack the bump of paternity.""Don't joke; I mean to have a serious talk with you. Do you know I am dissatisfied with your younger son? Between ourselves" (and her face assumed its melancholy expression), "he was mentioned at Her Majesty's and you were pitied...."The prince answered nothing, but she looked at him significantly, awaiting a reply. He frowned."What would you have me do?" he said at last. "You know I did all a father could for their education, and they have both turned out fools. Hippolyte is at least a quiet fool, but Anatole is an active one. That is the only difference between them." He said this smiling in a way more natural and animated than usual, so that the wrinkles round his mouth very clearly revealed something unexpectedly coarse and unpleasant."And why are children born to such men as you? If you were not a father there would be nothing I could reproach you with," said Anna Pavlovna, looking up pensively."I am your faithful slave and to you alone I can confess that my children are the bane of my life. It is the cross I have to bear. Thatis how I explain it to myself. It can't be helped!"He said no more, but expressed his resignation to cruel fate by a gesture. Anna Pavlovna meditated."Have you never thought of marrying your prodigal son Anatole?" she asked. "They say old maids have a mania for matchmaking, and though I don't feel that weakness in myself as yet,I know a little person who is very unhappy with her father. she is a relation of yours, Princess Mary Bolkonskaya."Prince Vasili did not reply, though, with the quickness of memory and perception befitting a man of the world, he indicated by amovement of the head that he was considering this information. "Do you know," he said at last, evidently unable to check the sad current of his thoughts, "that Anatole is costing me forty thousand rubles a year? And," he went on after a pause, "what will it be infive years, if he goes on like this?" Presently he added: "That's what we fathers have to put up with.... Is this princess of yours rich?" "Her father is very rich and stingy. He lives in the country. Heis the well-known Prince Bolkonski who had to retire from the army under the late Emperor, and was nicknamed 'the King of Prussia.' He is very clever but eccentric, and a bore. The poor girl is very unhappy. she has a brother; I think you know him, he married Lise Meinen lately. He is an aide-de-camp of Kutuzov's and will be here tonight.""Listen, dear Annette," said the prince, suddenly taking Anna Pavlovna's hand and for some reason drawing it downwards. "Arrange that affair for me and I shall always be your most devoted slave- slafe wigh an f, as a village elder of mine writes in his reports. sheis rich and of good family and that's all I want."And with the familiarity and easy grace peculiar to him, he raised the maid of honor's hand to his lips, kissed it, and swung it to andfro as he lay back in his armchair, looking in another direction. "Attendez," said Anna Pavlovna, reflecting, "I'll speak to Lise,young Bolkonski's wife, this very evening, and perhaps the thing can be arranged. It shall be on your family's behalf that I'll start my apprenticeship as old maid."BK1|CH2CHAPTER IIAnna Pavlovna's drawing room was gradually filling. The highest Petersburg society was assembled there: people differing widely in age and character but alike in the social circle to which they belonged. Prince Vasili's daughter, the beautiful Helene, came to take herfather to the ambassador's entertainment; she wore a ball dress and her badge as maid of honor. The youthful little Princess Bolkonskaya, known as la femme la plus seduisante de Petersbourg,* wasalso there. she had been married during the previous winter, and being pregnant did not go to any large gatherings, but only to small receptions. Prince Vasili's son, Hippolyte, had come with Mortemart, whom he introduced. The Abbe Morio and many others had also come. *The most fascinating woman in Petersburg.To each new arrival Anna Pavlovna said, "You have not yet seen my aunt," or "You do not know my aunt?" and very gravely conducted him orher to a little old lady, wearing large bows of ribbon in her cap, whohad come sailing in from another room as soon as the guests began to arrive; and slowly turning her eyes from the visitor to her aunt, Anna Pavlovna mentioned each one's name and then left them.Each visitor performed the ceremony of greeting this old aunt whom not one of them knew, not one of them wanted to know, and not one of them cared about; Anna Pavlovna observed these greetings with mournfuland solemn interest and silent approval. The aunt spoke to each of them in the same words, about their health and her own, and the health of Her Majesty, "who, thank God, was better today." And each visitor, though politeness prevented his showing impatience, leftthe old woman with a sense of relief at having performed a vexatious duty and did not return to her the whole evening.The young Princess Bolkonskaya had brought some work in agold-embroidered velvet bag. Her pretty little upper lip, on which a delicate dark down was just perceptible, was too short for herteeth, but it lifted all the more sweetly, and was especially charming when she occasionally drew it down to meet the lower lip. As is always the case with a thoroughly attractive woman, her defect- the shortness of her upper lip and her half-open mouth- seemed to be her own special and peculiar form of beauty. Everyone brightened at the sight ofthis pretty young woman, so soon to become a mother, so full of lifeand health, and carrying her burden so lightly. Old men and dull dispirited young ones who looked at her, after being in her company and talking to her a little while, felt as if they too werebecoming, like her, full of life and health. All who talked to her,and at each word saw her bright smile and the constant gleam of her white teeth, thought that they were in a specially amiable mood that day.The little princess went round the table with quick, short, swaying steps, her workbag on her arm, and gaily spreading out her dress sat down on a sofa near the silver samovar, as if all she was doing was a pleasure to herself and to all around her. "I have brought my work," said she in French, displaying her bag and addressing all present. "Mind, Annette, I hope you have not played a wicked trickon me," she added, turning to her hostess. "You wrote that it was to be quite a small reception, and just see how badly I am dressed."And she spread out her arms to show her short-waisted, lace-trimmed, dainty gray dress, girdled with a broad ribbon just below the breast. "soyez tranquille, Lise, you will always be prettier than anyone else," replied Anna Pavlovna."You know," said the princess in the same tone of voice and still in French, turning to a general, "my husband is deserting me? He is going to get himself killed. Tell me what this wretched war is for?" sheadded, addressing Prince Vasili, and without waiting for an answer she turned to speak to his daughter, the beautiful Helene."What a delightful woman this little princess is!" said PrinceVasili to Anna Pavlovna.One of the next arrivals was a stout, heavily built young man with close-cropped hair, spectacles, the light-colored breeches fashionable at that time, a very high ruffle, and a brown dress coat. This stout young man was an illegitimate son of Count Bezukhov, a well-known grandee of Catherine's time who now lay dying in Moscow. The young manhad not yet entered either the military or civil service, as he hadonly just returned from abroad where he had been educated, and this was his first appearance in society. Anna Pavlovna greeted him with the nod she accorded to the lowest hierarchy in her drawing room. But in spite of this lowest-grade greeting, a look of anxiety and fear, as at the sight of something too large and unsuited to the place, came over her face when she saw Pierre enter. Though he was certainly rather bigger than the other men in the room, her anxiety could only have reference to the clever though shy, but observant and natural, expression which distinguished him from everyone else in that drawing room."It is very good of you, Monsieur Pierre, to come and visit a poorinvalid," said Anna Pavlovna, exchanging an alarmed glance with her aunt as she conducted him to her.Pierre murmured something unintelligible, and continued to look round as if in search of something. On his way to the aunt he bowed to the little princess with a pleased smile, as to an intimate acquaintance.Anna Pavlovna's alarm was justified, for Pierre turned away from the aunt without waiting to hear her speech about Her Majesty's health. Anna Pavlovna in dismay detained him with the words: "Do you know the Abbe Morio? He is a most interesting man.""Yes, I have heard of his scheme for perpetual peace, and it is very interesting but hardly feasible.""You think so?" rejoined Anna Pavlovna in order to say something and get away to attend to her duties as hostess. But Pierre now committed a reverse act of impoliteness. First he had left a ladybefore she