Abstractions in Multimedia Authoring The MAVA Approach

Abstractions in Multimedia Authoring:

The MAVA Approach

Jürgen Hauser,Jing Tian

Institute of Parallel and Distributed High-Performance Systems(IPVR)

University of Stuttgart,Breitwiesenstr.20-22,D-70565Stuttgart,Germany

{juergen.hauser,jing.tian}@informatik.uni-stuttgart.de

Abstract.The support of abstractions in authoring systems increases the effi-

ciency of the specification of multimedia documents.Authoring based on a very

low abstraction,for example script programming,is very complex and time con-

suming.In addition,authoring systems supporting a high abstraction are so far re-

stricted to one specific application area.This paper presents an extensible

approach that supports abstractions in different application areas(e.g.a comput-

er-based training or a travel guide).

In this approach a meta document model and the corresponding presentation and

authoring system were developed.During conception of the authoring system,

different concepts(e.g.templates or application specific views)have been real-

ized to introduce further abstractions.

1.Introduction

Although different multimedia document standards[1,5],research approaches[3,2,6] and commercial products[14]have been proposed,the specification of multimedia doc-uments,multimedia authoring is still a very complex task.An investigation of existing approaches showed that so far multimedia authoring concentrates mainly on the support of the temporal and spatial layout of multimedia documents.Starting with interaction, things tend to become difficult and sometimes the use of scripting languages cannot be avoided[4].

Multimedia documents in different application areas differ in the way users interact with them and how documents react to this interaction.For example,a question in a computer-based training can be either answered right or wrong.Depending on the an-swer a different reaction is expected.In case of a right answer,the user gets a compli-ment,while in case of a wrong answer he gets an explanation of the correct answer.

A tourist guide as another example is a multimedia presentation that provides infor-mation about particular places of interest.In a tourist guide,the current physical posi-tion of the tourist(e.g.in a city or on an island)determines what has to be presented.A change of the position is an interaction with a multimedia presentation,that means,if the user moves into the proximity of a place of interest,the presentation of the corre-sponding part will be started.

To simplify authoring an authoring tool has to provide abstractions for particular ap-plication areas.These abstraction simplify authoring what saves time.A second re-quirement is that it should be possible to use the same authoring tool independently of the application area.And last but not least,it should be possible to add support for new application areas.The last two requirements cannot be satisfied by providing a particu-lar authoring system for each application area(e.g.Macromedia Authorware).

In this paper an approach that supports authoring in different application areas is

presented.Therefore the approach introduces a meta document language that has con-crete instances for each application area.The meta language is based on an operator ap-proach where relations between media items are expressed in operators.Application specific operators are a first step in providing a higher abstraction level for multimedia authoring.

Main aspect of an authoring tool is the design of a user interface that is used for au-thoring documents.It is very important that only a few interaction steps are required during authoring.A specification language on a high abstraction level keeps the author-ing process simple in contrast to approaches with a low abstraction level(e.g.script pro-gramming).Abstractions and concepts of the authoring tool,for example a template mechanism,further simplify the authoring process.

The MAVA approach relies on the availability of abstractions(https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d13265323.html,nguage or mod-el)for an application area.If an abstraction is not available,it has to be realized by a MAVA expert,who has programming skills and knowledge about the MAVA presen-tation system.In practice,however,this is not a big disadvantage of the approach,be-cause reuse of once developed extensions is expected.Hence,the more extensions have been developed,the less development of new ones is required.

This paper gives an overview of the implementation of the MAVA presentation sys-tem and MAVA authoring tool.The realization of the MAVA system is based on Java and the Java Media Framework(JMF).

The results presented in this paper are achieved in the research project MAVA(M ul-timedi a Document V ersatile A rchitecture),which is supported in a research initiative of the German Research Foundation(DFG)called“Distributed Processing and Exchange of Digital Documents(V3D2)”[13].

The paper is organized as follows.Related work is discussed in section2.Section3 introduces the meta document model used in the MAVA approach.In section4an au-thoring tool based on the meta model is presented.Section5discusses abstractions based on the model that were integrated into the authoring tool to support authors during specification.In section6the architectures of the presentation system and the authoring tool are presented together with details about the implementation.Section7summarizes this paper.

2.Related Work

There are mainly two different alternatives for the specification of multimedia docu-ments.The first alternative is to provide a generic language which increases the effort for specification.Another alternative is to provide a specific presentation system for each application area.

A generic system provides a programming or scripting language for the specifica-tion of application specific functionality.In such a scripting language there is no sup-port or model for any application area.Examples for presentation systems that provide a scripting language are MHGE5+MEHG6[5]or Macromedia Director and its scripting language Lingo[14].An application specific model provides a higher abstraction and therefore reduces the effort needed to specify a presentation.The realization of the se-mantics is encapsulated in https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d13265323.html,ponents are reused by the specification language respectively model.Hence,the realization of the semantics and the descriptive specification are separated.Additional concepts,such as a library for scripts,simplify

script programming,but they do not provide an application specific model which sup-ports authors during specification.

In contrast,the MAVA approach hides how semantics are realized from authors. Authors just want to specify what the document should look like and not how its seman-tics are realized,as it is the case if script programming is used.

Another approach is the development of individual presentation systems for each application area.This approach leads to a big overhead for users and content providers because they have to know these systems in detail for content creation and support of users of these systems.Additionally,there is a big effort if each presentation and au-thoring system has to be developed from scratch.Examples for such an approach are Macromedia Authorware or Question Mark Designer.Also all approaches which pro-vide a fixed language belong to this category(e.g.SMIL2.0[1],TIEMPO[3]or Ma-deus[2]).Their use is limited to the application area defined by their language concepts. For example it is impossible to specify a multiple choice question in SMIL2.0that gives the user a certain amount of time and the user can alter his answer within that time period.The reason is that the SMIL2.0language does not cover such an application ar-ea.

