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Radiation spectra of laser-driven quantum relativistic electrons

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BISOL激光共振电离离子源的研制

BISOL激光共振电离离子源的研制
bisol将依托中国原子能科学研究院已 有的中国先进研究堆(CARR)，利用反应堆提 供的高通量热中子与235 U作用产生裂变产物$ 由于反应堆提供的中子通量高、热中子与235 U 的裂变截面大(约5. 8X10-22 cm2 )，从而可获 得非常高的裂变产额$为充分利用反应堆提 供的高通量中子，离子源将放入CARR预留 的水平中子管道内，其中子通量密度可达2' 1014 cm-2・s-1 $与常规加速器驱动放射性核 束离子源不同，该离子源需要解决加速器与反 应堆的耦合问题，其尺寸必须足够紧凑，以适应 反应堆管道尺寸$因此堆内离子源是BISOL 的主要技术难题之一$受反应堆现有中子管道 空间限制及堆内离子源的特殊工作环境，使得
原子能科学技术 第55卷
离子源很难采用常规水冷的方法强制冷却，只 能通过真空内的辐射散热将热量导出 ，这使得 离子源源体整体温度较高$结构简单、工作稳 定的激光共振电离离子源是该项目的最佳选 择$同时,激光共振电离离子源还具有元素选 择性好、可产生束流种类多等特点，国际上现有 的放射性核束装置大部分运行机时均采用激光 共振电离离子源提供$
2激光共振电离离子源
该离子源中的激光系统为全固态激光系 统，由3台可调谐钛宝石激光器组成，分别由3 台独立的Nd：YAG激光器泵浦，如图2所示。 Nd：YAG激光器输出波长为532 nm,最大输 出功率为20 W$钛宝石激光器基频输出可覆 盖680〜1 000 nm,最大输出功率可达2. 5 W, 倍频输出功率500 mW,三倍频输出功率 200 mW,四倍频最大输出功率80 mW，如图3 所示$钛宝石激光器输出激光线宽3〜5 GHz, 重复频率10 kHz,脉宽约30 ns,采用光栅调节 波长,基频最小调节量可达0.002 nm$其中, 1 +钛宝石激光器只输出基频光，2 +钛宝石激 光器可输出基频、倍频和四倍频激光，3 +钛宝 石激光器可输出基频、倍频和三倍频激光$ 2 + 和3 +钛宝石激光器输出的基频和倍频光可 通过调节光路进行切换，以满足不同条件下 的实验需要$为实现高效分步共振电离，三 束激光的时间同步必须达到ns量级$由于本 激光系 统的 3 台 钛 宝 石 激 光 器 分 别 采 用 3 台 泵浦激光器独立泵浦方式，采用1台多路输出 的信号发生器分别为3台泵浦激光器给定外

物理学名词

物理学名词

1/4波片quarter-wave plateCG矢量耦合系数Clebsch-Gordan vector coupling coefficient; 简称“CG[矢耦]系数”。

