下载文档原格式
2010年真题答案（多方答案不统一，仅参考）Section I Use of English1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。
2.B解析：本题考查了固定短语end up 的用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意，故选B。
3.C解析：本句的大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。
所以这里应选择C。
4.B解析：作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的注意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。
四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解的”，所以正确答案为B。
5.C解析：本句的含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人的时产量就会提高。
四个选项中有描述含义的是C项accounts。
6.B解析：这句话的意思是：实验中做什么并不重要。
Do not matter 固定表达，故选B。
7.D解析：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升。
8.A解析：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句的大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。
所以选A。
9.C解析：be enough to do sth, 足够做某事，符合上下文。
10.D解析：by oneself 表示“独自地”，这里的itself 代指an awareness of ...。
11.C解析：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语。
2010年考研英语真题及解析Section I Use of English【文章综述】本文选自The Economist(《经济学家》，是一本专业报道商业和政治新闻的英文周刊), 原文题为Light Work; Questioning the Hawthorne Effect,（《照明效用：质疑霍桑效应》），刊登在该刊2009年6月4日的Finance and Economics（财政与经济学）专栏上。
其题材为科普知识类【考频4次】，文章介绍了著名的“霍桑效应”的产生过程及多年后人们对此所提出的质疑。
【试题连线】…………………………….…【选项分析】……………………………..….In1924 Awerica's National Research Councilsent two engineers to surpervise a series ofexperiments at a telephone-parts factory called theHawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they wouldlearn how shop-floor lightingworkers'productivity. Instead, thestudies ended givingtheir name to the “Hawthorne effect，”the extremely influential idea thatexperimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the woman in the plant.According to 5 of the experimenteda,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased ,but also when it was dimmed.It did not 6 what was done in the experiment；7 something was changed ,productivity rose ,A(n) 8 that were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analsis.The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in stone. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday ,output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondaya. Workers 19to be diligent for the first few of the week in any case, beforeThis suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1.[A]affected影响[B]achieved 完成[C]extracted 提取；获取[D]restored 恢复2.[A]（ended）at 在某时刻结束[B]（ended）up 最终处于（意料之外的境况）；以……结束[C]（ended）with 以……结束[D] ended）off 结束3.[A]truth 真相[B]sight 看见[C]act 行为[D]proof 证据4.[A]controversial 有争议的[B]perplexing 令人费解的[C]mischievous 恶作剧的[D]ambiguous 意向不明的；模棱两可的5.[A]requirement 要求[B]explanations 解释[C]accounts 描述；叙述[D]assessments 评估6.[A]conclude 推断[B]matter 要紧[C]indicats 表明[D]work 起作用7.[A]as far as 至于[B]for fear that 唯恐[C]in case that 万一；以防[D]so long as 只要8.[A]awareness 意识；知道[B]expectation 期待[C]sentiment 情绪[D]illusion 幻想9.[A]suitable 适合的[B]excessive 过度[C]enough 足够的[D]aboundant 充裕的10.[A]about 关于[B]for 为了[C]on 关于[D]by（oneself）单独地11.[A]compared 比较[B]shown 宣示[C]subjected 使……遭受[D]conveyed 传达12.[A]Contrary to 与……相反的[B]Consistent with 与……相一致的[C]Parallel with 与…相应的[D]Peculiar to 特有的13.[A]evidence 证据[B]guidance 指导[C]implication 暗示；可能的影响（或结果）[D]source 来源14.[A]disputable 有争议的[B]enlightening 给人启迪的[C]reliable 可信的[D]misleading 误导的15.[A]In contrast 相比之下[B]For example 例如[C]In consequence 结果是；因此[D]As usual 像平常一样16.[A]duly 适当地；按时地[B]accidentally 偶然地[C]unpredictably 变幻莫测的[D]suddenly 突然地17.[A]failed（to do）未能做[B]ceased（to do）停止做[C]started（to do）开始做[D]continued（to do）继续做18.[A]Therefore 因此[B]Furthermore 此外；而且[C]However 然而[D]Meanwhile 同时19.[A]attempted（to do）试图做[B]tended（to do）往往会[C]chose（to do）选择做[D]intended（to do）打算做20.[A]breaking 打破；突破[B]climbing 攀升[C]surpassing 超过[D]hitting 达到【核心词汇】allege [əˈledʒ] v.断言，宣称；指控，辩解（al表强调+lege→表强调讲→宣称）;-ed,adj. 声称的；所谓的arise[ə^raiz]v.发生；产生；出现influential[influ^en∫l]adj. 有影响的interpretation[inʌtЗ:pri^tei∫] n.解释；说明plateau[ˈplætəu]n.高原,（发展、增长后的）平稳状态(时期);停滞时期（plat+eau名词后缀→平坦地）slack［slAk］a.懈怠的,松弛的;萧条的n.淡季;(pl.)便裤;-en,v.使松弛，使萧条surpervise [^su:pəvaiz]v. 监督；管理；指导systematic［sisti5mAtik］a.(systematical)系统的,有组织的，成体系的，有规律的;-ic,人或学科（表名词）【超纲词汇】duly[ˈdu:li] adv. 1. 正确地, 适当地,恰当的2. 按时地, 准时地,适时地shop-floor[∫op^flʌ:(r)]n.车间；工厂【常用词组】experiment on/upon 用………做实验give one’s name to以……的名字命名（新生的）事物go up(价格、水平等)上涨；上升；增长in store(for sb) 1. 储备着, 贮藏着2. 将要发生, 就要出现on record有记载的, 记录在案的, 公开发表的pin down 1. 把…固定住; 使动弹不得2. 迫使作出决定, 采取行动slacken off 松懈下来；减缓turn out 结果（是）；原来（是）【答案与详解】1.答案→A 考点→上下文关系与动词词义辨析。
supervise vt.& vi.监督；管理；指导give one's name to 以···名字命名perplexing adj.使人困惑的，令人费解的in the plant 在工厂peculiar adj.奇怪的，特有的，特殊的in any case 无论如何，不管怎样；还有interpretation n.解释，说明；翻译；演绎；理解hit a plateau 达到一个顶峰alleged adj.声称的，所谓的；可疑的slack off 放松（绳索等）；松懈；滞销extract vt.提取；选取；获得pin down 把···固定住；使···确定restore vt.归还；交还；使恢复；修复contrary to 与···相反controversial adj.有争议的，被争论的for fear that （lest）害怕，唯恐mischievous adj.淘气的；恶作剧的；有害的be enough to do sth 足够做某事ambiguous adj.含糊的，不明确的；引起歧义的be compared to 被比作···acounts n.记录，数据be shown to 被显示给···看sentiment n.感情，情绪；意见，观点；感伤be subjected to 被用于；遭受illusion n.错觉；幻想；错误观念；假象be conveyed to 被传达到···suitable adj.合适的，适当的，适宜的parallel with 与···平行；与···比较excessive adj.过度的，极度的；过分的peculiar to ···特有的enough adj.充足的；足够的consistent with 与···一致abundant adj.大量、充足的；丰富的，富有的in store 储备着；蕴含；将要发生excessive adj.过度的；过分的；过多的in contrast 相反disputable adj.可争辩的，可商榷的，有争议的be central to 对···是重要的implication n.含义，暗示due to… 由···所引起enlightening adj.有启发作用的，使人领悟的in consequence adv.结果，因此misleading' adj.误导的，令人误解的in any case 在任何情况下duly adv.适时地go up 上升，响起，（幕布）升起，破产accidentally adv.偶然地during the past quarter-century 在过去的25年里suddenly adv.突然地to the point of adv.达到…的程度unpredicably adv.无法预言地considerable adj.相当大（或多）的,应考虑的cease vt.& vi.停止，终止，结束marvel vt.& vi.惊奇，对……感到惊奇surpass vt.超过；优于；胜过learned contents 学术性的内容scope n.（处理、研究事务的）范围；眼界the turn of the 20th century20世纪初期inexorable adj.不可动摇的，不可阻挡的at length 充分地；详尽地；最后；终于coverage n.范围，保险项目；〈美〉新闻报导be proud to 感到自豪unfocused adj.未聚焦的，没有终点的it is+adj+for sb to do sth 对于某人来说做某事是···stylish adj.时髦的，流行的appeal to 上诉；呼吁；对··有吸引力ornament n.装饰；装饰物be in dispute 在争论中journalism n.新闻业；新闻工作；报章杂志over the past decade 在过去的十多年里calling n.呼喊；欲望；职业；邀请asset allocation strategy 资产分配策略tempt vt.引诱；吸引；冒……的风险scale back on vt.按比例缩减，相应缩减contempt n.轻视；轻蔑；不顾ever since adv.自从；自…以后；从…起virtually adv.实际上，事实上，几乎；无形中an entire class of 一整类；一整套solely adv.唯一地；仅仅；独一无二地stake out 提出主张，立桩标出cricket n.蟋蟀；板球；adj.公平的race to 加速，竞争foremost adj.第一流的，最重要的；最初的if only adv.只要；但愿knight vt.封……为爵士an unusual order 一道不寻常的命令revival n.复活；再流行，再生效；复兴in the wake of adv.尾随，紧跟，仿效；随着postmodern adj.后现代主义的，后现代派的derive from 由…起源；取自specialize vi.专门从事；详细说明；特化sudden and unexpected popularity突然且出乎意料的流行起来prose n.散文；单调,平凡；枯燥无味的话have far less impact on 较小影响headlong adj.不断地stem from来自，起源于，由…造成；出于retreat vi.撤退，后退；撤销；衰退with the exception of adv.除…以外amateur adj.业余的，非职业的；外行的for a social epidemic to occur对于一种即将流行的社会风尚dirt-cheap adj.便宜的have little to do with与……没什么关系或关系甚微retain vt.保持；记住；雇用；付定金保留the cascade change连锁变化elaborate adj.复杂的；精心制作的；精巧的build on the basic truth about基于···事实layout n.布局，安排，设计；规划图in large part 在很大程度上radical adj.根本的；激进的；彻底的go with 与···相一致mournful adj.哀痛的，令人伤心的；悲伤的social interactions 社会交际prominent adj.突出的，杰出的；著名的take aim at瞄准，盯着；以…为目标grant vt.承认；同意；准许；授予the accounting standard-setters会计标准制定者move 提议；使感动；变化n.改变；迁移toxic assets 不良资产abuzz adj.（城市、会场等）活泼的，议论纷纷的illiquid assets 非流动性资产conduct vt.组织；安排；实施；执行；开展cry out aganist大声反对，强烈谴责curb n.限制，抑制be reluctant to不愿意做某事about-face n.& v.突然改变（看法，立场等）buy up全部买下；买进circuit vt.& vi.巡回，周游stock options购买股票权ruling n.统治；支配；裁定；[法]判决special interests特殊利益集团transaction n.交易，业务；办理，处理;会议记录，学报for fear of害怕，以免，唯恐exclusive adj.专用的；高级的；排外的；单独的booking losses账面损失defensive adj.防御用的，防守的；辩护的；自卫keep a tighter hold on 严格控制rival n.对手；竞争者retail chains 零售连锁店hedge 树篱；保护手段；防范（尤金钱）；减少风险等to the effect 大意是uphold vt.支持；维持；赞成；支撑fail to 不能（做到）；未能signal n.信号，暗号；预兆，征象；导火线time was when 曾几何时，曾今一度attorney n.代理人；律师in respect of 关于goodwill n.友好，亲善；好感；（企业的）信誉，声誉for the sake of 为了，为了···的利益dignity n.尊严；高尚；自豪；自尊take for granted 认为…理所当然，想当然esteem n.尊重；意见，看法；评价；名声be entitled to 有…的资格；有权incidence n.发生率；影响范围build up 逐步建立；增进；宣扬looming v.隐约出现；n.潜在的time was when 曾今有段时间dismiss vt.解雇；解散；驳回，拒绝受理；搁置 a new level 新的台阶；新的水平prevailing adj.占优势的；主要的；普遍的；盛行的draw an analogy with 打比喻argue vi.提出，指出epidemic n.流行病；风尚等的流行exaggerate（使）扩大；（使）增加；夸大informed adj.了解情况的；见多识广的；消息灵通的standstill n.停顿；停止，停滞persuasive adj.有说服力的；劝诱的；动听wholesale adj.批发的，整批卖的；大规模intultively adv.直觉地，直观地；由直觉而得地margin n.边缘，范围；极限；利润compelling adj.引人入胜的；扣人心弦的；不可抗拒的fragmented adj.支离破碎的plausible adj.貌似真实的；貌似有理的consolidate vt.把…合成一体，合并；加强embrace vt.包括；包含；接受；信奉，拥抱feasible adj.可行的；可用的；可实行的cursory adj.粗略的，草率的，仓促的inspection n.检查；检验；视察；检阅anecdotal adj.轶事的；趣闻的；多轶事的intricacy n.错综复杂；（因复杂而产生）难以理解primarily adv.首先；首要地，主要地；根本上substaintial adj.本质的；大体上的；实际上的acquaintance n.相识的人；相识；对··有了解；知识，心得thereby adv.由此，从而；在那附近resistant adj.有抵抗力的，抵抗的；顽固的logistic adj.逻辑的cascade n.倾泻；小瀑布，瀑布状物gigantic adj.巨大的，庞大的；巨人似的propagate vt.繁衍，增殖；使遗传；扩散；使蔓延infrastructure n.基础设施；基础建设manipulate vt.操作，处理；控制；操纵，调整ingredient n.成分，（尤指烹饪）原料variable adj.变化的，可变的；n.可变因素，变量fancied adj.空想的，虚构的，被特别爱好的critical 批评的，挑剔的；危险的，决定性的；临界的exterminate vt.消灭；根除exemplify vt.是…的典型；例示，举例证明somewhat adv.稍微；有点；达到某种程度solid adj.固体的；结实的，可靠的；可信赖的mammal n.哺乳动物validity n.有效，合法性；效力；正确，正当；正确性predatory adj.掠夺成性的；食肉的；捕食生物的prevalent adj.流行的；普遍存在的，普遍发生的ecologically adj.生态的;生态学的eagerness n.渴望，热心，热切lopsided adj.不平等的；两侧不匀称[不平衡]的readiness n.准备就绪；愿意，乐意conservation n.保存；保护；避免浪费inclination n.倾向；爱好；斜坡conservative adj.保守的，（式样等）不时新的impulse adj.冲动的；n.凭冲动行事；脉冲；冲动，搏动wholly adv.完全地，全部地；十足moan vt.以呻吟声说出；悲叹；抱怨；哀悼community n.社区；社会团体；共同体；群落fetch vt.接来（某人）；吸引；售得（若干价钱）integrity n.正直，诚实；完整lobby vt.对……进行游说；陈情distinctly adv.明显地；无疑地；确实地；逼真compromise vt.妥协，让步，受到损害shaky adj.（地位，信用）动摇的，不可靠的toxic adj.有毒的；中毒的；因中毒引起的roundabout adj.绕圈子的；不直截了当的；间接的bruising adj.殊死的；十分激烈的intrinsic adj.固有的，内在的，本质的instantly adv.立即，马上地；即刻地；立即地acclaim vt.向……欢呼，为……喝采；称赞likewise adv.同样地；也，而且alternative adj.非正统的，不寻常的；两者择一的overstate vt.夸大（某事）；把··讲得过分；夸张boost vt.促进，提高；增加；吹捧；向上推起extent n.程度；长度；广大地域；扣押mask vt.掩饰；戴面具；用面具遮住，掩饰skeptical adj.怀疑性的，好怀疑的sluggish adj.反应慢的；懒散的，不活泼的paralysis n.麻痹，瘫痪；中风；无能，无气力venture n.冒险事业；冒险；商业冒险combative adj.好斗的；斗志旺盛的institutional adj.习以为常的；公共机构的hostility n.敌意，敌对状态；战争行动；反对variation n.变化，变动；变异，演变concession n.让步，迁就reap vt.& vi.收割；获得；得到（报偿）diminish vt.（使）减少，缩小；减弱··的权势deter vt.阻止，制止；使不敢unfavorable adj.不利的；相反的；令人不快的entrenched 顽固的，顽强的evade （from）vt.逃避，躲避；避开；规避；逃脱category n.类型，部门，种类，类别misinterpret vt.误解，曲解segment n.部分，段落；环节Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.。
第一部分真题单词2007Prior to 在…之前Proportionately 成比例的By default 默认的、自动的Foremost 第一流的Be committed to 决心从事、Inefficiency无效率、无能Unveil 揭去、拉开Coverage 覆盖范围Pick up the bill for sb 为某人付账Hybrid 混合物Drive up 快速上升Push by polls 民意调查Legacy 遗留问题Affluence 富足、富裕Make clear 澄清、声明Remarkably 引人注目的Moan 悲叹Chancellor 总理Make a fuss 大惊小怪Queues 长队Innovation 改革、创新Threatened 威胁Reclaim 取回、收回Ironically 嘲讽地Integrity 完整性Ant capitalist反资本主义Make sense言之有理Advocates 提倡者Rational理性的、理智的Tempting吸引人的、诱人的Applicability 适当的、可应用的Statement 声明、陈述Associate 非正式的Conduct 组织、安排Assessments 评估、评价Indicate 表明、表示Espresso 浓咖啡Tongues 语言、舌头Emerged as 立足成为Bilingualism 双语制Signify 意味、预示Preservation 保存、保护Remains to seen 有待观察Linguistic 语言学的Maintenance 维持、保护Conclude 得出结论Low━key低调、张扬Fancy 高档Outcome 结果Greasy 油腻的Individual 个别的、独特的Swear 发誓Intensity 强烈的Plagiarism 剽窃Insulted 侮辱Detect 查明发现Resort to 依靠Divine 神的Identical 同样的完全相同Faulty 错误的、谬误的Probation 留校查看Compassionate 有同情心的Interconnected 互相连接Resent对…感到愤恨2008Paper clip 曲别针Barter 以物易物boost 激励ironing 熨烫衣服garment 衣服primitive 原始的removes 消除hyperinflation 恶性通货膨胀Nor tradable 不能进行交易的Corrupt 腐败的Precapitalist 资本主义之前的Middlemen 中间商Stabbed 刺伤Enrolled 招生、登记Co━founder 共同创办人Grassroots 草根、比喻基层Pledge 保证、誓约Surveillance 监视Tailored 量身定做Mass ion 大量Stand by 袖手旁观Paralyze 使麻痹Skeptical 怀疑Rezoning 重新划分Match 匹配Regardless of 不管Savvy 有见识的Involve 牵涉、包含Permanency永久Shrewd 精明的Throughout 贯穿Incredible 难以臵信Interpret 理解Fellow 同类Stung 刺、蛰伤Guarded 谨慎、保护Suspicion 表示怀疑Reserve反转Disclosure 公开、泄露Fortune 命运财富Uttered 说、言论Tariffs关税Reasoned推论、推断Championing 捍卫、维护Swamped 吞没Superior更好的Preach鼓吹Plead请求Hypocrisy 虚伪Drifting飘移Monetary货币的2009Obliged 迫使Board 董事会Directors 主管Informing 告诉、提供情报Consequences 重要性Dissolved溶化的、结束Propose 正式提议Lobby 游说Quota 定额Solely 唯一的、仅仅Set 固定Recruit招聘Candidates候选人Scarcity不足、稀缺In turn 相应地Pediatric小儿科的Confronts面对Generated 产生、创造Liver 肝脏Reacted 做出反应Posse 一群人Tips 小窍门Stock up 囤积To name a few 列举其中几位Coped 应付、应对Outfit 全套、外套Superficial 肤浅的Strive to do sth 努力做某事Lie at the heart of sth 是…核心Counterpoint 有趣的对比Coercion 强迫、高压政治Spheres 范围、领域Diplomacy 外交Context 环境Diffused 分散Hierarchies 等级制Undermined 破坏Synthesis 综合体Slippery 不可靠的Nail 钉住Vice versa反之亦然Recur 重新、再发生Stubbornly倔强地Admittedly 公认地Flawed 有缺点的Hydrogen 氢气Patriotism 爱国主义Sound 健全的Native 幼稚的Halting 终止、阻止Emissions排放物、发射Consistent 一致的、一贯的Pragmatism 实用主义Overwhelming 势不可挡、艰巨20101.fetching 售得、售卖Auctioneer拍卖师File for 申请Momentum势头Bewilderingly 令人费解的Reckons 认为Enormous 巨大的Egos 自我Overheated 过热的Clients 顾客Executive 总经理、执行官Slump 暴跌、不景气2.addressing 向…讲话gathering 聚会particularly 尤其地talkative 健谈的gesture 做手势puzzled 困惑的crystallize 使明确化irony 具有讽刺意味havoc 灾难、混乱virtual 实际上、几乎的inequities 不平等3.counters 柜台cues 暗示tropical 热带的hygiene 卫生学figure out 弄懂subtle 微妙的moisturizer 润肤膏disinfect 消毒的fabric 针织物multiple 多次的beverage 饮料adolescent 青春期的ritual 仪式erupt 爆发的4.trial审判conscience 良知verdict 裁定intentional 有意的blue━ribbon 一流的inadequacy 不充分的prevalent 流行的eligible 有资格的exempt 免除、豁免landmark 里程碑20112.chronicling 记录、编年史charitable 工艺、慈善subsidize 以津贴补助inhabit 居住、填满had the nerve 好意思做某事stay afloat 维持运营distinctive 有特色的whirlwind旋风、猛烈的势力completeness 完整性savagely 残忍的1.under fire 批评、批判compensation 报酬、薪水bonus payouts 奖金支出proposal 据推测、大概weather平安度过难关proxy 代表权、委托书departure 离开、离去subsequently 其后、随后restate 重申、重新申报likelihood 可能、可能性deport a board 从董事会离职blow 打击摧毁3.stylish 时髦的lommon sense 常识stimulus 刺激物exert 发挥derive from 取源于sophisticated复杂的、精致的landscape 风景forthright 直率的Mispredicted 错误倾向4.Cheerleaders 拉拉队长Continent 大陆Chronic慢性的Acute尖锐的、严重的Converge 使聚集Devaluation 贬值Disintegration 瓦解、崩溃Quasi━automatic 半自动Sanctions 制裁、处罚Rigour 严苛、严酷Intervene 介于…之间Fiscal 财政上Curb 制止、束缚Transfer 转移、调动Monetary 货币Write off 毁掉、结束掉Trading block贸易集团Blunt 使迟钝Conceited 自负的Pessimistic 悲观的20121.Scorned蔑视、鄙视Ritual惯例、老规矩Mandates 命令、指示Exception 个例Address 解决、处理Imporerished 贫困的Chaotic 混乱的Empowering 授权Flat 固定的Thorny棘手的Conversely 相反地Put on hold 搁臵2.Perception 知觉、观念Obsessed 着迷的Intrinsically 从本质上讲Fuse使熔合Girlhood 少女时代Singular突出的Encode编码、加密Masculine 雄性的Intimations 暗示Amplifying 扩大、增强Counsel 建议Magnify 放大、扩大3.Patents 专利证书Isolated 分离Violently 激烈地Agitated 紧张不安的Preliminary 初步的Assured 使相信Overturn 使倾覆、打翻Blessing 幸运、福气Suppress 镇压Monopoly 垄断者Molecule 分子File 提出、提交Violate 侵犯Sequence 数列、顺序Domin 邻域、范围Correlation 相互关系Landscape 形势Packed 挤满人的4.Ultimately 最后、最终Materialistic 物质主义Prudent 明智谨慎的Stagnation 经济停滞Inclusive 包容的Sentiment 观点Dim 变黯淡Elite 精华Inequality 不平等Resentment 怨气、怨恨Lean 不景气Social fabric 社会结构Trivial 无关紧要的20131.Entitle 称做Textile 纺织品、纺织物Keep sb away from 使某人远离…Stubbornly 倔强的Decline 下降、衰退Recession 衰退、不景气Average典型的、普通的Access 使用权Robotics 机器人科学Extra 额外的事物Unique独特的、独一无二的Stand out 突出、脱颖而出Acceleration 加速、促进Note 指出、特别提到Shed 去除、摆脱Previous以前的、以往的Shed workers 裁员For sure 确实、肯定Globalization全球化Revolution 革命Above average 