In[6]an approach is presented which allows to map different temporal concepts on a generic internal representation for temporal concepts.This is a first step to enlarge the applicability of a system.But not all concepts are time dependent and therefore different models are reasonable.For example,the current position of a user determined by GPS (Global Positioning System)as another way to interact with a presentation leads to a model which depends on the spatial position of the user but not on time.Such a concept can be used in multimedia travel guides as described in the introduction.

3.A Meta Document Model Supporting Abstractions

Instead of using a generic language like a script language,the MAVA approach uses an operator based language on a high abstraction level.In an operator based approach,op-erators are used to specify relations between media items.A document consists of a set of media items and relations between them.A presentation system ensures that relations specified by authors are maintained during presentation.In that sense authoring is the selection of media items and the specification of relations between them.

Besides the two basic document elements.i.e.media items and operators,there is an additional element,a so-called container element.A container is an element that con-tains operators and media items.Hence,a container is a further abstraction in the spec-ification process.Logical parts of the document specification are grouped together and replaced by a container element.For example,the specification of a question in a com-puter-based training can be placed into a container.The next example makes use of a container,namely a question container.

For an application area the meta document model has to be instantiated.This means that there are concrete media items,operators and containers for an application area. Figure1shows two sample specifications for the examples mentioned in the introduc-tion section where each example uses a different language.

In Figure1operators are represented by rectangles with the operator name in it. Containers are represented by a rectangle that has a shadow.Figure1a represents the computer-based training.In this example a question is set into relation with two scene

containers.One is representing the congratulation scene and the other one is the expla-nation scene.The specification has two relations which are represented by a correct op-erator and a false operator.The correct operator is used to specify which scene has to be presented in case of a right answer.And the false operator specifies which scene has to be presented when the answer is wrong.It is important to distinguish between source and destination media items because the question container is presented before the con-grats or explanation scene.Hence,the question container is the source media item and the congrats scene the destination media.The question is also specified in a descriptive language (not shown in Figure 1).The specification is on a high abstraction level be-cause the author does not needs to specify how it is determined whether answered is right or not.

Figure 1b shows the example of a tourist guide.A document has always a root con-tainer.In case of a tourist guide this is a LocationArea container.The container type is denoted in square brackets.A LocationArea container includes Location containers wherein the presentation for particular places of interest is specified.In the example,the LocationArea contains one Location and a setLocation and circle operator.With the setLocation operator the presentation of the place of interest is placed on a map.The circle operator determines the maximum distance the user can have to the place of in-terest so that the presentation of the Location begins.The exact distance is given by a parameter of the circle operator.

The realization of the semantics of the document model is very important.For the realization of semantics so-called managers have been introduced.A manager is re-sponsible for the realization of the semantics of a set of operators.The semantics of me-dia items and containers are realized by corresponding media and container components.For details about the realization of the semantics please refer to [10,11].

4.An Authoring Tool

The M AVA Ed itor (called MED)is an authoring system for MAVA documents.It vi-sualizes the meta document model presented in the previous section and the necessary interaction steps for authoring MAVA documents.The graphical user interface makes use of the properties of the meta document model that are independent of the application area.

Figure 2gives an impression what the user interface of MED looks like.During au-thoring the author works with different windows.The most important window is the so-called icon view window.An icon view window represents one single container of the document.The window in the center of Figure 2(with the title “Timanfaya

false (a)(b)Lanzarote

Timanfaya

setLocation

circle

tion>”)shows the mapping of the abstract document model on icons.The Location con-tainer comprises two media items and two operators.The center operator specifies that the video is centered in the presentation area,whereas the while operator [3]specifies that the video and the audio are presented in parallel.

To the left of the document window there are two windows for the selection of me-dia items (top left)and operators (bottom left).

A document is specified by adding operators and media items and connecting oper-ators to media items.MED provides all available operators,media items and containers in two windows (operator selection window and media item selection window).These windows provide a filtering mechanisms to mask out operators which do not belong to a certain concept (e.g.temporal operators).

To add an operator to the document,an operator icon is dragged from the operator selection window and dropped in an icon view window.Media items are added in the same way.Parameters of media items and operators can be specified by so-called prop-erties sheets which are invoked with the right mouse button.

A relation between media items is established by the connection of source and des-tination media items with an operator.To the left and the right of the operator there is a bullet as user interface element to enable the connection of operators with media items.The bullet to the left is used for connections with a source media,and the bullet to the right is connected to a destination media.To connect a media item to an operator the author presses the mouse button on a bullet,moves the mouse pointer to the media icon and then releases the mouse button.

There are also operators which require only destination media items,for example Figure 2A screenshot from

MED.

the center operator which determines that a media item is spatially centered in the pre-sentation area.Operators without source media just have a bullet to the right for the con-nection to a destination media.

5.Abstractions in the Authoring Tool

Abstraction can be found not only in the meta document model,but also in the authoring system,in oder to make authoring of documents easier and more intuitive for authors.

5.1Navigation

For small multimedia documents,the structure of documents is straightforward for the author.But when the document is getting more complex,there will be a lot of operators and media items in the document,and it will become difficult for the author to keep track of the document’s structure.To make the navigation in documents clear,MED provides two concepts:a tree view and a filtering mechanism.

The tree view is an alternative for the visualization of documents in MED.In this view,a document will be presented in form of a tree.The root container of the document is the root of the tree,the tree structure is obtained from the containment hierarchy in-troduced by containers.All container of the document are nodes of the tree that can be expanded or collapsed.An author can open the icon view of a container or bring the cor-responding window to the front by clicking on the corresponding container node in the tree view.That makes navigation in the document structure easier.There is an example for the tree view window of the document in the bottom right of Figure2.