X射线摄谱仪X-ray spectrographX射线衍射X-ray diffractionX射线衍射仪X-ray diffractometer[玻耳兹曼]H定理[Boltzmann] H-theorem[玻耳兹曼]H函数[Boltzmann] H-function[彻]体力body force[冲]击波shock wave[冲]击波前shock front[狄拉克]δ函数[Dirac] δ-function[第二类]拉格朗日方程Lagrange equation[电]极化强度[electric] polarization[反射]镜mirror[光]谱线spectral line[光]谱仪spectrometer[光]照度illuminance[光学]测角计[optical] goniometer[核]同质异能素[nuclear] isomer[化学]平衡常量[chemical] equilibrium constant[基]元电荷elementary charge[激光]散斑speckle[吉布斯]相律[Gibbs] phase rule[可]变形体deformable body[克劳修斯-]克拉珀龙方程[Clausius-] Clapeyron equation[量子]态[quantum] state[麦克斯韦-]玻耳兹曼分布[Maxwell-]Boltzmann distribution[麦克斯韦-]玻耳兹曼统计法[Maxwell-]Boltzmann statistics[普适]气体常量[universal] gas constant[气]泡室bubble chamber[热]对流[heat] convection[热力学]过程[thermodynamic] process[热力学]力[thermodynamic] force[热力学]流[thermodynamic] flux[热力学]循环[thermodynamic] cycle[事件]间隔interval of events[微观粒子]全同性原理identity principle [of microparticles][物]态参量state parameter, state property[相]互作用interaction[相]互作用绘景interaction picture[相]互作用能interaction energy[旋光]糖量计saccharimeter[指]北极north pole, N pole[指]南极south pole, S pole[主]光轴[principal] optical axis[转动]瞬心instantaneous centre [of rotation][转动]瞬轴instantaneous axis [of rotation]t 分布student's t distributiont 检验student's t testＫ俘获K-captureＳ矩阵S-matrixＷＫＢ近似WKB approximationＸ射线X-rayΓ空间Γ-spaceα粒子α-particleα射线α-rayα衰变α-decayβ射线β-rayβ衰变β-decayγ矩阵γ-matrixγ射线γ-rayγ衰变γ-decayλ相变λ-transitionμ空间μ-spaceχ 分布chi square distributionχ 检验chi square test阿贝不变量Abbe invariant阿贝成象原理Abbe principle of image formation阿贝折射计Abbe refractometer阿贝正弦条件Abbe sine condition阿伏伽德罗常量Avogadro constant阿伏伽德罗定律Avogadro law阿基米德原理Archimedes principle阿特伍德机Atwood machine艾里斑Airy disk爱因斯坦-斯莫卢霍夫斯基理论Einstein-Smoluchowski theory 爱因斯坦场方程Einstein field equation爱因斯坦等效原理Einstein equivalence principle爱因斯坦关系Einstein relation爱因斯坦求和约定Einstein summation convention爱因斯坦同步Einstein synchronization爱因斯坦系数Einstein coefficient安[培]匝数ampere-turns安培[分子电流]假说Ampere hypothesis安培定律Ampere law安培环路定理Ampere circuital theorem安培计ammeter安培力Ampere force安培天平Ampere balance昂萨格倒易关系Onsager reciprocal relation凹面光栅concave grating凹面镜concave mirror凹透镜concave lens奥温电桥Owen bridge巴比涅补偿器Babinet compensator巴耳末系Balmer series白光white light摆pendulum板极plate伴线satellite line半波片halfwave plate半波损失half-wave loss半波天线half-wave antenna半导体semiconductor半导体激光器semiconductor laser半衰期half life period半透[明]膜semi-transparent film半影penumbra半周期带half-period zone傍轴近似paraxial approximation傍轴区paraxial region傍轴条件paraxial condition薄膜干涉film interference薄膜光学film optics薄透镜thin lens保守力conservative force保守系conservative system饱和saturation饱和磁化强度saturation magnetization本底background本体瞬心迹polhode本影umbra本征函数eigenfunction本征频率eigenfrequency本征矢[量] eigenvector本征振荡eigen oscillation本征振动eigenvibration本征值eigenvalue本征值方程eigenvalue equation比长仪comparator比荷specific charge; 又称“荷质比(charge-mass ratio)”。

地球元素丰度及其演化规律激光探针以及激光探针(LA-ICPMS)在地学方向的应用

地球元素丰度及其演化规律激光探针以及激光探针(LA-ICPMS)在地学方向的应用

地球元素丰度及其演化规律激光探针以及激光探针（LA-ICPMS）在地学方向的应用木言（大学地球科学学院，湖北武汉55106）摘要：激光探针在各个学科应用广泛，对于微区分析及材料分析有着重要作用。

激光探针在当前分析化学技术正向着痕量微区方向发展。

这使得我们能够用更小更少的样品直接得到更多的地球化学信息。

在诸多微区测试技术中,激光剥蚀等离子质谱(LA-ICPMS)技术发展最快。

其地质应用较广,激光探针等离子体质谱能够进行固体样品的微区微量元素和同位素的分析,具有灵敏度高、简便、快速的特点,同样具有在同位素定年上的潜力。

近年来又研制出激光剥蚀多道接收等离子质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)仪,使得微区同位素分析开始了新的革命。

