Lecture Notes Shakespeare I Sonnet

His contemporary poet and playwright Ben Johnson wrote in his poem entitled ― To the Memory of My Beloved, The Author, Mr. William Shakespeare, and What He Hath Left Us‖:
Major Works
Romeo and Juliet 1596
Richard II 1595 Midsummer Night‟s Dream 1595 King John 1596 The Merchant of Venice 1597
Henry IV : 1597；1598 （ Falstaff）


Cymbeline1609 The Winter’s Tale1610 The Tempest 1611 Henry VIII1612 (unfinished)
Shakespeare’s achievements


1. The progressive significance of Shakespeare’s Themes( the fundamental or universal ideas explored In a literary work) : a. historical sense: his historical plays cover the period from Richard II (1377— 1399) to the defeat by Richard III (1483——1485) at the Battle of Bosworth by Henry VII showing his humanist ideas of an ideal king, patriotism (national glory) and a feeling of national grandeur.

Eluciddation ( 承c )
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d. d
But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st.
a
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
b
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may,
a
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
b
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
Types of Sonnet
• There are three dominant types of sonnet, all named after their founders or perfecters(完善者): Petrarchan sonnet, Spenserian sonnet and Shakespearean sonnet.
• What figures of speech are used in this poem? • What is the theme of the poem?
And sum mer’s lease hath all too short a date. b

A verse consists of different kinds of feet.
A. Iambic Monometer：And die B. Trochaic Dimeter: Rich the treasure. C. Iambic Trimeter：Theirs not to make reply.
Imagery
Imagery refers to the sensory images d by words. Imagery is the life of a good poem. Imagery is divided into visual image, auditory image, olfactory image(嗅觉), tactile image (触觉), gustatory image(味觉)， kinaesthetic image (动觉), abstract image, etc.
(Anapestic Trimeter：Down to the depths of the sea)
D. Iambic Tetrameter：Row, brother, row , the stream is fast… (Trochaic Tetrameter：Life is real! Life is earnest!) (Amphibrach Tetrameter ： A farmer went trotting upon his grey mare) E. Iambic Pentameter：Farewell, the tranquil mind, farewell, content!
D. Dactylic foot (Dacty1) (—∨ ∨ ) (/ ∨ ∨ ) 扬抑抑格 Slowly the mist o’er the meadow was creeping.

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Back to soபைடு நூலகம்nets.
• Well, it is a poetic form. • But it has a certain structure as well as a rhyming pattern.
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Rhyming patterns
• The Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains followed by a couplet, the scheme being: abab cdcd efef gg. • More head scratching?
(Iambic penta meter )
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• It is percussive and attractive to the ear and has an effect on the listener's central nervous system. An Example of Pentameter from Shakespeare: but SOFT what LIGHT through YONder WINdow BREAKS
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Homework
• 1. What is a sonnet? • 2. What is iambic pentameter? • 3. What is the rhyming pattern of a Shakespearean sonnet?
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Quatrain?
• Quatrains are four line stanzas of any kind • I have divided the following sonnet into the three quatrains. • You will also see the rhyming pattern • marked out for you.

在此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此 称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambic pentameter）。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步 数目构成此诗的格律（meter）。
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Hamlet
Old words:
• Thee, obj.,
thou, sub.,
thy=your, thine=yours, or
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Hamlet
Old words:
• Ere=before still=always oft=often Happily=haply=perhaps even=evening
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6. Text Study: Sonnet 18
可否把你比作美丽的夏天？ 可你比夏天更加可爱如绣： 狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠， Shall I compare thee to a summer ’s d夏ay天? 的租期不肯太长逗留，
有时候苍之巨眼未免焦灼， 他金色的脸也会经常暗退。 所有的美丽总会不免衰落， 偶然或永恒总将美丽残催。
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But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
But your youth shall not fade, Nor lose possessioNnoorf wthiallt yfaoiur tlohoseu tohwe’bseta; uty that you possess; Nor shall Death brNagorthwoiullwdaenadtherc’lastimin yhoisu sfhoardhei,s own, When in eternal linBeesctaoustiemien tmhoyuegterornwa’l svte; rse you will live forever.