In addition,MED provides a filter mechanism in the icon view of a container.This helps an author to keep track of the specification of one single container.Normally,a container comprises operators from different concepts.The goal of operator filters is to mask out operators in the icon view,which do not belong to a particular concept.For example,if an author processes the temporal aspect of a document,he can mask out all operators that do not belong to the temporal concept.Hence,the author can concentrate on the temporal specification

5.2Templates

Templates are modules or patterns for regular reuse.The goal of templates in multime-dia authoring is to improve the reusability in multimedia document https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d13265323.html,pared to the systematic reuse in the field of software engineering[7],many authors still have to build multimedia documents from scratch nowadays[9].To help authors,MED sup-ports document templates as well.

Templates in MED do not only improve reusability of authoring work,but also en-able authors to design a document at a high level of abstraction.A part of the document, for example a multiple choice question,can be saved as a template for later reuse.Since multiple choice questions basically have the same structure,authors reuse a template each time.Hence,they do not have to build the structure from scratch any more.

Some authoring systems such as Macromedia Flash,IBM Hotmedia and Tribeworks iShell do not support templates,which makes reuse of multimedia authoring very diffi-cult.Although some authoring systems do support templates,e.g.Macromedia Author-ware and ToolBook,there are still some common lacks in the template support of these authoring systems.On the one hand,the creation of sophisticated templates in these au-

thoring systems still demands fundamental programming knowledge for script lan-guage like Lingo and OpenScript.Since authors are not expected to be programmers, this requirement for programming knowledge has to be avoided.On the other hand,if the structural information is not visible and not clearly separated from the media infor-mation of the document,efficient reuse of parts of the document as templates is prevent-ed.

The two problems described above can be avoided in templates provided by MED. Benefiting from the operator approach,the structural information in MAVA documents is visible and clearly separated from the media information of the document.The pro-cess of specifying templates in MED is the same like normal documents.Any part of the document can be saved as a template for later reuse.

5.3Application Specific Views

A further abstraction to simplify authoring are application specific views.Such a view makes an abstraction from the operators of a language and provides a graphical user in-terface.

For example there is a concept to describe the spatial layout of a document in abso-lute coordinates.The operators of the concept are setPosition and setSize.The specifi-cation of the spatial layout consists of several operators and attributes that have to be added step by step.But the spatial layout can be specified in a WYSIWYG view.A graphical visualization of the presentation area enables interactive positioning and re-sizing of media items.Dragging a media item to a new position determines the attributes for a setPosition operator.Hence,such an application specific view will create opera-tors and alter attributes of operators automatically.

It is not possible to provide such views for all concepts.For example for temporal interval operators[5],such a view cannot be provided.It is also difficult to provide such a view for the relative spatial positioning of media items.

For all specification concepts where it is possible an additional view should be pro-vided.This is not a must because documents can be specified on operator level anyway.

6.Implementation

Both architectures,for the MAVA presentation system and the MAVA editor,make use of similarities of the specification language in form of the meta document model.The meta document model leads to an implementation of the MAVA approach as a frame-work that can be extended by https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d13265323.html,ponents are used to realize the seman-tics of concrete specification languages(e.g.a manager for a set of operators).

6.1MAVA Presentation System

Figure3shows the architecture of the MAVA presentation system as it is implemented in the prototype.Core of the presentation system is the MAVA engine,which includes all functionality that is independent of the application area of a document.Examples for such functionality are document loading and class loading.The class manager loads all components that are required for the presentation of a document and caches them for optimization reasons if the extension is used in another document.

The MAVA presentation system provides a framework which is extended by differ-ent components which are loaded by the class manager.These components comprise

operators and managers for the realization of a set of operators in a particular applica-tion area.Media items are realized by media objects and media viewers.Media viewers are responsible for the presentation of a media item (e.g.a MPEG renderer)and media objects are responsible for the logical functionality of a media item.A multiple choice question uses a check box button that has a state.The state describes whether the check box is selected or not.The state and the behavior of the check box are its logical func-tionality.

The MAVA presentation system is an extensible multimedia presentation system because all required media items,operators and managers for the presentation of a doc-ument are dynamically loaded prior to the presentation.

6.2MAVA Editor

Core of the MAVA document Editor Architecture is the DEVR (document elements and views repository)and the editor document model (Figure 4).The editor document model includes all functionality for an internal representation of a document.A docu-ment specification is a graph where media items and operators are vertices and connec-tions of operators with media items are edges.For operators the functionality includes handling of references to media items,for containers the management of adding and re-moving of elements and for all elements the handling of their attributes.

The DEVR has the knowledge,which specification languages can be used currently.Based on the DEVR,the type of actual document elements that are represented as ver-tices in the document graph are managed.For example the vertex of a media item has a reference to the type description (e.g.an audio media)in the DEVR.The description from the DEVR describes which attributes are available,like the URL of the media data or the volume during play-out of an audio.The operator description also indicates,to which types of media items an operator can be connected to.

Based on the editor document model there are three different models that are part of a model-view-controller construct [8].These models provide different views on the original editor document model.For example the XML model describes the mapping of Figure 3Architecture of the MAVA presentation system.Manager

Media object Media viewer Operator

MAVA engine Document loader Class manager

MAVA presentation system

the document model on XML.For the implementation it has been decided to use a graph representation and not a tree-based XML representation because of simplicity reasons (i.e.the document is a graph).Using an XML representation would make the XML model unnecessary but would complicate other modules.Hence,the graph is mapped only for storage on XML.A detailed description of the XML format used for storing and transferring MAVA documents can be found in [12].

The icon model describes all properties of the document model for the icon view in which an author uses drag and drop for editing a document.The tree model provides the model used for the tree view that supports navigation.For all these models there is also a view component that is responsible for the view and control of the corresponding model.It is also possible to integrate application specific views as described in section

5.3.The availability of application specific views is described by the DEVR.All views are integrated in the graphical user interface.

The last two important modules are the document loader and the document export.The document export module stores the XML model in a file.The document loader re-alizes the creation of the editor document model based on an XML file that represents a MAVA document.