而多种微区技术综合应用为近几年分析地球化学新的趋势。

关键词：同位素；激光探针；微区分析；质谱；等离子体1.引言激光探针亦称激光诱导击穿光谱分析仪，是以激光诱导击穿光谱技术为基础的物质成分分析仪，激光诱导击穿光谱利用高能量激光激发样品表面产生高温高电子数密度的等离子体，对等离子体发射光的离子或原子光谱进行分析，由其谱线波长和强度对样品元素进行定性和定量分析。

激光探针亦称激光诱导击穿光谱分析仪，是以激光诱导击穿光谱技术（LIBS)为基础的物质成分分析仪，激光诱导击穿光谱利用高能量激光激发样品表面产生高温高电子数密度的等离子体，对等离子体发射光的离子或原子光谱进行分析，由其谱线波长和强度对样品元素进行定性和定量分析。

[1]2.应用领域激光探针弥补了传统元素分析方法的不足，尤其在微小区域材料分析、镀层/薄膜分析、缺陷检测、珠宝鉴定、法医证据鉴定、粉末材料分析、合金分析等应用领域优势明显，同时，还可以广泛适用于地质、煤炭、冶金、制药、环境、科研等不同领域的应用。

3.产品特点与其他常用元素分析的方法相比，激光探针主要优点有:[2]（1）利用激光特有的性能，可实现远程、实时、在线元素检测。

（2）仪器体积相对较小，适用于现场分析、可在恶劣条件下进行测定。

激光的产生原理及其特性(精)

激光的产生原理及其特性(精)

受激辐射:处在激发态能级上的原子，若有一个外来光子趋 近它，这原子就可能受了外来光子的“刺激”(或者称 “感应”)，从高能级En向基态Em跃迁而辐射出光子，这 个过程称做受激辐射，受激辐射产生的光子和外来光子有 完全相同的特征，就是它们的频率、位相、振动方向和传 播方向都相同,是特征完全相同的相干光.
激光的亮度高和方向性极好的特点，研究啦激光测距仪， 激光雷达和激光准直仪。 下面这个图就是用激光雷达来测量风速的装置
激光加工．在现代工业中，一些强 度大且熔点商的材料的使用相当普 遍。如果进行打孔或切割，用机械 方 法是很困难的。例如．加工手表中 的钻石轴承．是在比芝麻还要小的 钻石上打孔．要求误差不能超过头 发的l／20，目前使用激光来打孔， 比机械打孔的效率提高100倍。 在加工工业中，高功率的c 激光器可 用于打孔．切割与焊接等．通过微 机控制可以作复杂形状的切割． 而低功率的COz激光器可用于切割 塑料、陶瓷和纺织品等．切后边缘 比较平整，不需进一步处理。
激光通信．又叫做光纤通信．它是刺用比头发还细的玻璃纤 维来传播光信号的．光纤通信的优点是t频带 宽，通信容量大，传输速度快．一根光鲆可同时传送l0”路电 话和l0’套彩电节目．而一根普通导线只能同时通 2—3路电话．目前．应用光奸敖据传输速度为3．4Gblt／s， 而实验室试验光纤的速度已达16Gblt／s．整套大英百 科全书的内窖可在不到一秒的时J可内传送完毕．
澈光武器．叉名死光武器．它的子 弹是光子．速度是3xloIm／s．一旦 瞄准目标，几乎不用多少时间就可 把目标摧毁．激光武器的破坏作用 有两十方面．一是高能激光束的机 械破坏作用．使飞机或卫星的重要 部件穿 孔而损坏，二是激光的光学破坏作 用．凳胃陆军正在发展PL 一s激光 武器，可装到M —l6步枪上．它能 使敲 ^双目失明而丧失战斗力，还能探测 和破坏敲^的光学传感器．据 算， 飞机驾驶员被激光致盲lO-3Os，就 可 导承飞机坠毁．