had finished speaking to him, and now he continued to speak to another who wished to get away. With his head bent, and his big feet spread apart, he began explaining his reasons for thinking the abbe's plan chimerical."We will talk of it later," said Anna Pavlovna with a smile.And having got rid of this young man who did not know how to behave,she resumed her duties as hostess and continued to listen and watch, ready to help at any point where the conversation might happen to flag. As the foreman of a spinning mill, when he has set the handsto work, goes round and notices here a spindle that has stopped or there one that creaks or makes more noise than it should, and hastens to check the machine or set it in proper motion, so Anna Pavlovna moved about her drawing room, approaching now a silent, now atoo-noisy group, and by a word or slight rearrangement kept the conversational machine in steady, proper, and regular motion. But amid these cares her anxiety about Pierre was evident. she kept ananxious watch on him when he approached the group round Mortemart tolisten to what was being said there, and again when he passed to another group whose center was the abbe.Pierre had been educated abroad, and this reception at Anna Pavlovna's was the first he had attended in Russia. He knew that allthe intellectual lights of Petersburg were gathered there and, likea child in a toyshop, did not know which way to look, afraid ofmissing any clever conversation that was to be heard. seeing theself-confident and refined expression on the faces of those present he was always expecting to hear something very profound. At last hecame up to Morio. Here the conversation seemed interesting and he stood waiting for an opportunity to express his own views, as young people are fond of doing.BK1|CH3CHAPTER IIIAnna Pavlovna's reception was in full swing. The spindles hummed steadily and ceaselessly on all sides. With the exception of the aunt, beside whom sat only one elderly lady, who with her thin careworn face was rather out of place in this brilliant society, the whole companyhad settled into three groups. One, chiefly masculine, had formed round the abbe. Another, of young people, was grouped round the beautiful Princess Helene, Prince Vasili's daughter, and the little Princess Bolkonskaya, very pretty and rosy, though rather too plump for her age. The third group was gathered round Mortemart and Anna Pavlovna.The vicomte was a nice-looking young man with soft features and polished manners, who evidently considered himself a celebrity but out of politeness modestly placed himself at the disposal of the circle in which he found himself. Anna Pavlovna was obviously serving him up as a treat to her guests. As a clever maitre d'hotel serves up as a specially choice delicacy a piece of meat that no one who had seenit in the kitchen would have cared to eat, so Anna Pavlovna servedup to her guests, first the vicomte and then the abbe, as peculiarly choice morsels. The group about Mortemart immediately began discussingthe murder of the Duc d'Enghien. The vicomte said that the Ducd'Enghien had perished by his own magnanimity, and that there were particular reasons for Buonaparte's hatred of him."Ah, yes! Do tell us all about it, Vicomte," said Anna Pavlovna,with a pleasant feeling that there was something a la Louis XV inthe sound of that sentence: "Contez nous cela, Vicomte."The vicomte bowed and smiled courteously in token of his willingness to comply. Anna Pavlovna arranged a group round him, inviting everyone to listen to his tale."The vicomte knew the duc personally," whispered Anna Pavlovna to ofthe guests. "The vicomte is a wonderful raconteur," said she to another. "How evidently he belongs to the best society," said she to a third; and the vicomte was served up to the company in the choicest and most advantageous style, like a well-garnished joint of roast beef on a hot dish.The vicomte wished to begin his story and gave a subtle smile. "Come over here, Helene, dear," said Anna Pavlovna to the beautiful young princess who was sitting some way off, the center ofanother group.The princess smiled. she rose with the same unchanging smile with which she had first entered the room- the smile of a perfectly beautiful woman. With a slight rustle of her white dress trimmedwith moss and ivy, with a gleam of white shoulders, glossy hair, and sparkling diamonds, she passed between the men who made way for her,not looking at any of them but smiling on all, as if graciouslyallowing each the privilege of admiring her beautiful figure and shapely shoulders, back, and bosom- which in the fashion of those days were very much exposed- and she seemed to bring the glamour of a ballroom with her as she moved toward Anna Pavlovna. Helene was so lovely that not only did she not show any trace of coquetry, but onthe contrary she even appeared shy of her unquestionable and all too victorious beauty. she seemed to wish, but to be unable, to diminish its effect."How lovely!" said everyone who saw her; and the vicomte lifted his shoulders and dropped his eyes as if startled by something extraordinary when she took her seat opposite and beamed upon him alsowith her unchanging smile."Madame, I doubt my ability before such an audience," said he,smilingly inclining his head.The princess rested her bare round arm on a little table and considered a reply unnecessary. she smilingly waited. All the time the story was being told she sat upright, glancing now at her beautiful round arm, altered in shape by its pressure on the table, now at her still more beautiful bosom, on which she readjusted a diamond necklace. From time to time she smoothed the folds of her dress, and whenever the story produced an effect she glanced at Anna Pavlovna, at once adopted just the expression she saw on the maid of honor's face, and again relapsed into her radiant smile.The little princess had also left the tea table and followed Helene. "Wait a moment, I'll get my work.... Now then, what are you thinking of?" she went on, turning to Prince Hippolyte. "Fetch me my workbag." There was a general movement as the princess, smiling and talking merrily to everyone at once, sat down and gaily arranged herself inher seat."Now I am all right," she said, and asking the vicomte to begin, she took up her work.Prince Hippolyte, having brought the workbag, joined the circleand moving a chair close to hers seated himself beside her.Le charmant Hippolyte was surprising by his extraordinary resemblance to his beautiful sister, but yet more by the fact thatin spite of this resemblance he was exceedingly ugly. His features were like his sister's, but while in her case everything was lit up bya joyous, self-satisfied, youthful, and constant smile of animation, and by the wonderful classic beauty of her figure, his face on the contrary was dulled by imbecility and a constant expression of sullen self-confidence, while his body was thin and weak. His eyes, nose, and mouth all seemed puckered into a vacant, wearied grimace, and his arms and legs always fell into unnatural positions."It's not going to be a ghost story?" said he, sitting down beside the princess and hastily adjusting his lorgnette, as if without this instrument he could not begin to speak."Why no, my dear fellow," said the astonished narrator, shrugging his shoulders."Because I hate ghost stories," said Prince Hippolyte in a tone which showed that he only understood the meaning of his words after hehad uttered them.He spoke with such self-confidence that his hearers could not be sure whether what he said was very witty or very stupid. He was dressed in a dark-green dress coat, knee breeches of the color of cuisse de nymphe effrayee, as he called it, shoes, and silk stockings. The vicomte told his tale very neatly. It was an anecdote, thencurrent, to the effect that the Duc d'Enghien had gone secretly to Paris to visit Mademoiselle George; that at her house he came upon Bonaparte, who also enjoyed the famous actress' favors, and that in his presence Napoleon happened to fall into one of the fainting fitsto which he was subject, and was thus at the duc's mercy. The latter spared him, and this magnanimity Bonaparte subsequently repaid by death.The story was very pretty and interesting, especially at the point where the rivals suddenly recognized one another; and the ladies looked agitated."Charming!" said Anna Pavlovna with an inquiring glance at the little princess."Charming!" whispered the little princess, sticking the needleinto her work as if to testify that the interest and fascination ofthe story prevented her from going on with it.The vicomte appreciated this silent praise and smiling gratefully prepared to continue, but just then Anna Pavlovna, who had kept a watchful eye on the young man who so alarmed her, noticed that he was talking too loudly and vehemently with the abbe, so she hurried to the rescue. Pierre had managed to start a conversation with the abbe about the balance of power, and the latter, evidently interested bythe young man's simple-minded eagerness, was explaining his pet。