The current configuration of MED is stored in two configuration files.The DEVR configuration stores the content of the DEVR and the GUI configuration stores the con-figuration of the graphical user interface like window size and working directory.

7.Summary

This paper presented an operator based approach for multimedia authoring.Main goal of the MAVA approach is to support extensibility of the multimedia system with spec-Figure 4Architecture of the MAVA editor (MED).User Interface

Document Elements &Views Repository Document

DEVR Configuration Document Loader

X M L M o d e l

I c o n M o d e l T r e e M o d e l

X M L V i e w I c o n V i e w

T r e e V i e w V i e w M o d e l

(DEVR)

GUI Configuration

Document Export

Editor Document Model

ification languages for different application areas.This is achieved by application spe-cific models(e.g.a computer based training or a travel guide)that provide a high abstraction.For authoring,these models are represented by operators.Operators are a mechanism to reuse application specific functionality and templates are used to reuse parts of existing documents in other documents.

An authoring tool that allows interactive document specification was presented as well.Throughout the paper different abstractions of the approach were presented and discussed.In practice,high abstractions reduce the effort for authors and therefore the costs for multimedia design.The abstractions base on reuse of either an application spe-cific language or work done by other authors(e.g.reuse of templates). References

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常用二极管参数

常用整流二极管 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF /Ir 封装用途说明1A5 600V/1.0A 25A/1.1V/5uA[T25] D2.6X3.2d0.65 1A6 800V/1.0A 25A/1.1V/5uA[T25] D2.6X3.2d0.65 6A8 800V/6.0A 400A/1.1V/10uA[T60] D9.1X9.1d1.3 1N4002 100V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4004 400V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4006 800V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N4007 1000V/1.0A 30A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D2.7X5.2d0.9 1N5398 800V/1.5A 50A/1.4V/5uA[T70] D3.6X7.6d0.9 1N5399 1000V/1.5A 50A/1.4V/5uA[T70] D3.6X7.6d0.9 1N5402 200V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5406 600V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5407 800V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 1N5408 1000V/3.0A 200A/1.1V/5uA[T105] D5.6X9.5d1.3 RL153 200V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL155 600V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL156 800V/1.5A 60A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL203 200V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL205 600V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL206 800V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RL207 1000V/2.0A 70A/1.1V/5uA[T75] D3.6X7.6d0.9 RM11C 1000V/1.2A 100A/0.92V/10uA D4.0X7.2d0.78 MR750 50V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR751 100V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR752 200V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR754 400V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR756 600V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 MR760 1000V/6.0A 400A/1.25V/25uA D8.7x6.3d1.35 常用整流二极管(全桥） 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF /Ir 封装用途说明RBV-406 600V/*4A 80A/1.10V/10uA 25X15X3.6 RBV-606 600V/*6A 150A/1.05V/10uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-1306 600V/*13A 80A/1.20V/10uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-1506 600V/*15A 200A/1.05V/50uA 30X20X3.6 RBV-2506 600V/*25A 350A/1.05V/50uA 30X20X3.6 常用肖特基整流二极管SBD 型号VRM/Io IFSM/ VF Trr1/Trr2 封装用途说明EK06 60V/0.7A 10A/0.62V 100nS D2.7X5.0d0.6 SK/高速 EK14 40V/1.5A 40A/0.55V 200nS D4.0X7.2d0.78 SK/低速 D3S6M 60V/3.0A 80A/0.58V 130p SB340 40V/3.0A 80A/0.74V 180p SB360 60V/3.0A 80A/0.74V 180p SR260 60V/2.0A 50A/0.70V 170p MBR1645 45V/16A 150A/0.65V <10nS TO220 超高速

常用二极管参数

常用二极管参数 2008-10-22 11:48 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z7.5Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=7.34~7.70V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z13X 硅稳压二极管 Vz=12.4~13.1V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z15Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=14.4~15.15V, Pzm=500mW, 05Z18Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=17.55~18.45V, Pzm=500mW, 1N4001 硅整流二极管 50V, 1A,(Ir=5uA, Vf=1V, Ifs=50A) 1N4002 硅整流二极管 100V, 1A, 1N4003 硅整流二极管 200V, 1A, 1N4004 硅整流二极管 400V, 1A, 1N4005 硅整流二极管 600V, 1A, 1N4006 硅整流二极管 800V, 1A, 1N4007 硅整流二极管 1000V, 1A, 1N4148 二极管 75V, 4PF, Ir=25nA, Vf=1V, 1N5391 硅整流二极管 50V, 1.5A,(Ir=10uA, Vf=1.4V, Ifs=50A) 1N5392 硅整流二极管 100V, 1.5A, 1N5393 硅整流二极管 200V, 1.5A, 1N5394 硅整流二极管 300V, 1.5A, 1N5395 硅整流二极管 400V, 1.5A, 1N5396 硅整流二极管 500V, 1.5A, 1N5397 硅整流二极管 600V, 1.5A, 1N5398 硅整流二极管 800V, 1.5A, 1N5399 硅整流二极管 1000V, 1.5A, 1N5400 硅整流二极管 50V, 3A,(Ir=5uA, Vf=1V, Ifs=150A) 1N5401 硅整流二极管 100V, 3A, 1N5402 硅整流二极管 200V, 3A, 1N5403 硅整流二极管 300V, 3A, 1N5404 硅整流二极管 400V, 3A, 1N5405 硅整流二极管 500V, 3A, 1N5406 硅整流二极管 600V, 3A, 1N5407 硅整流二极管 800V, 3A, 1N5408 硅整流二极管 1000V, 3A, 1S1553 硅开关二极管 70V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S1554 硅开关二极管 55V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S1555 硅开关二极管 35V, 100mA, 300mW, 3.5PF, 300ma, 1S2076 硅开关二极管 35V, 150mA, 250mW, 8nS, 3PF, 450ma, Ir≤1uA, Vf≤0.8V,≤1.8PF, 1S2076A 硅开关二极管 70V, 150mA, 250mW, 8nS, 3PF, 450ma, 60V, Ir≤1uA, Vf≤0.8V,≤1.8PF, 1S2471 硅开关二极管80V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤2PF, 1S2471B 硅开关二极管 90V, 150mA, 250mW, 3nS, 3PF, 450ma, 1S2471V 硅开关二极管 90V, 130mA, 300mW, 4nS, 2PF, 400ma, 1S2472 硅开关二极管50V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤2PF, 1S2473 硅开关二极管35V, Ir≤0.5uA, Vf≤1.2V,≤3PF,

常用二极管型号及参数大全精编版

1.塑封整流二极管 序号型号IF VRRM VF Trr 外形 A V V μs 1 1A1-1A7 1A 50-1000V 1.1 R-1 2 1N4001-1N4007 1A 50-1000V 1.1 DO-41 3 1N5391-1N5399 1.5A 50-1000V 1.1 DO-15 4 2A01-2A07 2A 50-1000V 1.0 DO-15 5 1N5400-1N5408 3A 50-1000V 0.95 DO-201AD 6 6A05-6A10 6A 50-1000V 0.95 R-6 7 TS750-TS758 6A 50-800V 1.25 R-6 8 RL10-RL60 1A-6A 50-1000V 1.0 9 2CZ81-2CZ87 0.05A-3A 50-1000V 1.0 DO-41 10 2CP21-2CP29 0.3A 100-1000V 1.0 DO-41 11 2DZ14-2DZ15 0.5A-1A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-41 12 2DP3-2DP5 0.3A-1A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-41 13 BYW27 1A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-41 14 DR202-DR210 2A 200-1000V 1.0 DO-15 15 BY251-BY254 3A 200-800V 1.1 DO-201AD 16 BY550-200～1000 5A 200-1000V 1.1 R-5 17 PX10A02-PX10A13 10A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 18 PX12A02-PX12A13 12A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 19 PX15A02-PX15A13 15A 200-1300V 1.1 PX 20 ERA15-02～13 1A 200-1300V 1.0 R-1 21 ERB12-02～13 1A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 22 ERC05-02～13 1.2A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 23 ERC04-02～13 1.5A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-15 24 ERD03-02～13 3A 200-1300V 1.0 DO-201AD 25 EM1-EM2 1A-1.2A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-15 26 RM1Z-RM1C 1A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 27 RM2Z-RM2C 1.2A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 28 RM11Z-RM11C 1.5A 200-1000V 0.95 DO-15 29 RM3Z-RM3C 2.5A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-201AD 30 RM4Z-RM4C 3A 200-1000V 0.97 DO-201AD 2.快恢复塑封整流二极管 序号型号IF VRRM VF Trr 外形 A V V μs （1）快恢复塑封整流二极管 1 1F1-1F7 1A 50-1000V 1.3 0.15-0.5 R-1 2 FR10-FR60 1A-6A 50-1000V 1. 3 0.15-0.5 3 1N4933-1N4937 1A 50-600V 1.2 0.2 DO-41 4 1N4942-1N4948 1A 200-1000V 1.3 0.15-0. 5 DO-41 5 BA157-BA159 1A 400-1000V 1.3 0.15-0.25 DO-41 6 MR850-MR858 3A 100-800V 1.3 0.2 DO-201AD

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1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5 1N4738 8V2 1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V 1N4752 33V 1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V DZ是稳压管的电器编号，是和1N4148和相近的，其实1N4148就是一个0.6V的稳压管，下面是稳压管上的编号对应的稳压值，有些小的稳压管也会在管体 上直接标稳压电压，如5V6就是5.6V的稳压管。 1N4728A 3.3 1N4729A 3.6 1N4730A 3.9 1N4731A 4.3 1N4732A 4.7 1N4733A 5.1 1N4734A 5.6 1N4735A 6.2 1N4736A 6.8 1N4737A 7.5 1N4738A 8.2 1N4739A 9.1 1N4740A 10 1N4741A 11 1N4742A 12 1N4743A 13

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二极管封装大全 篇一：贴片二极管型号、参数 贴片二极管型号.参数查询 1、肖特基二极管SMA（DO214AC） 2010-2-2 16:39:35 标准封装： SMA 2010 SMB 2114 SMC 3220 SOD123 1206 SOD323 0805 SOD523 0603 IN4001的封装是1812 IN4148的封装是1206 篇二：常见贴片二极管三极管的封装 常见贴片二极管/三极管的封装 常见贴片二极管/三极管的封装 二极管： 名称尺寸及焊盘间距其他尺寸相近的封装名称 SMC SMB SMA SOD-106 SC-77A SC-76/SC-90A SC-79 三极管： LDPAK

DPAK SC-63 SOT-223 SC-73 TO-243/SC-62/UPAK/MPT3 SC-59A/SOT-346/MPAK/SMT3 SOT-323 SC-70/CMPAK/UMT3 SOT-523 SC-75A/EMT3 SOT-623 SC-89/MFPAK SOT-723 SOT-923 VMT3 篇三：常用二极管的识别及ic封装技术 常用晶体二极管的识别 晶体二极管在电路中常用“D”加数字表示，如： D5表示编号为5的二极管。 1、作用：二极管的主要特性是单向导电性，也就是在正向电压的作用下，导通电阻很小;而在反向电压作用下导通电阻极大或无穷大。正因为二极管具有上述特性，无绳电话机中常把它用在整流、隔离、稳压、极性保护、编码控制、调频调制和静噪等电路中。 电话机里使用的晶体二极管按作用可分为：整流二极管(如1N4004)、隔离二极管(如1N4148)、肖特基二极管(如BAT85)、发光二极管、稳压二极管等。 2、识别方法：二极管的识别很简单，小功率二极管的N极(负极)，在二极管外表大多采用一种色圈标出来，有些二极管也用二极管专用符号来表示P极(正极)或N极(负极)，也有采用符号标志为“P”、“N”来确定二极管极性的。发光二极管的正负极可从引脚长短来识别，长

1N系列常用整流二极管的主要参数

1N 系列常用整流二极管的主要参数
反向工作 峰值电压 URM/V 额定正向 整流电流 整流电流 IF/A 正向不重 复浪涌峰 值电流 IFSM/A 正向 压降 UF/V 反向 电流 IR/uA 工作 频率 f/KHZ 外形 封装
型 号
1N4000 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 1N5100 1N5101 1N5102 1N5103 1N5104 1N5105 1N5106 1N5107 1N5108 1N5200 1N5201 1N5202 1N5203 1N5204 1N5205 1N5206 1N5207 1N5208 1N5400 1N5401 1N5402 1N5403 1N5404 1N5405 1N5406 1N5407 1N5408
25 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000 50 100 200 300 400 500 600 800 1000
1
30
≤1
＜5
3
DO-41
1．5
75
≤1
＜5
3
DO-15
2
100
≤1
＜10
3
3
150
≤0.8
＜10
3
DO-27
常用二极管参数： 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V,Pzm=500mW,

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常见二极管参数大全

1N系列稳压管

快恢复整流二极管

常用整流二极管型号和参数 05Z6.2Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=6~6.35V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z7.5Y 硅稳压二极管 Vz=7.34~7.70V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z13X硅稳压二极管 Vz=12.4~13.1V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z15Y硅稳压二极管 Vz=14.4~15.15V,Pzm=500mW, 05Z18Y硅稳压二极管 Vz=17.55~18.45V,Pzm=500mW, 1N4001硅整流二极管 50V, 1A,(Ir=5uA,Vf=1V,Ifs=50A) 1N4002硅整流二极管 100V, 1A, 1N4003硅整流二极管 200V, 1A, 1N4004硅整流二极管 400V, 1A, 1N4005硅整流二极管 600V, 1A, 1N4006硅整流二极管 800V, 1A, 1N4007硅整流二极管 1000V, 1A, 1N4148二极管 75V, 4PF,Ir=25nA,Vf=1V, 1N5391硅整流二极管 50V, 1.5A,(Ir=10uA,Vf=1.4V,Ifs=50A) 1N5392硅整流二极管 100V,1.5A, 1N5393硅整流二极管 200V,1.5A, 1N5394硅整流二极管 300V,1.5A, 1N5395硅整流二极管 400V,1.5A, 1N5396硅整流二极管 500V,1.5A, 1N5397硅整流二极管 600V,1.5A, 1N5398硅整流二极管 800V,1.5A, 1N5399硅整流二极管 1000V,1.5A, 1N5400硅整流二极管 50V, 3A,(Ir=5uA,Vf=1V,Ifs=150A) 1N5401硅整流二极管 100V,3A, 1N5402硅整流二极管 200V,3A, 1N5403硅整流二极管 300V,3A, 1N5404硅整流二极管 400V,3A,

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（三）、工商局具体办理程序（引入网上预审核、电话预约方式） (16) 九、有限合伙企业与有限责任公司的区别 (16) （一）、设立依据 (16) （二）、出资人数 (16) （三）、出资方式 (17) （四）、注册资本 (17) （五）、组织机构 (18) （六）、出资流转 (18) （七）、对外投资 (19) （八）、税收缴纳 (20) （九）、利润分配 (20) （十）、债务承担 (21) 十、常见问题解答与指导 (21)

常用稳压二极管技术参数及老型号代换.

常用稳压二极管技术参数及老型号代换 型号最大功耗 (mW) 稳定电压(V) 电流(mA) 代换型号国产稳压管日立稳压管 HZ4B2 500 3.8 4.0 5 2CW102 2CW21 4B2 HZ4C1 500 4.0 4.2 5 2CW102 2CW21 4C1 HZ6 500 5.5 5.8 5 2CW103 2CW21A 6B1 HZ6A 500 5.2 5.7 5 2CW103 2CW21A HZ6C3 500 6 6.4 5 2CW104 2CW21B 6C3 HZ7 500 6.9 7.2 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ7A 500 6.3 6.9 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ7B 500 6.7 7.3 5 2CW105 2CW21C HZ9A 500 7.7 8.5 5 2CW106 2CW21D HZ9CTA 500 8.9 9.7 5 2CW107 2CW21E HZ11 500 9.5 11.9 5 2CW109 2CW21G HZ12 500 11.6 14.3 5 2CW111 2CW21H HZ12B 500 12.4 13.4 5 2CW111 2CW21H HZ12B2 500 12.6 13.1 5 2CW111 2CW21H 12B2 HZ18Y 500 16.5 18.5 5 2CW113 2CW21J HZ20-1 500 18.86 19.44 2 2CW114 2CW21K HZ27 500 27.2 28.6 2 2CW117 2CW21L 27-3 HZT33-02 400 31 33.5 5 2CW119 2CW21M RD2.0E(B) 500 1.88 2.12 20 2CW100 2CW21P 2B1 RD2.7E 400 2.5 2.93 20 2CW101 2CW21S RD3.9EL1 500 3.7 4 20 2CW102 2CW21 4B2 RD5.6EN1 500 5.2 5.5 20 2CW103 2CW21A 6A1 RD5.6EN3 500 5.6 5.9 20 2CW104 2CW21B 6B2 RD5.6EL2 500 5.5 5.7 20 2CW103 2CW21A 6B1 RD6.2E(B) 500 5.88 6.6 20 2CW104 2CW21B RD7.5E(B) 500 7.0 7.9 20 2CW105 2CW21C RD10EN3 500 9.7 10.0 20 2CW108 2CW21F 11A2 RD11E(B) 500 10.1 11.8 15 2CW109 2CW21G RD12E 500 11.74 12.35 10 2CW110 2CW21H 12A1 RD12F 1000 11.19 11.77 20 2CW109 2CW21G RD13EN1 500 12 12.7 10 2CW110 2CW21H 12A3 RD15EL2 500 13.8 14.6 15 2CW112 2CW21J 12C3 RD24E 400 22 25 10 2CW116 2CW21H 24-1

公司注册登记流程(四证)

→客户提供：场所证明租赁协议身份证委托书三张一寸相片 →需准备材料：办理税务登记证时需要会计师资格证与财务人员劳动合同 →提交名称预审通知书→公司法定代表人签署的《公司设立登记申请书》→全体股东签署的《指定代表或者公共委托代理人的证明》（申请人填写股东姓名）→全体股东签署的公司章程（需得到工商局办事人员的认可）→股东身份证复印件→验资报告（需到计师事务所办理：需要材料有名称预审通知书复印件公司章程股东身份证复印件银行开具验资账户进账单原件银行开具询证函租赁合同及场所证明法人身份证原件公司开设临时存款账户的复印件）→任职文件（法人任职文件及股东董事会决议）→住所证明（房屋租赁合同）→工商局（办证大厅）提交所有材料→公司营业执照办理结束 →需带材料→公司营业执照正副本原件及复印件→法人身份证原件→代理人身份证→公章→办理人开具银行收据交款元工本费→填写申请书→组织机构代码证办

理结束 →需带材料→工商营业执照正副本复印件原件→组织机构正副本原件及复印件→公章→公司法定代表人签署的《公司设立登记申请书》→公司章程→股东注册资金情况表→验资报告书复印件→场所证明（租赁合同）→法人身份证复印件原件→会计师资格证（劳动合同）→税务登记证办理结束 →需带材料→工商营业执照正副本复印件原件→组织机构正副本原件及复印件→税务登记证原件及复印件→公章→法人身份证原件及复印件→代理人身份证原件及复印件→法人私章→公司验资账户→注以上复印件需四份→办理时间个工作日→办理结束 →需带材料→工商营业执照正副本复印件原件→组织机构正副本原件及复印件→公章→公司法定代表人签署的《公司设立登记申请书》→公司章程→股东注册资金情况表→验资报告书复印件→场所证明（租赁合同）→法人身份证复印件原件→会计师资格证（劳动合同）→会计制度→银行办理的开户许可证复印件→税务登记证备案办理结束

常用稳压管型号参数对照

常用稳压管型号参数对照 3V到51V 1W稳压管型号对照表1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9 1N4731 4V3 1N4732 4V7 1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5

1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V

1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V 摩托罗拉IN47系列1W稳压管IN4728 3.3v IN4729 3.6v IN4730 3.9v IN4731 4.3 IN4732 4.7 IN4733 5.1

IN4735 6.2 IN4736 6.8 IN4737 7.5 IN4738 8.2 IN4739 9.1 IN4740 10 IN4741 11 IN4742 12 IN4743 13 IN4744 15 IN4745 16 IN4746 18 IN4747 20

IN4749 24 IN4750 27 IN4751 30 IN4752 33 IN4753 34 IN4754 35 IN4755 36 IN4756 47 IN4757 51 摩托罗拉IN52系列 0.5w精密稳压管IN5226 3.3v IN5227 3.6v

很全的二极管参数

G ENERAL PURPOSE RECTIFIERS – P LASTIC P ASSIVATED J UNCTION 1.0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 SMA/DO-214AC G ENERAL PURPOSE RECTIFIERS – G LASS P ASSIVATED J UNCTION S M 1.0 GS1A GS1B GS1D GS1G GS1J GS1K GS1M SMA/DO-214AC 1.0 S1A S1B S1D S1G S1J S1K S1M SMB/DO-214AA 2.0 S2A S2B S2D S2G S2J S2K S2M SMB/DO-214AA 3.0 S3A S3B S3D S3G S3J S3K S3M SMC/DO-214AB F AST RECOVERY RECTIFIERS – P LASTIC P ASSIVATED J UNCTION MERITEK ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

U LTRA FAST RECOVERY RECTIFIERS – G LASS P ASSIVATED J UNCTION

S CHOTTKY B ARRIER R ECTIFIERS

S WITCHING D IODES Power Dissipation Max Avg Rectified Current Peak Reverse Voltage Continuous Reverse Current Forward Voltage Reverse Recovery Time Package Part Number P a (mW) I o (mA) V RRM (V) I R @ V R (V) V F @ I F (mA) t rr (ns) Bulk Reel Outline 200mW 1N4148WS 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 5000 SOD-323 1N4448WS 200 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 5000 SOD-323 BAV16WS 200 250 100 1000 @ 7 5 0.8 6 @ 10 6 5000 SOD-323 BAV19WS 200 250 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 BAV20WS 200 250 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 BAV21WS 200 250 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 5000 SOD-323 MMBD4148W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-1 MMBD4448W 200 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS16W 200 250 100 1000 @ 7 5 0.8 6 @ 10 6 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS19W 200 250 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS20W 200 250 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAS21W 200 250 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-323-1 BAW56W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-2 BAV70W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-3 BAV99W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323-4 BAL99W 200 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-323- 5 350mW MMBD4148 350 200 100 5000 @ 75 1.0 @ 10 4 3000 SOT-23-1 MMBD4448 350 200 100 5000 @ 75 1.0 @ 10 4 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS16 350 200 100 1000 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 6 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS19 350 200 120 100 @ 120 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS20 350 200 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAS21 350 200 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOT-23-1 BAW56 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-2 BAV70 350 200 100 5000 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-3 BAV99 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-4 BAL99 350 200 100 2500 @ 70 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOT-23-5 BAV16W 350 200 100 1000 @ 75 0.86 @ 10 6 3000 SOD-123 410-500mW BAV19W 410 200 120 100 @ 100 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 BAV20W 410 200 200 100 @ 150 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 BAV21W 410 200 250 100 @ 200 1.0 @ 100 50 3000 SOD-123 1N4148W 410 150 100 2500 @ 75 1.0 @ 50 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4150W 410 200 50 100 @ 50 0.72/1.0 @ 5.0/100 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4448W 500 150 100 2500 @ 7 5 1.0 @ 200 4 3000 SOD-123 1N4151W 500 150 75 50 @ 50 1.0 @ 10 2 3000 SOD-123 1N914 500 200 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 1000 10000 DO-35 1N4148 500 200 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 1000 10000 DO-35 LL4148 500 150 100 25 @ 20 1.0 @ 10 4 2500 Mini-Melf SOT23-1 SOT23-2 SOT23-3 SOT23-4 SOT23-5 SOT323-1 SOT323-2 SOT323-3 SOT323-4 SOT323-5

齐纳二极管(稳压二极管)工作原理及主要参数

齐纳二极管(稳压二极管)工作原理及主要参数 齐纳二极管也叫稳压二极管.一般二极管处于逆向偏压时，若电压超过PIV(逆向峰值电压)值时二极管将受到破坏，这是因为一般二极管在两端的电位差既高之下又要通过大量的电流，此时所产生的功率所衍生的热量足以使二极管烧毁。 齐纳二极管就是专门被设计在崩溃区操作，是一个具有良好的功率散逸装置，可以当做电压参考或定电压组件。若利用齐纳二极管作为电压调节器，将使附载电压保持在Vz附近且几乎唯一定值，不受附载电流或电源上电压变动影响。一般二极管之崩溃电压，在制作时可以随意加以控制，所以一般齐纳二极管之崩电压(Vz)从数伏特至上百伏特都有。一般齐纳二极管在特性表或电路上除了标住Vz外，均会注明Pz也就是齐纳二极管所能承受之做大功率，也可由Pz=Vz*Iz 换算出奇纳二极管可通过最大电流Iz。dz3w上有个在线计算器,电路设计时可以用来计算稳压二极管的相关参数. 齐纳二极管工作原理 齐纳二极管主要工作于逆向偏压区，在二极管工作于逆向偏压区时，当电压未达崩溃电压以前，二极管上并不会有电流产生，但当逆向电压达到崩溃电压时，每一微小电压的增加就会产生相当大的电流，此时二极管两端的电压就会保持于一个变化量相当微小的电压值(几乎等于崩溃电压)，下图为齐纳二极管之电压电流曲线，可由此应证上述说明。 齐纳二极管(又叫稳压二极管)它的电路符号是:此二极管是一种直到临界反向击穿电压前都具有很高电阻的半导体器件.在这临界击穿点上,反向电阻降低到一个很少的数值,在这个低阻区中电流增加而电压则保持恒定,稳压二极管是根据击穿电压来分档的,因为这种特性,稳压管主要被作为稳压器或电压基准元件使用.其伏安特性,稳压二极管可以串联起来以便在较高的电压上使用,通过串联就可获得更多的稳定电压。 在通常情况下，反向偏置的PN结中只有一个很小的电流。这个漏电流一直

代理公司注册登记协议书简易版

It Is Necessary To Clarify The Rights And Obligations Of The Parties, To Restrict Parties, And To Supervise Both Parties To Keep Their Promises And To Restrain The Act Of Reckless Repentance. 编订：XXXXXXXX 20XX年XX月XX日 代理公司注册登记协议书 简易版

代理公司注册登记协议书简易版 温馨提示：本协议文件应用在明确协议各方的权利与义务、并具有约束力和可作为凭证，且对当事人双方或者多方都有约制性，能实现监督双方信守诺言、约束轻率反悔的行为。文档下载完成后可以直接编辑，请根据自己的需求进行套用。 代理公司注册登记协议书 甲方：_________ 地址：_________ 电话：_________ 联系人：_________ 乙方：_________ 地址：_________ 电话：_________ 联系人：_________ 为了充分发挥_________的资源和信息服务优势，甲、乙双方经过友好协商，本着平等互利、友好合作的意愿达成本协议书，并郑重声

明共同遵守： 一、甲方同意按照本协议的规定，授权乙方为其代办公司注册手续。 二、乙方提供的代办咨询服务范围仅限如下： 1.为甲方代办工商营业执照、组织机构代码证、税务证、三章(法人章、公章、财务章); 2.约定的其他服务： _________。 三、甲方的责任： 1.甲方应指定专人配合乙方完成新企业工商登记注册等事务，并提供齐全的证件和规范的法律文件资料。 2.甲方对提供的证件和法律文件资料的真实性、正确性、合法性承担全部责任。

常用稳压管型号参数大全

常用稳压管型号 2009-12-06 22:56 美标稳压二极管型号 TLV4732运算放大器，可饱和输出。当单电源供电时，可作为0V和5V的稳压器。 其他的如LM358等放大器，输出均不能达到0V或者5V，一般为4V。 1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9 1N4731 4V3 1N4732 4V7 1N4733 5V1 1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5 1N4738 8V2 1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V

1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V 1N4752 33V 1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V 1N4756 47V 1N4757 51V 需要规格书请到以下地址下载， https://www.doczj.com/doc/0d13265323.html,/products/Rectifiers/Diode/Zener/ 经常看到很多板子上有M记的铁壳封装的稳压管，都是以美标的1N系列型号标识的，没有具体的电压值，刚才翻手册查了以下3V至51V的型号与电压的对照值，希望对大家有用 1N4727 3V0 1N4728 3V3 1N4729 3V6 1N4730 3V9 1N4731 4V3 1N4732 4V7

1N4734 5V6 1N4735 6V2 1N4736 6V8 1N4737 7V5 1N4738 8V2 1N4739 9V1 1N4740 10V 1N4741 11V 1N4742 12V 1N4743 13V 1N4744 15V 1N4745 16V 1N4746 18V 1N4747 20V 1N4748 22V 1N4749 24V 1N4750 27V 1N4751 30V 1N4752 33V 1N4753 36V 1N4754 39V 1N4755 43V