基于飞秒激光的太赫兹辐射增强技术研究

基于飞秒激光的太赫兹辐射增强技术研究

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Hale Waihona Puke THz Radiation Enhancement Technology Based on Femtosecond Laser
Zhao Ji # Zhao Xiaofan
( C h in a N o rth V e h ic le Research In s titu te ，B e ijin g 100072)
第 4 7 卷 第 2 期 （总 第 1 8 4 期 ） 2018年 6 月
火控雷达技术
Fire Control Radar Technol〇7
Vol.47 No.2( Series 184) Jun. 2018
基于飞秒激光的太赫兹辐射增强技术研究
赵骥赵晓凡
( 中 国 北 方 车 辆 研 究 所 北 京 100072)
收稿日期=2018 -03 - 16 作者简介:赵骥（ 1989 - ) ，男 ，博士研究生。研究方向为仪器科学与技术
第2 期
赵 骥 等 ：基 于 飞 秒 激 光 的 太 赫 兹 辐 射 增 强 技 术 研 究
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离 子 体 ，等 离 子 体 在 有 质 动 力 作 用 下 会 将 离 子 和 电 子 形 成 密 度 差 ，因 而 形 成 瞬 变 磁 场 ，辐 射 出 太 赫 兹 波 [3—7]。

光电专业英语单词

光电专业英语单词

专英单词Chapter 1 Geometrical OpticsModels of light: Rays and Waves Reflection and RefractionTotal internal Reflection Thin lensesLocating Images by Ray Tracing Thin Lens EquationSpherical Mirrors lens Aberrationelectromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱parallel ray 平行光线reflection 反射refraction 折射incident beam 入射光束outgoing ray 出射光束the angle of reflection 反射角specular reflection 镜面反射diffuse reflection 漫反射optically denser medium 光密媒质optically thinner medium 光疏媒质transparent medium 透明介质prism 棱镜index of refraction 折射率positive lens 正透镜negative lens 负透镜optical axis 光轴optical instument 光学仪器focal point 焦点curvature 曲率paraxial approximation 傍轴近似achromatic lens 消色差透镜object distance 物距image distance 像距focal length 焦距the lateral of linear magnification 横向放大率spherical mirror 球面镜curved mirror 曲面镜concave mirror 凹面镜convex mirror 凸面镜spherical aberration 球差coma / coma aberration 彗差field curvature 场曲distortion 畸变chromatic aberration 色差focusing mirror 聚焦面镜objective lens 物镜aspherics 非球面镜Chapter 2 Wave OpticsHuygens’ Principle Reflection and Refraction of Light WavesInterference of Light Interference of Thin FilmsDiffraction by a Single Slit Multiple-Slit Diffraction and GratingsResolution and the Rayleigh Criterion DispersionSpectroscopes and Spectra Polarization Scatteringwave crest 波峰wave trough 波谷wave surface /wavefront 波阵面constructive interference 相长干涉destructive interference 相消干涉diffraction grating 衍射光栅spectrometer 分光计polarization 偏振Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射optical activity 旋光性aperture 孔径half wave loss 半波损失fringes of equal inclination 等倾条纹fringes of equal thickness 等厚条纹diffraction grating 衍射光栅multiple-beam interference 多光束干涉resolution 分辨率wavefront splitting interference 分波前干涉diffraction aperture 衍射孔径amplitude splitting interference 分振幅干wave velocity 波速spectroscope 分光镜longitudinal wave 纵波transverse wave 横波Chapter 3 Optical InstrumentsThe eye The Magnifying GlassCameras and Projectors Compound MicroscopesTelescope Other lensesPupil 瞳孔Cornea 角膜Lens 晶状体Retina 视网膜near point 近点far point 远点Astigmatism 散光Myopia nearsightedness 近视hyperopia farsightedness 远视zoom lens 变焦透镜varifocal lens 变焦距镜头Magnifying glass 放大镜Chapter 4 Principles of LasersLaser Principle Types of LasersControl of The Laser Outputtransition 跃迁spontaneous emission 自发辐射excited state 激发态stimulated emission 受激辐射ground state 基态LASER —Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiationresonant cavity 谐振腔pumped light 泵浦光；抽运光population inversion 粒子数反转population distribution 粒子数分布bandwidth 带宽wavetrain 波列gain 增益etalon 标准具feedback 反馈threshold 阈值multimode 多模ring resonator 环形谐振腔stable and unstable resonators 稳定腔和非稳腔the confocal resonator 共焦腔Semiconductor Lasers 半导体激光器Solid State Lasers 固体激光器Fiber laser 光纤激光器Ion and Atomic Lasers 离子及原子激光器Excimer laser 准分子激光器Electro-ionization Laser 电致电离激光器Plasma Laser 等离子体激光器Q-SwitchingModulation of the Laser OutputMode Locking for Ultrashort PulsesQ switch Q 开关；调Q birefringence 双折射isolator 隔离器piezo-electric crystal 压电晶体quarter wave plate ? 波片harmonic wave 谐波Acousto-optic modulation 声光调制Magneto-optic modulation 磁光调制electro-optic modulation 电光调制SPM Self-phase Modulation 自相位调制PCM Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲编码调制active mode locking 主动锁模passive mode locking 被动锁模Laser Manufacturing Technology Laser RadarLasers in MedicineLaser Welding 激光焊接Laser Heat Treatment 激光热处理Laser Cutting 激光切割Laser Marking 激光打标Laser Drilling 激光打孔arc welding 电弧焊Laser Heat-Conduction Welding 激光热传导焊接Laser Deep Penetration Welding 激光深熔焊接laser cladding technology 激光熔覆技术Laser Texturing Technology 激光毛化技术Chapter optical communicationcontinuous wave 连续波transverse electric mode 横电模transverse magnetic mode 横磁模core 纤芯cladding 包层SBS stimulated Brillouin Scattering 受激布里渊散射SRS stimulated Raman scattering 受激拉曼散射Multimode Fiber 多模光纤Single Mode Fiber 单模光纤SIOF Step-Index Optical Fiber 阶跃折射率分布光纤GIOF Graded-Index Optical Fiber 渐变折射率分布光纤GVD Group Velocity Dispersion 群速度色散PMD Polarisation Mode Dispersion 偏振模色散Waveguide dispersion 波导色散Material dispersion 材料色散FDM frequency division multiplexing 频分复用TDM Time Division Multiplexing 时分复用WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing 波分复用DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing 密集波分复用LED light emitting diode 发光二极管LD laser diode 激光二极管APD Avalanche photo Diode 雪崩光电二极管OFA Optical Fiber Amplifier 光纤放大器SLA/SOA semiconductor laser/optical amplifier 半导体光放大器preamplifer 前置放大器active component 有源器件attenuator 衰减器Transmitter 发射机low pass filter 低通滤波器isolator 隔离器Optical Circulator 光环行器Optical switch 光开关Passive component 无源器件ADM Add Drop Multiplexer 分插复用器AWG arrayed-waveguide grating 阵列波导光栅Ethernet 以太网Internet of Things 物联网AON Active Optical Network 有源光网络PON Passive Optical Network 无源光网络PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 准同步数字体系SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 同步数字传输体系Chapter Holographyreconstruction 再现development 显影photosensitive medium 感光介质Optical Date Storage 光数据存储。