Hamlet –Summary
14.where he will be executed.
Hamlet –Summary
15. Ophelia has been driven mad by her father’s death and Hamlet’s rejection of her.
Hamlet –Summary
Synopsis of Hamlet Act I
Horatio and two others are on watch at the castle of Elsinore. They see an apparition resembling the late King of Denmark. The specter cannot be persuaded to speak. It vanishes at cockcrow. Claudius thanks his subjects for assistance in the ceremonies at his brother’s funeral and his own marriage. Hamlet grieves over his mother’s speedy remarriage. He is told of the ghost. Laertes warns Ophelia of Hamlet’s attentions. Polonius orders Ophelia to reject Hamlet. The ghost leads Hamlet away, tells him how he was murdered, and asks him to revenge.
Synopsis of Hamlet

Shakespeare’s Sonnets选篇译文赏析0906 刘颖1609年，莎士比亚发表了他最后一部出版的非戏剧类著作《十四行诗》。

学者认为，154首十四行诗总的来说被莎士比亚分为两个相对的系列：一个是关于意为皮肤白皙的年轻男子纯洁的爱（sonnet1到sonnet126）；另一个则是关于对一位已婚皮肤黝黑的女子的不可抑制的欲望（sonnet127到sonnet152）。

但尽管有大量学者研究，至今仍不清楚：是否这些人物代表了真实的人？诗中的“我”是否代表莎士比亚？如果是，莎士比亚的性取向到底是什么？献词中的MR. W.H.又到底是何许人?虽然疑问重重，评论家们普遍赞美Shakespeare’s Sonnets 是爱、性欲、生殖、死亡和时间的本性的深刻思索。

在此，我将结合《莎士比亚十四行诗》田伟华译本（中国画报出版社，2011年3月第1版）和辜正坤的《莎士比亚十四行诗》（中国对外翻译出版社，2008年1月），在两个方面对与作者鼓励爱人结婚生子有关的十四行诗的翻译进行分析。

一、对亲爱的朋友及其容貌的描写纵观154首诗，莎士比亚在对爱人的赞美及对其美貌的描述可谓多姿多彩、语汇丰富、用词洗练、比喻新颖。

Sonnet 1中，“thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament, and only herald to the gaudy spring.” thou that art在现代英语中也就是you who are, fresh指人的外表年轻的、健康的，herald是使者的意思。

因此，田伟华先生译为“你是当今世界最新鲜的装饰品，你是灿烂春天里的唯一信使”文采与感情兼具。

Sonnet 2中,“when forty winters shall besiege thy br ow, and dig deep trenches in thy beauty’s field”这里的besiege指“包围”，可知作者在1、2行将岁月侵蚀美貌进行军事比喻，因此喻指皱纹的trenches译为“战壕”更合适。

Petrarch's sonnets
The Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374), a Roman Catholic priest, popularized the sonnet more than two centuries before Shakespeare was born. He wrote sonnets to a lady called Laura.
Hale Waihona Puke Introduction of the sonnet into England
The sonnet form was introduced into England by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542) and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-1547). They translated Italian sonnets into English and wrote sonnets of their own. Shakespeare adopted their style.
The English word "Sonnet" comes from the Italian word "sonetto," meaning "little song." Some early sonnets were set to music, with accompaniment provided by a lute.
Example--Sonnet 75
The lovely eyes which have so wounded me, That they alone could heal their stinging smart, Not a virtue of herbs or magic art, Or of a stone divided from our sea, Have so precluded any other side To Love, that one sweet thought is my content; And if my tongue likes to follow its bent, The leader, not the follower, deride. These are those lovely eyes that make the deeds Of my lord be the winners everywhere, And the more so when my own body bleeds; These are those lovely eyes whose sparkling gem Is always in my heart with its strong glare; Hence I never grow tired to speak of them.