战争与和平War and Peace大学英语作文Generally, war is repugnant, but peace is welcome.While peace is the ultimate goal of all of our undertaking in this world, war has been inevitable in the course of human civilization. Does man have an innate taste for war? Or is it just an acquired scheme learned from human society? We only knowthat there hasn't been any period in the history during which the world was really at peace. Human beings pursue peace and prosperity through the establishment of families, communities, and nations. Why should we let all these be destroyed by wars? To reduce the possibility of war to the lowest extent, I have two suggestions. First of all, education should be consolidated to eliminate the brutality and beastliness in human nature. Knowledge derives from education and is a surer road to wisdom. Wisdom enables us to distinguish right from wrong. It also teaches us restraint and tolerance, two effective means of preventing wayward killing and destruction. Another cure is religion. Most religions in the world advocate philanthropy and forgiveness, which dissolvehatred and revenge.Consequently, education and religion working side by side can transform a barbarian into a civilized person. With wisdom and love, the human race as a whole will detest war and embrace peace.标题：战争与和平（战争与和平）内容：战争与和平一般来说，战争是令人厌恶的，但和平是welcome.While和平是我们的事业在这个世界上所有的最终目标，战争是不可避免的，在人类的文明进程。

你如何看待战争与和平的关系英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1War and Peace: How I See ThemHave you ever thought about war and peace? They seem like two very different things, but they are actually closely related. War is when countries fight against each other with weapons and soldiers. Peace is when there is no fighting and everyone gets along. I think it's really important to understand the relationship between war and peace.In my opinion, war is a terrible thing that causes a lot of suffering and destruction. Whenever there is a war, many innocent people get hurt or killed, including children just like me. Homes, schools, hospitals and other buildings get blown up by bombs and missiles. Families are forced to leave their homes and live in refugee camps with very little food, water or shelter. It's a horrifying situation that no one should ever have to experience.Wars also cause a lot of environmental damage. The fighting can destroy forests, pollute rivers, and harm wildlife. After the war is over, it takes a very long time for nature to recover. Toxicchemicals from weapons can also make people sick for many years. There is really no winner in war - everyone loses something precious.I think the main cause of war is greed and the desire for more power, land or resources. Countries go to war because they want to control more territory or gain access to things like oil, water or minerals. Some wars are started because of religious or cultural differences between groups. Others happen when there are long-standing disagreements or hatred between nations. But violence is never the right solution.In contrast, peace allows countries to focus on more positive goals like education, health care, technology and economic development. When there is peace, children can go to school and get a good education to prepare for the future. People don't need to live in fear of violence or conflict. Communities can grow and thrive.However, maintaining peace is not always easy. It requires different nations and groups to show mutual understanding, respect and tolerance for each other's differences. Leaders need to have wisdom, patience and commitment to resolving disagreements through diplomacy and negotiation rather than fighting. Having a strong system of international laws andorganizations like the United Nations also helps promote more peaceful conflict resolution.Ultimately, I believe that war only breeds more conflict and suffering, while peace creates the foundation for human society to progress and flourish. We should be taking steps every day, at home and in school, to cultivate more peaceful ways of interacting with others who are different from us. Learning about diverse cultures, practicing kindness, and finding non-violent ways to resolve arguments are great places to start.Although the world will probably never be 100% free of conflict, I hope that my generation can work harder than previous ones to minimize war and build lasting peace between all nations and people. We are all part of one global human family, so we need to treat each other with the compassion and care you would show your own brothers and sisters. I want to live in a world where we can celebrate our differences while focusing on our common hopes for health, happiness and harmony. It won't be easy, but I think peace is possible if we all make it a priority. What do you think?篇2How Do You View the War and Peace?Peace is really nice. When there is peace, everyone can be happy and have fun. We can go to school, play outside, and spend time with our families without being scared. My mom says peace is like a warm sunny day where you can just relax and enjoy yourself.War is the opposite of peace. It's like a huge thunderstorm that ruins everything. When there is war, people get hurt and killed. Homes and schools get blown up. Families have to leave their houses and try to escape to somewhere safe. Nobody feels happy or relaxed during war. It's a very sad and scary time.I don't like war at all. Every time I hear about a new war happening on the news, it makes me really upset. I can't understand why grown-ups can't just talk about their problems instead of fighting. Don't they know how much pain and destruction war causes?My dad says that sometimes countries go to war because they can't agree on things and they think fighting is the only way to get what they want. But I don't think that's a good reason at all. If I got into an argument with my best friend, I wouldn't just start punching and kicking them! We would talk it out and find a solution we both felt was fair.Grown-ups should do the same thing instead of going to war. They need to be willing to compromise and make sacrifices for peace. If both sides are stubborn and only care about getting 100% of what they want, a war is going to happen. But if they can meet in the middle and make some deals, they can prevent the fighting.When countries go to war, it's not just the soldiers who suffer. Innocent people always get caught up in the violence too.I saw pictures of kids around my age who got really hurt or lost their families because of wars. That's not fair at all! Kids should never have to experience anything that scary and traumatic.I wish the world's leaders would think about those poor kids before deciding to start another conflict. How would they feel if it was their own child who was injured or ran away from home because of bombing? I bet they would do everything possible to protect their kid and stop the war. They need to have that same caring for other children too.It makes me super angry when selfish people start wars that end up hurting kids and families who just want to live in peace. Don't they have any compassion at all? You're supposed to be wise leaders, not immature bullies picking fights over petty disagreements!Anyway, I could go on ranting about this topic forever because it really gets me fired up. War is just so terrible and pointless. I honestly can't think of any good reasons to ever have a war. There's always a better solution if people make the effort to communicate and find common ground through diplomacy.My dream is for total world peace someday. Imagine how wonderful that would be! No more violence, weapons, or threats. Every country would get along and travel would be free everywhere. We could celebrate our diversity and share our cultures. Money that gets wasted on military spending could go towards better schools, roads, hospitals, and protecting the environment instead.Some people say giving peace a chance is naive and world peace can never happen because humans are naturally violent and greedy. But I don't believe that's true. If you teach kids from a young age to be kind, embrace differences, and solve conflicts without fighting, they'll grow up to be more peaceful adults. The cycle of hatred and war can be broken if we try hard enough.My parents always tell me that change starts small. One person can't stop wars by themselves. But if everyone contributes by promoting peace in their own life, it creates a movement. The more people committed to non-violence anddialogue, the harder it becomes for wars to start in the first place. Peer pressure works both ways - for good or bad. We need to make peace more popular than war.In school, we learn about brave people like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi who achieved amazing changes through total non-violence. They proved that peace is possible and can be stronger than hatred and guns. If regular people were able to end segregation and help free India without weapons, imagine what we could do today with more resources and communication!Maybe the whole world will never be perfect. There will probably always be a few trouble-makers who want to start conflicts. But I still believe we can get very close to world peace if we really commit to it. We just need patience, courage, compassion and hope to get there.I'm going to do my part by being a peacemaker every single day. Instead of hitting or bullying, I'll use words to work things out. When I see others being mean, I'll speak up and bring people together. At home, I'll share what I've learned so my family knows how important peace is too.Grown-ups like to say that kids are the future. Well, this kid wants a future of peace, love and happiness for everyone on thisplanet we all call home. No exceptions. I may be just one kid, but I'm determined to help create a better, more peaceful world whenever I can. Who's with me?篇3How Do You View the Relationship Between War and Peace?War is a really bad thing that happens when countries fight each other. People get hurt and killed in wars, and cities and homes get destroyed too. It's super sad and scary. Peace is much better because nobody is fighting or getting hurt. But sometimes countries go to war because they disagree about important stuff and can't work it out by talking.I think war and peace are kind of like opposites. When there is war happening, that means there is no peace. And when countries are at peace, they are not having a war. It's like hot and cold - if something is hot, it can't be cold at the same time. War and peace can't happen at the same time in the same place.But I don't think war and peace are always complete opposites either, because sometimes wars are happening in some parts of the world, while other parts are peaceful. Like right now, there could be a war in one country but peace in anothercountry. So they can exist at the same time, just not in exactly the same place.Wars usually start because of disagreements between countries about things like land, resources, power, or different beliefs and values. Sometimes a country's leaders want more land or natural resources that another country has. Or they might have different religious beliefs or political values that they fight over. Nobody can agree, so they go to war instead of working it out peacefully.I think wars could be avoided if countries were better at communicating, compromising, and understanding each other's perspectives. If leaders from different countries could sit down and have calm conversations about their disagreements, instead of yelling and fighting, maybe they could find solutions that work for everyone without needing a war.My teacher says good communication is really important for solving problems in a peaceful way. You have to listen to the other person's side and try to understand where they are coming from, even if you disagree with them. Then you can look for compromises - solutions where each side gets some of what they want but not everything. That way everybody is a little bit happyinstead of one side getting everything and the other side getting nothing.I think countries should do that more instead of going to war. Wars just lead to so much destruction, suffering and death. Thousands of soldiers and innocent civilians get killed or injured. Homes, schools, hospitals, and entire cities get bombed and ruined. Wars make people have to flee their homes and become refugees in other countries. It's just horrible.Peace is so much nicer. During times of peace, people can go about their normal lives without having to worry about being attacked or their homes being destroyed. Kids can go to school, families can stay together, and people can work and travel without fear. Countries can trade with each other and people from different cultures can share ideas and learn from one another. Everything just seems calmer, happier, and more stable when there is peace rather than war.But sadly, throughout history there have been a lot more wars than long periods of total world peace. My history book has pages and pages about all the different wars that have happened - the World Wars, the Vietnam War, wars in the Middle East, the Revolutionary War in America, and so many others. All that fighting and bloodshed is really depressing to learn about.I wonder why human beings have had such a hard time achieving and keeping peace over the years? You would think we would learn from all the past wars how awful and devastating they are, and just try to get along better. But I guess things like greed, hatred, ethnic conflicts, political disagreements, and misunderstandings keep leading to new wars eventually.Maybe we humans are just too stubborn, fearful and distrusting of other groups that are different from us. Or maybe some people are just power-hungry and want to take over lands and resources by force rather than negotiating fair agreements. Whatever the reasons, going to war always ends up causing way more problems than it solves.In my opinion, instead of fighting wars, I think the leaders of the world should put more energy into finding peaceful solutions through diplomacy, foreign aid, education, and looking at the root causes of conflicts. We should share the world's natural resources more fairly so some countries don't get greedy and fight over them. And we should learn about and celebrate our cultural differences rather than letting ignorance breed hatred between groups.If everybody got along better and helped each other out, I think there would be a lot less reasons to go to war. We couldfocus on solving problems like poverty, hunger, climate change and disease instead of worrying about defending ourselves from enemies in wars. Just imagining a world with no wars makes me happy - I picture kids of all cultures playing together in peace without fear. Families staying together. No bombs, bullets or bloodshed. People sharing ideas, resources and working together as one big human family.篇4War and Peace: Two Sides of the Same CoinHave you ever played tug-of-war? It's a game where two teams pull on opposite ends of a rope, using all their strength to drag the other side across the line. War and peace are kind of like that tug-of-war game, except the stakes are much higher, and the consequences more serious.War is when countries, groups or people fight against each other using weapons, soldiers, and violence. It's really scary and sad. People get hurt or even killed. Homes and cities get destroyed. Families are torn apart. On the other hand, peace is when there is no fighting, no violence, and everyone is living together happily and safely.In an ideal world, there would only be peace. No wars, no bloodshed, no sadness. Everyone would get along, respect each other, and work together to make the world a better place. But unfortunately, that's not always how it is in the real world. Sometimes, disagreements between countries or groups become so big that they can't resolve them through talking or compromising. That's when wars can start.I don't really understand all the grown-up reasons why wars happen. Things like resources, land, power, religion, and other complicated stuff. To me, it seems like wars mostly start because some people get really angry or greedy and want to take things that don't belong to them. Instead of finding a peaceful solution, they choose violence. It's like when a kid at school wants another kid's toy, so they try to take it by force instead of asking nicely to share.The thing is, war never really solves anything in the end. Sure, one side might "win" for a while, but then the other side gets angry and wants revenge. It just creates more problems and more fighting. Innocent people who had nothing to do with the disagreement in the first place end up suffering the most.On the other hand, peace allows for progress, happiness, and understanding between people. When there is peace,countries can trade, share ideas, and work together instead of fighting each other. People are free to live their lives without fear of violence or danger. Kids can go to school, play outside, and grow up feeling safe.But peace doesn't just happen automatically. It takes hard work, patience, and compromise from everyone involved. Sometimes, you have to be willing to give a little to get a little in return. You have to try to see the other side's point of view and find common ground.It's kind of like when you and your sibling are arguing over what TV show to watch. If you both insist on only watching your favorite show, you'll never agree and just keep fighting. But if you take turns, or find a show you can both enjoy, then you can watch TV together in peace. It's all about communication and learning to resolve conflicts without violence.I really hope that the grown-ups in charge can figure out how to create more peace in the world and less war. I don't like seeing pictures or videos of bombed cities, scared children, and people killing each other. It makes me really sad to think of all that suffering and destruction. I want to live in a world where everyone is friends, where we can explore and learn about all the amazing cultures, rather than fighting over our differences.Maybe someday, humanity will be wise enough to realize that war is never the answer. That communication, empathy and cooperation are way more powerful than bullets and bombs. A world of peace would truly be a wonderful place - one where kids of all countries can just be kids, playing together, learning together, and dreaming of all the incredible possibilities that life has to offer.So let's keep tugging on that rope, pulling it towards the peace side. If we all work together, I know we can win the real tug-of-war: the one against violence, hatred and war. Only then can the world be filled with the laughter, happiness and hope that every child deserves. What do you say? Are you ready to be a Peace Warrior?篇5My Thoughts on War and PeaceHi there! My name is Tommy and I'm in the 5th grade. Today I want to share my thoughts on the big topics of war and peace. These are very serious subjects, but I'll do my best to explain how I see their relationship in a way that makes sense.War is when two or more groups fight against each other using weapons, armies and violence. Some wars are betweendifferent countries, while others can happen inside one country between groups that disagree. Throughout history, there have been many, many wars over things like land, resources, religion, and power.Peace is the opposite of war - it means there is no fighting or violence happening. During times of peace, countries can trade, travel and communicate without conflict. People are able to live their normal lives safely without fear of being attacked.So how are war and peace related? Well, they are kind of like opposites that go back and forth. When there is a war happening, that means peace has been disrupted or broken. But wars can't last forever - at some point, the fighting stops and a new peace returns until the next conflict starts up again. It's been that way for all of human history on our planet.I think peace is a much better situation than war, for a bunch of reasons. First off, war is incredibly destructive and hurts a lot of innocent people. Families get torn apart, homes and cities are destroyed by bombs and bullets, and many people die in terrible ways. Lots of money that could help people gets wasted on weapons and military forces too.Peace allows societies to grow, learn, build neat stuff and work together. People are free to travel, make friends acrossborders, and appreciate different cultures during peacetime. There is more time and resources for developing new technologies, arts, businesses and ways to make our lives better when we're not stuck fighting each other.However, peace doesn't just automatically happen - it requires work and cooperation between groups that may not always see eye-to-eye. Sometimes, even after wars end, there is still tension, anger and mistrust left over that keeps the peace a bit unstable. Leaders need to make tough choices about how to resolve the core issues that caused the conflict in a way that is fair to everyone involved.I've learned in school that some of the biggest reasons wars have happened include:Disputes over territory and resources like land, water, oil or mineralsClashes between different religions or ethnic groupsThe desire for one group or nation to dominate or control anotherCycles of revenge and retaliation for previous conflictsTo truly secure long-lasting peace, the root causes and grievances from both sides need to be addressed throughdiplomacy, negotiation and compromise. This is hard because often both groups feel wronged and want to come out ahead. But meeting halfway is better than endless cycles of destructive violence.Of course, keeping peace is an ongoing challenge too. Countries and groups need to continue communicating, trading, and resolving any new tensions through talking instead of fighting. It's vital to have systems in place for identifying and de-escalating potential conflicts before they can turn violent.Some tools that can help maintain peace include:International organizations like the United Nations for cooperationBinding treaties and agreements between nationsEconomic partnerships and interdependence between societiesCross-cultural exchange programs and people-to-people connectionsFrameworks for resolving disputes through courts or mediatorsUltimately though, whether the cycle of war and peace continues comes down to the choices of human leaders and whether they prioritize dialogue or destruction when faced with high-stakes disagreements. I certainly hope we can learn from the immense suffering caused by wars and work harder to settle differences through peaceful discussion.As a kid, the idea of war really scares and upsets me. I can't imagine what it would be like to have my family forced to flee our home while bombs are dropping. Or having friends or relatives go off to fight and maybe never come back. Societies go through so much pain and trauma because of these conflicts that I think could be avoided if we tried harder to understand each other's perspectives.Peace allows for so many amazing things - art, exploration, innovation, relationships across cultures. Of course peace still has problems like crime, poverty and natural disasters. But overall, it creates way more opportunity for humans to make progress and live fulfilling lives than the alternative of war.I know I'm just a 10-year-old, but I dream of a future where the world's nations and groups learn to see each other as partners rather than enemies. Where we can celebrate our diversity while still recognizing our common humanity. Andwhere we invest all the tremendous resources and brainpower that go towards warfare into uplifting projects that make our world an even better place.Maybe it's a big dream, but I don't think it's impossible. After all, generationsago accepted things like slavery, subjugation of women, and conquering weaker peoples as norms - and now we've evolved past that darkness into more enlightened values of equality and human rights, at least in most parts of the world. Who's to say we can't make another big leap in overcoming the scourge of war too?Anyway, those are some of my thoughts on war, peace, and how they intersect. I tried to lay out the basic dynamics asI understand them from school while sprinkling in my own opinions and hopes too. It's such a weighty topic that plenty of adults still disagree over after studying it for decades. But I believe it's crucial for we young people to learn about these issues so that we can help create more peace as we grow older. Thanks for reading my essay - I'll keep dreaming of a world without violent conflicts!。

Module 6 War and PeaceI．教案内容分析本模块以“war and Peace”为话题。

内容涉及二战中的诺曼底登陆、德国闪电战等背景知识，引导学生学会对战争类影片进行评论，认识到联合国维和部队等重要国际组织在维护世界和平上所起的作用。

学生通过本模块学习，可以深刻了解战争的残酷性，认识和平的重要性。

b5E2RGbCAPIntroduction列举了几位名人对于“战争与和平”的见解，让学生对其进行讨论，从而形成关于“战争与和平”的正确观点。

然后通过历史知识问答的形式引导学生进入下一步的学习环节。

p1EanqFDPwVocabulary an~：Reading部分由对诺曼底登陆战役的局部描述和诺曼底登陆60周年纪念的报道组成，通过完成相关练习训练学生的阅读技巧，并使学生充分认识到诺曼底登陆战役对于欧洲反法西斯战争的重要作用。

DXDiTa9E3dGrammar通过回答问题的形式来继续学习虚拟语气。

Listening部分让学生首先阅读一篇有关“德国闪电战”的文章，获得相关背景知识，然后听一段亲历“闪电战”人士的采访录音，完成相关练习，培养学生获取听力信息的能力。

RTCrpUDGiTFunction部分让学生学会描述过去的事情，并通过拓展性练习来进行巩固。

Reading and Writing部分首先要求学生阅读一篇15岁外国少年写的关于《拯救大兵瑞恩》的影评并回答相关问题；然后通过分析影评的构成要素，让学生学写一篇类似题材的影评。

5PCzVD7HxASpeaking部分让学生以小组活动的形式，来讨论三种有关战争题材电影的观点，使学生对此类题材的电影有正确认识。

jLBHrnAILgEveryday English要求学生学习5个出现在听力材料中的重要表达，明确它们的具体意思。

Cultural Corner通过阅读有关联合国维和部队的文章，使学生明白其成立的目的，以及在维护世界和平中发挥的作用。

《战争与和平》双语简读《战争与和平》是俄国作家列夫·尼古拉耶维奇·托尔斯泰的代表作品。

文本以极其简洁的文字，卓越的、令人惊叹的心理分析，生动、鲜活地描绘了俄罗斯文学史上令人激动的一组人物形象。

整部作品构思宏伟、气势奔腾，有力地展示出了俄罗斯历史上最壮丽的一页——1812年卫国战争，展示出了战争前后俄罗斯波澜壮阔的社会生活画卷。

战争与和平War And PeaceWar and Peace (Russian: Война и мир, Voyna i mir) is a novel by Leo Tolstoy, first published from 1865 to 1869 in Russkii Vestnik (Russian: Русский Вестник, "Russian Messenger"), which tells the story of Russian society during the Napoleonic Era. It is usually described as one of Tolstoy's two major masterpieces (the other being Anna Karenina) as well as one of the world's greatest novels.War and Peace offered a new kind of fiction, with a great many characters caught up in a plot that covered nothing less than the grand subjects indicated by the title, combined with the equally large topics of youth, marriage, age, and death. Though it is often called a novel today, it broke so many conventions of the form that it was not considered a novel in its time. Indeed, Tolstoy himself considered Anna Karenina (1878) to be his first attempt at a novel in the European sense.War and Peace depicts a huge cast of characters, both historical and fictional, Russians and non-Russians, the majority of whom are introduced in the first book. The scope of the novel is extremely vast, but the narration focuses mainly on five or six characters whose differing personalities and experiences provide the impetus to the story, with mutual interactions leading up to, around and following the Napoleonic war.Book oneThe novel begins in the Russian city of Saint Petersburg, at a soirée given in July 1805 by Anna Pavlovna Scherer — the maid of honour and confidante to the queen mother Maria Feodorovna. The main players and aristocratic families of the novel are made known here. Pierre Bezukhov is the illegitimate son of a wealthy count who is dying of a stroke. Pierre becomes unexpectedly embroiled in a tussle for his inheritance. Educated abroad in France, with his mother dead, Pierre is essentially kindhearted, but is socially awkward owing to his goodhearted, open nature, and finds it difficult to integrate into the Petersburg society.Pierre's friend, the intelligent and sardonic Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, the husband of a charming wife Lise, also visits the soireé. Finding Petersburg society unctuous and starting to find married life little comfort as well, he chooses to be an aide-de-camp to Prince Mikhail Kutuzov in their coming war against Napoleon.Tolstoy then switches to Moscow, Russia's ancient city, as a contrast to Saint Petersburg. The Rostov family will be one of the main narrative players of the novel. The Moscow Count Ilya Rostov family has four adolescent children. Young Natasha is supposedly in love with Boris, a disciplined boyish officer and a relative. Nikolai pledges his teenage love to Sonya, his younger cousin. The eldest child of the Rostov family, Vera, is cold and somewhat haughty but has a good prospective marriage in a German officer, Berg. Petya is the youngest of the Rostov family; like his brother he is impetuous and eager to join the army when of age. The heads of the family, Count Ilya Rostov and Countess Natalya Rostova, are an affectionate couple but forever worriedabout their disordered finances.At Bald Hills, the Bolkonskys' country estate, Prince Andrei leaves his pregnant wife with his eccentric father Prince Nikolai Andreivitch Bolkonsky and devoutly religious sister Maria Bolkonskaya. He leaves for war.The first page of War and Peace in an early editionThe second part opens with descriptions of the impending Russian-French war preparations. At the Schngrabern engagement, Nikolai Rostov, who is now conscripted as ensign in a squadron of hussars, has his first baptism of fire in battle. He meets Prince Andrei whom he does not really like. Like all young soldiers he is attracted by Tsar Alexandr’s charisma. However Nikolai gambles recklessly and socializes with the lisping Denisov and the ruthless Dolokhov.Book TwoBook Two begins with Nikolai Rostov briefly returning home to Moscow on home leave in early 1806. Nikolai finds the Rostov family facing financial ruin due to poor estate management. With Denisov he spends an eventful winter home. Natasha has blossomed into a beautiful young girl. Denisov proposes to her but is rejected. Although his mother pleads with Nikolai to find himself a good financial prospect in marriage, Nikolai refuses to accede to his mother's request. He promises to marry his childhood sweetheart, the orphaned, penniless cousin Sonya.If there is a central character to War and Peace it is Pierre Bezukhov, who, upon receiving an unexpected inheritance, is suddenly burdened with the responsibilities and conflicts of a Russian nobleman. He then enters into marriage with Prince Kuragin's beautiful and immoral daughter Hélène (lena), against his own better judgement. He is continually helpless in the faceof his wife's numerous affairs, has a duel with one of her lovers, and is faced with anguish as all this happens. He later joins the Freemasons but becomes embroiled in some of the Freemasonry's politicking. Much of Book Two concerns his struggles with his passions and his spiritual conflicts to be a better man. Now a rich aristocrat, his former carefree behavior vanishes and he enters upon a philosophical quest particular to Tolstoy: how should one live a moral life in an ethically imperfect world? The question constantly baffles and confuses Pierre. He attempts to free his peasants, but ultimately achieves nothing of note.Pierre is vividly contrasted with the intelligent and ambitious Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. At the Battle of Austerlitz, Andrei is inspired by a vision of glory to lead a charge of a straggling army. He suffers a near fatal artillery wound which renders him unconscious. At the face of death Andrei realizes all his former ambitions are pointless and his former hero, Napoleon (who rescues him in a horseback excursion to the battlefield), is apparently as vain as himself.Prince Andrei recovers from his injuries in a military hospital, and returns home, only to find his wife Lise dying during childbirth. He is struck by his guilty conscience for not treating Lise better when she was alive.Burdened with nihilistic disillusionment, Prince Andrei lives anonymously in his estate until he is led to a philosophical argument with Pierre one day. When Pierre visits his estate he poses the question: where is God in this amoral world? Pierre points to panentheism and an afterlife.Young Natasha meets Andrei during her very first ball, and briefly reinvigorates Andrei with her lively vitality. Andrei believeshe has found purpose in life again. However the couple's immediate plan to marry has to be postponed with a year-long engagement.When Prince Andrei leaves for his military engagements, Elena and her handsome brother Anatole conspire for Anatole to seduce and dishonor the young, still immature and now beautiful Natasha Rostova. They bait her with plans of an elopement. Thanks to Sonya and Pierre, this plan fails, yet, for Pierre, it is the cause of an important meeting with Natasha. He realizes he has now fallen in love with Natasha. During the time when the Great Comet of 1811–2 streaks the sky, life appears to begin anew for Pierre.Book ThreeNatasha breaks off her engagement with Andrei. Shamed by her near-seduction, she has a very serious illness and, with the help of her family; Pierre; and religious faith, manages to tide through this dark period of her life.Meanwhile the whole of Russia is affected by the coming showdown between Napoleon's troops and the Russian army. Pierre convinces himself Napoleon is the Antichrist in Revelation through numerology. The old prince Bolkonsky dies from a stroke. In Moscow, Petya manages to snatch a loose piece of the Tsar's biscuit outside the Cathedral of the Assumption; he finally convinces his parents to allow him to conscript.Meanwhile Nikolai unexpectedly acts as a white knight to the beleaguered Maria Bolkonskaya, whose father's death has left her in the mercy of an estate of hostile, rebelling peasants. Struck by Maria, whom he is seeing for the first time, Nikolai reconsiders marriage and finds Maria's devotion, consideration, and inheritance extremely attractive. But he is restricted by his earlier,youthful pledge to Sonya, and hesitates to woo Maria.As Napoleon pushes through Russia, Pierre decides to leave Moscow and to watch the Battle of Borodino from a vantage point next to a Russian artillery crew. After watching for a time, he begins to join in carrying ammunition. From within the turmoil he experiences first-hand the death and destruction of war. The battle becomes a horrible slaughter for both armies and ends up a standoff. The Russians, however, have won a moral victory by standing up to Napoleon's seemingly invincible army. Having suffered huge losses and for strategic reasons, the Russian army withdraws the next day, allowing Napoleon to march on to Moscow.Book FourBook Four climaxes Napoleon's invasion of Russia. When Napoleon's Grand Army occupies an abandoned and burning Moscow, Pierre takes off on a quixotic mission to assassinate Napoleon. He becomes an anonymous man in all the chaos, shedding his responsibilities by wearing peasant clothes and shunning his duties and lifestyle. The only person he sees while in this garb is Natasha, who recognizes him, and he in turn realizes the full scope of his love for her.His plan fails, and he is captured in Napoleon's headquarters as a prisoner of war after saving a child from a burning building and assaulting a French legionnaire for attacking a woman. He becomes friends with his cell-mate Platòn Karataev, a peasant with a saintly demeanor, who is incapable of malice. In Karataev Pierre finally finds what he is looking for, an honest, "rounded" person who is totally without pretense. Karataev is unlike those from the Petersburg aristocratic society, and also notably a member of the working class, with whom Pierre finds meaning inlife simply by living and interacting with him. After witnessing French soldiers sacking Moscow and shooting Russian civilians arbitrarily, Pierre is forced to march with the Grand Army during its disastrous retreat from Moscow owing to the harsh winter. After months of trial and tribulation — during which Karataev is capriciously shot by the French —Pierre is later freed by a Russian raiding party after a small skirmish with the French that sees the young Petya Rostov killed in action.Meanwhile Andrei, wounded during Napoleon’s invasion, is taken in as a casualty cared for by the fleeing Rostovs. He is reunited with Natasha and sister Maria before the end of the war. Having lost all will to live after forgiving Natasha, he dies, much like the death scene at the end of The Death of Ivan Ilych.As the novel draws to a close, Pi erre’s wife Elena dies (sometime during the last throes of Napoleon’s invasion); and Pierre is reunited with Natasha, while the victorious Russians rebuild Moscow. Natasha speaks of Prince Andrei’s death and Pierre of Karataev’s. Both are aware of a growin g bond with each other in their bereavement. Matchmade by Princess Marya, Pierre finds love at last and, revealing his love after being released from his former wife’s death, marries Natasha.EpiloguesThe first epilogue begins with the wedding of Pierre and Natasha, in 1813. It is the last happy event for the Rostov family which is going through a transition. Count Ilya Rostov dies soon after, leaving the eldest son Nikolai to take charge of the debt-ridden estate.Nikolai finds himself with the near-impossible task of maintaining the family on the verge of bankruptcy. His pride almost gets in the way of him, but Nikolai finally accedes to hismother's wish and marries the now-rich Marya Bolkonskaya in winter 1813, both out of feeling and out of the necessity to save his family from ruin.Nikolai Rostov and Marya then move to Bald Hills with his mother and Sonya, whom he supports for the rest of their life. Buoyed on by his wife's funds, Nikolai pays off all his family's debts. They also raise Prince Andrei's orphaned son, Nikolai Bolkonsky.Like in all marriages there are minor squabbles but the couples –Pierre and Natasha, Nikolai and Marya –remain devoted to their spouses. Pierre and Natasha visit Bald Hills in 1820, much to the jubilation of everyone concerned. There is a hint in the closing chapters that the idealistic, boyish Nikolai Bolkonsky (15-year-old in 1820) and Pierre would both become part of the Decembrist Uprising. The first epilogue concludes with Nikolai Bolkonsky promising he would do something which even his late father "would be satisfied…" (presumably as a revolutionary in the Decembrist revolt).The second epilogue sums up T olstoy’s views on history, free will and in what ways the two may interact to cause major events in humankind. in a long, partially historical and partly philosophical essay, where the narrator discusses how man cannot be wholly free, or wholly determined by "necessity" and this is primarily down to God.Tolstoy's view of historyTolstoy does not subscribe to the "great man" view of history: the notion that history is the story of strong personalities that move events and shape societies. He believes that events shape themselves, caused by social and other forces; and great men take advantage of them, changing them but not creating them.As an example, he compares Napoleon and Kutuzov. Napoleon, the Great Man, thought he had created the French Revolution, but actually he had simply happened along at the right time and usurped it. Kutuzov was more modest and more effective.Napoleon believed that he could control the course of a battle through sending orders through couriers, while Kutuzov admits that all he could do was to plan the initial disposition and then let subordinates direct the field of action. Typically, Napoleon would be frantically sending out orders throughout the course of a battle, carried by dashing young lieutenants—which were often misinterpreted or made irrelevant by changing conditions—while Kutuzov would sit quietly in his tent and often sleep through the battle. Ultimately, Napoleon chooses wrongly, opting to march on to Moscow and occupy it for five fatal weeks, when he would have been better off destroying the Russian army in a decisive battle. Instead, his numerically superior army dissipate on a huge scale, thanks to large scale looting and pillaging, and lack of direction for his force. General Kutuzov believes time to be his best ally, and refrains from engaging the French. He moves his army out of Moscow, and the residents evacuate the city: the nobles flee to their country estates, taking their treasures with them; lesser folk flee wherever they can, taking food and supplies. The French march into Moscow and disperse to find housing and supplies, then ultimately destroy themselves as they accidentally burn the city to the ground and then abandon it in late Fall, then limp back toward the French border in the teeth of a Russian Winter. They are all but destroyed by a final Cossack attack as they straggle back toward the west. Tolstoy observes that Kutuzuv didn't burn Moscow as a "scorched earth policy," nor did Napoleon; but after taking the city,Napoleon moved his troops in, to find housing more or less by chance in the abandoned houses: generals appropriated the grander houses, lesser men took what was left over; units were dispersed, and the chain of command dissolved into chaos. Quickly, his tightly disciplined army dissolved into a disorganized rabble; and of course, if one leaves a wooden city in the hands of strangers who naturally use fire to warm themselves, cook food, and smoke pipes, and have not learned how particular Russian families safely used their stoves and lamps (some of which they had taken with them as they fled the city), fires will break out. In the absence of an organized fire department, the fires will spread. As support for his outlook on history, Tolstoy concludes that the city was destroyed not by the freewill of either Napoleon or Kutuzov, but as an inevitable consequence of battle-weary foreign invaders occupying an abandoned wooden city.。

战争与和平War and PeaceGenerally, war is repugnant, but peace is welcome.While peace is the ultimate goal of all of our undertaking in this world, war has been inevitable in the course of human civilization. Does man have an innate taste for war? Or is it just an acquired scheme learned from human society? We only knowthat there hasn't been any period in the history during which the world was really at peace. Human beings pursue peace and prosperity through the establishment of families, communities, and nations. Why should we let all these be destroyed by wars? To reduce the possibility of war to the lowest extent, I have two suggestions. First of all, education should be consolidated to eliminate the brutality and beastliness in human nature. Knowledge derives from education and is a surer road to wisdom. Wisdom enables us to distinguish right from wrong. It also teaches us restraint and tolerance, two effective means of preventing wayward killing and destruction. Another cure is religion. Most religions in the world advocate philanthropy and forgiveness, which dissolve hatred and revenge.Consequently, education and religion working side by side cantransform a barbarian into a civilized person. With wisdom and love, the human race as a whole will detest war and embrace peace. 标题：战争与和平（战争与和平）内容：战争与和平一般来说，战争是令人厌恶的，但和平是welcome.While和平是我们的事业在这个世界上所有的最终目标，战争是不可避免的，在人类的文明进程。