美国国家点火装置NIF-光束控制与激光分析

DISCLAIMERThis document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.This report has been reproduceddirectly from the best available copy.Available to DOE and DOE contractors from theOffice of Scientific and Technical InformationP.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831Prices available from (615) 576-8401, FTS 626-8401Available to the public from theNational Technical Information ServiceU.S. Department of Commerce5285 Port Royal Rd.,Springfield, VA 22161University of California • Livermore, California 94551 Technical Information Department• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory。

物理名词英文缩写

序号缩写英文全称1AFM antiferromagnetic2MIT metal-to-insulator transition3SQUID superconducting quantum interference device 4MPMS Physical Property Measurement System5Shimadzu6XRD X-Ray DiffractionX-Ray Powder Diffraction）7XRPD8FC field-cooled9ZFC zero field-cooled10spin gap systems11spin-Peierls transition12ESR Electron spin resonance13LIESST light induced excited spin state trapping14LITH light induced thermal hysteresis15SCO spin crossover16IR spectrum Infrared Radiation spectrum17TEM transmission electron microscope (TEM)18FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy19DSC Differential scanning calorimetry20DSC Dynamic Stability Control21MPMS Physical Property Measurement System22MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy23MOKE magneto-optical Kerr effect24XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis)25TEM Transmission electron microscope26LIBs laser induced breakdown spectroscopy27282930313233343536373839中文意思具体意思反铁磁的金属和绝缘体之间的转换量子扰动超导探测器磁学测量系统分光光度计X射线衍射X射线粉末衍射加场冷却零场冷却自旋能隙系统派尔斯自旋跃迁电子自旋共振光致激发自旋俘获光致热磁滞现象自旋交叉自旋交叉是第一行d—金属（第三周期电子结构为d4-d7过渡金属）配合物在一定条件的作用下由高自旋转换为低自旋，或者由低自旋转换为高自旋。