Purpose: What is the purpose behind the piece of writing? Why
was it written?
Speaker: Who is the speaker? Don’t just give a name. Remember!
The speaker isn’t always the author.
2). Thou art more lovely and more temperate: The youth's beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day. more temperate - more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summer's day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described. 3). Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, May was a summer month in Shakespeare's time, because the calendar in use lagged behind the true sidereal calendar by at least a fortnight. darling buds of May - the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer; favourite flowers.
sonnet:
4. Elements of poetry

䐱⺛ⰵ㶃Ⳏ䅌⨗⟇䇱㻿⹌㯟䄵䐱㶃䈐䁵䁈㻑巛䐱㶃㸥鼻ㅜ㒘 㸋䓵゛⭥⨗⟇Ⳟ㼓᷍㼓⺄⫔Ⱒ䎀㳂⹊ォ㚽㳂㪞䈐䁵㚽㑇᷍䇷㚽䓭 䂙㾥㒊⭥㈌㪒⫔⤮㬨㸳㗨⭥䄜⺂䓻䐝᱄㈂⹽㰇䓦㶙㕈ゝ㭖巛㭞䓷 ⨗⟇⭥ⳃ䍚᷍Ⱒ䎀〒⭤䎃㾊䔘㠘⭥㵟㈗ⷝゴ⢄ㅾ᷍⭌㬨᷍䄜⡟⡟ 䓑䐂㈌㗡᱃㚌㼄㯥䅈⭥㵝㭊㦵㬨Ⱒ㭊㦬⭥䔏➏᱄
᱑㭍Ⱒ㲧㬌㧞➺㬸᷍⤜。䔗㬌䄓。䅘᱒᷍厶䈐䁈㻑㧈⪬᷍㶃䈐 䁈㻑䇩㡅㧈⪬᱄䄋㼌⧚⭸䁈大䄜䐷䈐䁵᷍⡹㿌䇱⫔㑠⭥䊥Ⱒ᱄䎃 ⤜㆗㋪䄵㭍㚽㪛㣪⭹䍧㸶㡅䈐䁵ゝ㚽᷍䄓㋪㑬ㆃ䄜䐷䈐䁵㰚⧱䊹 ⭥Ⱑ㲹㸥鼻᱄᱑䐱䅌㈎⮅㸥㌃·㬡ㆈ㸥䁈㘜䑙 䇃䈐䊎䑙⟇ ᱒kespeare's Sonnets
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F rom fairest creatures we desire increase, That thereby beauty’s rose might never die,
But as the riper should by time decease,
China Translation and Publishing Corporation (CTPC), with a publishing mission oriented toward readings of Chinese and foreign languages learning as well as cultural exchange, has been dedicated to providing spiritual feasts which not only optimize language aptitude but also nourish heart and soul. Along with the development of Internet and digital publication, readers have easier access to reading classic works. Nevertheless, well-designed printed books remain favorite readings for most readers.

Venus and Adonis (1593)

The Rape of Lucrece (1594)
Histories
2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI 1 Henry VI Richard III Richard II

King John 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV Henry V Henry VIII


4. Forth Period: Creates a new drama form—the dramatic romance

Character:
Romances focus on the separation and reunion of
families rather than love and marriage. Endings were characterized by homecoming,




Shakespeare was the great English Renaissance playwright. Poet, the European Renaissance humanist literature synthesizer. He is one of the most famous writers in the world He is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known. With his 38 plays,154 sonnets and 2 long poems, he has established his giant position in world literature. He has also been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. In the past four hundred years or so, books and essays on Shakespeare and his works have kept coming out in large quantities

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
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Rime scheme
• Petrarchan (Italian) rime scheme: abba, abba, cd, cd, cd abba, abba, cde, cde
• The Shakespearean (English, or Elizabethan) sonnet is also called the English sonnet, with three four-line stanzas (quatrains) and a two-line unit called a couplet (对子).
pastoral , elegy
A
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A sonnet is
• a lyric poem • consisting of fourteen lines • written in iambic pentameter • with a definite rime scheme • and a definite thought structure
U/ a gain
U /U/ im mor tal ize
A
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Iambic pentameter
1
2
3
4
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U /U / U / U / U / • One day I wrote her name u pon the strand,

• Other musical devices: the use of sounds • 1) Assonance: the repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line. • E.g. Nothing is so beautiful as spring--• When weeds, in wheels, shoot long and lovely and lush; • 2) Consonance: the repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a line. • E.g. At once a voice arose among • The bleak twigs overhead • In a full-hearted evensong • of joy illimited
• 3) Alliteration: repetition of one or two initial consonant sounds in words within a line. • e.g. he clasps the crag with crooked hands
• 4) Onomatopoeia: the use of a word whose sound suggests its meaning or which imitates the sound made by an object or creature. • e.g. I heard a fly buzz when I died
• 2. Meter : Loosely defined meter is the “beat” pr rhyme of the poem. It is the pattern of, stressed and unstressed syllables used in a poem. Meter is shown by a visual code. The accent mark (′) indicates the stressed syllable, the mark (ˇ) indicates an unstressed syllable. • Types of meter: • Type Pattern Example • iambic ˇ′ control • trochaic ′ˇ tiger • anapestic ˇˇ′ contradict • dactylic ′ˇˇ foolishness • spondaic ′′ moonstone

只因它們遭遇不測或者自然之變的剝奪
Sonnet 18
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
但是你的常住之夏將要永不消褪，
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
那為你所有之美也將永無改觀；
Sonnet 18
Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
我詩長存予君生命至無極。
當你已在不朽的詩篇中和時間合一，
When in eternal lines to time thou growest:
死神便休再誇口你正在他的陰影中盤桓；
Sonnet 18
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
斯世尚有人視息，
So long lives this and this gives life to thee.
天上日照有時又何炎熾，
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
太陽的黃金臉色也復常被陰翳掩沒；
Sonnet 18
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
美麗的事物終有一天會失去著它們的美麗
By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
強風誠有吹撼五月可愛的花蕾，
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:

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1) introduction to Shakespeare's Sonnets
• 154 sonnets:
• 1-126 addressed to a young man, beloved of the poet, of superior beauty and rank but of somewhat questionable morals and constancy
• 1586 left for London; theater: • support the growing family
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Anne Hathaway’s Home-his wife's home
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/tag?value=shakespeare#!//more/3602888498025958117
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Shakespeare's Four Comedies
莎ght\'s Dream • • 《皆大欢喜》 As you like it • 《第十二夜》 Twelfth Night • 《威尼斯商人》 The merchant of Venice
• You say that you love the wind, but you close your windows when wind blows.
• This is why I am afraid, you say that you love me too.
•
---------William Shakespeare
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3. Career
• 37plays; 2 narrative peoms and 154 sonnets
• First Period 1590-1600: history+comedy Second Period 1601-1608 :tragdy Third Period 1609-1612:tragi-comdy

Tersa rima: three-lined stanza 三行诗节 Quatrain: four-lined stanza 四行诗节 Octave: 律诗 Sonnet: 十四行诗 Couplet: 双韵体 Foot/feet: 音步 Rhythm: 格律 Poetic license: 诗的破格 Poetic diction: 诗语（诗歌用词）：e.g. thou/thee—you;
Most frequently used in English poem: easy to accept:
e.g. tonight, within, my love, compare, Shall I
II. Trochaic (trochee扬抑格): a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable
Lecture Three
Basic Knowledge of Poetry & Shakespeare’s Sonnet
1599-As You Like It
from As You Like It (Act II. Scene VII)
All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. At first the infant, Mewling (cry) and puking (vomit) in the nurse's arms. And then the whining (energetic步：monometer 两音步：dimeter 三音步：trimeter 四音步：tetrameter 五音步：pentameter 六音步：hexameter 七音步：heptameter 八音步：octameter

- 248-校园英语 / 文艺研究A Study of Shakespeare’s Tone in Sonnet 35云南大学/谢青 张耀莎A S t u d y o f S h a k e s p e a r e’s To n e i n S o n n e t35 Sonnet 35 grows from a comforting tone to a slightly blaming tone and ends with a forgiving tone, reflecting the speaker’s inner contradiction and tolerance, as well as his deep love for the listener. In this sonnet, it is known that the listener does wrong to the speaker and hurts him badly. However, keeping his own grief bottled up and trying his best to find excuses for the listener’s wrong doings, the speaker comforts the listener patiently and tolerantly who is shedding his tears in pain. The speaker’s mixed love-hate feelings are made plain in comforting comparisons, negative words, and final forgiveness.In order to wash away the listener’s sins, the speaker comforts him with comparisons in the first quatrain.No more be grieved at that which thou hast done;Roses have thorns, and silver fountains mud,C l o u d s a n d e c l i p s e s s t a i n b o t h m o o n a n d s u n, And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud. (1-4)In the first line, the speaker directly comforts the listener not to be so grieved at what he has done and comes up with examples to demonstrate that nothing is perfect enough without stains in a very comforting tone. Roses are beautiful but they are stained by annoying thorns; fountains are clean but they cannot exist without mud; the moon and the sun are bright but they are sometimes dimmed by clouds and eclipses; even the sweetest bud which seems to be perfect is inevitably spotted by loathsome cankers. Actually the speaker uses such images as roses, fountains, the moon, the sun, and the sweetest bud on purpose. The speaker aims to use them to embody the listener’s beauty, which implies the speaker’s love for the listener.Apart from using comparisons with things in nature to wash away the listener’s stains, the speaker continues to point out that to err is human and no one is exceptional, as the following line shows:All men make faults, and even I in this, (5)But in the next line the tone is changed to a slightly blaming one, as the following lines shows:Authorizing thy trespass with compare,Myself corrupting salving thy amiss,Excusing thy sins more than thy sins are;(6-8)For to thy sensual fault I bring in sense;Thy adverse party is thy advocate,And ‘gainst myself a lawful plea commence.Such civil war is in my love and hate. (8-12)The speaker shows his mixed love-hate feelings under the skin by using some negative words in a wonderful way as we can see in above lines. Obviously, words like “trespass”, “amiss”, “sins”, “fault”, “adverse”, “war” and “hate” reflect how badly the listener has done to the speaker and convey the speaker’s complaints and distress in a slightly blaming tone. In a normal case, the speaker should severely fight against the listener for his despicable deeds because he robs the mistress of the speaker. Needless to say, the speaker is hurt and grieved due to his deeds. On the one hand, the speaker considers the listener’s deed sinful and faulty, and he as the adverse party has every reason to blame him. On the other hand, the speaker can not bear watch the listener weep all the time without any mercy, so he corrupts himself and fights against himself to find any excuse to defend the listener’s deeds. From that we can know that there is a fierce war in the speaker’s inner world where the one betrayed by listener is defeated by the one who deeply loves the listener.After painful struggles inside, the speaker forgives the listener in the final couplet:That I an accessary needs must beTo that sweet thief which sourly robs from me. (13-14)Although the listener robs the mistress of the speaker, which hurts the speaker’s feelings badly, the speaker finally chooses to cover up the listener’s sins and to defend him. The speaker is going to be the accomplice rather than the plaintiff. The change of roles implies that the speaker forgives the listener. Another implication is showing when the speaker calls the listener “sweet thief” that the speaker loves the listener so much that he chooses to forgive him no matter how bad his doings are.In summary, the speaker’s mixed love-hate feelings and tolerant love for the listener are embodied by comparisons in a comforting tone, negative words a blaming tone, and final forgiveness a forgiving tone.References:[1]Shakespeare,William.Shake-speares Sonnets:Never Before Imprinted.London:Thomas Thorpe,1609.Copyright©博看网 . All Rights Reserved.。