超越平庸2.Immigrant 移民Sojourner 旅居者、逗留者Permanent 永久的、不变的Intention 意图、目的Depart 离开、出发For good 永远地、永久的Affectionate 深情地Rigid 严格的、死板的hail…as…将…誉为…in the making 在酝酿中的、形成的brand 打烙印与framework 框架、骨架mightily 很、非常paralysis 麻痹、无力thrive 兴旺发达、繁荣kick out 踢出contribute to 导致…、有助于…political paralysis over 就…政治的瘫痪entrepreneur 企业家participant 参与者straddle 跨越jurisdiction 司法权、管辖权identity 身份commit 承诺、保证with ease 轻而易举地commit oneself to sth 承诺…accommodate 提供住宿、容纳in motion 在运动中的middle ground 中间立场accomplish 完成、实现the existing system 现有制度3.Prone 易于、倾向于Snap 仓促的、匆忙的Eliminate 消除、排除Hard-wired 直觉地、天生的Be likely to 可能的Mechanism 机制Assess 评定、评估Preferably 较好的、更适宜Neuroticism 神经质、情绪不稳定Slice 切下Ground 打基础Retreat 僻静处、休息寓所Mute 减弱…声音Intermittently 间歇地Contemplate 沉思、思忖Temptation 引诱、诱惑物4.Corporate 法人的、公司的Senior 高级的overwhelmingly 压倒性地、不可抵抗地board 董事会senior management decision 高层管理决策legislation 立法、法律compel 强迫、迫使proportion 比例、部分mandate 授权、命令frustration 挫折、挫败sign up for报名参加issue a call to 发起…号召take sth up 接受…quotas 定量、定额ladder 阶梯、途径glass ceiling 玻璃天花板binding 有约束力的legally binding provisions 具有法律约束reluctance 勉强、不情愿run counter to 违反、背道而驰meritocracy 英才教育obstacle 障碍、干扰the meritocratic ideal 经营管理制理想evade 逃避break through to 突破、突围summit 顶点precisely 确实exception 例外exception to the rule 规则中的例外skepticism 怀疑objectiveness 客观的approval 赞同appropriate 适当的in place 准备妥当newsworthy 有报道价值的just 公正的highly capable person 优秀人才20141.Widow 寡妇Emerge 开始被认知Tin-roofed 铁皮房顶Undivided 未分开的Lottery 彩票Jackpot 头奖、最高奖Fortune 财富Yield 产生、出产Fulfillment 实现、成就A question for sth 某人面对问题New-found fortune 新到手的财富Could do worse than 不妨试试Academic 学术的An array of 一系列Rewarding 有益的Fantasy 幻想、白日梦Counterintuitive 违反直觉的Fancy 昂贵的、精致的Extravagant 奢侈Wear off 减少、磨损Creep in 悄然而至Wears off fairly quickly 很快消失殆尽Be packed with 挤满、塞满Bang for your buck 所做的努力值得Commute 通勤Whopping 巨大的Be jolly for 因为…感到高兴Sparingly 借鉴地A slim volume 薄薄的书卷Wage slave 薪奴Lottery winner 彩票赢家Be better off 过的更好Restrict the availability of sth 限制…的获取An object of obsession 令人痴迷之物Sympathetic 同情的Ambiguous 模糊的Privileged 享有特权的Scarcity 不足、缺乏Mandate 批准、授权Incentive 激励Come away 离开时留下（印象）A privileged lot 特权群体It was money well spent 他物有所值2.Empirical 以实验为依据Deep-seated 深层的、根深蒂固的Employ 使用、采用Self –enhancing 自我提升、自我加强Psychologist 心理学家Amass 聚集Illusory 错觉的、谦虚的Superiority优越感Employ strategies 采取策略Oceans of 海量的、极大量的Above-average effect 高于平均效应Rose-tint 精饰、美化Defensive 自卫的、防御的Stereotype 陈腔滥调的Boost 促进、增加Esteem 尊重、尊敬Stalk 高视阔步Hot stuff 奇才3.Acutely 深刻地Fragile 不牢固的Recovery 复苏Boom and bust 繁荣与萧条Outmode 使…过时Insatiable贪得无厌的Foresee 预见、预知Go away 消失Restructure economy 重构经济Exponential 指数的Improvement 改进、改善Performance 性能Immune 免疫Hail from 来自Be immune from 对…免疫的Scary 可怕的Vulnerable 易受攻击的In the first place 期初、开始Scripted 脚本化的Standardized 标准化的Leave no room for 不留任何余地Individual 个人的、独特的Initiative 主动权、首创精神In short 简言之Perform much better at 更擅长Reinvent 彻底改造Formula 方案、方法Conduct 执行Notion 概念、见解Unexpected 意外的Predictable 可预见的Take initiative 发挥主动性Note 指出Touch on 提及Reframe 重新组织Augment 增加、增大Innovate 改变、改革Institution 制度、大学A rather thanB 取A而舍B4.Infrastructure 基础设施Broadband 宽带Housing 住房、住宅Seldom 很少、不常Shoulder 肩负、承担Shove 挤、撞Inevitable 必然的、不可避免的Housing sector 承担过失The real value 真实价值Nevertheless 然而、不过Affordable 负担得起的Waiting list 候补名单Comprehensive 综合的、详尽的Review 审核、审查Rectify 改正、纠正Prejudice 偏见Address 设法解决、处理Urgent 紧急的Indication 指示、迹象Hint 暗示、示意Introduce 采用、引进Chancellor of the Exchequer 英国财政大臣Flexibility 灵活性、弹性Cap 最高限额Housing stock debt 住宅存量债务Grant 拨款Expire 期满、终止Retain 保持、保留Coalition 联合、联盟Be down to sb 由某人负责Adjust to 适应…2015Contemporary 当代的Prospect 景象、情形Virtually 几乎Unbearable 难以忍受Cling 紧紧抓住Interact 相互交流Approach 接近rejection 拒绝weird 怪异的inherently 固有的、内在的rip off 扯掉、撕掉tuck 把…塞入embarrassed 尴尬的1.Cortisol 皮质醇A place of refuge 避难所Contradict 与…矛盾Nonparents 无子女者Conventional wisdom 传统观点Hold true for 适用于Household 家庭的、日常的Blurring 模糊Kick back 放松下来Lag behind 落后、拖欠Gender 性别Draw 获取、吸Pure 纯洁的Life –sustaining 维持生命的Draw out 取得Nutrition 营养Division 分配Clinically 不偏不倚的Methodically 有方法地、有系统地Inadequate不充分的Removal 移动、搬动Fire 解雇Lay out 安排、布臵Apparently 显然地、似乎Infinite 有限的Motivate 使有动机g落后Dropout 退学Paradox 驳论Recruit 招收A range of 一系列Social class 社会阶层Outline 概述、勾勒Potential 可能的Measured by 以…为衡量标准Next-to –no-cost 几乎无成本的Recipients 接受者Grant 助学金Thesis 论点Modest 较小的Intervention 干预Cite 引用Navigate 理解、应对Acknowledge 承认Middle-class culture 中产阶级文化3.Lingua franca 通用语Right-brained 右脑的、感性的Spin 快速旋转Parachute 空降、空投Era 时代Male-dominated男性占主导地位Explicitly 清楚地Conscious 有意的Infuse 灌输Allegiance忠诚、拥护Importation 引进、输入Terminology 学科术语Amid 在…中间Prompt 促进、激起Buzzword 某一领域的时髦用语Personal fulfillment 个人成就In its own right 凭借自身的能力Devote yourself to sth 投身于某事Office speak 办公室语言Linguist 语言学家Nonsense 无稽之谈Mock 嘲笑4.The Labor Department 劳工部Decent 相当好的Unemployment 失业率For now 目前来看Move forward 前行Largely 基本上Overlook 忽视、忽略Voluntarily 自愿地Figure 数字、数据Its year ago level 其一年前的水平Distinction 区别Evidence 证据、迹象Make ends meet 收支相抵Recession 衰退General direction 总体趋势Be down by …from 在…的基础上降低了Reference参考、参照Be classified as 被归入…类Issue 话题Insurance 保险Previously 先前的Cover 投保2016Productive 多产的、富饶的Inclination 意向、倾向Publicly traded firms上市公司Sure enough 果然Intensity 强度、力度Correlate 使相互关联Find out 找出、查明Be headquartered 总部设在某地Hold 继续使用Codified 将…编成文典Sentiment 感情、情绪Arrtibute to 把…归因于Take a longer –term view 眼光放长远Plausible 有道理的Forward-thinking 前瞻的、有远见的Hint at 暗示Lean toward 倾向于1.Coding 编码、编程Essential 必不可少的Computer science 计算机科学Catch up 赶上、追上Introductory 入门的、初步的Course 课程Assistant dean 副院长Exposure 接触、体验Beneficial 有利的、有用的Confusing 令人困惑的String’一连串Artwork 插图Hypothesis 假设、假说Transform 转换Break down 拆分Bit-sized 很小的Chunk 大块Jobs gap 职位空缺Brim 边沿Determined 有决心的Drive…away 赶跑Bootcamp 训练营Curriculum 课程Gear 使与…相适应Instructor 讲师Base on 根据Drop out of 退学、辍学Relevant 紧密相关的Consultant 顾问Surround 环绕、围绕Coax 劝诱、哄劝Misguide 误导2.Estimate 估计、估算Stretch 延伸、绵延Grassland 草原、草地Occupy 占据、居住Range 生长区、分布区Crash 暴跌、猛跌Desperate 危急的、严峻的Designate 指定、认定Endangered 频临灭绝的Tag 标签、标志Flexibility 灵活性Confrontational 对抗性的Conservation 保护、保存Forge 形成Prosecute 起诉、控告Unintentionally 无意地、非故意地Restore 恢复、复原Acre 英亩Compensate 弥补、补偿Interim 临时的Coalition 联盟、联合体In the driver’s seat 出于控制地位Rhetoric花言巧语Block 阻止Challenge 拒绝接受Extinction 灭绝Win-win rhetoric 双赢说辞3.Thorny 棘手的Flywheel 飞轮、惯性轮Spin 旋转Exhausted 筋疲力尽的Overwhelmingly 势不可挡的Interrupt 打断Merely 仅仅Efficient 高效的Free up 腾出Maximize 充分利用Approach 对待、处理Instrumentally 起作用地Advance 促进、推动Immersive 沉浸式的Fulfilling 使人感到满足的Infinite 无限的、极多的Conveyor belt 传送带Mind-set 思想倾向Fulfill 注满、装满Slot in 安臵、安排To-do list 任务清单Schedule 安排、计划Regular 定期的、固定的Fuel 刺激、使加剧Ritualistic 仪式的Distraction 使人分心的事物Providing 以…为条件Dip 浸、蘸Default 默认的Temporarily 暂时的、临时的Surface 浮出水面4.Backdrop 背景Poll 民意调查Milestone 里程碑Retire 退休Constitute 组成、构成Fulfilling 令人满意的Strikingly 惹人注目的Prioritize 按优先顺序列出Fulfillment 满足感Advance 前进Favor 较喜欢、选择Financially 经济地Maintain 保持、维持Serve 为…提供服务Pace of life 节奏生活Financially secure 经济保障Contrast 差别、差异Aftermath 后果、余波Searing 炽热的、剧痛的The great recession 大衰退Define 给…下定义Virtually 实际上Spread through 蔓延到Consumer preference 消费者偏好Converge 趋同Overwhelming 巨大的、压倒性的Somewhat 有点儿Prospect 乐观的Climb 地位上升Signpost 路标、标志物Secure 获得Affordable 买得起的Converge on 在…上观点一致Technician 技师、技术人员Steadily 稳定地、稳固地Mortgage 抵押贷款附加英一真题19971.Take a vote 进行表决Parliamentary 议会、国会Legal authority 法律当局Debates 讨论Incurably不能治愈的Convincing令人信服的Immediately 立即Picked up sth 看听到Executive director执行董事Via 通过、凭借Bulletin 公告Take a while 花费一些时间Sink in 被完全理解Implications含义、暗示Breathed sighs of relief 长舒一口气Bitterly 残酷的Tide 潮汐、季节Consider 考虑Observers 观察家Objection 反对、异议Chiefly 首先、主要Significance 意义Request 要求Diagnosed 诊断Terminally 临终地、晚期的Certificate 证明Condition 状况、条件Clawing at 抓、撕Opposition 反对Suspicion 怀疑Approval赞同Indifference漠不关心的2.Consistently一贯地、坚持地Courteous 有礼貌的Observation 评论、言论Deserves 应当Comment 意见、解释The harsh realities严酷的现实Hospitality 好客的Frontier 边疆turn…to 向…求助charitable 慷慨、慈善reflected 表现、表达entertain善待harshness 艰难、严酷out of 出于specialize 专门从事interpreted 理解、领会superficial 表面的、肤浅的as the result of 作为…的结果artificial 虚伪的assumptions假定underlies 构成…基础interrelationships相互关系patterns 模式a brief encounter 短暂的邂逅distinguish 分辨3.Technically 根据确切意义的Substance 物质Drug addict 吸毒成瘾的人Neutral 中立的、公平的Heroin 海洛因Cocaine 可卡因Other than 除…之外Poisonous有毒的Pervasive 无处不在的Sociable 友好的、好交际的Nerves 神经紧张Constructive 有助益的Misuses 滥用的Intense 强烈的Perceptual知觉的Distortions 扭曲Repeated use of 反复使用Dependence 依赖Marked 表明、指明Tolerance 抗药性Withdrawal 解毒过程、脱瘾Discontinued 停止Overwhelming 压倒一切、占主流的Piercing尖的、穿透的Exclusive 专用Quantitative 定量使用Consumption 消费Stimulant 兴奋剂Depressant 镇定剂Initially 最初的、首先地Radically 极端地Consciousness 意识Psychoactive作用于精神的Comparison 比较、对照Misapprehension 误解4.Accomplish 完成、实现Executives经理、管理人员Corrupt 腐化、堕落Mainfestation 显示、表明Issue 重要的议题Corporate团体、公司的Took over 接住Cable 有线电视Deal 交易Restructure 调整结构、改组Defended 捍卫、保卫Releasing 发行Outlet 发泄途径Disputable 富有争议的Retreat 撤退Backing off 放弃Extent 程度Verse句、节Cited 引用Potentially潜在的Objectionable 令人反感的Distribution分配Board 董事会Amendment 宪法修正案Perhaps 或许、假定Neglect 忽视Stuck to 坚持Yield 屈服Spokesmen 发言人Objective 客观的5.Precise 精确Uncertain 不确定的Variable 变化不确定的Lags滞后期Analogy类比、类推Likens 显示两事物的相像Boast 自吹自擂Slightly 轻微的Polls 对…调查Panels 小组A flash in the pan 昙花一现As a whole 作为一个整体Favourable 有利的Mild 缓和的Thrilling 令人兴奋的Defective 有缺陷的Based upon以…为基础Definite 明确19981.Capture 俘获Giant 巨大的at the mercy of 任人摆布的drought 干旱threaten 预示、可能来临striving努力奋斗cemented 加强、巩固status 地位bid 努力实现silt 淤泥reservoir 水库myth 廖见、神话persist 继续存在contention 争辩irrigation 灌溉monster 巨大的、庞大的dealing 行为、交易look before you leap 三思而行more haste ，less speed 欲速则不达2.Tale 讲述、叙述Mildly 轻微地Lump…together 把…合在一起Somewhat 稍微、有点Rebound 反弹Conclusive 令人信服的Underlying 潜在的、隐含的Anecdote传闻、趣事The picture 情形、形势Profitable可盈利的Matter just as much 具有同等重要性Speculative猜想的Restructuring 重建、重组Ineptly 无能的Suppose 猜想、以为Revenue 财政收入chopping out 减少、缩减blunter 直言不讳dismiss 不予考虑consultants 顾问radical 根本的、激进的3.Trial 审判Harsh remarks against 针对…激烈的言论Humanities 人文的Schism 分立、分裂Deepened 加深Confrontation 对抗、冲突Contempt 蔑视Dissatisfaction 不满Separation分裂、分歧Notably 显著地Superstition 迷信Assembled 集合、聚集Exemplify例示、举例说明Contradict 反驳、同…相矛盾Reveals 揭露Advocated 提倡Elimination 消除Republicans 共和党人Stocks 家族、公债Epithet 称号、词语Enlighten 文明Enemies 仇敌Ozone layer 臭氧层Pioneer 先行者、开拓者Dispute 对…提出质疑Manifesto 声明、宣言Impartial 公平的、不偏不倚的Subjective 主观的Objective 客观的4.Discern 了解、识别Perplexing 复杂、困惑Emerging 呈现、新兴的Implications 可能影响的结果In years ahead 可能的影响Enthroned 使登基、即位Head counting 人口调查Prevail 盛行Census 人口普查Crop of 成批的Witness 经历Demographers 人口统计学家Moreover 而且As joined by 伴随着Square mile 平方英里Compose 组成Plague 灾害Considerably 相当多Distribution分配、分布Highlights 强调Reveals 揭露Elaborates 详尽阐述Unanimously 无一例外5.Geologist 地质学家Leave trails of 遗留下…遗迹Milestone 重要事件、里程碑Passage 推移Complementary 互补的Beyond dispute毋庸臵疑Coastline 海岸线Anchor 固定、锚It appears that 看起来是Deduced 推论Propel 推动、驱使Mutability 易变性Be confined to 限于19991.Rough充满暴力、危险Doormat 门垫Light up 点燃Lawsuit 诉讼、控制Compensate 补偿Be relieved of 免受于Misfortune 不幸、灾祸Sued 起诉Inadequacies 不充分、不足Defendants 被告Paralyzed 使瘫痪Carry weight 有分量、起作用Issued 发布Tort law侵权案Bombard 炮击、轰炸Triviality 琐事Moderate 适度的、中等的Has one's way 依照自己的意思行事Legal liability 法律责任2.Or so 左右Revolved around 围绕、Tap 开发、引出或获取Make sense 行得通、有意义Fanciful 奇特、幻想Nonetheless 然而、不过Pathway 路径、方式Transactions 交易Intranet 内部网络Subscribers 订购者Customize 定制Commercial 商业促销Fades 逐渐消失Interactivity 互动、交互性Take the plunge 果断行事、决定3.Rush to 争相Indispensable 不可缺少Invisible 看不见的Prospects 前景Radical 基本的、全新的Explore 探究、探讨Contradiction 矛盾Goes to the heart of 触及问题核心Aims at以…为目标Technical 技术的、科学的Universally 普遍地Attend 照例去、出席Competently 胜任的、称职的Pursue 追求Forsake 抛弃Pessimism 悲观主义Cheery 兴高采烈Bank on 依靠、指望Presumptuous自以为是Acquaintance 了解Complementary 互补Host of 许多、大量Auxiliary辅助备用Mastered 精通4.Animal husbandry 畜牧业Federal 联邦的Proposed 提议的、建议的Feverishly 兴奋地、发热地Panel 讨论小组Narrowly 严格地Molecular 分子Crucial 关键Stem from 来自、起源、造成Ethical 伦理的、道德的Endanger 危害Explicitly 明确地Offspring 后代Indicated 表明的、指示的Clinics 诊所Favored 较喜欢、选择5.Preparedness 有准备、已准备Supposedly 据称Unpredictable 不可预测的Journal报纸、定期杂志Inquiring 咨询、打听Fruitful肥沃的Substitute 替代Research conference 研讨会Advisability 可取性Graphs 图表的Inconclusive 无定论的Speculate 思索、思考Substitute A with B 以A代B Replace A with B 以B代A Concise 简明Auditors 审计人员Distracted 使分心、分散注意力Conformity 一致性Discriminating 有差别的对待Implies 暗示20001.Revival 复苏Effortless 轻松的、不费力的Handicap 障碍Driving force动力Unparalleled 无比的、空前的Prosperous 繁荣的Beyond the dream 做梦也无法想象Predominance 优势、主导Potential 潜在的Retreat 撤退Narrowed 变窄、变小At a loss 困惑、不知所措Sweep into 涌向On the ropes 岌岌可危Textile 纺织业Sensational 耸人听闻的Quick-witted 机敏的、机智的Intense 热情2.Mortality 死亡率Crucial 关键性Diminished 减少、缩小Roughly 大致、差不多Mediocrity 平凡、庸人Tribes 部落Savage 未开化的人Descendants 后代、后裔Ugliness 丑陋3.Farfetched 牵强的Unreasonable 无理的Advisable 明智的、可取的In brief 总而言之Unhampers 不受阻碍的Imitate 模仿At will 任意、随意Explanatory 解释的、说明的Fulfills 履行、执行Transient 短暂的4.Postwar 战后的Revealed 揭示、启示Aimlessness 漫无目的的Rigid 严格、不变的In addition 另外Counterpart 相对Test taking 应试Frustration 挫败感Amid 在期间Outcry 强烈抗议Conservative 保守Raise eyebrows 表示出不满Morality 道德、美德Stress A over B 对A的强调超过B Centralization 中央化House hold 家庭One-quarter 四分之一5.Destiny 命运Deem 认为Vitality 活力Admire 钦佩Odd 奇怪、古怪Hypocrisy 伪善、虚伪Not least 尤其是Confess 坦白、承认Acquisitive 渴求获取财务Vulgar 庸俗的Spectacle 情景的Formerly 从前Formulation 明确的表达Contemptible 可鄙的Profess 宣称Sly 秘密的Enroll 注册Get on in life 出人头地Impulse 动力Vigorously 活力、坚决的Momentarily 暂时的Verbally 口头上20011.Distinction 差别、区分Amateur 业余的Connotation 含义、内涵Integrated 完整的Consequent 必然、结论Primacy 首要、至高无上的Incorporate 结合Overall 总体Differentiation 区别、不同Referee 审阅、鉴定Demonstrate 证明Under way 已经开始、在进行中Reckoned 看作、认为是Subtle 轻微Hostility 敌意2.Justify 证明Visible 显而易见的Combating 战胜Wipe out 消除May well 很可能Impoverished 贫乏的With respect to sth 至于、关于Sovereignty 主权、最高权威Infrastructure 基础设施Capital资金Harbor 港口Telecom 电信3.Distrust 不信任Self-analysis 自我剖析Factual 事实的Illuminating 启发Turned out to be 结果是·Templates 模式、样板Newsroom 编辑部·Backbone 主干、框架Narrative 叙述、故事Metropolitan 大城市的、大都会的Upscale 高端的、高消费Trade stocks 炒股·Explosive爆炸性的Symplosiums 研讨会Vastly 特别、极大的4.Mergers 合并、吸收·Sweep 席卷Hyperactive 极其活跃的Unsurpassed 未被胜过的Multinational 多国的、跨国的Affiliates 分公司、隶属机构For instance 例如Ultimate 终极的、根本的Force behind 推动Detrimental 不利的、有害的Operation 经营业务Scanty 缺乏的、不足的Lender 出借人Gigantic 巨大的Infringement 违反、侵害5.Occurred to sb 某人意识到某事Lateral move 平级调动Block 阻碍Prompt 促使Profile 受公众注意程度Disgraced 失势的Compel 强迫In the manner 以…方式Passionate 出于热情的Preach 宣扬Settle for sth 满足于Mold 形成Publicize 公开宣称Resignation 辞职Doctrine 教义、压力Strain 负担、压力A bit of everything 容易满足Materialistic lifestyle 物质生活Well-established trend 明确趋势Term 被称为Newsletters 简讯Tips 指点、指示Cling-film保鲜膜20021.Identify 识别Insympathy with 支持某人某事Addressing向…讲话Disorganized 计划不周、杂乱无章Comment 评论、发表意见Push aside 把人推到一边Stomp 重踏移动、行进Conscious 感觉到、认识到Entitle 给于某人某事权利Appropriate 合适Be in a position to 有资格、有能力·Notorious 臭名昭著Inedible 不宜食用的Resent感到愤怒的Disparaging蔑视、诽谤的stick to 坚持scapegoats 替罪羊appropriate 合适remarks谈论、评论laughing stock 笑料casual 自然地light-hearted 轻松的deliver 授课、讲道exaggerated 夸张2.Ingenuity 创造力、心灵手巧Initially 最初的Devised 想出、设计Cunning巧妙的Burdensome难以承担的Compulsion 强制、难以抗拒的冲动Conferrrig 授予、头衔Gizmos 小玩意Presence 出席Removed 解放、开除Transaction 交易Miniaturization 小型化Sub millimeter 亚毫米Precision 准确性Device 装臵、器具Surgery 外科Utility 实用、效用Interact 互相作用、互相影响Dynamic 动态、变化Verbally 口头的Spell 一段时间Transistor 晶体管Microprocessors 微处理器Nerve 神经Fraction 少量、一点儿Irrelevant 不相关的Instaneously 即刻地Approach 接近、比得上3.Dramatically 戏剧性的Doom 命运、厄运Tripling 三倍Scary 可怕Gloom 忧郁、愁闷Quadrupled 四倍Push up 推助Suspended 暂停Hemisphere 半球Grips 紧握In the short term 短期内Retail 零售Muted 暗中的Pump price 出泵价格Economic consequences 经济影响Fluctuate 波动、涨落Have impact on 对…产生影响Emerging economy 新兴经济体Sizable 相当大的Price index 价格指标Gloomy 阴暗的4.Implications 可能的影响Foreseen 预见Dying 垂死的Constitutional 宪法的、立宪的Morphine 吗啡Dosage 剂量Terminally 致命的Contend 主张、争辩Hasten 加快、匆忙做Maintains 断言Legitimate 合理的、公正的Homicide 杀人Hold sb guilty 认为某人有罪Agony 巨大痛苦Release 发布、发行Ineffectual 无效的Hospice护理所Code 道德标准Twin problems 双重标准Inadequate 不充分的Insufficient 不足的Desperate 绝望的Initiative 计划、措施Incompetently 不胜任、无能力的Presumptively 据推测的、距推定Systematic 系统化To the extent that 达到…程度2003y the roots for为…打下基础Espionage 间谍活动Pastime 消遣活动Reshape重塑V ocation 职业Remold改变、更新Restore 恢复、复原Revive 复兴Honor 表彰As well 也Episode插曲、片段、经历Point and click网络、电脑Spook 间谍门Compile 汇编、收集Mastery掌握、控制Mutually 互相地、双方的Reinforcing 加固、加强Distribution 分发、发送Vacuuming真空、吸Sign-ups登录网络发布信息Earn one's keep谋生之所在Lean 节俭、精简Military 军事的、军用的Outsider 局外人、圈外人Back-and-forth 来回、往还Dramatic 戏剧性的、惹人注目的Guarantess 担保、保证Nonconformist 新教徒的、不墨守成规的2.Stateman政治家Misguided 被误导的Cause 事业、理想Biomedical 生物医学的Ruling out 阻止Target 目标指向Allegation 号召、呼吁Perplexed 使迷惑Deliberately 故意Thereby 由此、从而Booth摊位Immunizations 免疫接种Vaccines疫苗Well-meaning 好心的Fair 商品交易会Discontent 不满Ignorance无知Compassionate 有同情心的Hip 髋骨Bypass 旁路、旁道Unware 不察觉的At worst 说的难听点Vicious 不道德的Deceptive 欺骗人的Misinformation 错误信息Pointless 无意义的Stakeholders 有发言权的、参与人Personality 名人Uninformed 无知、不了解的Citizenry 全体公民或市民Extinguish 熄灭Practitioner 从业者Enthusiast 热衷者Embers 余烬、余火Informed 了解情况3.Mergers 合并Monopoly垄断、经营Neightened加强、提高Freight 货运Allow for 有利于Removed 凶猛、残忍的Bulk 大批、大量的Trucking 运输业Shipper 托运商In the long run 从长远看Flourish 繁荣Arbiter 仲裁人、裁决人Surge 急剧增加、飞涨Apprehensive 忧虑的Indignant 愤恨的、义愤的Acquisition 收购As a whole 整体的4.Pressing 难以退却Small wonder 不足为奇Life expectancy 寿命Clinical depression 临床抑郁Cataract 白内障Procedure 程序、步骤Confront the reality 正视现实Programmed 人或动物按方式进行Disintegrate 衰弱、瓦解Perish 死亡、灭亡Aggressive 极端大胆地Fatal 致命的Unaffordable 支持不起的、无力负担的Late-stage长期的Reverse 颠倒、逆转Unsustainable 不可持续的Scholars 学者Finite 有限的Sustains维持Infirm 病弱的、体弱的Go that for 做得那么极端Routinely 例行公事Energetic 精力充沛Dazzling 惊人的、炫目的Surgeon 外科医生Living proof 活生生的例子Reserved consent 有保留的赞同Disapproval 强烈反对Overfund 对…提供资金过多Quest 寻找Humbler 简单而实用Extravagantly 奢侈Reasonably 合理20041.Stumble across 无意间碰到Interactive 互相影响、互相作用Criteria 标准Intellectual property 知识产权Notification 布告、告示Struck 开采出、发现In-house counsel 公司内部顾问Drawback 缺点、不利条件Eliminate 排除Advisory 顾问、咨询的Rely on依靠Tempt 吸引、引起…兴趣Signed up签约雇佣Potential 潜在的、可能的Match 相匹配的人和物2.Discrimination歧视Condemned 指责、反对Insidious 潜伏的、暗中为害Thrive 繁荣、兴旺Refers to与某人Surnames姓Overlooked 忽视Inequality 不平等Suspicuous 可疑的、猜疑的Has a big advantage over胜过Thumb through 匆匆翻阅Evenly 均匀地Conspicuous 显眼的、惹人注目的Bias 偏心、偏袒Predecessors 前任Heads of government 政府首脑The rot sets in 情况开始出毛病Short-sight 近视、目光短浅Literally 确实地Shortlist 决选名单Recipients接受者Plough through them 费力阅读、吃力专研Dozing off 打鼾3.Bite one's nail 束手无策Manicurist 指甲修饰师Softening economy 疲软的经济Downscale 缩减…的规模Suburban 效外的Dealerships 代理权、经销权Lag 走得急慢、落后Retailer 零售商人Sound any alarms 拉响警钟Predominantly 主要地Frenzied 狂热的、疯狂的Ingredient 要素、因素Silver lining 一线希望Toasting 举杯祝酒4.Entertainers 专业演员Symptoms 征兆Pervasive 普遍的、渗透的Traces the roots of 追溯…根源Anything but 根本不Ddistaste 厌恶、不喜欢Vulnerable脆弱Exploitation 剥削、榨取Undervaluing 低估、轻视Populist 平民主义Noble 高贵的Smells of 强烈的暗示、带有…Suppressing 压抑Pioneer 先驱Innate 天生的、先天的Contemplative 深思熟虑的Grasp 理解Manipulate 操作使用Theorizes建立理论Eagerness 渴望、热心Identify识别、认同Ponders 深思、考虑Evolves 演变、变化Construct 编制、绘制With respect to关于、至于Stationary 静止Interior 内部Deduced 推论A frame of reference 参照标准Propel 驱使、迫使Rest over 停留在…上Initiates 开始、传授Just as 正像。
考研英语历年真题词汇
考研英语历年真题词汇大全
1. parliamentary adj. 议会的
2 .territory n. 领土, 版图, 地域
3 incurably adv.治不好地, 不能矫正地
4 convincing adj.令人信服的', 有力的, 令人心悦诚服的
5 flashed vi.闪光, 闪现, 反射, 使迅速
6 pick up v.掘地, 捡起, 获得, 使恢复精神, 加快, 看到, 随便地认识, 加速
7 bulletin n.公告, 报告
8 import n.进口货, 进口, 输入, 意思, 重要性vt.输入, 进口, 含...的意思, 重要, 引入
9 sink in 被了解
10 implication n.牵连, 含意, 暗示
11 bitterly adv.苦苦地, 悲痛的, 厉害的
12 haste n.匆忙, 急忙
13 turn back v.使停止往前, 往回走, 翻回到, 重新提到, 折转, 挡住
14 euthanasia n.安乐死
15 dominoes 多米诺。
2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that hard work is the key to success is nothing new.1,_____new research from psychologist Anders Ericsson and 2_____ colleagues suggests that practice is the magic number of greatness.Ericsson studies thousands of chess players, musicians, athletes and others. He 3_____ out the average number of training hours per week the people he studied 4_____ in _____ to reach world-class levels of performance. Across the board, 5_____ to the 10 years or 10,000 hours were required. 6_____, more recent research_____ out that the amount of practice time needed may vary in fields that____ many social or physical activities. 7_____, deliberate practice is the key ingredient for achieving______ results in any field.Deliberate practice is not just mindless repetition. It is a purposeful and thoughtful 8_____ that requires intense focus. 9_____have discovered that top performers spend less time in _____ practice compared to average performers, but their practice is so much more productive. They grow_____, receive constant feedback and continually 10_____ their performance.Achieving world-class performance, according to Ericsson, is not about talent or innate ability; it is all about deliberate practice.1. [A] But[B] Or [C] So [D] Yet2. [A] their[B] his [C] other [D] the3. [A] found [B] turned[C] checked[D] carried4. [A] took part [B] trained [C] relied [D] engaged5. [A] up to [B] for [C] in addition [D] by far6. [A] Consequently [B] Importantly[C] Additionally[D] Meanwhile7. [A] Although [B] Besides[C] However[D] Therefore8. [A] future[B] experience [C] exercise [D] performance9. [A] Workers [B] Researchers [C] Engineers [D] Scientists10. [A] evaluate[B] develop [C] explain [D] demonstrate解析：1. [A] But 是转折连词，与"hard work is the key to success"对立，而下文要说明practice才是成功的关键，所以应该选[A] But。
2010真题swine flu 猪流感epidemic 传染病，流行病heightened 提高的，增加的alert 警惕，警戒assemble 召集，召开（会议）severity 严重程度in progress 在进行中hospitalization 长期住院，住院治疗crop up 突然出现，突然发生virtually 几乎，事实上stockpile 库存，积蓄vaccine 疫苗dose （药物的）剂量，一剂relay 转送，转发（信息，消息等）place order 订购，下订单take order 接受订单deliver order 交付订货give order 下订单，订购prevalent 流行的，普遍的agony 极大的痛苦，痛楚ward 监护，守护；挡住，架住；避开；收容ward off 避开，挡住auctioneer 拍卖师，拍卖商bid 出价，投标bull run 牛市态势file for 申请，提交momentum 势头bewilderingly 令人费解地reckon 认为rise bewilderingly 急剧增长enormous egos 膨胀的自我unfashionable 不合时宜的，过时的auction house 拍卖行downturn （经济活动、生产等）下降、衰退fluctuant 波动的slump （价格、数值等）暴跌、不景气、萧条address 发表演说、向…讲话suburban 郊区的crystallize 使明确化、使具体化irony 具有讽刺意味的情况wreak （对某物）造成破坏，造成混乱havoc 灾难，混乱wreak havoc with 给…带来浩劫virtual 实际上的，事实上的tangible 确凿的、实在的，有形的（资产）stereotypical 典型的，带有成见的cue 提示、暗示hygiene 卫生（学）subtle 微妙的disinfecting 消毒的shrewd 精明的adolescent 青春期的ritual 仪式，例行公事slip A in between B and C 将A悄悄放在B和C之间viable 可行的ruthless 无情的、残忍的tactic 策略；战术，战略jury 陪审团qualification 限定性条件，资格，授权entitled 有资格的verdict 裁定，裁决intentional 有意的elite 精英，掌权人物blue-ribbon 一流的、头等的eligible 有资格的，合适的，合格的exempt 免除、豁免unconstitutional 违反宪法的，不符合章程trumpet 大声宣告、大肆宣扬substantially 实质上、大体上intimate 亲近的aviation 航空sustainability 忍受力，持续性sign on with 与…签约translate 导致、造成reciprocate 报答，回报stagnant 停滞的————————————————2011真题sweep across 席卷，横扫lawless 不守法的，不受法律控制的，无法无天的credential 证书，凭据issue （组织或某官员）发给，分发issue a passport/permit/visa 分发护照、许可证、签证carry on sth 继续进行，继续从事某事linger on 逗留，继续存留in effect 实际上，事实上thriving 繁荣的，昌盛的delight 高兴，愉快initiative 倡议，新方案；主动性；自发的，创始的，初步的mentality 心态，思想状况envision 展望，想象indifference 冷漠，冷淡under fire 受到攻击和批评bonus payouts 奖金支出outside director 外部董事presumably 据推测，大概，可能，想来weather 平安渡过（难关），挨过，经受住a firm’s board 公司董事会make one’s wealth and reputation 功成名就subsequently 其后，随后，接着restate 重申，重新申报，再次声明proxy statement 股东委托书restate earnings 重申盈利federal class-action lawsuit 联邦集体诉讼incentive 动机，鼓励，刺激；刺激性的，鼓励性质的a blow to reputations 有损名誉chronicle 将（某事物）载入编年史subsidize 以津贴补助，以金钱收买flee to the Internet 转向互联网shrug off 对…满不在乎，不屑一顾afloat 漂流者的，飘浮不定的stay afloat 维持运营push sb/sth overboard 抛弃、甩掉某人/某事have the nerve 好意思做某事，有胆量做某事desperate measures 孤注一掷的措施whirlwind 旋风；猛烈的势力；破坏性的力量或事物distinctive 有特色的，与众不同的，区别的bureau （美国政府部门）局，处，科；（提供某方面信息的）办事处savagely 野蛮地；残忍地；粗野地line up 排队marriage bureau 婚姻登记处take up posts 就职derive from 由…起源，取自sophisticated 复杂的，精致的signature phrase 口头禅mask the fact 掩盖事实commission 委任，授予；委员会aesthetic 美学的，审美的forthright 直率的，直截了当的，（观点）明确的cheerleader 啦啦队队长，（强有力的）支持者chronic 慢性的，长期的，习惯性的devaluation （货币）贬值disintegration 瓦解，奔溃stuck 动不了的，被卡住的，被难住的sanction 制裁，处罚suspension 暂停，悬挂rigour 严苛，严酷backed by 依靠，在…支持下a small majority 微弱多数intervene 介于…之间，干预，介入fiscal 财政上的murmur 发牢骚，私下抱怨intervene in 介入，干预blunt 使迟钝benign 温和的，仁慈的，善良的write off 毁掉，结束掉，认定…不重要（或无用、不可救药），忽视halt 使停止，使中断，阻止inconceivable 不能想象的，不可思议的，难以置信的bold 勇敢的，无畏的，莽撞的inducement 诱导，诱惑，诱因lure 吸引，引诱takeaway 外卖食品，外卖店radical 激进的，彻底的back 支持take a toll on 造成损失（或危害，伤亡）————————————————2012真题mindless 愚笨的，盲目的，无谓的tear…away from sth 使依依不舍地离开，忍痛离去brutal 残忍的，野蛮的rebel 反叛，反抗bear 承受，忍受（负担）commodity 商品article 物件，物品turn over 移交，交托；仔细考虑pass down 继承，遗传personality 性格，个性portray 描绘，扮演（某角色）colony 殖民地，群体patrol 巡逻，巡查commute 上下班往返，经常往返（于两地）parallel 与…相似，与…并行counteract 抵消，中和from the outset 从开始时scorn 蔑视，鄙视revise 改变，修正ritual 惯例，老规矩，例行公事，仪式impoverish 贫困的chaotic 混乱的implication 含义，暗示on one’s own 独立做某事flat 固定的across-the-board 一刀切的thorny 棘手的put on hold 搁置，暂缓实施pervasive 普遍的，无处不在的intrinsically 从本质上（讲）fuse 使熔合be obsessed with 痴迷于…be pervasive in 充斥于…nursery 育儿室，托儿所pastel （色彩）淡的，柔和的toddler 幼童counsel 建议agitated 紧张不安的，焦虑的preliminary 初步的，预备的overturn 使倾覆，打翻monopoly 垄断者，垄断企业file 提出，提交，发表file a brief 提交案情提要the Supreme Court 最高法院file a patent for 就…提交专利申请convention 会议，惯例，习俗coach sb on sth 对某人就某事进行培训prudent 明智谨慎的，节俭的，精明的reckless 轻率的，鲁莽的，不顾后果的find silver linings 寻找一线希望stagnation 经济停滞、不景气reinforce 加强，强化resentment 怨气，怨恨，不满discern 识别，看清，领域lean 不景气的，贫瘠的，精干的poll 民意调查，民意测验trivial 无关紧要的，平凡的craze 时尚，时髦，热潮exemplary 模范的，可做楷模的cunning 狡猾，狡诈ruthlessness 无情，冷酷commemorate 庆祝，纪念resolute 坚决的，坚定的steadfast 忠诚的，坚贞不渝的epochal 具有时代意义的immense 巨大的wage 发动，进行（战争，战斗）multiplicity 多样性downstairs 底层阶级upstairs 上层阶级brain drain 人才流失deprive 剥夺follow the warranty policy 履行保修协议————————————————2013真题(just) around the corner 很近，就在附近come to fruition 完成，实现around 出现，有reverse 承认错误，放弃（立场），反转resume 重新开始，继续eliminate 消除，清除pass down 遗传，沿袭withdraw 提，取（银行账户中的款项）fraud 欺骗，诈骗alter 修改，改变manipulation 操纵，控制trail 踪迹，痕迹average is over 告别平庸textile 纺织品textile mill 纺织厂stubbornly 顽固地；倔强地stand out 突出，脱颖而出shed 去除，摆脱shed workers 裁员above average 超越平庸，高于平均水平sojourner 旅居者；逗留者for good 永远地；一劳永逸地affectionate 深情的；充满深情的birds of passage 候鸟，漂泊的人along with A come B 做某事的既有A，又有Brigid 严格的；僵硬的，死板的mightily 很，非常thrive 兴旺发达，繁荣，蓬勃发展straddle 跨立于；跨越jurisdiction 管辖范围in motion 在运动中的middle ground 中间立场，中间地带prone 有…倾向的；易于；倾向于snap 仓促的，匆忙的hard-wired 直觉的，天生的，本能的be prone to 易于…，有…的倾向snap decision 快速决策，仓促决定important defense mechanism 重要防御机制be hard-wired to do sth. 天生会做某事exclusive 独有的，专有的，独占的realm 领域，范围prime 使准备好be exclusive to 专为…所独享prime sb to do sth 使某人准备好应付某种情况screener 筛选者real estate agent 房产中介retreat 僻静处，隐居处，休息寓所mute 减弱…的声音；引申为控制，抑制intermittently 间歇地，断断续续地contemplate 沉思，思忖temptation 引诱，诱惑物board 董事会，委员会，理事会corporate boards 董事会compel 强迫，迫使mandate 授权，命令，指令frustration 挫折，挫败quota 定量，定额，指标ladder 阶梯，途径，梯状物binding 有约束力的legally binding provisions 具有法律约束力的条款run counter to 违反，与…背道而驰，逆向的，相反的meritocracy 英才教育；精英管理班子fancy 喜爱，想要anonymity 匿名，不知名come in handy 派得上用场surplus 剩余的，过剩的frugal 节俭的，朴素的，花钱少的overwhelmed 受宠若惊的，不知所措的，压倒charity sale 义卖for the sake of 为了on the verge of …的边缘be desirous of 希望desired 喜欢的，心仪的in financially strained families 家境贫寒的erosion of study time 侵蚀学习时间————————————————2014真题moderately 适度地，不过分地collegiate 学院的，学院学生的conversely 相反地，以相反的方法in terms of 依据，按照in respects of 关于，在…方面in essence 本质上，实质上in turn 转而，相应地qualify 可被认为是，可算作是disgrace 耻辱，丢脸的事；出丑stereotype 陈词滥调，刻板印象，陈规旧习harbor 心怀，怀有institute 建立，制定initiative 新倡议、行动、方案；自发的；初步的despise 轻视，鄙视ground in/on sth. 以…为根据widow 寡妇lottery 彩票jackpot 头奖，最高奖could do worse than 不妨试试…counterintuitive 违反直觉的wear off 逐渐消逝，减少，磨损creep in 悄然而至be packed with 挤满；塞满bang for your buck 所做的努力值得；钱花得合算sparingly 保守地，节俭地；慎用地；爱惜地be better off 过得更好an object of obsession 令人痴迷之物scarcity 不足，缺乏mandate 批准；授权incentive 激励empirical 以实验（经验）为依据的deep-seated 深层的，根深蒂固的amass 聚集（尤值大量）illusory 错觉的，虚假的oceans of 海量的，极大量的rose-tint 染了玫瑰色，精饰、美化esteem 尊重，尊敬stalk 高视阔步地走hot stuff 奇才；非凡的人物stalk around 趾高气扬地大踏步行走oversee 监督；监管lineup 阵容，一组deliberation 考虑；深思熟虑flattering 使人显得更漂亮的；讨好的，谄媚的doctor 篡改，伪造，修改profound 深刻的，极大的，严重的，意义深远的delusion 错觉；谬见；妄想viscerally 发自肺腑地wit 才思，才智portray 描绘instinctively 本能地boom and bust 繁荣与萧条outmoded 使过时；使不流行insatiable 贪得无厌的，不知足的hail from 来自reinvent 彻底改造innovate 改变；改革；创新；引入新事物institution 制度，风俗习惯shove 挤；撞；猛推cap （可用或可借资金的）最高限额be down to sb. 是某人的责任；由某人负责expire 期满，终止，失效coalition 联合；联盟pressing 迫切的，紧急的typify 代表；作为…的典型sole 唯一的，单独的，仅有的embodiment 体现，具体化obscure 费解的，难以理解的comprise 包含，包括unwittingly 不知不觉地，不知情assault 攻击，袭击gravitate 被吸引到，受吸引permeate 渗透，弥漫perpetually 永恒地，持久地gorgeous 极好的humble 简单的，粗陋的————————————————2015真题virtually 几乎，实际上，实质上，事实上beat into 强迫某人做某事plug into 深陷于，沉浸于weird 怪异的，不可思议的，奇怪的perceive 察觉，认识到unconventional 非传统的rip off 扯掉，撕掉band-aid 创可贴，绷带tuck 把…塞入commuter 通勤者，（远距离）上下班往返的人do away with 废除，去掉a place of refuge 避难所nonparents 无子女者conventional wisdom 传统观点，普遍看法hold true for 适用于，对…有效home front 家庭后方；战时后方lag behind 落后，拖欠life-sustaining 维持生命的draw out 取得division 分配clinically 不偏不倚地，客观地methodically 系统地，有条不紊地，有条理地lag 落后于dropout 退学，辍学paradox 自相矛盾的情形，悖论forthcoming 即将到来的outline 概述，勾勒next-to-no-cost 接近零成本的recipients 接受者grant 助学金，拨款thesis 论点，论题modest 较小的intervention 干预navigate 理解，应对right-brained 右脑的，感性的parachute 空降，空投infuse 把…注入；灌溉allegiance 忠诚，拥护terminology 学科术语，专门用语amid 在…中间，在…当中buzzword 某一领域内的时髦用语linguist 语言学家nonsense 无稽之谈，胡说，荒谬的想法buy into it 买账，认可outside of employment 失业，非就业grieve 为…而悲伤，为…感到伤心inopportune 不合时宜的mindset 心态，思想倾向weigh down 使负重担，保持留心perceive 发觉，感知，意识到know…like the back of one’s hand对…十分熟悉，了如指掌twist and turn 迂回曲折————————————————2016真题inclination 意向，倾向Gallup polling 盖洛普民意测验publicly traded firms 公开交易的公司，上市公司sure enough 果然，果真如此intensity 强度，力度be headquartered 总部设在某地hold （熟词僻义）继续适用，继续有效echo 声音回响、回应或反映invented 虚构、创造headquartered 总部设立于resume 中断之后继续或重新开始codified 刻板的、固守成规的、循规蹈矩的sentiment 情感、情绪attribute to 把…归因于…take a long-term view 采取更加长远的眼光、把眼光放长远plausible 有道理的、可信的forward-thinking 前瞻的、有远见的hint at 暗示、暗指lean towards 倾向于，向…倾斜catch up 赶上，追上assistant dean （学院）副院长jobs gap 职位空缺pack 塞满，挤满brim 口，边沿drive…away 赶跑，使离去bootcamp 训练营curriculum 课程gear 使与…相适应，使适合于drop out of 退学，辍学turnover 倾覆，翻转coax 劝诱lend sth. to sth. 给…增加，增添（某种特色或特性）crash 暴跌，猛跌desperate 危急的，严峻的designate 指定，认定confrontational 对抗性的，挑起冲突的regulatory power 监管权力crack down on 严厉打击，镇压prosecute 起诉，控告，检举unintentionally 无意地，非故意地interim 临时的，暂时的，过渡期间的in the driver’s seat 处于控制地位，主导地位mournfully 悲哀地，凄惨地thorny 棘手的flywheel 飞轮，惯性轮spin 旋转，转动overwhelmingly 势不可挡地，压倒地instrumentally 起作用地，有帮助地immersive 沉浸式的conveyor belt 传送带mind-set 思想倾向slot in 安置，安排fuel 刺激，使加剧ritualistic 仪式的，例行的distraction 使人分心的事物backdrop 背景poll 民意调查，民意测验draw a road map to success 绘制一幅成功路线图prize 珍视，高度重视strikingly 惹人注目地，醒目地prioritize 按优先顺序列出；优先考虑financially secure 经济有保障aftermath （战争、风暴、事故的）后果，余波searing 炽热的，灼热的；灼痛的，剧痛的virtually 实际上，几乎，事实上spread through 蔓延到overwhelming 巨大的，压倒性的signpost 路标，标志物mortage 抵押贷款，按揭therapy 治疗，疗法suppress 抑制（感情）brush/sweep sth. under the carpet 掩盖某事（尤指错事）silver bullet 解决某一难题的良方，高招indulge 沉溺于，沉湎于，纵情于giggle 傻笑infection 传染病mortgage 按揭spree 作乐，狂欢（尤指花钱或喝酒）side effect 副作用backfire 发生意外，产生事与愿违的结果byproduct 意外收获，额外收获；附带的结果lure 引诱，诱使sheer 十足的，彻底的，纯粹的hone 打磨，锤炼，使精通read extensively 广泛阅读，博览群书a broad knowledge base 广泛的知识基础keep abreast of 了解…的最新情况sustained efforts 长期不懈的努力illuminating 有启发性的unwind 使松弛，放松recharge 放松休息，恢复精力antidote 克服…的良方revitalized 焕发生机的relieve pressure 舒缓压力come into contact with 接触到，遇到have one’s share of 有自己的一份儿…attach meaning to 对…赋予意义————————————————2017真题boast 吹嘘，自吹自擂speculate 推测，思索，投机capital 资本impoverished 穷困的wasteland 荒地，不毛之地resolution 解决，决心wisdom 智慧compensation 补偿alongside 和…在一起leave behind 留下；永久脱离set aside 不顾；驳回；撤销mutually exclusive 互相排斥purposelessness 无目的mortality 死亡人数agonizing 痛苦难忍的dullness 沉闷，无聊downsides 不利的一面，缺点yield 屈服；产生；放弃virtue 优点，长处，美德follow from 是…的必然结果overblown 夸张，过分渲染degrading 丧失体面的，丢脸的tricky 难对付的；狡猾的scarce 不足的，稀少的leisure time 空闲时间counterbalance 使平衡，抵消staff 为…配备工作人员，在…工作pledge 发誓，保证legacy 遗产lever 用杠杆撬动couch 沙发retrospection 回想，反思in the run-up to sth. 重要事件的前夕ethos 精神特质，理念shine 干得出色，出类拔萃bidder 投标人intimidating 令人胆怯的puffed-out 气喘吁吁的，上气不接下气的preside 主持，指挥，掌管thrive 兴隆，繁荣，茁壮成长grassroots 草根，基层民众wordy 冗长的，啰嗦的engagement 参与度disengage 脱离，不再感兴趣bleed-over 渗透tablet 平板电脑verbal 文字的，言语的tension 紧张关系，紧张状况bid 努力争取，出价，投标blank 没表情的，不感兴趣的disconcerting 使人不安的distressed 痛苦的，悲伤的，苦恼的exquisitely 精致地，近乎完美地be wired to do 天生，自然就会ideology 意识形态oppressive 压制的，令人焦虑的get a lot out of sth. 从…中获益良多get sth. out of the way 把某事处理完overlook 忽略，未注意到condemn 谴责perpetuate 使永久化，使持续lucrative 赚大钱的，获利多的misconception 错误认识，误解pursuit 事业，消遣，爱好brand new 全新的，崭新的acclimation 适应blunder 愚蠢（或粗心的）错误inherent 固有的，内在的mandatory 强制的，法定的，义务的curriculum 全部课程upkeep 保养，维修prone 易于发生某事的；很可能…的magnifying glass 放大镜hazard 危险，隐患equation 影响因素，综合体at the expense of 以…为代价perception 认识，观念，看法unleash 发泄，突然释放，使爆发out of necessity 出于必要tease 梳理；挑逗，取笑do away with 终结，废除，去掉，消灭come to terms with 与之妥协pay a price for 付出代价refrain 老调，一再重复的话take a hit 遭到打击，被击中outsourcing 外包boomer 婴儿潮一代（尤指1947-1961年间）生育高峰期出生的人millennial 千禧一代，20世纪的最后一个世代grapple with 尽力解决（某困难问题）stiff 激烈的，严厉的get exposed to 接触，体验flustered 紧张的，慌乱的，激动的recession （经济）衰退，萧条clear a hurdle 成功克服困难economic downturn 经济衰退be laid off 被辞退trade 行业，职业lure 吸引，引诱sewing 缝纫personality 有突出个性的人promotion 推广secondary school 中学move on to sth./doing sth. 继续某事，接着做某事fashion design 时装设计Chinese martial arts 中国武术annual growth 年度增长line chart 折线图cultural infrastructure/facilities 文化基础设施public cultural undertaking 公共文化事业underpin 构成…的基础people’s well-being 人民福祉————————————————2018真题resolve 消除，解释清楚；解决inherent 内在的，固有的；生来就有的willingness 乐意；心甘情愿stimuli 刺激（stimulus的复数）twist 意外转折electrified 带电的incur 招致；遭受；引起subsequent 随后的，继…之后的reproduce 使再次发生；再现fingernail 手指甲chalkboard 黑板schooling 学校教育withdrawal 撤走；收回inquiry 探究；探索；调查self-reliant 自力更生的self-destructive 自毁的，自残的self-evident 不证自明的，显而易见的self-deceptive 自欺的instinct 本能；直觉backfire 产生事与愿违的结果insight 洞悉；深刻见解profound 知识渊博的，理解深刻的，意义深远的resist 按捺；抗拒trace 追溯；找到overlook 忽视，忽略conceal 隐藏，隐瞒follow through 进行到底；坚持完成ahead of time 提前，提早determine 查明；测定；确定endeavor 尝试，努力justify 证明别人认为不合理的事有道理，为…辩护as though 好像，似乎utterly 完全地，十足地overwhelm 使不知所措，压倒graffiti 涂鸦，乱涂乱画accepted wisdom 传统信念，普遍看法mechanical memorization 机械记忆stuck with sth 粘住，无法摆脱insidious 暗中为害的prejudice 偏见inferiority 低等，劣等vocational education 职业教育evaporate 逐渐消逝headlong 轻率仓促的turn sth. on its head 使人完全改变思路be staring sb. in the face 非常清楚/容易看见（你却看不见）wake-up call 叫醒电话，警示，警钟one-size-fits-all 一刀切momentum 势头go on line 在运转，在运行commitment 承诺farsighted 有远见的plummeting 直线下降的，暴跌的stem from 出自，来源于notably 尤其是，特别是take the lead 取得领先地位underline 强调dismiss 拒绝考虑，否定，搁置play with 被接受，买账quick 聪明的，明锐的，反应快的put-down 贬损的话，奚落的话skeptic 持怀疑态度的人in part 在某种程度上place big bets on 在…上下大赌注be a rarity 极为罕见spike 激增mean less and less 作用越来越小upmarket 高级的，高端的acquire 购得，收购intricate 错综复杂的grocery chain 连锁杂货店physical product 实体产品enormously 极其，非常revealing 揭示内情的，泄密的plot 密谋，策划go through 被认可，成交；通过not so much…but…与其说毋宁说break the promise 食言clumsy 笨拙，不灵活的remedy 纠正，改正；治疗，救治to sb’s disadvantage 对…不利predatory 捕食性的，食肉的spammer 垃圾邮件发送者analogy 类推；类似；类比combat 防止，减轻distracted 心烦意乱的，思想不集中的put/place/set a premium on sb./sth. 重视，珍视retreat 静修期间ritual 程序，仪轨；习惯throughout the day 终日，整天keep to 坚持；信守；固守prioritise 按重要性排列craft 精心制作demotivate 使失去动力，使消极render 使变得；使处于某状态improvisation 即兴表演reap 收获，取得（成果）downtime 停工期，休息indulgence 沉溺，放纵psychiatry 精神病学pay a unique compliment 致以特别的赞美make the first move 迈出第一步，先采取行动stuck 卡住的jolt 颠簸，震动，摇晃；一阵强烈的感情（尤指震惊或惊讶）all of a sudden 突然wholeheartedly 全心全意地tick 打勾encyclopedia 百科全书institute 制定（政策等）；实行avenue 途径；手段passionately 炽热地，狂热地reschedule 重新安排terribly 非常necessitate 使…不可避免pie chart 饼状图per capita 人均dine out 外出进餐disposable income 可支配收入primary concern 首要关心的问题catering companies 餐饮企业respectively 各自地————————————————其他dominoes 多米诺骨牌slap on the wrist 象征性的惩罚show the door 开除，扫地出门insensitive 缺乏同情心的misconduct 不端行为hold sb to higher standards 对某人有更高要求integrity 正直，诚实pragmatic 实用主义的overlook A for the sake of B 为B 忽略Aethical lapse 道德败坏，道德堕落accountable 有责任的，负责的fallout 影响，结果harshly 严厉地，严酷地paper over 隐瞒the best bits of 最好的部分compelling 令人信服的premise 前提，假定levy 征收fine 罚款enact 颁布，制定法律overarching 包罗万象的spray around 分散，喷洒obscure 隐藏，掩盖imposition 实施，强加take off 起飞，腾飞article 条款coalition 同盟，联合kick off 开始，发起distraction 使人分心的事物take effect 生效，起作用back 支持revenue 税收收入，财政收入in the long run 长远来看divert 转移，使…转向transition 过渡，转变polar opposite 完全相反，正好相反be indicative of 显示出，表明，象征condense 浓缩，凝结sketchy 粗略的，不完全hold up 经得住检验in and of itself 就其本身而言take a cue from sb 学某人的样credit 归功于credibility 可信度not cut it 达不到要求，达不到标准substantial 实实在在的，真实的disclose 揭露，公开raise a red flag 引起注意，发出警示setback 挫折look to 希望（做某事）unmet 未满足的cling to 坚持，不愿放弃overwhelmingly 压倒性地rigid 僵硬的，死板的collide with 与…冲突/抵触confront 面对recruitment fair 招聘会climb the career ladder 晋升extracurricular 课外的perceive 看待，理解diminish 削弱，贬低（重要性或价值）chronic 慢性的，长期的uneven 不均匀的，不平坦的deterioration 恶化，退化，堕落agonising 痛苦难忍的，苦恼的drastic 激烈的，猛烈的advanced 晚期的procedure 治疗，手术malpractice 治疗失当，医疗纠纷shutter 停止运行，关闭fury 狂怒，暴怒press ahead 推进，加紧进行rational 理性的，合理的auction 竞卖，拍卖curb 抑制，控制，束缚ideological 思想上的，意识形态的shake off 摆脱saw 格言，谚语obscure 模糊的，晦涩的in the unlikely event 在不太可能的情况下tariff 关税eligibility 合格，资格explain away 为…辩解conspiracy 阴谋，共谋，反叛gratify 使高兴，使满意fancy 异常复杂的，太花哨的，昂贵的bear/take/suffer the brunt of 受到最严厉的攻击、批评inexorably 不可阻挡地reconcile 使和解，调停opaque 司法制度arbitrary 独断的，专制的radical 重大的，彻底的hamper 妨碍boast 自夸，自吹自擂spouse 配偶sphere 范围，领域overdue 迟到的，未兑现的humility 谦卑，谦逊arrogance 傲慢，自大soever 不论何种，无论render 使得derive…from…从…中得到…be prone to 易于…的overcharge 索以高价disjointed 混乱的to the tune of 高达…dwindling 减少的，降低的hold sb. to account 要求某人承担责任scrap 废除，取消in case 以免，唯恐outraged 义愤填膺的，气愤的offset 抵消，弥补stall 停止，停转outrage 愤怒，愤慨pronounced 显著的，很明显的look set to 即将要impetus 动力，推动plague 困扰，折磨disengage 脱离，不再感兴趣的virtual 实际上的，实质上的plateau 处于停滞bear out 证明，证实perversely 事与愿违地drain 消耗，消费。
考研英语10年真题高频短语之政治类词汇是英语复习的基础，小编整理了近10年英语高频短语合辑，18、19的考生都可以抓紧看看。
下面是政治类高频短语：71. 不正之风bad / harmful practice72. 霸权主义hegemonism73. 奔小康strive for a better-off life74. 持续发展sustainable development75. 社会主义物质文明socialist material wellbeing76. 社会主义精神文明socialist culture and ideology77. 实现中华民族伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation78. 发展是硬道理Development is an invariable truth79. 坚持四项基本原则uphold the four cardinal principles80. 多极化multi-polarization81. 科学技术是第一生产力Science and technology are the primary productive force.82. 机构臃肿overstaffing in organization83. 机构改革institutional restructuring; streamlining84. 反腐倡廉fight corruption and build a clean government85. 核心竞争力core competitiveness86. 减员增效downsizing of staff and improving efficiency87. 减轻农民负担reduce farmer’s burdens; lighten the burden on them88. 跨越式发展great-leap-forward development89. 民主集中制democratic centralism90. 讲诚信﹑反欺诈honor credibility and oppose cheating91. 强权外交power diplomacy92. 求同存异seek common ground on major issues while shelving differences onminor ones93. 综合国力comprehensive national strength94. 滥用权力abuse one’s power; misuse one’s authority95. 廉政建设build a clean and honest government96 思想僵硬fossilized concept97 拜金主义money worship98. 知识产权intellectual property right99. 走后门get in by the back door / enter by the back door100. 贪脏枉法take bribes and bend the law101. 以权谋私abusing power for money102. 一国两制的原则the principle of one country, two systems:103. 全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress104. 与国际接轨synchronize with the world; accord with international norms105. 最低生活保障制度systems for ensuring a minimum standard of living106. 养老保险endowment insurance107. 以经济建设为中心focus on the central task of economic construction108. 实事求是seek truth from facts109. 试点工程pilot project110. 战略伙伴关系strategic partnership。
考研英语词汇练习题（打印版）一、词汇匹配请将下列英文单词与对应的中文意思匹配。
1. AdaptationA. 适应B. 适应性C. 适应力2. CatastropheA. 灾难B. 灾变C. 灾祸3. ErosionA. 侵蚀B. 腐蚀C. 消磨4. FrugalityA. 节俭B. 朴素C. 简朴5. HypothesisA. 假设B. 假说C. 猜想6. InnovationA. 创新B. 革新C. 创造7. JurisdictionA. 管辖权B. 司法权C. 权限8. KineticA. 运动的B. 动态的C. 动力的9. LethargyA. 昏睡B. 懒惰C. 无精打采10. MomentumA. 动力B. 势头C. 动量二、词汇填空根据句子的语境，从括号中选择正确的单词填入空白处。
1. The company's financial (stability/instability) is a key factor in its ability to weather the economic downturn.2. The (innovation/conservation) of new technology has led to significant improvements in efficiency.3. The (erosion/accumulation) of the beachfront is a concern for the local community.4. The (frugality/extravagance) of the household budget is essential for long-term financial health.5. The (catastrophe/disaster) of the earthquake was felt across the region.6. The (adaptation/evolution) of the species to its environment is a slow process.7. The court's decision expanded the (jurisdiction/authority) of the local government.8. The (kinetic/potential) energy of the ball is converted into motion as it rolls down the hill.9. The (lethargy/energy) of the team in the second half of the game was disappointing.10. The (momentum/velocity) of the project is expected to increase as more resources are allocated.三、词汇解释解释下列单词的含义，并给出一个例句。
考研英语词汇、词频统计频率在100 次以上的词汇Part n.部分；角色；作用；零件v.使分开，分离，分别pass v.经过，走过；传递；通过（考试等）n.通行证，护照；关口ring n.戒指；铃声，按铃；圆圈，环；（打）电话v.按（铃）；敲（钟）；（up）打电话Tie n.领带，领结；联系，关系；约束，束缚v.系，栓，捆passage n.通过；通路；段，节even ad.甚至，即使a.平坦的；偶数的；均匀的cause n.原因；事业奋斗目标v.引起，使产生sing v.唱，演唱；鸡叫long a./ad.长的，长远的，长期的vi.（for）渴望频率为51—99 次的词汇count vt.数，计数，看作，认为n.计数，计算，总数arch n.拱门，拱形结构v.拱起，（使）变成拱形hang vt. 悬，挂，垂吊；吊死ratio n.比,比率great a.伟大的；重大的；美妙的sentence n.句子；判决，宣判v.判决，宣判inform vt.通知，向…报告；告密direct a./ad.径直的，直接的vt.指导rent n.租金vi.出租,租赁tend v.趋向,往往是;照料,看护dust n.灰尘，灰烬being n.存在；生物；生命formation n.形成；构成mate n.伙伴，同事；配偶stand vi.站，站立；坐落，位于，经受，忍受；坚持，维持原状n.台，座high a./ad.高高的(地)，高尚的（地）care n.关怀，操心；小心，谨慎v.关心；介意；计较ease n.安逸，舒适，休闲；容易v.减轻；使舒适，使安心sheet n.被单；（一）张，（一）片，薄片；大片sign n.标记，符号，招牌；征兆，迹象v.签名（于），署名（于）state n.州，国家，政府；状态，情况v.陈述，说明Unit n.单位；单元；部件，元件；机组，装置import v./n.输入，进口ample a.充裕的；宽敞的earn vt.赚得，挣得；获得ought v. aux 早应该，本应，本当section n.章节，部分；地区，部门，科；截面，剖面bit n.一点，一些，一片tell v.（from）辨别,区别;告诉,讲述;吩咐,命令;泄露,吐露Direction n.方向，方位；指导effect n.结果；影响；效果society n.社会；团体，协会，社；社交界，上流社会rough a.粗糙的；粗略的，大致的；粗野的，粗暴的number vt.共计，达…之数；编码，加号码n.数字，号码seem vi.好像，似乎stem n.词干；茎，干频率为31—50 次的词汇mad a.发疯的；疯狂的rim n.（圆物的）边，边缘；边界certain a.确实的，肯定的；某一，某些process n.过程，进程；制作法；工序；工艺v.加工，处理hard a.困难的；硬的；冷酷无情的；烈性的ad.努力地；猛烈地；困难地Aid n.帮助，救护；助手，辅助物v.援助，救援，帮助elect vt.选举，推选；选择lac k n./v.缺乏，没有rope n.绳子，索sin n.罪，罪孽vi.犯罪employ vi.雇用；用；使忙于graph n.(曲线)图，图表idea n.主意，念头，思想trial n.考验，试验；审讯without prep.无，没有vice n.罪恶；恶习；缺点a.副的complete a.完全的，彻底的general a.总的；一般的n.将军growth n.增长；增长量；生长rage n.愤怒behavior n. 行为,举止grow vi.生长；变得；增长increase n./v.增加logic n.逻辑，推理；逻辑学oil n.油；石油vt.上油，涂油，给…加润滑油system n.系统，体系；制度，体制economic a.经济上的；经济学的hold vt.抓住；保有，拥有；托住，支持；容纳；举行；有效，适用；持续dam n.水坝，水堤found vt.创立，创办；建立means n.方法，手段，工具tag n.货签；标签base n.基础；底部；基地，根据地v.把…基于；以……为根据地paragraph n.(文章的)段，节；小新闻，短评profession n.职业，自由职业require vt.需要；（of）要求，命令shed n.棚；小屋v.流出；发散，散发，脱落，脱去pond n.池塘; 鱼塘appear vi.出现；问世；仿佛evolution n.发展；演变，演化lion n.狮子；勇猛的人manage vt.设法；对付patient a.能忍耐的，有耐心的n.病人，患者patent a.专利的，特许的n.专利，专利品，专利权mind v.介意，注意,当心n.头脑，精神；理智；想法，意见，心情，记忆organ n.器官；机构；风琴Owl n.猫头鹰sly a.狡猾的；偷偷摸摸的tow v./n.拖引，牵引individual a.个人的，单独的；独特的n.个人，个体letter n.信；证书；字母limit n.限制；限度，局限；范围v.限制，限定ski n.滑橇vi.滑雪account n.帐目；叙述，说明vt.说明，解释below Prep./ad.在……下面；向下star n.星，恒星；明星，名角频率为21—30 次的词汇heal vt.治愈；使和解medical a.医学的；医疗的；内科的service n.服务，帮助；公共设施，公用事业；维护保养；行政部门，服务机构v.维修，保养Technology n.工艺学，工艺，技术case n.情况；事实；病例；案件；容器（箱子，盒子等）pain n.疼；疼痛，劳苦，努力reign v.（over）统治；支配；盛行，占优势n.统治，统治时期，支配；朝代rest n.休息，睡眠，停止，静；剩余部分，其余；（the）其余的人（或物）v.休息；睡，放，靠，(使)搁在rob v.（of）抢劫，盗取；非法剥夺force vt.强迫，迫使pace n.(一)步(距离)；步速v.踱步alter vt.改变，变更event n.事件，大事；事变natural a.自然的rally n.集会;公路汽车赛v.集合,团结;恢复(健康等),重新振作sting v/n.刺，刺痛，剧痛；叮structure n.结构，构造；建筑物v.建造，构造theory n.理论,原理;学说,见解,看法concern n.关心，挂念；vt.涉及，关系到edge n.边缘；边flat a.平的，扁平的；平淡的，乏味的n.一套房子，平坦的部分govern vt.统治，治理；支配mental a.精神的；脑力的usual a.通常的，平常的adapt v.适应，适合；改编，改写fund n.资金；基金；存款lend vt.把...借给，贷款subject n.题目，主题；科目，学科；主语v.（to）使遭到，使服从a.（to）易遭…的，受…支配的substance n.物质；实质；大意；财产，财物thus ad.如此，这样；因而，从而vision n.视觉，视力；眼力，想象力abandon vt.放弃，抛弃correspond vi.通信；符合，相当energy n.活力；精力；能，能量opera n.歌剧oral a.口头的；口的rug n.小地毯；围毯sour a.酸的；发酸的；酸痛的；脾气坏的；刻薄的wide a.宽阔的；广泛的ad.完全地，充分地amount n.数量，总额v.合计，总共达paper vt.用纸包装(或覆盖)n.纸；报纸；试卷；文章，论文raw a.未煮过的,生的;未加过的，未经训练的sense n.感官，官能；感觉；判断力；见识；意义，意思special a.特别的；特殊的top n.顶部,上边,上面,首位,最高位a.最高的v.高过,超过,到达……顶部affect vt.影响；感动benefit n.利益；好处；恩惠v.有益于，受益characte n.性格，特性；角色claim n.权利；断言；主张；索赔v.要求；索赔；声称；主张corresponding a.相应的；符合的create vt.创造；引起，产生customer n.顾客，主顾essential a.必要的，必不可少的，本质的Panel n.面，板；控制板，仪器盘；专门小组proper a.合乎体统的；适合的，恰当的；正当的；固有的，特有的有礼貌的，正派的；本身（的）rust n. 铁锈v.（使）生锈，氧化shift vt.替换，转移；移动n.转换，转变；（变）班，（换）班spot n.污点，斑点；地点，场所v.认出，认清，发现；玷污，弄脏；用点作记号therefore ad.因此,所以conj.因此travel n.旅行v.旅行，行进，传播verse n.诗，韵文；诗行consume vt.消耗，消费，耗尽critic n.批评家，爱挑剔的人；评论家demand v./n.要求；需要express vt.表示n.快车，快递a.特快的，快速的firm n.商行，商号，公司a.坚固的，坚决的，稳固的improve v.使…更好,改善intelligence n.智力；理解力；情报，消息least a.最少的ad.最少legal a.法律的；合法的machine n.机器；机械racket n.球拍reed n.芦苇，苇丛;芦笛,牧笛select v.选择，挑选a.精选的，选择的频率为16—20 次的词汇attitude n.态度，看法；姿势broad a.宽的，广阔的；豁达的carbon n.碳decline vt.下倾；偏斜；衰退；谢绝hole n.洞；孔眼，裂开处infer vt.推论，推断involve vt.使卷入；牵涉；包含，涉及matter n.事情；物质，物体；毛病，麻烦moral a.道德的；合乎道德的offer vt.提供；提出n.提供picture n.图画，照片；美景；影片v.画，描述，想象space n.间隔，距离；空地，余地；空间，太空v.留间隔，隔开Vest n.汗衫；背心；内衣available a.可利用的；可得到的；可以见到的；随时可来的competition n.竞争，比赛continue vt.继续，连续；延伸cure vt.医治；消除n.治愈drug n.药，药物，药材employment n.工作，职业；雇用；使用forget vt.忘记，遗忘function n.功能；职务；函数issue n.问题，争论，争端；发行，发行物vt.发行，发表，颁布；流出，放出nut n.坚果，干果；螺母relation n.关系，联系；家属，亲戚situation n.位置，场所；处境，局面，处境，形势；职务，职位Television n.电视Title n.书名, 标题；头衔,称号attention n.注意，留心；立正journal n.日报，杂志；日志nature n.大自然，自然界particular a.特殊的；特定的，个别的rot v.(使)腐烂，(使)腐败，腐朽trust v.信任，依赖；盼望，希望；委托n.信任，依赖；委托，信托advocate n.提倡者，鼓吹者vt.提倡，鼓吹assist vt.援助，帮助comb n.梳子competitive a.竞争的，比赛的goods n.商品；货物ground n.地；场地；根据harm n.伤害，损害vt.损害identify vt.认出，识别，鉴定；把…看作international a.国际的，世界(性)的line v.沿...排列，排队n.线；路线，航线；排；界线neat a.整洁的；整齐的order n.定货，定货单；命令；次序，循序；秩序，治安，正常状态，整齐；等级v.制，定制，订购purpose n.目的；意图；效果，用途roll vi.滚动，转动；使摇摆，（使）摇晃；辗，轧；绕，卷；（up）卷起，卷拢n.（一）卷，卷形物，面包卷；名单，名册Sell v.卖，出售Sequence n.连续，数列；次序，先后together ad. 共同,一起,合起来,聚地central a.中心的，中央的，中枢的；主要的Concept n.概念，观念，思想court n.法院，法庭；庭院；宫廷，朝廷；球场creation n. 创造,创作物,发明cut vt.切；割；砍；删减dependent a.依靠的，依赖的；随···而定的Detail n.细节；枝节；零件v.详述dig vt.掘，挖；采掘election n.选举，选择权；当选extend vt.延长；扩大；致full a.满，完全的，充分的ad.完全，充分invention n.发明，创造lane n.(乡间)小路；跑道；行车道lay vt.放，搁；下(蛋) learning n.学习；学问，知识measure vt.量，测量n.尺寸，大小；措施，办法private a.私人的；私下的，个人的，秘密的skill n.技能，技巧，手艺；熟练speaker n.扬声器，说话人，演讲人spend v.花费；消耗，用尽；度过，消磨teach v.教,教授,教训treat vt.治疗；论述，探讨；款待，请客；对待；处理n.款待，请客visit n.访问，参观，作客v.访问，参观，视察，巡视，常去warm a.暧和的，温暖的，热心的，热情的v.（使）变暖频率为11—15 次的词汇acquire vt.取得；获得；学到appropriate a.恰如其分的，适当的brain n.大脑；脑力，智能capital a.首位的，最重要的，基本的n.资本，资金；首都communication n. 传达，通讯；通讯系统；交通（工具）community n.社区；共同体courage n.勇气，胆量，胆识effective a.有效的；有影响的goal n.球门；得分；目的intend vt.想要，打算；意指label n.标签；标记，符号land n.陆地,土地；田地，国土，国家v.（使）登陆，（使）着陆major a.较大的n.专业，专业学生，少校v.主修，专攻obtain vt.获得，得到，obvious a.明显的，显而易见的operation n.运算；运转，开动，操作；手术plane n.平面，水平面；飞机remark v．（on）评论，谈论；注意到，察觉n.（about，on）评语，议论，意见sound a.健康的，完好的；正当的，有根据的；彻底的，充分的v.发声，响；听起来n.声音，声响specially ad.专门地，特别地；附加的，额外的Stab v./n.刺，戳tempt v.,引诱,吸引,使感兴趣tradition n.传统，惯例trend vi.伸向；倾向n.倾向，趋势trouble n.烦恼，麻烦，动乱，纠纷，疾病，故障；辛苦，费心v.（使）烦恼，麻烦type n.型，类型，铅字v.打字combine vt.结合，联合compare vt.比较，相比，对比；比作composition n.作品，作文，乐曲；写作，作曲；组成，构成，结构Consequence n.结果，后果Convention n.大会，会议；惯例，公约，(换俘等)协定Creative a.创造性的，创作的describe vt.形容；描写，描绘effort n.努力；努力的成果；艰难地尝试Especial a. 特别的,特殊的especially ad.特别，尤其，格外establish vt.建立，设立；确立；安置grant n.授予物，拨款；同意，给予happen vi.(偶然)发生interpret vt.解释，说明；口译memory n.记忆；回忆；存储occur vi.发生；出现；被想到，被想起pattern n.型，式样，模，模型，图样v.仿制，模仿potential a.潜在的，可能的；势的，位的n.潜力，能力project n.方案，工程，计划vi.投射，放映；（使）凸出，（使）伸出；设计规划serious a.严肃的；主要的；严重的，危急的；认真的specific a.明确的；具体的；特定的，特有的sphere n.球，圆体；范围，领域status n.地位，身份；情形，状况translate v.翻译void a.空的，空虚的；没有的，缺乏的；无效的wave n.波，波浪；（挥手）示意，致意；飘扬，起伏v.（挥手）示意，致意；波动，飘动wise a.有智慧，聪明的attack vt.进攻，着手，开始n.（病情）发作; 进攻，着手，开始attend v.出席，参加；照顾，护理auto n.汽车blank a.空白的，失色的n.空白，表格chairman n.主席；议长，会长，董事长climate n.气候，风气，社会风潮commit vt.犯(错误)，干(坏事)；把…委托给，托付给drop vt.使落下；降低evidence n.根据；证据；形迹，迹象hit vt.打；击中；撞；到达，完成n.一击，击中；轰动一时地人或事物interact vi.相互作用learned a.有学问的；学术上的maintain vt.维持；赡养；维修；坚持，主张manner n.方式；态度；礼貌meeting n.聚集，集会，会见mess n.混乱，混杂，肮脏necessary a.必需的，必要的；必然的organization n.组织体制；团体，机构physical a.物理的，自然科学的；有形的，物质的；肉体的，身体的；poet n.诗人principle n.原则，原理；主义，信念selection n.选择，挑选；选集，精选物similar a.相似的，类似的tire v.（使）疲劳；使厌倦n.轮胎，车胎trait n.特征，特点，特性vocabulary n.词汇表，词汇汇编wood n.木头，木材；[pl.]小森林，树林worth n.价值a.值…的,价值…的值得…的amateur a.业余的n.业余爱好者approach vt.向…靠近n.方法，途径，探讨assure vt.使确信；保证attach vt.缚，系；使隶属，使依附commercial a.商业的，商务的，贸易的corporation n.公司，企业；社团credit n.信用贷款；信用；名誉，名望；光荣，功劳；学分deliver vt.投递，送交；发表discipline n.纪律；训练；学科vt.训练distinct a.独特的，截然不同的；清楚的，明显的enterprise n.艰巨的事业，企业；事业心exhibit vt.显示；陈列，展览expression n.词句；表达；表情；式，符号extreme n.极端，最大的程度，极度a.末端的，尽头的；极度的，极端的financial a.财政的，金融的further vt.增进，促进ad.更远，更往前a.更进一步的generation n.一代，一代人；产生highway n.公路；大路influence n.势力，权势；影响，感化v.影响，感化judge n.法官,审判员；裁判员，评判员；鉴定人v.审判，判决；评定，裁判；断定，判断later ad.后来；过一会儿layer n.层，层次；铺设者leader n.领袖；领导人local a.地方的；局部的loss n.遗失；损失；失败；亏损mechanic n.技工，机修工mend vt.改正，修正；改进origin n.起源，由来；出身，来历physician n.医生，内科医生provided conj.假如，只要，倘若relate vt.叙述，讲述；使互相关联relevant a.有关的，相应的，适当的，中肯的；实质性的，有重大意义的Remain vi.剩下，余留；留待，尚须；仍然是，依旧是risk n.风险，危险，冒险v.冒…的危险rude a.无礼的，粗鲁的；猛烈的，残暴的；粗糙的，粗陋的settle v.安定，安顿；停息；安居；解决，调停site n.地点，位置；场所stake n.桩，标桩；赌注，利害关系suffer v.受痛苦，患病；受损失；遭受；忍受，忍耐Threat n.威胁，恐吓，凶兆universe n.宇宙，世界advertise vi.做广告argue vi.争论，辩论，主张，说服audience n.听众，观众，读者；遏见beyond prep.在…的那边，远于，迟于，超出bid v.祝愿；命令；报价cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸n.演员表comment n./v.注释，评论，意见complex a.复杂的，合成的，综合的connect vt.连接，连结；联系continent n.大陆；洲couple n.一对；夫妇；力偶，电偶desire vt.欲望；要求n.愿望，欲望，要求emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工fundamental a.基础的，基本的historic a.有历史意义的，历史地holder n.持有/所有人,支持物hut n.小屋；棚屋；茅屋immediate a.立即的；直接的imply vt.暗示，意指independent a.独立的；自主的inner a.内部的；内心的listener n.听者，听众之一liver n.肝；肝脏medicine n.医学；内科学；内服药mission n.使命，任务；使团，代表团notice vt.注意n.通知；注意Outline n.轮廓；略图；大纲，梗概v.概述，略述perform vt.履行;表演，行动；表演；演出pick n.镐，鹤嘴锄v.拾，采，摘；挑选，选择porter n.搬运工人；门房prediction n.预言，预告；预报press n.报刊，出版社，通讯社；压榨机；压，按，v. 压，按；压榨，压迫；紧迫，催促，逼迫Prevent vt.预防，防止；阻止push v.推，逼迫，催逼n.推，推力；促进，推进radical a.基本的,重要的;激进的,极端的;根本的responsible a.（for，to）应负责的，有责任的；可靠的，可信赖的；责任重大的，重要的scar n.伤疤，伤痕；创伤seek v.（after，for）寻找，探索；试图，企图simply ad.简单地；仅仅，只不过；朴素地；完全，简直speech n.言语，语言；演说，讲话stock n.备料，库存，现货；股票，v.储存stress n.压力，应力；重音v.着重，强调trade vi.经商，交易n.贸易，商业；职业，行业tribute n.贡品；颂词，称赞，（表示敬意的）礼物Urge v.催促，力劝；强烈希望；鼓励，促进n.强烈欲望，迫切要求valid a.有效的；合理的，有根据的verbal a.用言辞的，用文字的；口头的；动词的wind n.风；气息，呼吸v.绕，缠；上发条within prep.在…里面，在…以内ad.在内频率为10 次的词汇Access n.接近；通道，入口;接近(或进入)的方法announce vt.宣布，发表；报告…的来到cash n.现金，现款conclusion n.结束，终结；结论，推论consist vi.由…组成；在于，存在于consumption n.消费(量)，消耗contract n.契约，合同；婚约core n.果实的心，核心critical a.决定性的；批评的；临界的defend vt.保卫，防守；辩护，答辩encourage vt.鼓励，支持，怂恿excess n.超越；过量；过度exhibition n.展览focus vi.聚焦，注视n.焦点former a.在前的pron.前者fuel n.燃料vt.给…加燃料intention n.意图，意向，目的nearly ad.几乎，差不多official a.官方的，正式的n.官员opinion n.意见，看法，主张Ounce n. 盎司，英两Owner n.物主，所有人personality n.人格，个性；人物progress n.进展；进步v. 前进，进展；进步reject v.拒绝，抵制，驳回；丢弃；排斥，退掉relative a.有关系的，相关的；相对的，比较的Resident a.居住的n.居民，常住者scatter v.散开，驱散；散步，散播sigh n 叹息声，叹息v.叹息，叹气spit v.吐痰，吐唾沫n.唾液spite n.恶意，怨恨stage n.舞台，戏剧；阶段，时期strange a.陌生的，生疏的；奇异的，奇怪的；外地的，异乡的survive v.幸免于，幸存；比…长命tale n.传说；故事traffic n.交通，交通量university n.大学argument n.争论，争辩，论据，论点attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑attribute vt.把…归因于n.属性，品质，特征blame vt.责备，把…归咎于n.责任，过错，责备bound a.理应，必定，准备到…去v./n.跳越challenge n.挑战，艰巨任务；难题channel n.海峡；信道；路线，途径constitute v.构成，组成；contain vt.包含，容纳；等于deep a.深的，深刻的，深切的ad.深，迟definite a.明确的；肯定的，限定的definition n.定义，释义；定界demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露directly ad.直接地；立即disease n.疾病drama n.一出戏剧，剧本；戏剧性的场面due a.预期的；应给的，应支付的；应有的Engine n.发动机，引擎；机车fell vt.砍倒(树等)；砍伐figure n.数字；外形；人物v.算出，估计，推测frequent a.时常发生的；经常的fuse n.保险丝，导火线v.熔化，熔合gain v./n.获得，利益，增加gum n.口香糖；树胶intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的justify vt.证明…是正当的lame a.跛的，瘸的；有缺陷的largely ad.主要的，基本上的；大量地leisure n.空闲时间；悠闲lest conj.惟恐，以免lock n.锁vt.锁上，锁住mass n.(聚成一体的)团，块mere a.仅仅的；纯粹的mist n.薄雾motor n.发动机；机动车organize vt.组织，编组partly ad.部分地，不完全地popular a.大众的；流行的，通俗的；广受欢迎的，有名的Privilege n.特权，优惠，特许v.给予优惠，给予特权prolong vt.延长，拉长，拖延prospect n.展望；前景，前途；景色revolution n.革命；旋转，转数rival n.竞争者，对手a.竞争的v.竞争，对抗sad a.悲哀的，忧愁的saw n.锯子，锯床v.锯，锯开score n.二十；(比赛)得分，得数sight n.视力；视觉；望见；视域；眼界；情景，奇观significant n.有意义的；重要的，重大的simple a.单纯的，直率的；迟钝的，头脑简单的；简单的；朴素的solar a.太阳的，日光的sort n.种类；类别v.整理，分类species n.种类；(生物分类)种spy n.间谍，特务vt.当间谍，刺探；察觉，发现station v.驻扎；安置n.车站；所，站，局；身份，地位statistics n.统计stay vi.停留，暂住；保持下去，能继续；停止，站住n.逗留，停留sufficient a.足够的，充分的suggest v.建议，提出；使想起，暗示suit n.一套(衣服)；诉讼v.合适，适合；相配，适应super a.极好的，超级的talent n.天才；才能，天资training n.训练，培养transfer v.转移，调动；转车，转业，转学；转让，过户wonder n.惊奇，惊异；奇迹，奇事v.诧异，奇怪；纳闷，想知道难怪，怪不得频率为8 次的词汇academic a.学院的；学术的admit v.承认；接纳apparent a.显而易见的，明显的；表面的，貌似的appeal v./n.呼吁要求；申述，上诉；对…有吸引力assess vt.估价，评价assume vt.假定；采取；呈现atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛；大气压attempt vt.尝试，试图n.企图，努力aware a.知道的，意识到的beneath prep./ad.在…下方，向下board n.木板；全体委员；船舷v.上船，登机，上车compete vi.比赛，竞争cope vi.对付，应付damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害deed n.行为；事迹depress vt.使沮丧，压抑；降低educate vt.教育；培养；训练efficient a.效率高的；有能力的emotion n.感情；情绪；激动fashion n.样子，方式；风尚giant n.巨人；巨物hind a.后面的，后部的honor vt.给...以荣誉，尊敬n.尊敬，敬意；光荣icy a.冰冷的；冷冰冰的implication n.含义，暗示，暗指incident n.小事件；插曲；事变increasingly ad.日益，越来越多地innovation n.创新，改革，新设施liability n.责任；倾向；债务liable a.易于…的；可能的link vt.连接n.环，环节oar n.桨；划手vi.划(行)pie n.(西点)馅饼piece n.(文艺作品的)篇，首；碎片，断片v.拼合，拼凑policy n.政策，方针portion n.一部分；一分poverty n.贫穷，贫困preside vi.主持profit n.益处；利润，收益vi.（by，from）得利，获益；利用；有利于ray n.光线,射线recommend v.推荐，介绍;劝告,建议reflect v.反映，表现；反省，细想；考虑replace vt.把…放回；取代，替换；归还responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责，任务satellite n.卫星，人造卫星security n.安全，安全感shock n.冲击，震动；电击，触电；震惊；休克v.（使）震动，（使）震惊；（使）休克statement n.陈述，声明store v. 贮备，贮藏n.商店，店铺；贮藏，贮备品survival n.幸存(者)，残存物；生存，幸存tax v.对…征税，使负重担n.税（款），负担team vi.协同工作n.小队，小组temper n.脾气,情绪;韧度,回火度threaten v.威胁，恐吓；有…危险，快要来临tight ad.紧紧地a.紧的；紧身的，装紧的；密封的，不透…的typical a.典型的，有代表性的vitamin n.维生素，维他命warn vt.警告，告诫witness n.证据，证明；目击者，证人v.目击，目睹；作证频率为7次的词汇abuse vt./ n.滥用；虐待；谩骂adopt vt.收养；采用；通过aggressive a.侵略的，好斗的；有进取心的；敢作敢为的artificial a.人工的；人为的，造作的assert vt.断言，宣称assumption n. 假设，承担bear n.熊v.忍受；负担；结果实，生子女bright a.明亮的；聪明的；聪明的chief n.首领，领袖a.主要的，首要的circumstance n.情况，形势，环境；经济情形，境况conduct n.举止，行为，品行v.引导，带领；处理，管理；指挥confidence n.信任，信心；私房话；秘密，机密confront vt.面临，遭遇，面对consistent a.前后一致的，连贯的constant a.经常的，不断的；永恒的，坚定的，忠实的construct vt.建造，建设，构筑contest vt.竞争，竞赛，比赛counter n.柜台，计数器criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯a.犯罪的，刑事的crude a.生的，未熟的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的，粗野的current a. 当前的；通用的n.电流，水流；潮流，趋势desirable a.值得期望的；称心如意的despite prep.不管，不顾digital a.数字的，计数的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的；模糊的distant a.在远处的，疏远的distinction n.差别，不同，区分diver vi.跳水；潜水；俯冲dome n.圆屋顶，拱顶dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的；剧烈的dying a.垂死的；临终的emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出entitle vt.把…称作，给以权利（或资格），给…题名eventually ad.终于；最后expand vt.扩大；使膨胀fault n.缺点；过失；故障flow vi.流，流动intelligent a.聪明的；理智的interior n.内部a.内部的introduce vt.提出(议案等)；介绍；引进；采用item n.条，条款；项目leading a.指导的；最主要的literature n.文学；文献，文学作品loud a.响亮的，大声的；吵闹的magazine n.杂志，期刊male a.男的，雄的n.男子manifest vt.表明，显示a.明白的mention v．/n.提到，说起note n.钞票，纸币；笔记；暗语；注释；便条Occasion n.场合，时刻；时机odd a.奇数的；单只的；奇怪的；临时的，不固定的；带零头的party n.聚会，政党，党派；一方，当事人phrase n.短语；习惯用语，词语positive a.正的；阳性的；十足的，完全的；积极的，肯定的；确实的，明确的precise a.精确的，准确的pride n.骄傲；自满；自豪，自尊心，傲慢；引以自豪的东西v.使自豪，使自夸rare a.稀有的,珍奇的;稀薄的，难得的，稀疏的regulation n.规章，规则；调节，校准；调整remove vt.移动，搬开；脱掉，运走；去掉，排除r esolve vt.决心，决定；（使）分解，溶解；议决，决议n.解决，解答；决心；决议reward n.（for）报酬，赏金，奖赏v.（for）酬劳，奖赏；酬谢，报答，奖酬row n.(一)排，(一)行；吵嚷，口角v.划（船）等，荡桨satisfaction n.满意，满足；乐事，愉快scale n.刻度，标度；天平，磅秤，秤；比例尺；规模；音阶；鱼鳞single a.单一的，单个的；独身的未婚的；单人的span n.跨距；一段时间spirit n.精神；气概，志气；[pl.]情绪，心情；[pl.]酒精，烈酒spread v.伸开，伸展；传播，散布n. 伸开，伸展；传播，散布stern n.船尾，舟尾a.严厉的，苛刻的；坚决的，坚定的storage n.贮藏量，保管；库房succeed v.成功；继承，接替telephone n.电话,电话机v.打电话trip v.失足，绊倒n.旅行，远足turn v.转动，旋转，翻（转），（使）变化，变成n.旋转；变向；转弯，旋转；轮流universal ad.普遍的，全体的，通用的；宇宙的，世界的Vast a.巨大的；大量的；巨额的warning n.警告，频率为6 次的词汇absorb vt.吸收；使专心accomplish vt.完成admire vt.钦佩；赞美afford vt.买的起，担负得起…；供给appreciate vt.感激；正确评价，欣赏arise vi.出现，发生；（from）由…引起（产生）assemble vt.集合，召集；装配associate vi.使联系，使联合；交往n.伙伴，同事，同行background n.背景，后景，经历blind a.瞎的，盲目的n.百叶窗；窗帘；遮帘v.使失明，蒙蔽boom n./v. 迅速发展，兴旺，发出隆隆声camp n.野营，营地，兵营，帐篷v.设营，宿营candidate n.候选人，候补者，报名者casual a.偶然的；临时的，非正式的cement n.水泥，胶泥，胶接剂v.粘结，粘紧certainly ad.一定，必定；当然，行characterize vt.表示...的特征committee n.委员会；全体委员commodity n.商品，物品comparative a.比较的，相当的comparison n.比较，对照；比喻，比拟concentration n.集中；专心；浓缩conform v.遵守，依照，符合consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴，照顾；需要考虑的事，理由convenient a.便利的；方便的conversation n.会谈，谈话crime n.罪，罪行；犯罪define vt.给…下定义；限定degree n.程度；度；学位；等级delay vt.推迟；耽搁；延误dependence n. 依赖,依存；信赖derive v.取得，引申出;起源description n.描写，形容；种类desert vt.遗弃；擅离(职守)n.沙漠，不毛之地deserve vt.应受，值得device n.器械，装置，设备；设计，方法distance n.距离；远处efficiency n.效率；功效，效能emotional a.感情的，情绪的employer n.雇佣者，雇主entertain vt.使欢乐；招待estimate vt.估计，评价n.估计，评估exceed vt.超过，胜过；超出excessive a.过多的，极度的，过分的exclusive a.专有的，独占的；排外的explosion n.爆炸，爆发，extent n.广度；范围；程度flash vi.(火焰等)一闪,闪亮，闪现n.闪光forward ad.向前，前进gift n.礼物，赠品；天赋grand a.庄严的；伟大的；盛大的guarantee n./v.保证；担保happiness n.幸福，幸运；快乐hemisphere n.半球hence ad.因此，所以；今后host n.主人；东道主；一大群，许多；主持人ignore vt.不顾，不理，忽视impact n.影响，作用；冲击v.冲击，装紧impose vi.征税；把…强加给impress vt.印;留下极深的印象indeed ad.的确；真正地initial a.最初，开始insurance n.保险；保险费，保险业introduction n.介绍；引进；引言lag vi.走得慢，落后n.落后lawyer n.律师lecture n./vi.演讲，讲课lung n.肺脏，肺mankind n.人类master n.主人；能手；硕士v.精通，掌握native a.本国的，本土的necessity n.必要性；必然性；必需品net vt.用网捕；用网覆盖a.净的，纯净的noise n.喧闹声；响声；噪声notion n.概念，意念；看法，观念offend v.冒犯，犯过错oppose vt.反对；反抗optimistic a.乐观的；乐观主义的orient n.东方；亚洲，远东v.定…的_______方位partial a.部分的；不公平的；偏袒的persuade vt.劝说；说服；相信philosopher n.哲学家，哲人pine n.松树，松木plus prep.加a.正的，加的n.加号，正号port n.港，港口possess vt.占用，拥有(财产) property n.财产；资产，所有物；性质，特性proportion n.比例；部分，份儿；均衡，相称psychological a.心理的，心理学的rational a.理性的,合理的regular a.有规则的，有规律的；整齐的，匀称的，正规的，正式的Remarkable a.值得注意的；显著的，异常的，非凡的represent vt.描绘；代表；象征，代理；阐明，说明resign v.辞去，辞职retire vi.退休，引退；退却，撤退；就寝Reveal vt.展现，显示；揭示，揭露，告诉，泄露Sand n.沙；[pl.]沙滩，沙地scope n.（活动）范围；余地，机会screen n.屏风，屏幕；帘v.掩蔽，包庇；筛选secure a.（from，against）安全的，可靠的，放心的v.得到，获得；防护，保卫sensitive a.（to）敏感的，易受伤害的；灵敏的Severe a.严格的，严厉的；剧烈的，严重的，严峻的，艰难的significance n.意义，含义；重要性，重大smooth a.光滑的，平滑的；平稳的；平静的；顺利的；流畅的；柔和的solid a.固体的；实心的；结实的，稳固的，可靠的n.固体Solution n.解决方法，解答；溶解，溶液Strain n.过多的疲劳，紧张；张力，应变v.扭伤，拉伤；拉紧，扯紧；紧张，尽力sudden a.突然的，意外的sympathy n.同情；同感；慰问，同情心systematic a.系统的，有组织的task n.任务，工作，作业tile n.瓦片，瓷砖；贴砖tour n./vi.旅行，游历transaction n.处理，办理；交易，事务；[pl.]会报，学报transform v.改变，变换，变压；转化，改造，改革transport v.运输，运送，搬运n. 运输，运送，运输系统，运载工具tune n.调子，曲调；和谐，协调v.调音，调节，调整via prep.经过；通过visible a.看得见的，可见的vote n.投票，表决；选票，选票数v.投票，表决Willing a.甘心情愿的，乐意的worse a./ad.更坏，更差（的/地）worthy a.可敬的,有价值的;值得…的，配得上…的频率为 5 次的词汇accurate a.准确的，精确的activate v.使活动，启动additional a.附加的，另外的，额外的adjust vt.调整，调节；校正annoy vt.使烦恼，使生气；打搅anticipate vt. 预期，预料，期望approval n.赞成，同意；认可，批准arctic a.北极区的n.北极，北极圈arrange vt.整理，排列；安排athlete n.运动员；田径运动员attractive a.有吸引力的belt n.带，腰带；地带biology n.生物学；生态学block n.阻塞，障碍物；街区；木料v.阻塞，拦阻，封锁branch n.枝条；支流；分部；部门broadcast n./v.广播，播音captive n.俘虏，被监禁的人a.被俘虏的，被监禁的charge n.费_______用，代价，电荷，负荷vt.索（价），收费；控告；充电cite vt.引用，引证，举例competitor n.竞争者，敌手concerning prep.关于conclude v.推断，断定；终止，结束；缔结，议定Conference n.会议，讨论会conflict n./v.争论；冲突；斗争contact vt.使接触，联系，交往contradict vt.反驳，否认contrast n./v.对比,差异conventional a.普通的；惯例的corn n.谷物；玉米。
频率为33次的单词process n.过程；工序；程序vt.加工，处理频率为26次的单词growth n.增加，增长(量)；生长，发展technology n.工艺，技术theory n.理论，原理；学说；看法，见解频率为25次的单词economy n.经济(制度)，经济情况；节约，省俭频率为23次的单词behavio(u)r n.行为，举止；运转情况频率为21次的单词Account n.账(目)，账户；叙述，说明vi.说明(原因等)；(数量、比例方面)占economic a.经济(学)的，经济上的频率为20次的单词individual a.单独的，个人的频率为19次的单词product n.产品，产物；乘积rate n. (比)率；速度，进度；价格，费用频率为18次的单词create vt.创造，创建，创作；引起，产生频率为17次的单词decline vi.／n.下降，减少，衰退；婉拒hard a．硬的，坚固的；烈性的；困难的ad．努力地；猛烈地：困难地频率为16次的单词ability n.能力，本领；才能，才智频率为15次的单词professional a．专业的；高水准的spot n.斑点，污点；地点；一点儿vt．认出，发现；玷污tend vi．倾向，趋向于vt.照管，护理view n.眼界；风景；(常用pl．)看法vt．看待；观察频率为14次的单词advocate vt/n.鼓吹(者)，拥护(者)amount n.数量vi．合计；等同community n.团体，社会；界，族；社区;群落concern vt.关联；关心n.企业；焦虑；关心environment n．环境，周围状况factor n.因素，要素intelligence n.智力，智慧；情报likely a.可能的，有希望的ad．可能return v./n.回来；归还，送还；回答social a.社会的；交际的频率为13次的单词consequence n.结果，后果；重要(性)，重大drug n.药物；（pl.）麻醉品，毒品expert n.专家，能手a.熟练的，内行的extend vi.延续；达到vt.提供，发出industrial a.工业的，产业的moral a.道德(上)的n.寓意，教育意义频率为12次的单词action n.行为；活动；作用adult n.成(年)人a.成年人的，已成熟的ambition n.雄心；野心competition n.竞争，比赛capacity n.容量，容积；能力，才能detail n.细节，详情vt.详述，细说evidence n.根据，证据；迹象，形迹evolution n.进化，演化，渐进fund n.基金，专款；现款vt．为…提供资金inflation n.通货膨胀；(充气使)膨胀local a.当地的．地方的；局部的maintain vt.维持；维修，保养；主张management n.经营；管理(部门)；管理人员productivity n.生产力，生产率survive vt.幸免于；比…活得长vi.幸存universe n.宇宙，世界；范围，领域频率为11次的单词learn vt.学会；得知vi.学习；了解频率为10次的单词advertising n.广告宣传；广告业，广告事务affect v.影响；感动benefit n.益处v.有益，得益debate v./n.辩论，争论directly ad．直接地；立即element n.要素；元素；基础；自然环境essential a.必不可少的；本质的n.(常pl.)要素，要点；必需品identify vt.把…等同于；认出，鉴定vi．认同intend vt.想要．打算，企图investment n.投资(额)reasonable a.合理的；通情达理的；公道的；尚好的responsibility n.责任(心)；职责，义务opportunity n.时机，机会personality n.人格，个性；人物private a.私人的；秘密的频率为9次的单词alter vt.改变，变更appropriate a.适当的vt.私占；拨款用boom n.叫喊声；繁荣vi.隆隆作响；迅速增长combine v.联合，化合n.联合企业corporation n.公司，团体enterprise n.进取心，事业心；(企)事业单位federal a.联邦的gas n.煤气；气体；汽油highly ad.高(度)地，非常issue n.问题，争论点v.颁布，出版；分发；流出，发出organization／-isation n.团体，机构；组织体制principle n.原理，原则；信条project n.计划；项目；工程vt.投射，放映；(使)伸出recognize/-ise vt.认出；承认；表彰，报偿specific a.特有的；具体的n(pl.)详情，细节structure n.结构，构造；建筑物vt.构造；安排substance n.物质；实质；内容；根据trend n.趋势，倾向；时新款式，时尚频率为8次的单词activity n.活跃，活力；(常pl.)活动advantage n.优点，有利条件；利益aspect n.外表；(问题等的)方面attitude n.态度，看法；姿势balance v.使平衡，称n.天平；平衡；差额，结余characteristic a.特有的，典型的n.特征claim vt./n.声称，断言；索取comment n.评论，意见vi.评论constitute vt.组成；设立contract v.订(约)；缩小n.合同，包工creative a.创造(性)的，有创造力的culture n.教养，教育；文化；培植，培养historical a.历史(上)的，史学的interpret vt.解释，说明，诠释vi.口译，翻译manner n.方式，方法；态度，举止；风度，礼貌，规矩mass n.大量；团，块; (pl)群众；质量obtain vt.获得vi．通用，流行powerful a.强大的，有力的；强壮的predict vt.预告，预言，预测risk n.风险，危险；冒险vt.冒…的危险robot n.机器人，自动机械shift v.转移；改变，转变n.转换；轮(或换)班species n.种，类频率为7次的单词approach v./n.接近n.途径；方法argument n.争论，辩论；论点，论据assume vt.假定；承担；呈现blueprint n.计划，蓝图climate n.气候；风气，气氛competitive a. (好)竞争的；求胜心切的；有竞争力的complex a.复杂的；复合的n.综合体concept n.概念，观念，思想confuse vt.使困惑；混乱，混淆critical a.危急的，决定性的，关键性的；批评(判)的crude a.天然的；生的；粗鲁的emerge vi.出现；发生，显露employee n.受雇者，雇员existence n.存在；生存，生活(方式)innovation n.新方法，新事物；革新interview n./v.接见，会见；面试；采访involve vt.使卷入，使参与；包含，牵涉journal n.定期刊物；日志link v.连接，联系n.环节，联系，纽带manifest a.明显的vt.使显现；证明motion n.运动；手势，眼色；提议v.(向…)打手势，示意obvious a.显然的，明显的performance n.执行；表演policy n.政策，方针；保险单possibility n.可能(性)；可能的事pressure n.压(力)；压迫vt.对…施加压力(或影响) property n.财产，资产；性质，特性prospect n.前景v.勘探，勘察relate vi.有关联；和睦相处vt.使互相关联；叙述resource n.(pl.)资源；谋略source n.源(泉)，发源地；来源，出处suicide n.自杀；自取灭亡频率为6次的单词access n.进入；入口vt.存取(计算机文件)acquire vt.取得，获得，学到adapt vt.使适应；改编，修改vi．适应additional a.附加的，另外的，添加的aggressive a. [贬]侵略的；[褒]敢做敢为的，积极的amateur n./a.业余爱好(者的)analysis n.分析(报告)apply vi.申请，请求；适用于vt.应用，运用arise v i.出现，发生；引起，起源于；起身assumption n.假定，臆断；担任，承担assure t.使确信，使放心；确保authority n.权威，专家；权力；(常用pl．)官方，当局avoid vt.避免，避开；预防bias n.偏见；偏袒，偏心vt.使有偏见brief a.简洁的v.简短介绍，简要汇报cash n．现金v.兑现，付(或收)现款challenge vt.向…挑战n.挑战；难题committee n.委员会conflict n.冲突；战斗vi.冲突，抵触consideration n.考虑；体贴，关心constant a.不断的；始终如一的；忠实的n.常数consumption n.消耗量，消费量contact vt./n.(与…取得)联系convention n.大会；协定，公约；惯例convince vt.使确信，使信服，说服cosmic a.宇宙的data n.资料，数据definition n.定义；清晰(度)，鲜明(度)delivery n.交付，投递；分娩；演讲的风格(方式) demonstrate vt.说明,演示；论证；表露vi.游行示威(或集会) deny vt.否认；拒绝给予，拒绝…的要求digital a.数字的discipline vt./n.纪律；学科；训练；惩罚distinction n.差别；区分，辨别；优秀educate v.教育，培养，训练effective a.有效的；事实上的electronic a.电子的emphasis n.强调，重点enable vt.使能够，使可能，使可行error n.错误，差错establish vt.建立，设立，创办；确定extent n.广度，宽度；范围，程度focus v.聚焦n.焦点，焦距；(活动等的)中心function n.功能；函数vi．运行，起作用fundamental a.根本的，基础的n. (常pl.)基本原则gene n.基因genius n.天才，天赋；天才人物giant n.巨人；才智超群的人a．巨大的humo(u)r n.幽默(感)；脾性，情绪，心情v.使满足，迁就implication n.含意，暗示；牵连improvement n.增进；改进(处)independent a.独立自主的；中立的；无关的influence vt./n.影响(力) n.势力，权势instinct n.本能，直觉；生性，天性intention n.意图，意向，目的invention n.发明，创造；捏造，虚构item n.条款，项目；(新闻等的)一条mechanism n.机械装置；机构；机制observation n.注意，观察；言论；(常pl.)观察数据odd a.古怪的；奇数的；剩余的n.(p1.)可能性offend vt.冒犯；使不舒服；违犯oppose vt.反对，反抗panel n.控制板，仪表盘；专门小组phenomenon n.现象；非凡的人(或物)physical a.物理(学)的；物质的；身体的potential a.潜在的，可能的n.潜力，潜能prolong vt.延长，拉长，拖延psychological a.心理(学)的reflect v.反射；反省，深思；反映relevant a.有关的，切题的remark v.评论，谈论；注意到，察觉n.评语，议论，意见requirement n.要求；需要(的东西)respond vi.回答，答复；响应rsponse n.回答，答复；反应，响应responsible a.负责任的；重要的；有责任感的revolution n.革命；旋转，转数rob vt／vi.抢劫，盗取scale n.刻度；级别；规模；鳞；(pl.)天平secure a.安全的，可靠的vt．获得；使安全site n.位置，地点vt.使坐落在，设置status n.地位，身份；情形，状况stock n.库存，现货；股票v.储备a．常备的stress n.压力，紧张；重音；强调vt．强调；重读sufficient a.足够的，充分的survey n.测量；概括论述；调查sympathy n.同情(心)；支持；(pl.)慰问threaten v.(构成)威胁，可能发生unemployment n.失业(人数)vote vi．投票n.选票；选举；投票总数频率为5次的单词abroad ad.国外，在国外；到处appeal vi/n.呼吁；申诉；(有)吸引力；求助captive n.俘虏a.被俘虏的；被迷住的infrastructure n.基础结构，基本设施(如运输、动力等) premium n.保险金；奖品a.高级的；售价高的resign vi.辞职vt．放弃；使顺从span n.跨距，范围v.横越title n.题目，标题；称号，头衔；权益，权利unlikely a.未必的，靠不住的频率为4次的单词abandon vt.抛弃；放弃acknowledge vt.承认；告知收到，致谢addition n.（增）加，加法；附加（物）advertisement n.（登）广告；公告aid n.援助；助手，辅助物（设备）v.帮助，援助annoy vt.使恼怒，使生气，打搅apparent a.表面上的；显然的，明白的appreciate vt.鉴赏；领会；感激vi.增值artificial a.人工的；假的，矫揉造作的assemble v.（人）集合，聚集；（物）装配attribute vt.把···归因于n.属性basis n.基本，根据，原则bid vt.命令；祝，表示v./n.出价，投标n.企图，努力career n.履历，生涯；职业ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼仪character n.特征；性格，品质；人物，角色；（汉）字commercial a.商务的；商业（性）的n.商业广告commit vt.将···托付给；使承担义务，献身于；犯（错误）commodity n.商品，货物comparative a.比较的，相对的comparison n.比较；比拟，比喻compensation n.补偿，赔偿conduct vt.指挥；管理；传导n.行为；管理（方式）conference n.讨论，会谈；（正式）会议confidence n.信任，信心，自信；秘密confront vt.遭遇；勇敢地面对；使对质contrast v./n.（形成）对比，对照conventional a.常规的；普通的criminal a.犯罪的，刑事的n.罪犯crisis n.危机，危急关头；关键时刻critic n.批评家，评论家current a.流行的，当前的n.（潮）流；电流；趋势cycle n.循环，周期vi.循环define vt.限定，规定；给···下定义，解释deprive vt.剥夺，使丧失derive v.起源，衍生；追溯···的起源deserve vt.应受，值得，应得device n.装置，设备，器械；手段，策略diminish vt.（使）减少，减小，降低disappear vi.不见，消失discard vt.打出（无用的牌）；抛弃，丢弃easily ad.容易地，不费力地efficient a.效率高的，有能力的employer n.雇佣者，雇主entitle vt.给（书、文章）题名；给···权利（或资格）estimate vt./n.估计，估量n.评价，看法executive a.执行的，实施的n.董事，行政负责人expense n.花费；(pl.)开支export v./n.出口，输出（品）external a.外部的，外面的，外表的fascinate vt.强烈地吸引，迷住fashion n.方式，样子；流行款式，时装fatal a.致命的；重大的，决定性的flash n.闪光（灯）vi.闪光，闪烁；飞驰，掠过forbid vt.不许，禁止formal a.形式的；正式的formation n.形成（物），构成former a.以前的，在前的n.前者gross a.总的，毛重的；臃肿的vt.获得···总收入（或毛利）n.总额guarantee n.保证（书）vt.保证，担保happiness n.幸福，幸运，快乐harmful a.有害的hence ad.因此；从此illustrate vt.阐明；（给···作插图）说明imply vt.暗示，含有···的意思indicate vt.指出，指示；表明，示意inevitable a.不可避免的，必然（发生）的injure vt.伤害，损害，损伤intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的，善于思维的intelligent a.聪明的，有才智的internal a.内部的，内地的，国内的；内心的；内在的justify vt.证明···正当（或有理），为···辩护label n.标签，标记；称号vt.贴标签于；把···称为manufacture vt.制造，加工n.制造（业）；产品modify vt.修改，更改；（语法上）修饰monopoly n.垄断（物、商品），专卖商品mostly ad.几乎全部地，主要地，基本上neglect vt./n.忽视，忽略；疏忽，玩忽network n. [广义]网络，网状物；[狭义]广播网，电视网nevertheless ad.仍然，然而，不过notion n.概念，观念；意图，想法nuclear a.核能的，原子核的；核心的offspring n.（sing.同pl.）子孙，后代，结果originate v.起源于，产生；创造，开创pace n.步（速），速度，节奏vi．踱步painful a.（引起）疼痛的；困难的politics n. [单数性]政治（学）；[复数性]政纲，政见possess vt.占有，拥有poverty n.贫困，贫穷privilege n.特权，优惠profit n.利润；收益v.有益于；得益promote vt.促进，发扬；提升；推销proportion n.比例；部分；均衡，相称pursue vt.追踪，追赶；从事；追求radical a.根本的；激进（派）的n.激进分子range n.（变动）范围；一系列v.变动；涉及；使排列成行rarely ad.很少，难得reality n.现实，实际；真实register n./v.登记，注册regulate vt.控制，管理；调整，调节reject vt.拒绝；退回n.被拒货品，不合格产品remarkable a.引人注目的；非凡的replace vt.取代；把···放回原处；更换represent vt.象征；描绘；代表restriction n.限制，约束reveal vt.揭露；（事物）展现，显示reward n./vt.报酬，酬金；报答，奖赏rival vt.与···竞争a.竞争的n.竞争对手scatter vt.撒（播）；使散开，驱散security n.安全，安定，保证skilled a.熟练的，有技能的；需要技能的storage n.储藏（量），保管；库房strive vi.努力，奋斗，力求style n.风格；式样；时尚vt.（根据新款式）设计surplus n.剩余，盈余a.过剩的，多余的surround vt.包围；环绕，围绕survival n.幸存（者），残存物target n.目标，对象，靶子vt.瞄准tendency n.趋向，趋势trace vt.查出；追溯;描摹n.痕迹，踪迹；微量tradition n.惯列，传统transform vt.把···转换成；变换，改革union n.工会，同盟；联合；一致utility n.功用，效用；（常pl.）公用事业valid a.有根据的；有效的visible a.看得见的，可见的，有形的wisdom n.智慧，明智；格言，名言worthwhile a.值得（做）的频率为3次的单词abuse vt./n.滥用；辱骂，虐待acquisition n.获得（物），取得activate vt.使活动起来，使开始起作用alternative a.两者择一的n.供选择的东西anticipate vt.预料，期望；先于···行动assess vt.估价，评估，评定assign vt.分配，布置；指定；指派，选派assignment n.（分派的）任务；分配，委派associate vi.交往vt.使联想；使联合n.伙伴，同事a.副的attain vt.达到，获得ban v./n.禁止bind vt.捆绑，捆扎；使结合；约束；装订budget v.（编）预算；安排，规划n.预算（拨款）a.合算的，廉价的candidate n.侯选人；应考者casual a.碰巧的；随便的；临时的；census n.人口普查，统计chemical a.化学的n.（pl.）化学制品，化学药品circumstance n.环境，条件，形势；（pl.）境况，状况colleague n.同事，同僚compel vt.强迫，迫使complaint n.抱怨；控告；疾病compose vt.创作，为···谱曲；组成，构成；使平静comprehension n.理解（力）conclusion n.结尾；推论，结论confusion n.混淆；混乱；困惑congress n.代表大会；[C]国会，议会connection n.连接，联系considerate a.体贴的，体谅的contend v.斗争；竞争；主张context n.上下文，语境；环境，背景contrary a.相反的，对抗的n.相反，对立面contribute v.贡献出，捐赠，捐助；投稿counsel v./n.忠告n.法律顾问，辩护人crucial a.至关重要的，决定性的decrease v./n.减少，减小democratic a.民主的，有民主精神(或作风)的dependent a.依靠的，依赖的；取决于dispute v./n.争论，争议disregard vt.不理会，漠视n.忽视，漠视distort vt.扭曲；歪曲，曲解vi.变形distract vt.使分心，转移；迷惑diverse a.多种多样的draft n.草稿，草案；汇票；征兵vt．起草；招募drift vi.漂泊，游荡n.漂流(物)；大意economics n.经济学；(pl.)经济状况，经济因素，经济意义efficiency n.效率，效能，功效endanger v.危及，危害endure v.持续；忍受，忍耐enlarge v.扩大；放大enlighten vt.启发，开导enormous a.庞大的，巨大的，极大的ensure vt.保证，担保，确保equip vt.装备，配备；使有准备equivalent a.等价的；相当的n.等价物essay n.短文，文章establishment n.建立；机构，企业；当权人物evolve v. (使)发展，(使)进化，(使)演变exceed vt.超出；越出excess n.超越；过量，过度a．过量的，额外的extreme a.末端的；极端的，极度的n.极端，过分fade v. (使)褪色；逐渐消失；凋谢failure n.没做到；失败fiction n. [总称]小说；虚构flourish vi.繁荣，茂盛，兴旺folk n. (常pl.)人们a.民间的forecast v.／n.预报，预测formulate vt.用公式表示；规划；阐明generate vt.生殖；生产；引起，导致geology n.地质学；地质情况global a.全球的，全世界的；总的，完整的grant n.拨款，授予物vt.授予，同意，准予gravity n.重力；严重；庄重，严肃handle n.把手vt.触摸；操作；处理，对待harm n./vt.伤害，损害，危害helpful a.有帮助的；有益的，有用的hesitate vi.犹豫，踌躇；含糊，支吾highlight vi.使显著，突出n.精彩场面hospitality n.友好款待，好客ideal n.理想的东西(或人) a.理想的；想像的immigrant n.移民，侨民immune a.免疫的；不受影响的；免除的impact n./v.冲击，碰撞；影响，作用import vt./n.进口，输入impose v.把…强加于；征(税)，处以(罚款、监禁) inferior a.下等的，下级的；次的n.下级，晚辈inform vt.通知，报告vi．告发，检举inquiry n.打听，询问；调查instance n.例子，例证，事例instant n.瞬间a.立即的；紧急的；速溶的instrument n.仪器，器械，工具；乐器insurance n.保险(业,费)interact vi.互相作用，互相影响irritate vt.使恼怒，使烦躁；使疼痛keen a.热心的，喜爱的；敏锐的；锋利的legislation n.法律，法规；立法leisure n.空闲时间，闲暇；悠闲liability n.责任；(常pl.)负债；累赘logical a.逻辑(上)的，符合逻辑的mankind n.人类mathematical a.数学(上)的military a.军事的，军队的n.军方；陆军mode n.方式，式样moreover ad.而且，此外motive n.动机，动因，目的multitude n.大量，许多；民众novel n. (长篇)小说a．新颖的，新奇的oblige vt.迫使，责成；(使)感激，施恩于opponent n.敌手，对手；反对者optimistic a.乐观(主义)的organic a.有机物的，有机体的output n.产量；输出(功率) vt.输出(信息、数据等)phase n. (方)面；阶段vt．分阶段实行(或计划) pollution n.污染precise a.精确的，准确的；严谨的prejudice n.偏见，成见vt.使有偏见；对…不利presence n.出席，存在；仪态primary a.最初的，初级的；首要的，基本的prompt vt.促使，推动；提示a.敏捷的，及时n.提词，提示proof n.证据，证明a．能防…的propose v.提出；提名，推荐；打算；求婚proposition n.建议，提案；主张；命题outlook n.观点；前景；景色prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣provision n.供应；条款，规定；(pl.)给养random a.任意的，随机的rare a.稀有的；(空气等)稀薄的；(肉)煎得嫩的readily ad.容易地，迅速地；乐意地reckon vt.认为，估计；指望，盼望；测量recovery n.痊愈；重获，恢复reference n.提到；参考(书目)；推荐信(或人)reform vt./n.改革，改良vi.改正，改过自新region n.地区，区域；范围，幅度regret v./n.懊悔，遗憾，抱歉relieve vt.缓解，减轻；使宽慰；接替religion n.宗教，信仰；信念，信条resist v.忍住；抗(病等)；反抗，抵制revolve vi.旋转schedule n.时刻表；清单vt.安排screen n.屏幕，银幕；帘，纱窗vt.遮蔽；播放select vt.选择，挑选a.精选的；一流的sensitive a.敏感的；神经过敏的；易受伤的significance n.意义，含义；重要性，重大slip vi.滑(倒)；溜走；下降n.疏漏vt．悄悄放进solution n.解答，解决(办法);溶液somewhat ad.稍微，有点spite n.恶意，怨恨stake n.标桩；利害关系；股份；赌注vt.以…打赌，拿…冒险standardize/-ise v.使符合标准，使标准化steer vt..引导strategy n.战略，策略stream n.溪流；一股，一串vi.流出substantial a.牢固的；充裕的；主要的，实质性的trail n.小路；痕迹vt．跟踪vi.拖，下垂；(比赛等)失败transition n.过渡，转变transmit vt.播送，发射；传送，传染transport n.运输(系统)，运输工具vt.运输，运送trial n.审讯；考验，试验typical a.典型的，有代表性的underlie v.构成…的基础unexpected a.想不到的，意外的unfortunately ad.不幸地；遗憾的是unknown a.未知的，不知名的unlike a.不同的prep．不像…，和…不同unusual a.不平常的；与众不同的urgent a.急迫的，紧要的vain a.徒劳的，无效的；自负的verify vt.证明，证实via prep.经，通过violence n.暴力；猛烈，剧烈whereas conj．然而，但是，尽管频率为2次的单词abide v.坚持，遵守absorb vt.吸收;使全神贯注；把…并入，同化abundant a.大量的，充足的；丰富的accelerate v. (使)加快，(使)增速accomplish vt.完成，达到，实现accordingly ad.照着（办，做等），相应地；因此accuracy n.准确(性)，精确(性)accuse vt.指控，指责adopt vt.采用；收养；正式通过，批准advisable a.明智的，适当的affiliate vt.使隶(或附)属于n.附属机构，分公司alcohol n.酒精，含酒精的饮料alternate v. (使)交替，(使)轮流a.交替的，轮流的；间隔的ambitious a. [褒]有雄心的；[贬]有野心的ample a.足够的；宽敞的annual a.每年的，年度的n.年刊，年鉴application n.申请(表)；应用，实用arbitrary a.专断的，武断的；任意的atistic a.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；精美的assert vt.肯定地说，断言；维护，坚持attach vt.使附属；认为有(重要性等)automobile n.汽车aware a.意识到的，知道的awkward a.尴尬的，棘手的；笨拙的background n.背景；出身，经历balloon n.气球v.像气球般鼓起；激增barely ad.仅仅，只不过，几乎不behalf n.方面，利益besides prep．除…之外ad．而且，还有bound a.受约束的．有义务的v.限制，束缚；跳跃n．(常pl.)界限，限制brake n.闸，制动(器)，刹车bulk n.(巨大的)物体；主体；(大)量capable a.有能力的；敢于…的caution n.小心，谨慎；警告cease v./n.停止，终止channel n.海峡，水道；频道；途径chop v.砍，劈，斩断classify vt．把…分类，把…分级cluster n.串，簇；群，组v.群集coincidence n.巧合，巧事；一致，符合commerce n.商业，贸易communicate vi.交流，通讯vt.传达，传播；传染comparable a.比得上的；类似的compensate v.补偿，弥补，抵消compete vi.竞争，比赛complicated a.复杂的，难懂的concentrate v.集中；聚集；浓缩n.浓缩物confer v.商谈，商议；授予confess v.坦白，供认；承认confine vt.使局限，限制；禁闭n．界限，范围confirm vt.使…坚定；确认；批准conform v.遵守，依照，符合consent vi/n.同意，赞成，准许conservative a.保守的，守旧的n.保守的人，保守主义者consistent a.一致的，符合的；一贯的contemporary a.同时代的；当代的n.当代人contest n/v.比赛；争夺；辩驳contradict vt.与…发生矛盾(抵触)contribution n.捐款；投稿；贡献convenience n.方便，便利(的工具)costly a.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的crack n.裂缝，裂纹，缝隙；爆裂声v. (使)破裂，砸开；(使)发出爆裂声criticism n.批评，批判，指责；评论(文章)criticize／—ise vt.批评，批判；评论，评价deem vt.认为，视为definite a.确切的；一定的，肯定的democracy n.民主(制)；民主国家；民主精神，民主作风dependence n.依靠，依赖desirable a.值得拥有的；可取的，有利的diet n./vi.节食，日常饮食dignity n.庄严，端庄；尊严，高贵disaster n.灾难，大祸；彻底的失败disgrace v.使失宠；玷辱，使蒙羞n.失宠；耻辱disperse v. (使)分散，散开；(使)消散display n./vt.陈列，展览；显示，表现distinct a.不同的；清晰的；显著的distinguish v.区别，辨别diversion n.转移，转向；消遣，娱乐dominate v.耸立于，俯视；占优势；支配doom n.厄运，劫数vt．注定，命定doubtful a.怀疑的，可疑的；未定的drag v.拖，(硬)拉；迫使n.障碍dramatic a.戏剧(性)的，激动人心的；剧本的elegant a.优美的，文雅的；简洁的eliminate vt.排除，消除；淘汰elite n.上层人士，掌权人物，精英embrace vt./n.拥抱，怀抱；包含；环绕encounter vt./n.遭遇，遭到，遇到engine n.发动机，引擎enhance vt.提高，增加，加强enrich vt..充实，使丰富；使富有envy v./n.妒忌，羡慕epidemic n.流行病；流传，盛行a.流行的，传染的exaggerate v.夸大，夸张exceedingly ad.极其，非常exceptional a.例外的，异常的；杰出的excessive a.过度的，过分的，过多的exhaust vt.用尽，使精疲力尽；详尽论述n.排气装置；废气，废液expand v.扩大，扩充，扩张；膨胀expose vt.暴露，显露；揭露；使处于…作用之下，曝光faulty a.有错误的，有缺点的favo(u)rable a.有利的；赞同的feature n.面貌，相貌；特征，特色vt.突出，由…主演female a.女的，雌的fertile a.肥沃的，富饶的；丰富的fierce a.凶猛的，残忍的；狂热的，强烈的file n.档案，文件vt.归档；把…登记备案finance n.财政，金融；(常pl.)资金vt.为…提供资金flexible a.易弯曲的，柔韧的；灵活的fluctuate vi.波动，涨落，起伏forth ad．向前，向外foundation n.基础，根据；地基；建立frame n.框架vt.表达(思想)；陷害frontier n.边境，边界；(常pl.)前沿，新领域；边远地区frustrate vt.使灰心；挫败，阻挠furious a.狂怒的，暴怒的；激烈的furthermore ad.而且，此外glimpse vt./n.瞥见，看见globe n.地球，世界；地球仪；球体gradual a.逐渐的，渐进的hardship n.艰难，困苦hasten v.赶快，催促hemisphere n.地球的半球；大脑半球host n.主人；节目主持人；军队vt．招待；主持household n.家庭，户a.家庭的；家用的humble a.谦虚的；卑贱的；简陋的vt.使谦恭，使卑下ignorant a.不知道的；无知的，愚昧的illegal a.非法的，不合法的impression n.印记，压痕；印象，感觉incorporate vt.合并；包含，加上，吸收indicative a.指示的，预示的indifferent a.不关心的；一般的initial a.开始的，最初的n.(p1.)首字母initiate vt.开始，创始；使初步了解；让…加入initiative n.主动性，首创精神inject vt.注入，引入；(给…)注射injury n.损害，伤害；受伤处input vt./n.输入(物)，输入的数据instal(l) vt.安装，设置；使就职instructor n.教员，指导者intense a.剧烈的；专注的；热情的intensive a.加强的；集中的；深入细致的interfere vi.干涉，介入；妨碍，干扰interior a./n.内部(的)；内地(的)；国内的interval n.间隔，间距；幕间休息invent vt.发明，创造；捏造，虚构invest v.投(资)；投入；授予，赋予isolate vt.使隔离，使孤立jam n.果酱；拥挤；卡住；堵塞；(使)卡住kindness n.仁慈，亲切；好意knot n.(绳等的)结，(树)节；节(航速单位) v.打结laughter n.笑(声)leading a.领导的；最主要的，第一位的likewise ad.同样地；也，又，而且limitation n.限制，限度；(常pl．)局限loan vt./n.贷，借出；贷款lump n.团，块vt. (使)成团，(使)成块magnitude n.巨大，广大；重要性maintenance n.维持，保持；保养manipulate vt.操纵，控制；操作medium a.中等的，适中的n．中间(物)；媒介；手段，工具migrate vi.移居；(候鸟等)迁徙mild a.温柔的；温暖的；轻微的monetary a.金融的，货币的mood n.心情，情绪；(动词的)语气multiple a.多样的，多重的n.倍数municipal a.市(政)的；市立的myth n.神话；杜撰出来的人(或事物)necessity n.必要(性)，(迫切)需要；必需品nerve n.神经；勇气，胆量；敏感处objective n.目标，目的a．客观的occupation n.占领，占据；工作，职业；从事的活动，消遣optional a.可以任选的，非强制的orient n.东部；东方，亚洲vt.给……定方向；使适应orientation n.方向，目标；适应original a.起初的，原来的；原版的，原件的n.原件，原作overcome vt.克服，制胜，战胜overlook vt.俯瞰；忽视；宽恕overseas ad.在(或向)海外，在(或向)国外overwhelming a.压倒的，势不可挡的owing a.应付的，未付的，欠着的parallel n.类似(物)；平行线a.类似的；平行的vt．与…相当，比得上paralyze／-yse vt.使瘫痪，使麻痹；使惊愕partial a.部分的；偏心的；偏爱的participant n.参加者，参与者passport n.护照；保障perceive vt.感觉，感知；意识到，理解percentage n.百分比，百分率perplex vt.使复杂化，使困惑，使费解persist vi.坚持不懈，执意；持续，继续存在personnel n.(pl.)全体人员，全体职员；人事(部门)philosopher n.哲学家，哲人plausible a.似乎有道理的，貌似可信的pop n.流行音乐vi.突然出现，发生；(发出)砰的一声portion n.一部分，一份vt.分配，分给pose n.样子，姿势vt．提出(问题等)；造成，引起vi．摆姿势；假装practically ad.几乎，简直；实际上precede vt.在…之前，先于prescribe v.开(药)，开处方；指定procedure n.程序，手续，步骤productive a.多产的；富有成效的profound a.深奥的，深远的；(知识)渊博的puzzle v. (使)迷惑，(使)为难；(使)苦思n.智力测验；令人费解的事(或人) qualify v. (使)合格，具有资格，胜任；修饰questionable a.可疑的，不可靠的quote v.引用，引证；报…的价n.引语；报价；(p1.)引号rage n.盛怒；[the～]时尚vi．发怒；狂吹；汹涌，盛行rational a.理性的，理智的；合理的raw a.生的；未加工的；原始的；刺痛的rectify vt.纠正，修复reinforce vt.增强，加强，增援relationship n.关系，联系reliable a.可靠的，可信赖的relief n.缓解；轻松，宽慰；调剂remote a.遥远的，偏僻的；脱离的；冷淡的render vt.给予，提供；致使；翻译renew v. (使)更新，恢复；重新开始resent vt.对…表示忿恨，怨恨reserve vt.保留，储备；预定，预约n.储备(物)，储藏量，储备金resort vi.凭借，求助，诉诸n.胜地；求助的对象，采用的手段restrict vt.限制，约束，限定resume v. (中断后)重新开始，继续，恢复retire vi.退休，退役；退下，撤退；就寝retreat vi.撤退，退却revenue n.税收，岁入；收益reverse vi.反向，倒转n.挫折，逆境；对立面a.反向的，相反的routine a.例行的，常规的n.惯例，惯常的程序rude a.粗鲁的，不礼貌的；粗糙的sacrifice n./vt.献祭，祭品；牺牲，舍身scope n. (活动，影响等的)范围；(发挥能力等的)余地，机会senior a.资格老的；年长的n．（大学）四年级学生sensation n.感觉(能力)；轰动series n.一系列，连续；丛书；连续剧severe a.严重的；严厉的；严峻的；朴素的shortly ad.立刻，不久；简略地，简言之shrink v. (使)起皱，(使)收缩，退缩；(使)减少simplify v.简化，使简易，使单纯sketch n.略图，草图；梗概；素描，速写v.概述，简述；画素描(或速写) split v./n.裂开；分离；分裂squeeze v.挤(出，入，过)；压榨；捏，握n.挤，握；拮据，经济困难stationary a.固定的，静止不动的stimulate vt.刺激，激励stumble vi.绊倒；跌跌撞撞地走；偶然遇到，碰巧找到submit vt.呈送，提交；主张；屈服substitute v.代替n.代用品，代替者subtle a.精妙的，精湛的；微妙的；诡秘的suggestion n.建议，意见；暗示superior n.上级，长官a.较好的；较高的；有优越感的；卓越的surpass vt.超过；胜过suspicious a.怀疑的，疑心的；可疑的sustain vt.保持；供养，维持(生命等)；支持，支撑；经受，遭受symbol n.象征；符号，标志tax n.税(款)；负担vt.对…征税teenager n. (13～19岁的)少年tempt vt..吸引；引诱，诱惑thorough a.彻底的，完全的；精心的thrive vi.兴旺，繁荣timely a.及时的，适时的trait n.特征，特点，特性transfer v.／n.转移；调动，转车(等)triumph n.胜利，成功；喜悦vi.获胜，成功twin n.(pl.)双生子，孪生子a.双的，孪生的，成对的undergo vt.经历，遭受undertake v.承担，着手做；同意，保证unique n.惟一的，独特的，独一无二的；极不寻常的，极好的universal a.普遍的；通用的；宇宙的urge vt.鼓励，激励；催促，力劝validity n.有效(性)vanish vi.突然不见，消失；绝迹vary v.变化，(使)不同，呈差异vehicle n.交通工具，车辆；传播媒介，手段virtual a.事实上的，实质上的；虚拟的virtue n.美德，德行；优点，长处virus n.病毒；(精神、道德等)有害影响vital a.生死攸关的，重大的；生命的，生机的。
考研英语二历年真题词汇背诵版——2010年前言：英语真题词汇每年都有大量的重复，背完10年真题词汇（英语二：2010-2019），2020考研英语词汇不用愁，建议每天看一遍，一直看到考试结束。
2010：1.swine flu猪流感（the outbreak of swine flu猪流感的爆发）2.detect发现，侦测3.declare宣布4.a global epidemic（=a worldwide epidemic）全球性瘟疫5.World Health Organization世界卫生组织6.the heightened alert提高了(等级)的警戒7.an emergency meeting紧急会议8.a sharp rise剧增9.moderate中等程度的，一般的10.severity严重性11.overwhelming压倒性的12.majority大多数d温和的，轻微的14.medical treatment医疗，治疗15.authorities当局者，官方，政府16.panic恐慌17.crop up突然发生，意外地发现18.fade逐渐消失19.significant重要的，有重大意义的20.virtually几乎，实际上21.infect感染，使受影响22.hospitalization住院治疗23.release发布，释放24.vaccine疫苗new swine flu vaccine新的猪流感疫苗→vaccinate给...接种疫苗25.doses剂量26.initial最初的，原始的27.spray喷，喷雾，浪花28.recommend推荐29.pregnant women孕妇30.high-risk group高危人群，易感人群31.infant婴幼儿，幼稚的，初期的32.dramatic戏剧的，急剧的，引人注目的，巨大的33.fetch卖得，取得34.auctioneer拍卖师，auction拍卖，竞拍35.Wall Street华尔街，美国金融中心36.file申请，提交37.bankruptcy破产38.momentum势头39.bewilderingly迷惑地40.enormous巨大的，凶暴的41.egos自负42.greed贪婪43.passion激情44.controversy论战45.art world艺术界46.collector收藏家47.gallery美术馆48.saleroom拍卖室49.temporary同时代的人/物50.sector地区，部门51.auction house拍卖行52.client顾客53.downturn低迷54.Impressionist印象派画家55.reckon估计56.peak最高点57.fluctuant波动的，起伏的fluctuation波动，起伏58.slump萧条59.deliver传送，送达，输送60.refer提及，提到61.victory(＝triumph)胜利62.witness见证63.a succession of一连串的64.win over胜过65.masterpiece杰作66.financial crisis金融危机67.spending花费，支出68.involve涉及69.appeal吸引力，魅力70.to/at a great extent在很大程度上71.out of fashion过时72.contemporary当代73.surpass超过74.downward下降75.dealer交易者76.factor因素77.circulation流通circulate流通，循环78.appropriate适当的79.fluctuation(＝swing)波动80.up-to-date最新的81.in decline下降，衰退82.shift(=modify=transform)改变83.address地址，处理，提出84.gather聚集gathering集会85.suburban郊区的→suburban郊区86.talkative健谈的，爱说话的87.frequently频繁地ment情况，发表意见89.gesture手势，做手势90.conversation交谈，对话91.episode插曲，一段情节92.crystallize使具体化，使明确93.irony讽刺94.pattern模式95.wreak造成巨大破坏或伤害96.havoc大破坏，蹂躏97.divorce离婚，使离婚98.virtual虚拟的，实质上的99.given考虑到，规定的100.epidemic流行性的，传染性的流行病，传染病（风尚等）流行101.tangible有形的，切实的102.represent代表103.current crisis当前的危机104.stereotypical老一套的，陈规的105.glare at怒视，瞪着106.generate生产，使形成（≈produce≈exert≈create）107.couples夫妻（≈spouses）108.summarize总结,概述109.moral道德,道德的110.decay衰退，使腐烂111.deserve应受，应得→deserved应该的，应得的112.break-up分解，崩裂（≈disintegrate使分解，解体→integrate使完整，融合）113.account账户，解释，描述，记叙114.perfect使完美115.wipe擦，拭116.cue提示，诱因117.figure out弄清楚118.Protect&Gamble宝洁公司119.Unilever联合利华公司120.subtle微妙，敏感，狡猾121.corporation公司122.routine常规，惯例，习惯123.disinfect消毒124.purifiers净化器125.softener软化剂126.multiple多样的127.shrewd精明的128.pearly珍珠般的129.cavity-preventing口腔预防130.scrub擦洗131.brand品牌132.beverage饮料133.far-off遥远的134.adolescent青春期的135.freshener清新剂136.psychology心理学家137.essential基本的，必要的138.viable可行的139.ruthless残忍的，无情的140.controversy争议141.erupt爆发142.tactics策略（=strategy）143.questionable有争议的144.creams膏，油，粉145.cultivate培养146.skin皮肤147.moisturizer润肤霜，润肤膏148.reveal表明揭示149.urgent need急需150.indicate显示（=manifest）151.buying power购买力152.biased偏见的（=prejudiced）153.indifferent漠不关心的154.concrete具体的155.crucial决定性的156.democratic民主的157.qualification资格158.literacy文化159.jury陪审团160.randomly随机地161.cross section横切面162.entitle赋予权力163.verdict判决164.conscience良心，良知munity社区，社会界166.conflict冲突167.superior优越168.prohibit禁止（=forbid）169.intentional蓄意的170.discrimination歧视，区别对待171.blue-ribbon蓝领172.eligible有资格的173.exempt排除在外174.a new era新时代175.abolish废除her开创ndmark里程碑178.extent延伸179.declare宣布180.unconstitutional违宪的181.immune免于182.trial审判183.peers同行184.impose强加185.select选举186.inadequate不充分的187.antidiscrimination反歧视188.races种族189.arrogance傲慢（arrogant傲慢的）190.evade逃避191.rigid严苛的192.conform符合193.center on聚焦于194.concept概念195.sustainability可持续性，持续性196.endure承受，忍受197.recall回忆198.dot-com互联网199.boom繁荣200.burst爆发201.desperate渴望202.dilemma进退两难203.miserable痛苦的204.ceiling天花板。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studiesended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of what happened. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 大17家to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1.[A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2.[A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3.[A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4.[A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5.[A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6.[A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7.[A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long so8.[A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9.[A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10.[A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11.[A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12.[A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with[C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13.[A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15.[A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence[D] As usual16.[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17.[A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in Englandbetween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors hav e brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define …journalism‟ as …a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‟”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‟s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus‟s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that .[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by .[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers‟ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says HaroldC. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means.[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function ofmedia, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of varia bles relating to people‟s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to .[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials‟ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify pe ople‟s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” .[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that .[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who .[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted.[B]The impulse to influence others.[C]The readiness to be influenced.[D]The inclination to rely on others.Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to .[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in .[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks‟ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to .[A]keep away from political influences[B]evade the pressure from their peers[C]act on their own in rule-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they .[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of .[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated bypotential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail s ales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effectthat insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文选自2009年6月22日The Economist《经济学人》，原文标题是Questioning the Hawthorne Effect(《质疑“霍桑效应”》的文章。
考研英语二2010-2018历年真题词汇合集，真题词汇背诵版2010真题swine flu 猪流感epidemic 传染病，流行病heightened 提高的，增加的alert 警惕，警戒assemble 召集，召开（会议）severity 严重程度in progress 在进行中hospitalization 长期住院，住院治疗crop up 突然出现，突然发生virtually 几乎，事实上stockpile 库存，积蓄vaccine 疫苗dose （药物的）剂量，一剂relay 转送，转发（信息，消息等）place order 订购，下订单take order 接受订单deliver order 交付订货give order 下订单，订购prevalent 流行的，普遍的agony 极大的痛苦，痛楚ward 监护，守护；挡住，架住；避开；收容ward off 避开，挡住auctioneer 拍卖师，拍卖商bid 出价，投标bull run 牛市态势file for 申请，提交momentum 势头bewilderingly 令人费解地reckon 认为rise bewilderingly 急剧增长enormous egos 膨胀的自我unfashionable 不合时宜的，过时的auction house 拍卖行downturn （经济活动、生产等）下降、衰退fluctuant 波动的slump （价格、数值等）暴跌、不景气、萧条address 发表演说、向…讲话suburban 郊区的crystallize 使明确化、使具体化irony 具有讽刺意味的情况wreak （对某物）造成破坏，造成混乱havoc 灾难，混乱wreak havoc with 给…带来浩劫virtual 实际上的，事实上的tangible 确凿的、实在的，有形的（资产）stereotypical 典型的，带有成见的cue 提示、暗示hygiene 卫生（学）subtle 微妙的disinfecting 消毒的shrewd 精明的adolescent 青春期的ritual 仪式，例行公事slip A in between B and C 将A悄悄放在B和C之间viable 可行的ruthless 无情的、残忍的tactic 策略；战术，战略jury 陪审团qualification 限定性条件，资格，授权entitled 有资格的verdict 裁定，裁决intentional 有意的elite 精英，掌权人物blue-ribbon 一流的、头等的eligible 有资格的，合适的，合格的exempt 免除、豁免unconstitutional 违反宪法的，不符合章程trumpet 大声宣告、大肆宣扬substantially 实质上、大体上intimate 亲近的aviation 航空sustainability 忍受力，持续性sign on with 与…签约translate 导致、造成reciprocate 报答，回报stagnant 停滞的————————————————2011真题sweep across 席卷，横扫lawless 不守法的，不受法律控制的，无法无天的credential 证书，凭据issue （组织或某官员）发给，分发issue a passport/permit/visa 分发护照、许可证、签证carry on sth 继续进行，继续从事某事linger on 逗留，继续存留in effect 实际上，事实上thriving 繁荣的，昌盛的delight 高兴，愉快initiative 倡议，新方案；主动性；自发的，创始的，初步的mentality 心态，思想状况envision 展望，想象indifference 冷漠，冷淡under fire 受到攻击和批评bonus payouts 奖金支出outside director 外部董事presumably 据推测，大概，可能，想来weather 平安渡过（难关），挨过，经受住a firm’s board 公司董事会make one’s wealth and reputation 功成名就subsequently 其后，随后，接着restate 重申，重新申报，再次声明proxy statement 股东委托书restate earnings 重申盈利federal class-action lawsuit 联邦集体诉讼incentive 动机，鼓励，刺激；刺激性的，鼓励性质的a blow to reputations 有损名誉chronicle 将（某事物）载入编年史subsidize 以津贴补助，以金钱收买flee to the Internet 转向互联网shrug off 对…满不在乎，不屑一顾afloat 漂流者的，飘浮不定的stay afloat 维持运营push sb/sth overboard 抛弃、甩掉某人/某事have the nerve 好意思做某事，有胆量做某事desperate measures 孤注一掷的措施whirlwind 旋风；猛烈的势力；破坏性的力量或事物distinctive 有特色的，与众不同的，区别的bureau （美国政府部门）局，处，科；（提供某方面信息的）办事处savagely 野蛮地；残忍地；粗野地line up 排队marriage bureau 婚姻登记处take up posts 就职derive from 由…起源，取自sophisticated 复杂的，精致的signature phrase 口头禅mask the fact 掩盖事实commission 委任，授予；委员会aesthetic 美学的，审美的forthright 直率的，直截了当的，（观点）明确的cheerleader 啦啦队队长，（强有力的）支持者chronic 慢性的，长期的，习惯性的devaluation （货币）贬值disintegration 瓦解，奔溃stuck 动不了的，被卡住的，被难住的sanction 制裁，处罚suspension 暂停，悬挂rigour 严苛，严酷backed by 依靠，在…支持下a small majority 微弱多数intervene 介于…之间，干预，介入fiscal 财政上的murmur 发牢骚，私下抱怨intervene in 介入，干预blunt 使迟钝benign 温和的，仁慈的，善良的write off 毁掉，结束掉，认定…不重要（或无用、不可救药），忽视halt 使停止，使中断，阻止inconceivable 不能想象的，不可思议的，难以置信的bold 勇敢的，无畏的，莽撞的inducement 诱导，诱惑，诱因lure 吸引，引诱takeaway 外卖食品，外卖店radical 激进的，彻底的back 支持take a toll on 造成损失（或危害，伤亡）————————————————2012真题mindless 愚笨的，盲目的，无谓的tear…away from sth 使依依不舍地离开，忍痛离去brutal 残忍的，野蛮的rebel 反叛，反抗bear 承受，忍受（负担）commodity 商品article 物件，物品turn over 移交，交托；仔细考虑pass down 继承，遗传personality 性格，个性portray 描绘，扮演（某角色）colony 殖民地，群体patrol 巡逻，巡查commute 上下班往返，经常往返（于两地）parallel 与…相似，与…并行counteract 抵消，中和from the outset 从开始时scorn 蔑视，鄙视revise 改变，修正ritual 惯例，老规矩，例行公事，仪式impoverish 贫困的chaotic 混乱的implication 含义，暗示on one’s own 独立做某事flat 固定的across-the-board 一刀切的thorny 棘手的put on hold 搁置，暂缓实施pervasive 普遍的，无处不在的intrinsically 从本质上（讲）fuse 使熔合be obsessed with 痴迷于…be pervasive in 充斥于…nursery 育儿室，托儿所pastel （色彩）淡的，柔和的toddler 幼童counsel 建议agitated 紧张不安的，焦虑的preliminary 初步的，预备的overturn 使倾覆，打翻monopoly 垄断者，垄断企业file 提出，提交，发表file a brief 提交案情提要the Supreme Court 最高法院file a patent for 就…提交专利申请convention 会议，惯例，习俗coach sb on sth 对某人就某事进行培训prudent 明智谨慎的，节俭的，精明的reckless 轻率的，鲁莽的，不顾后果的find silver linings 寻找一线希望stagnation 经济停滞、不景气reinforce 加强，强化resentment 怨气，怨恨，不满discern 识别，看清，领域lean 不景气的，贫瘠的，精干的poll 民意调查，民意测验trivial 无关紧要的，平凡的craze 时尚，时髦，热潮exemplary 模范的，可做楷模的cunning 狡猾，狡诈ruthlessness 无情，冷酷commemorate 庆祝，纪念resolute 坚决的，坚定的steadfast 忠诚的，坚贞不渝的epochal 具有时代意义的immense 巨大的wage 发动，进行（战争，战斗）multiplicity 多样性downstairs 底层阶级upstairs 上层阶级brain drain 人才流失deprive 剥夺follow the warranty policy 履行保修协议————————————————2013真题(just) around the corner 很近，就在附近come to fruition 完成，实现around 出现，有reverse 承认错误，放弃（立场），反转resume 重新开始，继续eliminate 消除，清除pass down 遗传，沿袭withdraw 提，取（银行账户中的款项）fraud 欺骗，诈骗alter 修改，改变manipulation 操纵，控制trail 踪迹，痕迹average is over 告别平庸textile 纺织品textile mill 纺织厂stubbornly 顽固地；倔强地stand out 突出，脱颖而出shed 去除，摆脱shed workers 裁员above average 超越平庸，高于平均水平sojourner 旅居者；逗留者for good 永远地；一劳永逸地affectionate 深情的；充满深情的birds of passage 候鸟，漂泊的人along with A come B 做某事的既有A，又有B rigid 严格的；僵硬的，死板的mightily 很，非常thrive 兴旺发达，繁荣，蓬勃发展straddle 跨立于；跨越jurisdiction 管辖范围in motion 在运动中的middle ground 中间立场，中间地带prone 有…倾向的；易于；倾向于snap 仓促的，匆忙的hard-wired 直觉的，天生的，本能的be prone to 易于…，有…的倾向snap decision 快速决策，仓促决定important defense mechanism 重要防御机制be hard-wired to do sth. 天生会做某事exclusive 独有的，专有的，独占的realm 领域，范围prime 使准备好be exclusive to 专为…所独享prime sb to do sth 使某人准备好应付某种情况screener 筛选者real estate agent 房产中介retreat 僻静处，隐居处，休息寓所mute 减弱…的声音；引申为控制，抑制intermittently 间歇地，断断续续地contemplate 沉思，思忖temptation 引诱，诱惑物board 董事会，委员会，理事会corporate boards 董事会compel 强迫，迫使mandate 授权，命令，指令frustration 挫折，挫败quota 定量，定额，指标ladder 阶梯，途径，梯状物binding 有约束力的legally binding provisions 具有法律约束力的条款run counter to 违反，与…背道而驰，逆向的，相反的meritocracy 英才教育；精英管理班子fancy 喜爱，想要anonymity 匿名，不知名come in handy 派得上用场surplus 剩余的，过剩的frugal 节俭的，朴素的，花钱少的overwhelmed 受宠若惊的，不知所措的，压倒charity sale 义卖for the sake of 为了on the verge of …的边缘be desirous of 希望desired 喜欢的，心仪的in financially strained families 家境贫寒的erosion of study time 侵蚀学习时间————————————————2014真题moderately 适度地，不过分地collegiate 学院的，学院学生的conversely 相反地，以相反的方法in terms of 依据，按照in respects of 关于，在…方面in essence 本质上，实质上in turn 转而，相应地qualify 可被认为是，可算作是disgrace 耻辱，丢脸的事；出丑stereotype 陈词滥调，刻板印象，陈规旧习harbor 心怀，怀有institute 建立，制定initiative 新倡议、行动、方案；自发的；初步的despise 轻视，鄙视ground in/on sth. 以…为根据widow 寡妇lottery 彩票jackpot 头奖，最高奖could do worse than 不妨试试…counterintuitive 违反直觉的wear off 逐渐消逝，减少，磨损creep in 悄然而至be packed with 挤满；塞满bang for your buck 所做的努力值得；钱花得合算sparingly 保守地，节俭地；慎用地；爱惜地be better off 过得更好an object of obsession 令人痴迷之物scarcity 不足，缺乏mandate 批准；授权incentive 激励empirical 以实验（经验）为依据的deep-seated 深层的，根深蒂固的amass 聚集（尤值大量）illusory 错觉的，虚假的oceans of 海量的，极大量的rose-tint 染了玫瑰色，精饰、美化esteem 尊重，尊敬stalk 高视阔步地走hot stuff 奇才；非凡的人物stalk around 趾高气扬地大踏步行走oversee 监督；监管lineup 阵容，一组deliberation 考虑；深思熟虑flattering 使人显得更漂亮的；讨好的，谄媚的doctor 篡改，伪造，修改profound 深刻的，极大的，严重的，意义深远的delusion 错觉；谬见；妄想viscerally 发自肺腑地wit 才思，才智portray 描绘instinctively 本能地boom and bust 繁荣与萧条outmoded 使过时；使不流行insatiable 贪得无厌的，不知足的hail from 来自reinvent 彻底改造innovate 改变；改革；创新；引入新事物institution 制度，风俗习惯shove 挤；撞；猛推cap （可用或可借资金的）最高限额be down to sb. 是某人的责任；由某人负责expire 期满，终止，失效coalition 联合；联盟pressing 迫切的，紧急的typify 代表；作为…的典型sole 唯一的，单独的，仅有的embodiment 体现，具体化obscure 费解的，难以理解的comprise 包含，包括unwittingly 不知不觉地，不知情assault 攻击，袭击gravitate 被吸引到，受吸引permeate 渗透，弥漫perpetually 永恒地，持久地gorgeous 极好的humble 简单的，粗陋的————————————————2015真题virtually 几乎，实际上，实质上，事实上beat into 强迫某人做某事plug into 深陷于，沉浸于weird 怪异的，不可思议的，奇怪的perceive 察觉，认识到unconventional 非传统的rip off 扯掉，撕掉band-aid 创可贴，绷带tuck 把…塞入commuter 通勤者，（远距离）上下班往返的人do away with 废除，去掉a place of refuge 避难所nonparents 无子女者conventional wisdom 传统观点，普遍看法hold true for 适用于，对…有效home front 家庭后方；战时后方lag behind 落后，拖欠life-sustaining 维持生命的draw out 取得division 分配clinically 不偏不倚地，客观地methodically 系统地，有条不紊地，有条理地lag 落后于dropout 退学，辍学paradox 自相矛盾的情形，悖论forthcoming 即将到来的outline 概述，勾勒next-to-no-cost 接近零成本的recipients 接受者grant 助学金，拨款thesis 论点，论题modest 较小的intervention 干预navigate 理解，应对right-brained 右脑的，感性的parachute 空降，空投infuse 把…注入；灌溉allegiance 忠诚，拥护terminology 学科术语，专门用语amid 在…中间，在…当中buzzword 某一领域内的时髦用语linguist 语言学家nonsense 无稽之谈，胡说，荒谬的想法buy into it 买账，认可outside of employment 失业，非就业grieve 为…而悲伤，为…感到伤心inopportune 不合时宜的mindset 心态，思想倾向weigh down 使负重担，保持留心perceive 发觉，感知，意识到know…like the back of one’s hand 对…十分熟悉，了如指掌twist and turn 迂回曲折————————————————2016真题inclination 意向，倾向Gallup polling 盖洛普民意测验publicly traded firms 公开交易的公司，上市公司sure enough 果然，果真如此intensity 强度，力度be headquartered 总部设在某地hold （熟词僻义）继续适用，继续有效echo 声音回响、回应或反映invented 虚构、创造headquartered 总部设立于resume 中断之后继续或重新开始codified 刻板的、固守成规的、循规蹈矩的sentiment 情感、情绪attribute to 把…归因于…take a long-term view 采取更加长远的眼光、把眼光放长远plausible 有道理的、可信的forward-thinking 前瞻的、有远见的hint at 暗示、暗指lean towards 倾向于，向…倾斜catch up 赶上，追上assistant dean （学院）副院长jobs gap 职位空缺pack 塞满，挤满brim 口，边沿drive…away 赶跑，使离去bootcamp 训练营curriculum 课程gear 使与…相适应，使适合于drop out of 退学，辍学turnover 倾覆，翻转coax 劝诱lend sth. to sth. 给…增加，增添（某种特色或特性）crash 暴跌，猛跌desperate 危急的，严峻的designate 指定，认定confrontational 对抗性的，挑起冲突的regulatory power 监管权力crack down on 严厉打击，镇压prosecute 起诉，控告，检举unintentionally 无意地，非故意地interim 临时的，暂时的，过渡期间的in the driver’s seat 处于控制地位，主导地位mournfully 悲哀地，凄惨地thorny 棘手的flywheel 飞轮，惯性轮spin 旋转，转动overwhelmingly 势不可挡地，压倒地instrumentally 起作用地，有帮助地immersive 沉浸式的conveyor belt 传送带mind-set 思想倾向slot in 安置，安排fuel 刺激，使加剧ritualistic 仪式的，例行的distraction 使人分心的事物backdrop 背景poll 民意调查，民意测验draw a road map to success 绘制一幅成功路线图prize 珍视，高度重视strikingly 惹人注目地，醒目地prioritize 按优先顺序列出；优先考虑financially secure 经济有保障aftermath （战争、风暴、事故的）后果，余波searing 炽热的，灼热的；灼痛的，剧痛的virtually 实际上，几乎，事实上spread through 蔓延到overwhelming 巨大的，压倒性的signpost 路标，标志物mortage 抵押贷款，按揭therapy 治疗，疗法suppress 抑制（感情）brush/sweep sth. under the carpet 掩盖某事（尤指错事）silver bullet 解决某一难题的良方，高招indulge 沉溺于，沉湎于，纵情于giggle 傻笑infection 传染病mortgage 按揭spree 作乐，狂欢（尤指花钱或喝酒）side effect 副作用backfire 发生意外，产生事与愿违的结果byproduct 意外收获，额外收获；附带的结果lure 引诱，诱使sheer 十足的，彻底的，纯粹的hone 打磨，锤炼，使精通read extensively 广泛阅读，博览群书a broad knowledge base 广泛的知识基础keep abreast of 了解…的最新情况sustained efforts 长期不懈的努力illuminating 有启发性的unwind 使松弛，放松recharge 放松休息，恢复精力antidote 克服…的良方revitalized 焕发生机的relieve pressure 舒缓压力come into contact with 接触到，遇到have one’s share of 有自己的一份儿…attach meaning to 对…赋予意义————————————————2017真题boast 吹嘘，自吹自擂speculate 推测，思索，投机capital 资本impoverished 穷困的wasteland 荒地，不毛之地resolution 解决，决心wisdom 智慧compensation 补偿alongside 和…在一起leave behind 留下；永久脱离set aside 不顾；驳回；撤销mutually exclusive 互相排斥purposelessness 无目的mortality 死亡人数agonizing 痛苦难忍的dullness 沉闷，无聊downsides 不利的一面，缺点yield 屈服；产生；放弃virtue 优点，长处，美德follow from 是…的必然结果overblown 夸张，过分渲染degrading 丧失体面的，丢脸的tricky 难对付的；狡猾的scarce 不足的，稀少的leisure time 空闲时间counterbalance 使平衡，抵消staff 为…配备工作人员，在…工作pledge 发誓，保证legacy 遗产lever 用杠杆撬动couch 沙发retrospection 回想，反思in the run-up to sth. 重要事件的前夕ethos 精神特质，理念shine 干得出色，出类拔萃bidder 投标人intimidating 令人胆怯的puffed-out 气喘吁吁的，上气不接下气的preside 主持，指挥，掌管thrive 兴隆，繁荣，茁壮成长grassroots 草根，基层民众wordy 冗长的，啰嗦的engagement 参与度disengage 脱离，不再感兴趣bleed-over 渗透tablet 平板电脑verbal 文字的，言语的tension 紧张关系，紧张状况bid 努力争取，出价，投标blank 没表情的，不感兴趣的disconcerting 使人不安的distressed 痛苦的，悲伤的，苦恼的exquisitely 精致地，近乎完美地be wired to do 天生，自然就会ideology 意识形态oppressive 压制的，令人焦虑的get a lot out of sth. 从…中获益良多get sth. out of the way 把某事处理完overlook 忽略，未注意到condemn 谴责perpetuate 使永久化，使持续lucrative 赚大钱的，获利多的misconception 错误认识，误解pursuit 事业，消遣，爱好brand new 全新的，崭新的acclimation 适应blunder 愚蠢（或粗心的）错误inherent 固有的，内在的mandatory 强制的，法定的，义务的curriculum 全部课程upkeep 保养，维修prone 易于发生某事的；很可能…的magnifying glass 放大镜hazard 危险，隐患equation 影响因素，综合体at the expense of 以…为代价perception 认识，观念，看法unleash 发泄，突然释放，使爆发out of necessity 出于必要tease 梳理；挑逗，取笑do away with 终结，废除，去掉，消灭come to terms with 与之妥协pay a price for 付出代价refrain 老调，一再重复的话take a hit 遭到打击，被击中outsourcing 外包boomer 婴儿潮一代（尤指1947-1961年间）生育高峰期出生的人millennial 千禧一代，20世纪的最后一个世代grapple with 尽力解决（某困难问题）stiff 激烈的，严厉的get exposed to 接触，体验flustered 紧张的，慌乱的，激动的recession （经济）衰退，萧条clear a hurdle 成功克服困难economic downturn 经济衰退be laid off 被辞退trade 行业，职业lure 吸引，引诱sewing 缝纫personality 有突出个性的人promotion 推广secondary school 中学move on to sth./doing sth. 继续某事，接着做某事fashion design 时装设计Chinese martial arts 中国武术annual growth 年度增长line chart 折线图cultural infrastructure/facilities 文化基础设施public cultural undertaking 公共文化事业underpin 构成…的基础peop le’s well-being 人民福祉————————————————2018真题resolve 消除，解释清楚；解决inherent 内在的，固有的；生来就有的willingness 乐意；心甘情愿stimuli 刺激（stimulus的复数）twist 意外转折electrified 带电的incur 招致；遭受；引起subsequent 随后的，继…之后的reproduce 使再次发生；再现fingernail 手指甲chalkboard 黑板schooling 学校教育withdrawal 撤走；收回inquiry 探究；探索；调查self-reliant 自力更生的self-destructive 自毁的，自残的self-evident 不证自明的，显而易见的self-deceptive 自欺的instinct 本能；直觉backfire 产生事与愿违的结果insight 洞悉；深刻见解profound 知识渊博的，理解深刻的，意义深远的resist 按捺；抗拒trace 追溯；找到overlook 忽视，忽略conceal 隐藏，隐瞒follow through 进行到底；坚持完成ahead of time 提前，提早determine 查明；测定；确定endeavor 尝试，努力justify 证明别人认为不合理的事有道理，为…辩护as though 好像，似乎utterly 完全地，十足地overwhelm 使不知所措，压倒graffiti 涂鸦，乱涂乱画accepted wisdom 传统信念，普遍看法mechanical memorization 机械记忆stuck with sth 粘住，无法摆脱insidious 暗中为害的prejudice 偏见inferiority 低等，劣等vocational education 职业教育evaporate 逐渐消逝headlong 轻率仓促的turn sth. on its head 使人完全改变思路be staring sb. in the face 非常清楚/容易看见（你却看不见）wake-up call 叫醒电话，警示，警钟one-size-fits-all 一刀切momentum 势头go on line 在运转，在运行commitment 承诺farsighted 有远见的plummeting 直线下降的，暴跌的stem from 出自，来源于notably 尤其是，特别是take the lead 取得领先地位underline 强调dismiss 拒绝考虑，否定，搁置play with 被接受，买账quick 聪明的，明锐的，反应快的put-down 贬损的话，奚落的话skeptic 持怀疑态度的人in part 在某种程度上place big bets on 在…上下大赌注be a rarity 极为罕见spike 激增mean less and less 作用越来越小upmarket 高级的，高端的acquire 购得，收购intricate 错综复杂的grocery chain 连锁杂货店physical product 实体产品enormously 极其，非常revealing 揭示内情的，泄密的plot 密谋，策划go through 被认可，成交；通过not so much…but… 与其说毋宁说break the promise 食言clumsy 笨拙，不灵活的remedy 纠正，改正；治疗，救治to sb’s disadvantage 对…不利predatory 捕食性的，食肉的spammer 垃圾邮件发送者analogy 类推；类似；类比combat 防止，减轻distracted 心烦意乱的，思想不集中的put/place/set a premium on sb./sth. 重视，珍视retreat 静修期间ritual 程序，仪轨；习惯throughout the day 终日，整天keep to 坚持；信守；固守prioritise 按重要性排列craft 精心制作demotivate 使失去动力，使消极render 使变得；使处于某状态improvisation 即兴表演reap 收获，取得（成果）downtime 停工期，休息indulgence 沉溺，放纵psychiatry 精神病学pay a unique compliment 致以特别的赞美make the first move 迈出第一步，先采取行动stuck 卡住的jolt 颠簸，震动，摇晃；一阵强烈的感情（尤指震惊或惊讶）all of a sudden 突然wholeheartedly 全心全意地tick 打勾encyclopedia 百科全书institute 制定（政策等）；实行avenue 途径；手段passionately 炽热地，狂热地reschedule 重新安排terribly 非常necessitate 使…不可避免pie chart 饼状图per capita 人均dine out 外出进餐disposable income 可支配收入primary concern 首要关心的问题catering companies 餐饮企业respectively 各自地————————————————其他dominoes 多米诺骨牌slap on the wrist 象征性的惩罚show the door 开除，扫地出门insensitive 缺乏同情心的misconduct 不端行为hold sb to higher standards 对某人有更高要求integrity 正直，诚实pragmatic 实用主义的overlook A for the sake of B 为B忽略Aethical lapse 道德败坏，道德堕落accountable 有责任的，负责的fallout 影响，结果harshly 严厉地，严酷地paper over 隐瞒the best bits of 最好的部分compelling 令人信服的premise 前提，假定levy 征收fine 罚款enact 颁布，制定法律overarching 包罗万象的spray around 分散，喷洒obscure 隐藏，掩盖imposition 实施，强加take off 起飞，腾飞article 条款coalition 同盟，联合kick off 开始，发起distraction 使人分心的事物take effect 生效，起作用back 支持revenue 税收收入，财政收入in the long run 长远来看divert 转移，使…转向transition 过渡，转变polar opposite 完全相反，正好相反be indicative of 显示出，表明，象征condense 浓缩，凝结sketchy 粗略的，不完全hold up 经得住检验in and of itself 就其本身而言take a cue from sb 学某人的样credit 归功于credibility 可信度not cut it 达不到要求，达不到标准substantial 实实在在的，真实的disclose 揭露，公开raise a red flag 引起注意，发出警示setback 挫折look to 希望（做某事）unmet 未满足的cling to 坚持，不愿放弃overwhelmingly 压倒性地rigid 僵硬的，死板的collide with 与…冲突/抵触confront 面对recruitment fair 招聘会climb the career ladder 晋升extracurricular 课外的perceive 看待，理解diminish 削弱，贬低（重要性或价值）chronic 慢性的，长期的uneven 不均匀的，不平坦的deterioration 恶化，退化，堕落agonising 痛苦难忍的，苦恼的drastic 激烈的，猛烈的advanced 晚期的procedure 治疗，手术malpractice 治疗失当，医疗纠纷shutter 停止运行，关闭fury 狂怒，暴怒press ahead 推进，加紧进行rational 理性的，合理的auction 竞卖，拍卖curb 抑制，控制，束缚ideological 思想上的，意识形态的shake off 摆脱saw 格言，谚语obscure 模糊的，晦涩的in the unlikely event 在不太可能的情况下tariff 关税eligibility 合格，资格explain away 为…辩解conspiracy 阴谋，共谋，反叛gratify 使高兴，使满意fancy 异常复杂的，太花哨的，昂贵的bear/take/suffer the brunt of 受到最严厉的攻击、批评inexorably 不可阻挡地reconcile 使和解，调停opaque 司法制度arbitrary 独断的，专制的radical 重大的，彻底的hamper 妨碍boast 自夸，自吹自擂spouse 配偶sphere 范围，领域overdue 迟到的，未兑现的humility 谦卑，谦逊arrogance 傲慢，自大soever 不论何种，无论render 使得derive…from…从…中得到…be prone to 易于…的overcharge 索以高价disjointed 混乱的to the tune of 高达…dwindling 减少的，降低的hold sb. to account 要求某人承担责任scrap 废除，取消in case 以免，唯恐outraged 义愤填膺的，气愤的offset 抵消，弥补stall 停止，停转outrage 愤怒，愤慨pronounced 显著的，很明显的look set to 即将要impetus 动力，推动plague 困扰，折磨disengage 脱离，不再感兴趣的virtual 实际上的，实质上的plateau 处于停滞bear out 证明，证实perversely 事与愿违地drain 消耗，消费————————————————。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
1 10年真题词汇 1997 Passage 1 parliamentary （议会的，国会的）←parliament+ary。A parliament is nothing less than a big meeting of more or less idle people.议会无非是多少有些懒散的人们的一个大聚会。parliament — the longest running farce in the West End 议会——伦敦西区连续演出时间最长的闹剧。 incurably （不可治地）即in+cur+ably，in-否定前缀，cur词根“治疗”，-ably可„„地；形容词形式为incurable←in+cur+able。a incurably disease 不治之症。 bulletin （布告）可看作bullet+in，“留有弹痕的布告”，如图（偶用PS做的 ）： euthanasia （安乐死）看作eu+than+asia，eu谐音“已有”，than比，asia亚洲，“安乐死在亚洲之外的地方已有了”。euthanasia — ①a way of putting old people out of their family's misery ②never having to tell your parents you're sorry 安乐死——①将老人从家庭的痛苦中解脱出来 ②绝对不必向父母道歉。 domino （多米诺骨牌）用谐音记。 diagnose （v.诊断）←diag+nose，diag看作dog（元音替换），nose鼻子，“狗鼻子”→闻（联想中医之“望闻问切”）→诊断。 certificate （证书）即certif(y)+ic+ate，certify证明，-ic形容词后缀，-ate作名词后缀表“物”，于是“具证明性质的东西”→证书。I must discard riches, the certificate of slavery.我必须抛弃财富这张奴隶证书。 objection？ （反对）即ob+ject+ion，ob-前缀“朝向”，ject词根“投掷”，-ion名词后缀，“向别人扔东西”→反对。同根词：reject→re(=back)+ject→扔回去→拒绝；inject→in+ject→向里扔→注入。All poets pretend to write for immortality, but he whole tribe have no objection to present pay and present praise.所有诗人都自称是为不巧的名声而写作，可这些家伙对眼前的稿酬与眼前的赞扬却全无异议。 sink in 被了解；cool off 使冷静。、
1997 Passage 2 courteous （有礼ò的）即court+eous，court看作单词“宫廷”，-eous形容词后缀，“宫廷的”→有礼ò的。 observation （观察；pl.观察后的言论）←observe观察+ation。God creates by intuition; man creates by inspiration, strengthened by observation.上帝凭着直觉创造，人类凭着由观察加强的灵感创造。 deserve （v.应受，值得）与desert一起记，“沙漠是应该受到重视的”。It is better to deserve honors and not to have them than to have them and not deserve them.理应拥有荣誉而不拥有它们胜过拥有荣誉而不应拥有它们。 charitable？ （仁慈的）即charit(y)+able，charity仁慈，-able形容词后缀。A bone to the dog is not charity. Charity is the bone shared with the dog, when you are just as hungry as the dog.给狗一根骨头算不上仁慈，仁慈是在你跟狗一样饥饿时与狗分享的骨头。charity — ①giving someone the washing machine it wasn't worth having mended ②the only thing that can persuade us to get rid of old clothes and shoes 慈善——①将已经不值得修理的洗衣机送给别人 ②Ψ一能够说服我们清除破旧衣鞋的理由。 assumption？ （假定；承担；呈现）是assume的名词形式；参consumption，2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。 interrelationship （相互关系）即inter+relation+ship，inter-相互，relation关系，-ship抽象名词后缀。 encounter （v.n.遭遇）即en+counter，en-使，counter对面，“使面对面”→遭遇。If we encountered a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he read.若遇到才智非凡的人，就应该问他读的是哪些书。 individual （个别的；个体）即in+divid+ual，in-否定前缀，divid词根“分”，-ual后缀，“不可再分的”→个别的。同根词：divide（v.分配；除）；subdivide→sub在下+divide→“在下面分”→再分。The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.归根结底，国家的价值就是组成它的个人的价值。In science, the total absorption of the individual event in the generalization is the goal; on the other hand, the humanities are concerned rather with providing for the special meaning of the individual event within an 2
appropriate general system.自然科学以在归纳中全部吸收个别情况为目标，人文科学则更关心在适当的一般性体系之内提供个别情况的特殊意义。individual — a multitude of one million divided by one million 个人——一百万除一百万所得的人数。 exclusively？ （专有地；排外地）是exclude（v.除外）的副词形式。Freedom is always and exclusively freedom for the one who thinks differently.对于独立思考的人，自由永远是也只能是自由。 entertain （v.招待；使快乐）即enter+tain，enter-(=inter)，tain词根“容纳”，于是“使容纳进来”→招待→使快乐。同根词：contain→con+tain→“一起容纳”→容纳。Some women seem to be able to entertain everybody but their husband.有些女人似乎能够使任何人愉快，自己的丈夫除外。 1997 Passage 3 substance？ （物质；实质；财产）←sub在下面+st(=stand)+ance名词后缀；参substantial，2003年Text 3。Man can survive only when he has the substance; man can live only when he has ideal.人有了物质才能生存，有了理想才能生活。 addict （使成瘾；成瘾者）即ad+dict，ad-加强前缀，dict词根“说”（参contradictory，2001年Passage 3），“欲罢不能地说某事”→成瘾。 名词形式为addiction （成瘾）←ad+dict+ion。Every form of addiction is bad, no matter whether the narcotic be alcohol or morphine or idealism.任何形式的瘾都是不好的，无论上瘾的是酒精、吗啡还是Ψ心主义。 psychologist？ （心理学家）←psycholog(y)+ist，psychology心理学（见2001年Passage 1），-ist后缀表“人”。psychologist — a man who, when a beautiful girl walks into room, watches other men's reactions 心理学家——当一个漂亮女孩走进房间时，那个观察其他人反应的人。 cocaine （可卡因）即coca+ine，coca古柯（一种药用植物），-ine医药化学名词后缀“生物碱”，故cocaine也译作“古柯碱”。另一种植物cocoa（可可）与coca音形近似，勿混。cocaine — God's way of saying you're making too much money 可卡因——上帝的一种说法，意思是“你赚的钱太多了”。 pervasive？ （普遍的）是pervade（v.遍及）的形容词形式，pervade即per+vade，per-(=through)，vade词根“走”（约等于wade，因v与w形近可替换），“到处都走遍的”→遍及的。同根词：invade→in+vade→“δ经允许走进来”→入侵；形容词形式为invasive（侵略的）。 sociable？ （社交的）←soci社会+able形容词后缀。 negative （否定的，消极的）←neg否定前缀+ative形容词后缀；参neglect（忽略），1999年Passage 5。Eternity is a negative idea clothed with a positive name.永恒是一个冠以肯定名称的否定概念。 poisoning？ （n.中毒；毒害）←poison+ing，poison（v.n.毒害n.毒药），-ing后缀； poisonous？ （有毒的）←poison+ous形容词后缀。Suspicion is the poison of friendship.怀疑是毒害友谊的毒药。When your soul experiences thirst, it needs water to quench it, no matter the water is poisonous or not.心灵感到干渴时需要水来止渴，无论这水是否有毒。What's your poison?想喝点什？酒←此为固定用法。 distortion？ （扭曲；曲解）即dis+tort+ion，dis-“分离”，tort词根“扭曲”，-ion名词后缀，“使扭曲以离开原来状态”→曲解；动词为distort←dis+tort。同根词：torture（v.n.拷问；折磨）←tort+ure后缀，“使身体扭曲的一种行为”。Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as you please.首先要掌握事实，然后你可以随意歪曲它们。 tolerance？ （宽容）←toler+ance；参tolerant（宽容的），