拉曼光谱分析法

2）红外光谱中，由C N，C=S，S-H伸缩振动产生的谱带一 般较弱或强度可变，而在拉曼光谱中则是强谱带。
3）环状化合物的对称呼吸振动常常是最强的拉曼谱带。
4）在拉曼光谱中，X=Y=Z，C=N=C，O=C=O-这类键 的对称伸缩振动是强谱带，反这类键的对称伸缩振 动是弱谱带。红外光谱与此相反。
5）C-C伸缩振动在拉曼光谱中是强谱带。
Infrared and Raman Spectra of Benzene
IR
Raman
拉曼光谱与红外光谱分析方法比较
拉曼光谱
红外光谱
光 谱 范 围 40-4000C m -1
光 谱 范 围 400-4000C m -1
水可作为溶剂
样品可盛于玻璃瓶，毛细管等容器 中直接测定
固体样品可直接测定
水不能作为溶剂 不能用玻璃容器测定 需要研磨制成 KBR 压片
• spectrum independent of excitation wavelength (488, 632.8, or 1064 nm)
Spectrum of CCl4, using an Ar+ laser at 488 nm.
Raman Spectroscopy
Another spectroscopic technique which probes the rovibrational structure of molecules. C.V. Raman discovered in 1928; received Nobel Prize in 1931. Can probe gases, liquids, and solids. Must use a laser source for excitation. Resurgence in recent years due to the development of new detectors with improved sensitivity. Shift back away from FT-Raman to dispersive Raman with multichannel detector systems.

激光诱导击穿光谱技术及应用研究进展

第6卷　第4期2013年8月　 中国光学 Chinese Optics Vol.6　No.4Aug.2013 收稿日期:2013⁃04⁃11;修订日期:2013⁃06⁃13 基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目(No.31270680,No.61076064);江苏省“六大高峰人才”资助项目(No.2011⁃XCL⁃018);江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目文章编号　1674⁃2915(2013)04⁃0490⁃11激光诱导击穿光谱技术及应用研究进展侯冠宇1,王　平1∗,佟存柱2(1.南京林业大学化学工程学院,江苏南京210037;2.中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所发光学及应用国家重点实验室,吉林长春130033)摘要:激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术是一种基于原子发射光谱学的元素定性、定量检测手段。

本文介绍了LIBS 技术的原理、应用方式、检测元素种类及检测极限;综述了该项技术在固体、液体、气体组分检测方面的技术发展,以及在环境检测、食品安全、生物医药、材料、军事、太空领域的应用进展。

最后,提出了高功率、高稳定的激光光源和准确的定量分析方法是LIBS 技术目前所面临的问题和挑战。

关　键　词:激光诱导击穿光谱;激光产生等离子体;元素分析;检测限中图分类号:O433.54;O657.319 文献标识码:A doi:10.3788/CO.20130604.0490Progress in laser⁃induced breakdown spectroscopyand its applicationsHOU Guan⁃yu 1,WANG Ping 1∗,TONG Cun⁃zhu 2(1.College of Chemical Engineering ,Nanjing Forestry University ,Nanjing 210037,China ;2.State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications ,Changchun Institute of Optics ,Fine Mechanics and Physics ,Chinese Academy of Sciences ,Changchun 130033,China )∗Corresponding author ,E⁃mail :wp_lh@ Abstract :Laser⁃induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)based on atomic emission spectral technology is a kind of convenient and sensitive approach for the qualitative and quantitative detection of elements.In this pa⁃per,the mechanism,detecting element types,detection limit and the recent progress of LIBS technology are reviewed.The progress of LIBS technology in component testing for solid,liquid and gas samples is expoundedin detail.The applications of LIBS in the environment test,food security,biological and medicines,material sciences,military and space fields are also presented.Finally,the challenges and problems for the LIBS tech⁃nology in high power and stable laser sources and accurately quantitative analysis method are discussed.Key words :laser⁃induced breakdown spectroscopy;laser⁃induced plasmon,element analysis;detection limit1　引　言 激光诱导击穿光谱(Laser⁃Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy,简称LIBS)技术是利用激光照射被测物体表面产生等离子体[1⁃2],通过检测等离子体光谱而获取物质成分和浓度的分析技术。

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Abstract A procedure to calculate the radiation spectrum emitted by an arbitrarily prepared Dirac wave packet is developed. It is based on the Dirac charge current and classical electrodynamic theory. Apart from giving absolute intensity values, it is exact in terms of relativistic retardation effects and angular dependence. We employ a laser driven free electron to demonstrate the advantages of our method as compared to traditional ones that merely rely on the Fourier transform of the dipole operator’s expectation value. Classical reference calculations confirm the results obtained for the low-frequency part of the spectrum, especially in terms of the observed red-shifts, which clearly deviate from non-relativistic calculations. In the high-frequency part of the spectrum, we note appreciable deviations to the purely classical calculations which may be linked to quantum averaging effects. Key words: Dirac dynamics, relativistic electron, radiation spectrum, harmonics PACS: 42.65.Ky, 42.50.Hz, 32.80.Wr, 41.60.-m
arXiv:physics/0408110v1 [physics.atom-ph] 24 Aug 2004
Radiation spectra of laser-driven quantum relativistic electrons
Guido R. Mocken and Christoph H. Keitel
usually explained in terms of the so-called recollision model [20]. Therefore, in the context of quantum mechanical simulations such as those shown in [21, 22, 23], apart from the obvious observables such as the expectation value of the position or momentum operator and the spatial probability density distribution, there is a lot of interest in calculating the radiation spectrum as well. The numerical methods that were described in our previous work [22] provide the Dirac wave function as a function of time and position, where both variables are discretized and limited to certain regions. There exists a wellestablished procedure [24] that derives the emission spectrum from such a given data set (e.g. [12, 25]). However, this one was developed for the nonrelativistic Schr¨ odinger theory, and contains further approximations. The question arises whether, in the highly relativistic regime, where non-relativistic quantum theory breaks down, it is still advisable to employ a partly nonrelativistic method for the calculation of the quantum emission spectrum. In this paper, we present a procedure that takes into account all relativistic spectral effects. It is based on the Dirac charge current and the classical theory of electromagnetism. Apart from giving absolute intensity values, it is exact in terms of relativistic retardation effects and angular dependence. To take advantage of the new scheme, one needs to obtain the time-resolved Dirac wave function of some physically interesting scenario in the first place. We made use of our advanced two-dimensional Dirac split-operator code [22] and considered the motion of a free electron in a laser field [26] to put the new scheme to the test. Classical calculations, which should not deviate much from the quantum calculations for this particular case as far as the lower part of the spectrum is concerned, serve as a reference and prove the correctness of the new scheme. However, significant deviations from the established method [24] are revealed. In addition to that, the higher order harmonics are averaged out. The delocalized quantum charge distribution is likely to be responsible for this effect. This remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 briefly reviews the formulas required to evaluate the radiation spectrum of a classical point charge and their non-relativistic limit. Section 3 briefly discusses the established standard methods, then turns to the derivation of our new method. In the end, the non-relativistic limit of the latter is evaluated to show that it matches the former. This section also discusses the solution of some numerical problems that are involved. Section 4 discusses the results obtained with our method and relates them to those obtained with the standard methods and classical formulas. We draw our conclusions in section 5 and provide the classical equations of motion in appendix A and the Dirac equation in appendix B, as well as some remarks and references concerning the way that we solved both problems numerically. 2
Max-Planck-Institut f¨ ur Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany Theoretische Quantendynamik, Physikalisches Institut, Universit¨ at Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany