1 Perturbative and Non-Perturbative Results for N = 2 Heterotic Strings

考研英语必考词汇1.electoral college 选举人团2.doping scandal 兴奋药剂丑闻3.Brexit referendum 脱欧公投4.urban diseases 城市病5.academic misconduct 学术不端6.urban heat island effect 城市热岛效应7. organ donation 器官捐献8. provisional/interim government 临时政府9.cross-border online shopping 海淘10.NGOs 非政府组织11. circuit court 巡回法庭12.ParisAgreement《巴黎协定》13.IOC 国际奥委会14.phantom screening 票房造假15.downward pressure 下行压力16.精准扶贫Targetedmeasures inpoverty alleviation17.获得感Sense of gain18.全面二孩政策universal/overall two-child policy19.性别平等gender equality20.海洋权益 maritime rights and interests21.南海问题 the South China Sea issue22.网络侵权 Internet copyright infringement23.南海仲裁案the South China Sea arbitration24.双创mass entrepreneurship and innovation25.分享经济Sharing Economy26.无人驾驶unmanned driving27.工匠精神craftsmanship spirit28.营改增to replace (the replacement of )business tax with value-added tax29.生态平衡ecological equilibrium30.新能源车 new energy vehicle ，NEV31.顶层设计 top-level design32.政治规矩political rules33.美丽中国building a beautiful China34.全面从严治党an all-out effort enforce strict party discipine35.全面深化改革an all-round in-depth reform36.打铁还需自身硬It takes a good blacksmith to make good steel.37.核心利益 core interests38.追剧 Binge-watch39.海选mass-election40.转基因食品genetically modified foods//biotech foods43.人道主义危机humanitarian crisis44.战略伙伴关系strategic partnership45.孝道 filial piety46.知识产权IPR (intellectual property right)47.八卦 EightTrigram48.孔孟之道Confucius-Mencius doctrines//Confucianism49.中庸之道 doctrine of the mean50.礼乐文化rites and music culture51.千年发展目标Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)52.中华民族的.伟大复兴the great renewal of the Chinese nation53.《道德经》TaoTeChing/Classic of theWay ofVirtue54.孔子学院Confucius Institute55.二十四节气24 solar terms56.易经 The Book of Changes57.非物质文化遗产intangible cultural heritage56.G20 二十国集团57.可持续发展sustainable development58.DonaldTrump、Donald唐纳德・特朗普59.网红instant internet celebrity60. 寨卡病毒 Zika virus61.The 3rd World Internet Conference. 第三届世界互联网大会62.人驾驶汽车 driverless car63.神州十一号飞船the Shenzhou XI manned spacecraft64.量子实验卫星quantum experiment satellite65.不忘初心stay true to the original self66.创新战略伙伴关系 an innovative strategic partnership67. 网红经济 the Wanghong economy68.对外直接投资outbound direct investment (ODI)69.引力波 gravitational waves70“猴年马月”(Horse month of the Monkey year ， one of these years//someday in the future)71 载人无人机 passenger-carryingdrone。

常用生态学词汇（汉英-英汉翻译汇编）常用生态学词汇abiotic component,非生物成分absolute reproductive value,绝对生殖价abundance,多度abyssal zone,深海带abyssobenthic zone,深渊带acclimation,驯化accumulation horizon,淀积层Acid precipitation,酸沉降Acid rain,酸雨aestivation,夏眠age structure,年龄结构age-specific life table,特定年龄生命表Agricultural economical zoning,农业经济区位Agricultural resources,农业资源Agroecosystem,农业生态系统Allee’s principle,阿利氏定律alleles,等位基因allelochemic,异种信息素/种间外激素Allelochemicals,他感物质Allelopathy,他感作用Allen’s rule,阿伦法则allopatric speciation,异域种化altruism,利他行为Artificial auxiliary energy,人工辅助能asexual reproduction,无性生殖association,群丛association group,群丛组association table,群丛表association unit theory,群丛单位理论Autecology,个体生态学autogenic succession,自发演替Auxiliary energy,辅助能balancing selection hypothesize,平衡说Bergman’s rule,贝格曼规律bethal zone,半深海带biocoenosis,生物群落bioconcentration,生物浓缩Biogecochemical cycle,生物地球化学循环Biological agriculture,生物农业Biological control,生物防治Biological energy subsidies,生物辅助能biological enrichment,生物富集Biological oxygen demand (BOD),生化需氧量（生化耗氧量）biomagnification,生物放大Biomass,生物量biome,生物带bionomic strategy,生态对策biosphere,生物圈bottle neck,瓶颈CAM plant,CAM植物cannibalism,同种相食carnivores,食肉动物Carrying capacity,环境容纳量catastrophic,灾难性因素chamaephytes (Ch),地上芽植物character displacement,特征替代cheliophytes,阴性植物Chemical ecology,化学生态学Chemical oxygen demand (COD),化学耗氧量climate climax,气候顶级climax,顶级群落climax community,顶级群落cline,渐变群clumped,集群分布co-adapted system,协同适应系统co-dynamics,相互动态co-evolution,协同进化cohort,同生群cohort life table,同群生命表cold desert,冷荒漠colonization,定居, 建群coloration,色泽Commensalisms,偏利作用communities in littoral zone,沿岸生物群落communities in the limnetic zone,湖沼带生物群落communities in the profundal zone,深水带生物群落community,群落Community ecology,群落生态学companion species,伴生种compensatory predation,补偿性捕食Competition,竞争competition coefficient,竞争系数Competition exclusion principle,竞争排斥原理competition hypothesis,竞争假说competitive exclusion,竞争排除competive lottery,抽彩式竞争Components structure,组分结构conservation,保守主义者conspicuousness,显著度constancy,恒有度contest competition,干扰竞争contest type of competition,争夺型竞争continental rise,大陆隆continental shelf,大陆架continental slope,大陆坡convergent adaptation,趋同适应convergent oscillation,趋同波动cost of gene recombination,基因重组价cost of mating,交配价cost of meiosis,减数分裂价courtship behavior,求偶行为coverage,盖度crude density,原始密度cryptophytes(Cr),隐芽植物Decomposer,分解者decomposition,分解作用delayed density dependence,延后密度制约density effect,密度效应density ratio,密度比density-dependent,密度制约density-independent,非密度制约Desertification,土地沙漠化detrital food chain,碎屑食物链detritus feeder,食碎生物Detritus food chain,腐食食物链diagrammatic life table,图解式生命表diapause,滞育diffuse competition,分散竞争directional selection,定向选择discrete generation,离散世代disruptive selection,分裂选择disturbance climax/disclimax,偏途顶级divergent oscillation,趋异波动dominance,优势度dominant species,优势种dominant-submissive,支配—从属关系dry desert,干荒漠dynamic life table,动态生命表dynamic-composite life table,动态混合生命表Eco-economical zoning,生态经济区位Ecological agriculture,生态农业Ecological amplitude,生态幅ecological density,生态密度ecological dominance,生态优势Ecological effect,生态效益Ecological efficiency,生态效率Ecological engineering,生态工程ecological environment,生态环境ecological equivalent,生态等值种ecological factor,生态因子ecological invasion,生态入侵ecological natality,生态出生率Ecological pyramid,生态金字塔（生态锥体）ecological release,生态释放Ecological succession,演替Ecological sustainability,生态持续性Ecology,生态学ecosystem,生态系统ecosystem development,生态系统的发育Ecosystem ecology,生态系统生态学Ecotone,群落交错区（生态交错区）ecotone hypothesis,生态交错带假说Ecotope,景观元素（生态点）ecotype,生态型ectotherm,外温动物edge effect,边缘效应eitolation phenomenon,黄化现象Emergent property of system,系统的整合特性emigration,迁出endogenous migration,内因性迁移endotherm,内温动物Energy analysis,能流分析Energy flow chart,能流图Energy flow path,能流路径Energy flow structure,能流结构Energy flowing,能量流Entropy,熵environment,环境environment hormone,环境激素equilibrium theory,平衡理论euphotic zone,透光带euryecious,广栖的euryhaline,广盐性的euryhydric,广水性的euryphagic,广食性的eurythermal,广温性的eurytopic species,广适种eutrophication,富营养化evergreen hardwood forest,常绿硬材林Evolution ecology,进化生态学exogenous migration,外因性迁移exploitive competition,利用竞争exponential growth,指数增长Exponential growth form,种群指数增长模式facultative parthenogenesis,兼性孤雌生殖family selection,家庭选择farmland ecosystem,农田生态系统fecundity,生育力fecundity schedule,生育力表feedback,反馈,反馈作用feeding niches,取食生态位filter food,滤食性生物finite rate of increase,周限增长率First law of thermodynamics,热力学第一定律fitness,适合度floristic-structural classification,植物区系-结构分类系统fluctuation,波动food chain,食物链Food chain structure,食物链结构Food web,食物网formation,群系formation,植物群系formation group,群系组foundational niche,基础生态位（生态龛）Free energy,自由能freshwater ecology,淡水生态学freshwater ecosystem,淡水生态系统function response,功能反应Functional component abundance,功能组分冗余gamete selection,配子选择gaps,缺口gaseous cycle,气体循环gene pool,基因库geographic variation,地理变异geographical theory of speciation,物种形成geometric growth,几何级数增长geophytes(G),地下芽植物Goase’s theory,高斯理论gradient hypothesis,梯度假说grazer,牧食生物grazing food chain,捕食食物链greenhouse effect,温室效应gross primary production,总初级生产力group selection,群选择guild,同资源团habitat,生境heath,石楠群丛height,高度hemicryptophytes (He),地面芽植物herbivore,食植动物heterotroph,异养生物heterotrophic succession,异养演替hibernation,冬眠homeostasis,内稳态homeostasis,自调节稳态homeostatic organism,内稳态生物homeostatic process,内稳定过程human demography,人口统计学Human ecology,人类生态学humus,腐殖质hydrarch succession,水生演替hydrosere,水生演替系列immigration,迁入importance value,重要值individual converse rate,个体转化率industrial melanism,工业黑化现象inner capacity increase,内禀增长力inner-environment,内环境instantaneous rate of increase,瞬间增长率intensity,强度interference competition,干扰竞争intermediate disturbance hypothesis,中度干扰假说internal distribution pattern,内分布型interspecific relationship,种间关系intertidal zone,潮间带intraspecific relationship,种内关系inversely density dependent,反密度制约Island ecology,岛屿生态学keystone species,关键种kin selection,亲选择k-strategists,k-策略者land cover,土地覆盖land use,土地利用Landscape ecology,景观生态学law of constant final yield,最后产量衡值法则law of the minimum,最小因子法则law of tolerance,耐受性法则layer,层leached layer,淋溶层leaf area index（LAS）,叶面积指数lentic ecosystem,静水生态系统life cycle,生活周期life expectancy,生命期望life form,生活型life form spectrum,生活型谱life history,生活史life history strategy,生活史对策lifespan,生活年限lifetime,寿命limit of tolerance,忍受性限度littoral zone,沿岸带lotic ecosystem,流水生态系统macroclimate,大气候macrofauna,大型生物Marine ecology,海洋生态学marine ecosystem,海洋生态系统maximum natality,最大出生率maximum sustained yield,最大持续生产量megafauna,巨型生物mexofauna,中型生物microclimate,小气候microcolony,微菌落microcommunities,小群落micro-ecosystem,微生态系统micro-environment,微环境microfauna,小型生物microplankton,小型浮游生物migration,迁徙,迁移modular organism,构件生物modules,构件Molecular ecology,分子生态学monoclimax theory,单元演替顶级monocultute,单种养殖monogamy,单配偶制monpohagous,单食性monsoon forest,季风林mortality,死亡率mortality curve,死亡曲线mosaic,镶嵌性natality,出生率n-dimensional niche,n维生态位negative feedback,负反馈net primary production(GP),净初级生产力neutrality controversy,中性说论战niche,生态位niche compression,生态位压缩niche separation,生态位分离niche shift,生态位分离non-equilibrium theory,非平衡理论non-homeostatic organism,非内稳态生物ocean-current,洋流omnivores,杂食动物open community,开放群落open shrublands,稀疏灌丛opportunist,机会主义者ordination,排序ornamentation,修饰pan-climax,泛顶级pantropical,泛热带区parabiosphere,副生物圈parapatric speciation,邻域种化（物种形成）parasites,寄生生物parasitoidism,拟寄生parent material,母质层parental care,亲代关怀parental investment,亲代投资patch,斑块per capita growth rate,每员增长率perclimax,前顶级peritrophic mycorrhizae,周边营养性菌根phanerophytes(Ph),高位芽植物phenotype,表现型photoperiodism,光周期现象phyplankton,浮游植物physiognomy,外貌Physiological ecology,生理生态学physiological natality,生理出生率phytochrom,色素pioneer community,先锋群落plankton,浮游生物Poission distribution,泊松分布polyandry,一雌多雄制poly-climax theory,多元顶级理论polygamy,多配偶制polygyny,一雄多雌制polymorphism,多型现象polyphagous,多食性的population,种群Population ecology,种群生态学porosity,粒间空隙positive feedback,正反馈post-climax,超顶级predation,捕食作用predator,捕食者present reproductive value,当前繁殖价prevail climax,优势顶级prey,猎物pre-zygotic mechanism,合子前隔离primary production,初级生产primary succession,初级演替primary succession,原生演替principle of allocation,分配原理principle of competitive exclusion,竞争互斥原理production,生产量production rate,生产率productivity,生产力progressive succession,进展演替protogynous hermaphrodism,雌雄同体pyramid of energy,能量金字塔radiation adaptation,趋异适应random,随机分布rare species,偶见种reaction time lag,反应滞时reactive species,反映性物种realized natality,实际出生率realized niche,实际生态位regressive succession,逆行演替relative frequency,相对频度relative reproductive value,相对生殖价reproduction effect,生殖成效reproductive cost,繁殖成本reproductive pattern,生殖格局reproductive time lag,生殖滞时reproductive value,生殖值residual reproductive value,剩余繁殖价resilient stability,恢复稳定性resistant stability,抵抗稳定性Restoration ecology,恢复生态学richness,丰度r-k continuum of strategies,r-k 策略连续系统r-strategists,r-策略者saprovores,食腐者savanna woodland,热带稀树草原林地scavenger,食腐者sciophytes,阴性植物scramble competition,利用性竞争secondary metabolites,次生代谢物质secondary production,次级生产力secondary succession,次生演替sedimentary cycle,沉积循环selective fertilization,选择性受精semelparity,一次繁殖生物semelparous,一次生殖semideserty,半荒漠sex ratio,性比sexual dimorphism,雌雄二型现象sexual reproduction,有性生殖sexual selection,性选择shade plants,耐阴性植物Shannon-Weiner index,香农-威纳指数similarity,相似度Simpson’s diversity index,辛普森多样性指数social group,社群social hierarchy,社会等级social-economic-natural complex ecosystem,社会-经济-自然复合生态系统solar emergy,太阳能值solar transformity,太阳能值转换率spatial pattern,空间格局special heterogeneity,空间异质性speciation,物种形成（种化）species area curve,物种面积曲线species diversity,物种多样性species evenness or equitability,种的均匀度species heterogeneity,种的不齐性species turnover rate,种的周转率spore reproduction,孢子生殖stability-resilience,稳定恢复力stabilizing selection,稳定选择standing crop,现存量static life table,静态生命表stenoecious,窄栖性的stenohaline,窄盐性的stenohydric,窄水性的stenophagic,窄食性的stenothermal,窄温性的steppe,欧亚大草原stochastic model,随机模型stratification,成层现象subassociation,亚群丛组subdominant,亚优势种subformation,亚群系succession,演替succulent,肉质植物summer-green deciduous forest,夏绿落叶林survivorship curve,存活曲线sympatric speciation,同域性物种Synecology,群落生态学synusia,层片Terrestrial ecology,陆地生态学territorial behavior,领域行为territoriality,领域性the –2/3 thinning law,–2/3自疏法则the effect of neighbours,邻接效应therophytes (Th),一年生植物thertnoperiodism,温周期现象thorn forest and scrub,多刺森林和密灌丛time-specific life table,特定时间生命表torpor,蛰伏total neutrality hypothesis,中性说trophic level,营养级trophic relationship,营养关系tundra and cold forest,苔原和冷森林uniform,均匀分布unitary organism,单体生物univoltine insects,单（一）化性的昆虫upper horizon,覆盖层Urban ecology,城市生态学vegetation subtype,植被亚型vegetation type,植被型vegetation type group,植被型组vegetative propagation,营养生殖volume,体积water cycle,水循环weight,重量xerarch succession,旱生演替xerophytes,旱生植物zero net growth isoline（ZNGI）,零增长线zone of emergent vegetation,挺水植物带zooplankton,浮游动物常用生态学词汇（汉英）–2/3自疏法则the –2/3 thinning law CAM植物CAM plantk-策略者k-strategistsn维生态位n-dimensional nicher-k 策略连续系统r-k continuum of strategies r-策略者r-strategists一年生植物therophytes (Th)一次生殖semelparous一次繁殖生物semelparity一雄多雌制polygyny一雌多雄制polyandry人口统计学human demography人工辅助能Artificial auxiliary energy 人类生态学Human ecology几何级数增长geometric growth个体生态学Autecology个体转化率individual converse rate 土地利用land use土地沙漠化Desertification土地覆盖land cover大气候macroclimate大陆坡continental slope大陆架continental shelf大陆隆continental rise大型生物macrofauna小气候microclimate小型生物microfauna小型浮游生物microplankton小群落microcommunities工业黑化现象industrial melanism干扰竞争contest competition干扰竞争interference competition 干荒漠dry desert广水性的euryhydric广适种eurytopic species广食性的euryphagic广栖的euryecious广盐性的euryhaline广温性的eurythermal中性说total neutrality hypothesis中性说论战neutrality controversy中型生物mexofauna中度干扰假说intermediate disturbance hypothesis 丰度richness内分布型internal distribution pattern内因性迁移endogenous migration内环境inner-environment内温动物endotherm内禀增长力inner capacity increase内稳定过程homeostatic process内稳态homeostasis内稳态生物homeostatic organism分子生态学Molecular ecology分配原理principle of allocation分散竞争diffuse competition分裂选择disruptive selection分解作用decomposition分解者Decomposer化学生态学Chemical ecology化学耗氧量Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 反应滞时reaction time lag反映性物种reactive species反密度制约inversely density dependent反馈，反馈作用feedback太阳能值solar emergy太阳能值转换率solar transformity开放群落open community支配—从属关系dominant-submissive无性生殖asexual reproduction气体循环gaseous cycle气候顶级climate climax水生演替hydrarch succession水生演替系列hydrosere水循环water cycle贝格曼规律Bergman’s rule他感作用Allelopathy他感物质Allelochemicals冬眠hibernation出生率natality功能反应function response功能组分冗余Functional component abundance半荒漠semideserty半深海带bethal zone叶面积指数leaf area index（LAS）外因性迁移exogenous migration外温动物ectotherm外貌physiognomy巨型生物megafauna平衡说balancing selection hypothesize平衡理论equilibrium theory正反馈positive feedback母质层parent material生化需氧量（生化耗氧量）Biological oxygen demand (BOD)生产力productivity生产率production rate生产量production生命期望life expectancy生态入侵ecological invasion生态工程Ecological engineering生态出生率ecological natality生态对策bionomic strategy生态交错带假说ecotone hypothesis生态优势ecological dominance生态农业Ecological agriculture生态因子ecological factor生态位niche生态位分离niche separation生态位分离niche shift生态位压缩niche compression生态系统ecosystem生态系统生态学Ecosystem ecology生态系统的发育ecosystem development 生态学Ecology生态环境ecological environment生态经济区位Eco-economical zoning生态金字塔（生态锥体）Ecological pyramid 生态型ecotype生态持续性Ecological sustainability生态效益Ecological effect生态效率Ecological efficiency生态密度ecological density生态幅Ecological amplitude生态等值种ecological equivalent生态释放ecological release生物农业Biological agriculture生物地球化学循环Biogecochemical cycle 生物防治Biological control生物放大biomagnification生物带biome生物浓缩bioconcentration生物圈biosphere生物辅助能Biological energy subsidies 生物富集biological enrichment生物量Biomass生物群落biocoenosis生育力fecundity生育力表fecundity schedule生活史life history生活史对策life history strategy生活年限lifespan生活周期life cycle生活型life form生活型谱life form spectrum生理出生率physiological natality生理生态学Physiological ecology生殖成效reproduction effect生殖值reproductive value生殖格局reproductive pattern生殖滞时reproductive time lag生境habitat石楠群丛heath边缘效应edge effect争夺型竞争contest type of competition亚优势种subdominant亚群丛组subassociation亚群系subformation交配价cost of mating优势顶级prevail climax优势度dominance优势种dominant species先锋群落pioneer community光周期现象photoperiodism关键种keystone species农业生态系统Agroecosystem农业经济区位Agricultural economical zoning 农业资源Agricultural resources农田生态系统farmland ecosystem动态生命表dynamic life table动态混合生命表dynamic-composite life table 协同进化co-evolution协同适应系统co-adapted system合子前隔离pre-zygotic mechanism同生群cohort同种相食cannibalism同资源团guild同域性物种sympatric speciation同群生命表cohort life table地上芽植物chamaephytes (Ch)地下芽植物geophytes(G)地面芽植物hemicryptophytes (He)地理变异geographic variation多元顶级理论poly-climax theory多刺森林和密灌丛thorn forest and scrub 多型现象polymorphism多度abundance多食性的polyphagous多配偶制polygamy存活曲线survivorship curve年龄结构age structure延后密度制约delayed density dependence 异养生物heterotroph异养演替heterotrophic succession异种信息素/种间外激素allelochemic异域种化allopatric speciation当前繁殖价present reproductive value 成层现象stratification有性生殖sexual reproduction机会主义者opportunist杂食动物omnivores次生代谢物质secondary metabolites 次生演替secondary succession次级生产力secondary production死亡曲线mortality curve死亡率mortality肉质植物succulent自发演替autogenic succession自由能Free energy自调节稳态homeostasis色泽coloration色素phytochrom负反馈negative feedback迁入immigration迁出emigration迁徙，迁移migration阴性植物cheliophytes阴性植物sciophytes驯化acclimation伴生种companion species体积volume冷荒漠cold desert初级生产primary production初级演替primary succession利他行为altruism利用性竞争scramble competition 利用竞争exploitive competition 均匀分布uniform寿命lifetime层layer层片synusia岛屿生态学Island ecology忍受性限度limit of tolerance拟寄生parasitoidism旱生植物xerophytes旱生演替xerarch succession每员增长率per capita growth rate 求偶行为courtship behavior沉积循环sedimentary cycle泛顶级pan-climax泛热带区pantropical灾难性因素catastrophic社会-经济-自然复合生态系统social-economic-natural complex ecosystem社会等级social hierarchy社群social group系统的整合特性Emergent property of system补偿性捕食compensatory predation辛普森多样性指数Simpson’s diversity index进化生态学Evolution ecology进展演替progressive succession邻域种化（物种形成）parapatric speciation邻接效应the effect of neighbours阿伦法则Allen’s rule阿利氏定律Allee’s principle陆地生态学Terrestrial ecology净初级生产力net primary production(GP)单（一）化性的昆虫univoltine insects单元演替顶级monoclimax theory单体生物unitary organism单种养殖monocultute单食性monpohagous单配偶制monogamy取食生态位feeding niches周边营养性菌根peritrophic mycorrhizae周限增长率finite rate of increase图解式生命表diagrammatic life table孢子生殖spore reproduction季风林monsoon forest定向选择directional selection定居, 建群colonization实际出生率realized natality实际生态位realized niche性比sex ratio性选择sexual selection抵抗稳定性resistant stability抽彩式竞争competive lottery构件modules构件生物modular organism欧亚大草原steppe沿岸生物群落communities in littoral zone 沿岸带littoral zone泊松分布Poission distribution波动fluctuation牧食生物grazer物种多样性species diversity物种形成geographical theory of speciation物种形成（种化）speciation物种面积曲线species area curve环境environment环境容纳量Carrying capacity环境激素environment hormone现存量standing crop空间异质性special heterogeneity空间格局spatial pattern组分结构Components structure苔原和冷森林tundra and cold forest表现型phenotype非内稳态生物non-homeostatic organism 非平衡理论non-equilibrium theory非生物成分abiotic component非密度制约density-independent顶级群落climax顶级群落climax community亲代关怀parental care亲代投资parental investment亲选择kin selection保守主义者conservation修饰ornamentation前顶级perclimax城市生态学Urban ecology总初级生产力gross primary production恒有度constancy恢复生态学Restoration ecology恢复稳定性resilient stability指数增长exponential growth挺水植物带zone of emergent vegetation 显著度conspicuousness洋流ocean-current相互动态co-dynamics相对生殖价relative reproductive value相对频度relative frequency相似度similarity种内关系intraspecific relationship种间关系interspecific relationship种的不齐性species heterogeneity种的均匀度species evenness or equitability 种的周转率species turnover rate种群population种群生态学Population ecology种群指数增长模式Exponential growth form 绝对生殖价absolute reproductive value耐阴性植物shade plants耐受性法则law of tolerance适合度fitness逆行演替regressive succession选择性受精selective fertilization重要值importance value重量weight食肉动物carnivores食物网Food web食物链food chain食物链结构Food chain structure食植动物herbivore食碎生物detritus feeder食腐者saprovores食腐者scavenger香农-威纳指数Shannon-Weiner index兼性孤雌生殖facultative parthenogenesis 原生演替primary succession原始密度crude density夏眠aestivation夏绿落叶林summer-green deciduous forest 家庭选择family selection捕食作用predation捕食者predator捕食食物链grazing food chain流水生态系统lotic ecosystem浮游生物plankton浮游动物zooplankton浮游植物phyplankton海洋生态系统marine ecosystem海洋生态学Marine ecology热力学第一定律First law of thermodynamics热带稀树草原林地savanna woodland特定年龄生命表age-specific life table特定时间生命表time-specific life table特征替代character displacement瓶颈bottle neck离散世代discrete generation窄水性的stenohydric窄食性的stenophagic窄栖性的stenoecious窄盐性的stenohaline窄温性的stenothermal竞争Competition竞争互斥原理principle of competitive exclusion 竞争系数competition coefficient竞争假说competition hypothesis竞争排斥原理Competition exclusion principle 竞争排除competitive exclusion缺口gaps能流分析Energy analysis能流图Energy flow chart能流结构Energy flow structure能流路径Energy flow path能量金字塔pyramid of energy能量流Energy flowing透光带euphotic zone配子选择gamete selection高位芽植物phanerophytes(Ph)高度height高斯理论Goase’s theory偏利作用Commensalisms偏途顶级disturbance climax/disclimax偶见种rare species减数分裂价cost of meiosis副生物圈parabiosphere基因库gene pool基因重组价cost of gene recombination基础生态位（生态龛）foundational niche寄生生物parasites密度比density ratio密度制约density-dependent密度效应density effect常绿硬材林evergreen hardwood forest排序ordination梯度假说gradient hypothesis淀积层accumulation horizon淋溶层leached layer淡水生态系统freshwater ecosystem淡水生态学freshwater ecology深水带生物群落communities in the profundal zone 深海带abyssal zone深渊带abyssobenthic zone渐变群cline猎物prey盖度coverage粒间空隙porosity营养生殖vegetative propagation营养关系trophic relationship营养级trophic level辅助能Auxiliary energy随机分布random随机模型stochastic model隐芽植物cryptophytes(Cr)领域行为territorial behavior领域性territoriality黄化现象eitolation phenomenon剩余繁殖价residual reproductive value富营养化eutrophication强度intensity斑块patch景观元素（生态点）Ecotope景观生态学Landscape ecology最大出生率maximum natality最大持续生产量maximum sustained yield最小因子法则law of the minimum最后产量衡值法则law of constant final yield植物区系-结构分类系统floristic-structural classification植物群系formation植被亚型vegetation subtype植被型vegetation type植被型组vegetation type group温周期现象thertnoperiodism温室效应greenhouse effect湖沼带生物群落communities in the limnetic zone滞育diapause稀疏灌丛open shrublands等位基因alleles蛰伏torpor超顶级post-climax趋同波动convergent oscillation趋同适应convergent adaptation趋异波动divergent oscillation趋异适应radiation adaptation集群分布clumped微生态系统micro-ecosystem微环境micro-environment微菌落microcolony滤食性生物filter food碎屑食物链detrital food chain群丛association群丛单位理论association unit theory 群丛组association group群丛表association table群系formation群系组formation group群选择group selection群落community群落生态学Community ecology群落生态学Synecology群落交错区（生态交错区）Ecotone零增长线zero net growth isoline（ZNGI）演替Ecological succession演替succession稳定恢复力stability-resilience稳定选择stabilizing selection腐食食物链Detritus food chain腐殖质humus酸沉降Acid precipitation酸雨Acid rain雌雄二型现象sexual dimorphism雌雄同体protogynous hermaphrodism 静水生态系统lentic ecosystem静态生命表static life table潮间带intertidal zone熵Entropy瞬间增长率instantaneous rate of increase 繁殖成本reproductive cost覆盖层upper horizon镶嵌性mosaic。

Ecology 生态学individuals 个体population 种群communities 群落ecosystems 生态系统behavioral ecology 行为生态学physiological ecology 生理生态学evolutionary ecology 进化生态学molecular ecology 分子生态学fitness 适合度natural selection 自然选择adaptation 适应genotype 基因型phenotype 表型phenotypic plasticity 表型可塑性offspring 后代genes 基因nongenetic factors 非遗传因素not inherited 不遗传conditions 条件resources 资源environmental variation 环境变异internal regulation 内调节homeostasis 稳态negative feedback 负反馈tolerance 耐受性temperature 温度not depletable 不能耗掉solar radiation 太阳辐射decouple 退耦niche 生态位habitat 栖息地multidimensional niche space 多维生态位空间Fundamental niche基础生态位Realized niche 实际生态位Prey 猎物Foraging 觅食Dimension 轴或维Global wind pattern 地球的风型The circulation of oceans 洋流Rain 降雨Havoc['hævək] 灾害Hurricane 飓风Latitude 纬度Irradiance [i'reidiəns,-si]辐射度Summer solstice 夏至Winter solstice 冬至Adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却Scale 尺度Coriolis effect 科里奥利效应Intertropical convergence zone 热带辐合带Jet streams 急流Albedo 反照率Gulf stream 墨西哥湾流Lee of a continent 背风面Upwelling 上涌流Adiabatic lapse rate 绝热温度递减率Inversion 逆温Heat of condensation 凝结热Heat 热Temperature profiles温度剖面Relative humidity 相对湿度Saturated water 饱和水water vapor 水蒸汽microclimate 微气候thermal['θə:məl]conductivity 热传导chemical properties of water 水的化学特性penetration of light through water光线穿透水Energy transfer and water phases能量转化和水相Deplete 耗竭Ions 离子Electropositive 正电性的Electronegative 负电性的Beer’s law 比尔定律Heat capacity 热容量Maximum density 最大密度Latent heat of vaporization增发潜热Heat of fusion 溶解热Sublimation 升华Soil water 土壤水Field capacity 田间持水量The uptake of water by roots根对水的吸收Aquatic plants 水生植物Water availability 水的可利用性Plant productivity 植物生产力Permanent wilting point 永久萎焉点Potential evapotranspiration rate潜在蒸发蒸腾速率Capillary pores 毛细管孔隙Resource depletion zone 资源枯竭区Halophytes 盐生植物Water balance in fish 鱼类的水平衡Amphibians 两栖类Water conservation by terrestrial animals 陆生动物的水保持Mammalian 哺乳动物Kidneys 肾脏Bladder 膀胱Beavers 河狸Osmoregulation 渗透调节Countercurrent exchange 逆流调节Hypertonic 高渗的Homeotherms 恒温动物Poikilotherms 变温动物Ectotherms 外温动物Endotherms 内温动物Temperature thresholds 温度阀Mechanisms 机理Enzyme 酶The thermoneutral zone 热中性区Dehydration 脱水Rates of development and growth发育和生长速度Acclimation and acclimatization驯化和气候驯化Developmental threshold Temperature 发育温度阀Physiological time 生理时间Vernalization 春化Species distribution 物种分布Evolved response 进化反应Mean temperature 平均温度Isotherm 等温线Radiant energy 辐射能Photosynthesis 光合作用Efficiency of radiant energy conversion 辐射能的转换效率Changes in the intensity of radiation 辐射强度的变化Strategic and tactical response of plants to radiation 植物对辐射的战略和战术响应Compensation point 补偿点Photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）光和活性辐射Efficiency of Photosynthesis 光合作用效率Photosynthetic capacity 光合能力Diurnal and annual rhythms of solar radiation 太阳辐射日节律和年节律Resource depletion zone 资源耗竭带Strategic difference 战略差异Tactical response 战术响应Transpiration 蒸腾Net assimilation 净同化量Nutrient sources 营养物资源Nutrient budgets 营养预算Terrestrial communities 陆地群落Aquatic communities 水生群落Geochemistry 地球化学Global biogeochemical cycles 全球生物地球循环Mechanical weathering 机械风化Chemical weathering 化学腐蚀Wetfall 湿降落Dryfall 干降落Rainout component 雨水冲失成分Washout component 水冲失成分Streamflow 溪流Denitrification 脱氮Endorheic内陆湖泊Biogeochemistry 生物地球化学Hydrosphere carbon 水圈的碳Weathering 风化作用Nitrogen cycle 氮循环Phosphorus 氮Sediment 沉积型Lithospheric 岩石圈Sulfur 硫The fate of matter in the community群落中物质的命运Producers 生产者Consumers 消费者Decomposers 分解者Autotrophs 自养生物Grazing mammals 草食哺乳动物Phytoplankton 浮游植物Zooplankton 浮游动物Bacteria 细菌Fungi 真菌Nonliving 无生命Food chains 食物链Primary and secondary production 初级和次级生产力Net Primary production 净初级生产力Aphotic zone 无光区Photic zone 透光区Primary consumers 初级消费者Secondary consumer 次级消费者Soil formation 土壤形成The soil profile 土壤剖面Primary classification：the great soil groups 主要分类：大土壤群Higher vegetation 高等植物Dynamic mixture 动态混合物Organic matter 有机质Cells 细胞Pedology 土壤学Subsoil 亚土壤Mineral soil 矿物质土壤Parent material 母质Soil series 土系Soil surveyor 土壤勘测员Succession 演替Ecosystem patterns 生态系统格局Soil horizons 土层Humic acids 腐植酸Great soil groups 土壤群Population size 种群大小Age and stage structure 年龄和时期结构Zygote 受精卵Unitary organism 单体生物Modular organism 构件生物Ramets 无性系分株Clone 无性系Genet 基株Evolutionary individuals 进化个体Immediate ecological impact 直接生态作用Stable age distribution 稳定年龄分布Age pyramid 年龄金字塔Stationary age distribution 固定的年龄分布Stage structure 时期结构Sizes classes 个体大小群Natality 出生率Mortality 死亡率Survivorship 存活率Life tables 生命表K-factor analysis k-因子分析The fecundity schedule 生殖力表Population growth 种群增长Density-independent Population growth 非密度制约性种群增长Density-dependent growth-the logistic equation 密度制约性种群增长：逻辑斯缔方程Life expectancy 生命期望Survivorship curve 存活曲线Cohort 同生群Age-specific survival rate 特定年龄存活率Key factors 关键因子Killing factor 致死因子Basic reproduction rate 基础繁殖率Carrying capacity 环境容纳量Estimating density 估计密度Mark release recapture 标记重捕法H3Density dependence密度制约Equilibrium population density平衡种群密度Relative density相对密度Allee effect阿利效应Exactly compensating准确补偿Undercompensating补偿不足Overcompensating过度补偿H4Population fluctuations 种群波动Chaos 混沌Expanding and contracting populations 增长种群和收缩种群Stable limit cycle 稳定极限环I1Competition 竞争Predation 捕食Parasitism 寄生Mutualism互利共生Intraspecific competition种内竞争Interspecific competition种间竞争Exploitation competition利用性竞争Interference competition干扰性竞争Cannibalism 自相残杀Altruism 利他主义Commensualism 偏利共生Amensualism偏害共生I2Dispersal扩散Territoriality领域性Niche shift生态位转移Allelopathy异株克生Competive asymmetry 竞争不对称Scramble competition争夺竞争Contest competition格斗竞争Zero net growth isocline零增长等斜线Self-thinning自疏Inbreeding近亲繁殖Reproductive value繁殖价值Leks 求偶场I3Competitive exclusion 竞争排斥Limiting similarity 极限相似性Competitive release 极限释放Character displacement 性状替换Apparent competition 表观竞争Enemy-free space 无敌空间Highly heterogeneous 高度异质性Gaps 断层Probability refuge 隐蔽机率J1Herbivores 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Omnivores 杂食动物Chemical defences 化学防御Behavioral strategies 行为对策Specialists 特化种Generalist 泛化种Monophagous单食者Oligophagous寡食者Polyphagous 多食者Parasites 寄生者J2Predator switching 捕食者转换Profitability of prey 猎物收益率Plant defence 植物防御The ideal free distribution 理想自由分布Functional response 功能反应Superpredation 超捕食K1Parasites 寄生物Modes of transmission 传播方式Social parasites 社会性寄生物Helminth worms 寄生蠕虫Insects 昆虫Necrotrophs 食尸动物Parasitoids 拟寄生物The cellular immune response 细胞免疫反应Vectors 媒介Optimal habitat use 最佳生境利用Brood parasitism 窝寄生Evolutionary constraint 进化约束K2Immunity 免疫Cevolution协同进化Gene for gene 基因对基因Mimics 模仿Herd immunity 群体免疫Antigenic stability 抗原稳定L1Pollination 传粉Symbiotic 共生性Obligate 专性Lichens 地衣Outcrossing 异型杂交Mitochondria 线粒体Chloroplasts 叶绿体M1Reproductive values 生殖价Hypothetical organism 假定生物Migration 迁移Senescence衰老Diapause 滞育Dormancy 休眠Longevity 寿命Enormous variation 巨大变异Energy allocation 能量分配Semelparity 单次生殖Iteroparity 多次生殖Carrying capacity 容纳量Current/future reproduction当前/未来繁殖Habitat disturbance 环境干扰The current/future reproductive output 当前/未来繁殖输出A high/low cost of reproduction高/低繁殖付出Seed bank 种子库Torper蛰伏Hibernation 冬眠Cryptobiosis 隐生现象Aestivation 夏眠Migration 迁徙Morphological forms 形态学性状Generations世代Mechanistic level 机制水平N1Cooperation 合作Grouping-benefits 集群-好处Altruism 利他行为Group defens e 群防御Inclusive fitness 广义适合度Eusociality 真社会性Hymenoptera 膜翅目Haplodiploid 单倍二倍体Venomous sting毒刺N2Sex 性The costs of inbreeding 近交的代价Self-fertilization 自体受精Sexual versus asexual reproduction 有性和无性生殖Sex ratio 交配体制Monogyny 单配制Polygyny 一雄多雌制Polyandry 一雌多雄制Inbreeding depression 近交衰退Hermaphrodite 雌雄同体Recombine 重组Rare type advantage 稀少型有利Equal investment 相等投入Local mate competition局域交配竞争Epigamic 诱惑性Intrasexual selection 性内选择Intersexual selection 性间选择O1Alleles 等位基因Polymorphism 多型Genetic drift 遗传漂变Genetic bottleneck 遗传瓶颈Rare species 稀有物种Extinction 灭绝Chromosome染色体Genotype 遗传型Phenotype 表现型Gene pool 基因库Gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳O2Gene flow 基因流Differentiation 分化Sibling species 姊妹种Genetic revolution 遗传演变Peripheral isolates 边缘隔离PTransfer efficiencies 转换效率（net）primary productivity (净)初级生产力Respiratory heat 呼吸热Grazer system 牧食者系统Food chains 食物链Pathways of nutrient flow营养物流Food webs 食物网QCommunity structure 群落结构Community boundaries 群落边界Guilds同资源种团Community organization 群落组织Species diversity 物种多样性Energy flow 能量流Superorganism 超有机体Species-poor/rich 物种贫乏/丰富Biomass stability 生物量稳定性Tundra 冻原Island biogeography 岛屿生物地理学Turnover rate 周转率Source of colonists 移植者源Relaxation松弛Edgespecies 边缘物种Interior species 内部物种Corridor 走廊Greenways 绿色通道Community assembly群落集合Grazers 食草动物Carnivores 食肉动物Keystone species 关键物种Dominance control 优势控制Habitat affinity生境亲和力Prey switching 猎物转换RSuccession 演替Climax Community 顶级群落Pioneer species 先锋物种Primary succession 原生演替Alluvial deposit 冲积层Secondary succession 次生演替Acidifying effect 酸化作用Opportunistic机会主义Cellulose 植物纤维素Lignin 木质素Resource ratio hypothesis 资源比假说Fluctuations 波动Cyclic succession 循环演替Disturbance 干扰Patch dynamics板块动态Mini-succession 微型演替Cambium 形成层Neotropical forest 新热带雨林Priority effect 优先效应SVegetation 植被Ecotones 群落交错区Climate map 气候图Biomes 生物群系Heat budget 热量预算Zonation 分带Grassland 草地Primary regions 基本区域Desertification 荒漠化Arctic tundra 北极冻原Alpine tundra 高山冻原Permafrost 永冻层Coniferous boreal forest北方针叶林Temperature forest 温带森林Tropical forest 热带森林Salinization 盐渍化Primary saltwater regions 基本盐水区域Opens oceans 开阔海洋Continental shelves 大陆架The intertidal zone 潮间带Salt marsh 盐沼Mudflats淤泥滩Mangroves 红树林Pelagic 浮游生物Photic zone 有光带Phyto plankton 浮游植物Nekton 自泳动物Benthic 底栖Rocky shore 岩岸Zonation 分带Streams 溪流Ponds 池塘Environmental concerns 环境关系Catchment area 集水区Temperature inversion 温度逆转Biomanipulation 生物处理TThe goals of harvesting 收获目标Quota limitation 配额限制Environmental fluctuation环境波动Maximum possible yiel最大可能产量Net recruitment 净补充量Surplus yield 过剩产量Age structure 年龄结构Population data 种群数据Stable equilibrium 稳定平衡Harvesting effort 收获努力Gun licences 猎枪执照Rod licences钓鱼许可证Upwelling of cold water冷水上升流Fisheries 渔业Ocean productivity 大洋生产力The tragedy of the common公共灾难Overexploitation 过捕Pollution 污染Global decline 全球性下降By-catch 附带收获Community perturbations 群落扰动Oil spills 原油泄漏Eutrophication 富营养化Algal blooms 水华Red tides 赤潮Biomagnification 生物放大作用UPest 有害生物Natural enemies 天敌Ruderal 杂草型Economic/aesthetic injury level 经济/美学损害水平Cultural 栽培Biological control 生物防治‘Silent spring’寂静的春天Chemical toxicity 化学毒性Evolution of resistance抗性进化Microbial insecticide微生物杀虫剂Inoculation接种Augmentation扩大Inundation 爆发VRare species 稀有种Genetic diversity 遗传多样性Extinction 灭绝Endemic species 特有种Habitat fragmentation 生境片段化Insularization 岛屿化Biodiversity 生物多样性Strategies for conservation保育对策Antarctic treaty 南极协议Ecotourism生态旅游WAir pollution空气污染Acid rain 酸雨Water pollutants 水体污染物Soil pollution 土壤污染Acid deposition 酸降Pathogens病源体Chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量Anaerobes 厌氧菌The greenhouse effect 温室效应Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Ozone 臭氧Photochemical smog 光化学烟雾XOverview 概述Soil erosion 土壤侵蚀Soil compaction 土壤硬结Contour ploughing等高耕作Cover crops 覆盖作物No-till farming 免耕农业。

1、劳动力市场(labor market)：labor srevices are rented not sold;labor productivity is affected by pay and working cinditions;the suppliers of labor care about the way in which the labor is used.2、实证经济学(positive economics):an attenpt to describe how the economy operates using the scientific method.3、规范经济学(normative economics):relies on value judgment to evaluate the overall functioning of the economy.4、帕累托最优(pareto optimality):under ideal conditions,markets result in pareto efficient outcomes.5、帕累托改进(pareto improvement):is a policy to have at least conductive to a person not be any other damage.6、市场失灵(market failure):(1)不知情:imperfect information (2)交易障碍:transation barriers (3)外部性:the nonexistence of markets when externalities are present (4)公共物品:public goods (5)价格扭曲:price distortions7、内部劳动力市场(internal labor market):is present in the internal labor market it is actually the internal system of labor constracts and employment arrangements sum8、一级劳动力市场(primary labor market):high wayes and stable employment relationships.二级劳动力市场(secondary labor market):low wages and unstable relationships.9、劳动力(labor force):individuals aged 16 or about who are either working or actively seeking work.10、失业(unemployment):those who are not working but are actively seeking work11、劳动力的参与率(labor force participation rate):primarily for males in their early 20s and over 62 particularly for married femals12、准固定成本(Quasi-fixed costs):Quasi-fixed costs are costs that vary with the number of workers hired by the firm but not with hours worked per employee.13、雇佣成本(hire cost):hiring costs include the cost associated with:placing advertisements selecting condidates for interviews,interviewing condidates selecting conidate for job offers.14、劳动力市场的歧视：piscrimination in the labor market,those that have the same ability,education training and experience and eventually showed the same labor productivity of workers;casued due to non-economic characteristic,promotion,wages,employment,career/chosces and accept training.subject to unfair treatment.15、名义工资(nominal wages):are not a justed for inflation and are said to be expressed in terms of “current dollars”16、实际工资(real wages):are wages that have been ajusted to take into account the effect of inflation;real wages/are expressed in terms of dollers from a given base year and are said to be expressed in anstant dollars.。

环保知识竞赛的英语作文英文回答：Environmental Knowledge Quiz.1. What is the main cause of global warming?Human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.2. What is the name of the international agreement that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?The Paris Agreement.3. What is the primary cause of deforestation?Agriculture, logging, and human settlements.4. What are the two main types of pollution?Air pollution and water pollution.5. What is the term for the loss of biodiversity?Extinction.6. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?Renewable resources can be replenished naturally, while non-renewable resources cannot.7. What is the name of the three main pillars of sustainability?Environmental, economic, and social.8. What is the role of technology in protecting the environment?It can help to develop innovative solutions toenvironmental challenges.9. What is the biggest environmental challenge facing the world today?Climate change.10. What can individuals do to help protect the environment?Reduce their carbon footprint, conserve water and energy, and recycle materials.中文回答：环保知识竞赛。

1 亚当·斯密的“有效需求”"Effectual Demand", in Adam Smith2 自回归综合移动平均模型ARIMA Models3 不在地主Absentee4 绝对地租Absolute Rent5 绝对的和可交换的价值Absolute and Exchangeable value6 国际收支的开支吸收分析法Absorption Approach to the Balance of Payments7 吸收能力Absorptive Capacity8 节欲Abstinence9 抽象劳动与具体劳动Abstract and Concrete Labour10 加速原理Acceleration Principle11 会计学与经济学Accounting and Economics12 私人和社会会计Accounting, Private and Social13 资本的积累Accumulation of Capital14 非循环性Acyclicity15 适应性预期Adaptice Expectation16 总额相符问题Adding-up Problem17 调整的成本Adjustment Cost18 调整过程与稳定性Adjustment Processes and Stability19 有管理的价格Administered Prices20 预付Advances21 逆选择Adverse Selection22 广告Advertising23 顾问Advisers24 人口老化Ageing Populations25 代理费Agency Costs26 生产要素Agents of Production27 总需求理论Aggregate Demand Theory28 总需求和总供给分析Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis29 总供给函数Aggregate Supply Function30 加总问题Aggregation Problem31 经济关系的总和Aggregation of Economic Relations32 农业经济学Agricultural Economics33 农业增长和人口变化Agricultural Growth and Population Change34 农产品供给Agricultural Supply35 农业与经济发展Agriculture and Economic Development36 农业与土地Agriculture and Land37 异化Alienation38 阿莱悖论Allais Paradox39 阿尔蒙滞后Almon Lag40 利他主义Altruism41 美国经济协会American Economic Association42 摊销Amortization43 类比Analogy44 无政府主义Anarchism45 反托拉斯政策Antitrust Policy46 适用技术Appropriate Technology47 套利Arbitrage48 套利定价理论Arbitrage Pricing Theory49 仲裁Arbitration50 军备竞赛Arms Races51 阿罗定理Arrow''s Theorem52 阿罗-德布勒一般均衡模型Arrow-Debren Model of General Equilibrium53 资产定价Asset Pricing54 资产与负债Assets and Liabilities55 指派问题Assignment Problems56 非对称信息Asymmetric Information57 原子状竞争Atomistic Competition58 拍卖者Auctioneer59 拍卖Auctions60 奥地利经济学派Austrian School of Economics61 自给自足Autarky62 自发支出Autonomous Expenditures63 自回归和移动平均时间序列过程Autoregressive and Moving-average Time-series Processes64 平均成本定价Average Cost Pricing65 阿弗奇一约翰逊效应Averch-Johnson effect66 公理化理论Axiomatic Theories67 交割延期费Backwardation68 落后性Backwardness69 贸易差额理论史Balance of Trade, History of The Theory70 平衡预算乘数Balanced Budget Maltiptier71 平衡增长Balanced Growth72 中央银行利率Bank Rate73 银行学派,通货学派,自由银行学派Banking School, Currency School, Free Banking School74 讨价还价(议价) Bargaining75 物物交换Barter76 物物交换和交易Barter and Exchange77 基本品和非基本品Basics and Non-Basics78 基点计价制Basing Point System79 杂牌凯恩斯主义Bastard Keynesianism80 贝叶斯推断Bayesian Inference81 以邻为整Beggar-the-neighbor82 行为经济学Behavioral Economics83 有偏和无偏的技术进步Biased and Unbiased technological Change84 出价Bidding85 双边垄断Bilateral Monopoly86 复本位制Bimetallism87 生物经济学Bioeconomics88 经济学在生物学中的应用Biological Applications of Economics89 伯明翰学派Birmingham School90 生死过程Birth-and-death Processes91 债券Bonds92 有限理性论Bounded Rationality93 资产阶级Bourgeoisie94 贿赂Bribery95 泡沫状态Bubbles96 预算政策Budgetary Policy97 缓冲存货Buffer Stocks98 内在稳定器Built-in Stabilizers99 金银本位主义的争论Bullionist Controversy100 束状图Bunch Maps101 公债负担Burden of The Debt102 官僚制度Bureaucracy103 经济周期Business Cycles104 不变替代弹性生产函数CES Production Function105 变分法Calculus of Variations106 官房经济学派Cameralism107 资本资产定价模型Capital Asset Pricing Model108 资本预算的编制Capital Budgeting109 资本外逃Capital Flight110 资本的收益与损失Capital Gains and Losses111 资本品Capital Goods112 资本的反常现象Capital Perversity113 资本理论Capital Theory114 资本的理论：争论Capital Theory: Debates115 资本理论：悖论Capital Theory: Paradoxes116 固定资本利用程度Capital Utilization117 作为一种生产要素的资本Capital as A Factor of Production118 作为一种社会关系的资本Capital as a Social Relation119 资本、信贷和货币市场Capital, Credit and Money Markets120 资本主义Capitalism121 资本主义的与非资本主义的生产Capitalistic and Acapitalistic Production 122 卡特尔Cartel123 交易学Catallactics124 突变论Catastrophe Theory125 赶超Catching-up126 因果推理Causal Inference127 经济模型中的因果关系Causality in Economic Models128 删截数据模型Censored Data Models129 中央银行业务Central Banking130 中心地区理论Central Place Theory131 中央计划Central Planning132 波动重心Centre of Gravitation133 确定性等价Certainty Equivalent134 如果其他条件不变Ceteris Paribus135 偏好的改变Changes in Tastes136 宪章运动：宪章的条款Chantism: the point of the Charter 137 物品特性Characteristics138 宪章运动Chartism139 低息借款Cheap Money140 芝加哥学派Chicago School141 技术选择与利润率Choice of Technique and the Rate of Profit 142 牟利学(理财) Chrematistics143 基督教社会主义Christian Socialism144 循环流动Circular Flow145 流通资本Circulating Capital146 阶级Class147 古典经济学Classical Economics148 古典增长模型Classical Growth Models149 古典货币理论Classical Theory of Money150 历史计量学Cliometrics151 社团Clubs152 合作社Co-operatives153 科斯定理Coase Theorem154 柯布-道格拉斯函数Cobb-Douglas Function155 蛛网定理Cobweb Theorem156 共同决定和利润分享Codetermination and Profit-sharing157 同族学科Cognate Displines158 柯尔培尔主义Colbertism159 集体行动Collective Action160 集体农业Collective Agriculture161 劳资集体谈判Collective bargaining162 合谋Collusion163 殖民主义Colonialism164 殖民地Colonies165 联合Combination166 组合论Combinatorics167 命令经济Command Economy168 商品拜物教Commodity Fetishism169 商品货币Commodity Money170 商品储备货币Commodity Reserve Currency171 公共土地Common Land172 习惯法Common Law173 公共财产权Common Property Rights174 通讯Communications175 共产主义Communism176 社会(公共)无差异曲线Community Indifference Curves177 比较利益Comparative Advantage178 比较静态学Comparative Statics179 补偿需求Compensated Demand180 补偿Compensation181 补偿原理Compensation Principle182 竞争Competition183 竞争政策Competition Policy184 竞争与效率Competition and Efficiency185 竞争与选择Competition and Selection186 国际贸易竞争Competition in International Trade187 奥地利学派的竞争理论Competition: Austrian Conceptions188 古典竞争理论Competition: Classical Conceptions189 马克思学派的竞争理论Competition: Marxian Conceptions190 竞争性市场过程Competitive Market Processes191 一般均衡的计算Computation of General Equlibria192 集中比率Concentration Ratios193 冲突与解决Conflict and Settlement194 冲突与战争Conflict and War195 拥挤Congestion196 综合性大企业Conglomerates197 推测均衡Conjectural Equilibria198 炫耀性消费Conspicuous Consumption199 不变资本和可变资本Constant and Variable Capital200 制度经济学Constitutional Economics201 耐用消费品Consumer Durables202 消费者剩余Consumer Surplus203 消费者支出Consumers, Expenditure204 消费函数Consumption Function205 消费集Consumption Sets206 消费税Consumption Taxation207 消费与生产Consumption and Production208 可竞争市场Contestable Markets209 或有商品Contingent Commodities210 经济历史的连续性Continuity in Economic History211 连续和离散时间模型Continuous and Discrete Time Models212 连续-时间随机模型Continuous-time Stochastic Model213 连续时间随机过程Continuous-time Stochastic Processes214 矛盾Contradiction215 资本主义的矛盾Contradictions of Capitalism216 经济活动的控制与协调Control and Coordination of Economic Activity 217 趋向性假说Convergence Hypothesis218 凸规划Convex Programming219 凸性Convexity220 合作均衡Cooperative Equilibrium221 合作对策Cooperative Games222 核心Cores223 谷物法Corn Laws224 谷物模型Corn Model225 公司经济Corporate Economy226 公司Corporations227 社团主义Corporatism228 对应原理Correspondence Principle229 对应Correspondences230 成本函数Cost Functions231 成本最小化和效用最大化Cost Minimization and Utility Maximization 232 成本和供给曲线Cost and Supply Curves233 生产成本Cost of Production234 成本-效益分析Cost-benefit Analysis235 成本推动型通货膨胀Cost-push Inflation236 反向贸易Counter Trade237 反设事实Counterfactuals238 抗衡力量Countervailing Power239 蠕动钉住汇率Crawling Peg240 创造性破坏Creative Destruction241 信贷Credit242 信贷周期Credit Cycle243 信贷配给Credit Rationing244 犯罪与处罚Crime and Punishment245 危机Crises246 关键路径分析Critical Path Analysis247 挤出效应Crowding Out248 累积的因果关系Cumulative Causation249 累积过程Cumulative Processes250 通货Currencies251 通货委员会Currency Boards252 关税同盟Customs Unions253 周期Cycles254 社会主义经济的周期Cycles in Socialist Economies255 技能退化De-skilling256 高息借款Dear Money257 销路理论Debouches, Theorie des258 分权Decentralization259 决策理论Decision Theory260 衰落产业Declining Industries261 人口下降Declining Population262 国防经济学Defence Economics263 赤字财政Deficit Financing264 赤字支出Deficit Spending265 垄断程度Degree of Monopoly266 效用程度Degree of utility267 需求管理Demand Management268 需求价格Demand Price269 需求理论Demand Theory270 货币需求：经验研究Demand for Money: Empirical Studies271 货币需求：理论研究Demand for Money: Theoretical Studies272 需求拉动型通货膨胀Demand-pull Inflation273 人口转变Demographic Transition274 人口统计学Demography275 依附Dependency276 折耗Depletion277 折旧Depreciation278 萧条Depressions279 派生需求Derived Demand280 决定论Determinism281 发展Development282 发展经济学Development Economics283 发展计划Development Planning284 辩证唯物主义Dialectical Materialism285 辩证推理Dialectical Reasoning286 微分对策Differential Games287 获得的困难Difficulty of Attainment288 生产的难易程度Difficulty or Facility of Production289 技术扩散Diffusion of Technology290 经济量的维数Dimension of Economic Quantities291 直接税Direct Taxes292 直接非生产性寻利活动Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking (DUP) Activities 293 离散的选择模型Discrete Choice Models294 歧视性垄断Discriminating Monopoly295 歧视Discrimination296 非均衡分析Disequilibrium Analysis297 隐蔽性失业Disguised Unemployment298 反中介行动Disintermediation299 扭曲Distortions300 分配Distribution301 占典分配理论Distribution Theories: Classical302 凯恩斯主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Keynesian303 马克思主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Marxian304 新古典分配理论Distribution Theories: Neoclassical305 分配伦理Distribution, Ethics of306 分配规律Distribution, Law of307 分配公平Distributive Justice308 多样化经营Diversification of activities309 分段的总体和随机模型Divided Populations and Stochastic Models310 股息政策Dividend Policy311 迪维西亚指数Divisia Index312 劳动分工Division of Labour313 经济学说Doctrines314 土地调查清册Domesday Book315 家务劳动Domestic Labour316 复式簿记Double-entry Bookkeeping317 二元经济Dual Economies318 二元性Duality319 虚拟变量Dummy Variables320 倾销Dumping321 双头垄断Duopoly322 动态规划和马尔可夫决策过程Dynamic Programming and Markov Decision Process 323 经济增长和发展的动力学Dynamics, Growth and Development324 东西方经济关系East-west Economic Relations325 伊斯特林假说Easterlin Hypothesis326 经济计量学Econometrics327 经济人类学Economic Anthropology328 社会主义经济的经济计算Economic Calculation in Socialist Economies329 经济自由Economic Freedom330 经济增长Economic Growth331 经济和谐Economic Harmony332 经济史Economic History333 经济一体化Economic Integration334 历史的经济学解释Economic Interpretation of History335 经济法则Economic Laws336 经济人Economic Man337 经济组织Economic Organization338 经济组织与交易成本Economic Organization and Transaction Costs339 经济科学与经济学Economic Science and Economics340 经济剩余与等边际原理Economic Surplus and the Equimarginal Principle341 经济理论与理性假说Economic Theory and The Hypothesis of Rationality342 国家的经济理论Economic Theory of the State343 经济战Economic War344 经济和社会人类学Economic and Social Anthropology345 经济和社会史Economic and Social History346 经济学图书馆与文献的使用Economics Libraries and Documentation347 规模经济与规模不经济Economies and Diseconomies ofScale348 经济计量学Economitrics349 有效需求Effective Demand350 实际保护Effective Protection351 有效配置Efficient Allocation352 有效率市场假说Efficient Market Hypothesis353 国际收支的弹性分析方法Elasticities Approach to the Balance of Payments354 弹性Elasticity355 替代弹性Elasticity of Substitution356 就业理论Employment, Theories of357 空匣Empty Boxes358 内生性与外生性Endogencity and Exoyeneity359 内生货币与外生货币Endogenous and Exogenous Money360 能源经济学Energy Economics361 强制执行Enforcement362 恩格尔曲线Engel Curve363 恩格尔定律Engel''s Law364 英国历史学派English Historical School365 权利Entitlements366 企业家Entrepreneur367 熵Entropy368 进入与市场结构Entry and Market structure369 包络定理Envelope Theorem370 环境经济学Environmental Economics371 妒忌Envy372 国民历代大事记或民族精神编年史Ephemerides du Citoyen ou Chronique de I''esprit National 373 经济学中的认识论问题Epistemological Issues in Economics374 均等利润率Equal Rates of Profit375 平等Equality376 交易方程Equation of Exchange377 均衡：概念的发展Equilibrium: Development of The Concept378 均衡：一个预期性的概念Equilibrium: an Expectational Concept379 公平Equity380 遍历理论Ergodic Theory381 变量误差Errors in Variables382 估计Estimation383 欧拉定理Euler''s Theorem384 欧洲美元市场Eurodollar Market385 事前与事后Ex Ante and Ex Post386 过度需求与供给Excess Demand and Supply387 交换Exchange388 外汇管制Exchange Control389 汇率Exchange Rate390 可能竭资源Exhaustible Resources391 一般均衡的存在性Existence of General Equilibrium392 退出和进言Exit and Voice393 预期Expectations394 预期效用假说Expected Utility Hypothesis395 预期效用及数学期望Expected Utility and Methematical Expectation396 消费支出税Expenditure Tax397 经济学中的实验方法(i) Experimental Methods in Economics(i)398 经济学中的实验方法(ii) Experimental Methods in Economics(ii)399 剥削Exploitation400 展延家庭Extended Family401 扩展型对策Extensive Form Games402 粗放与集约地租Extensive and Intensive Rent403 外债External Debt404 外在经济External Economies405 外在性Externalities406 费边经济学Fabian Economics407 因子分析Factor Analysis408 要素价格边界Factor Price Frontier409 公平分配Fair Division410 公平性Fairness411 下降的利润率Falling Rate of Profit412 家庭Family413 计划生育Family Planning414 饥荒Famine415 法西斯主义Fascism416 生育力Fecundity417 人口出生率Fertibity418 封建主义Feudalism419 法定不兑现纸币Fiat Money420 虚拟资本Fictitious Capital421 信用发行Fiduciary Issue422 最终效用程度Final Degree of Utility423 最终效用Final Utility424 金融Finance425 金融资本Finance Capital426 融资和储蓄Finance and Saving427 金融危机Financial Crisis428 金融中介Financial Intermediaries429 金融新闻业Financial Journalism430 金融市场Financial Markets431 微调Fine Tuning432 厂商理论Firm, Theory of The433 财政联邦主义Fiscal Federalism434 财政态势Fiscal Stance435 发展中国家的财政和货币政策Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Developing Countries 436 渔业Fisheries437 固定资本Fixed Capital438 固定汇率Fixed Exchange Rates439 不变生产要素Fixed Factors440 不动点定理Fixed Point Theorems441 固定价格模型Fixprice Models442 浮动汇率Flexible Exchange Rates443 强制储蓄Forced Saving444 预测Forecasting445 对外援助Foreign Aid446 国外投资Foreign Investment447 对外贸易Foreign Trade448 对外贸易乘数Foreign Trade Multiplier449 森林经济Forests450 欺骗Fraud451 自由银行制度Free Banking452 自由处置Free Disposal453 免费物品Free Goods454 免费午餐Free Lunch455 自由贸易和保护主义Free Trade and Protection456 充分就业Full Employment457 充分就业预算盈余Full Employment Budget Surplus458 完全及有限信息方法Full and Limited Information Methods459 泛函分析Functional Analysis460 功能财政Functional Finance461 根本性失衡Fundamental Disequilibrium462 可替代性Fungibility463 期贷市场、套头交易与投机Futures Markets, Hedging and Speculation 464 期货交易Futures Trading465 模糊集合Fuzzy Sets466 贸易收益Gains from Trade467 对策论(博奕论) Game Theory468 不完全信息对策Games With Incomplete Information469 赌博合同Gaming Contracts470 度规函数Gauge Functions471 资本搭配Gearing472 性别Gender473 一般均衡General Equilibrium474 一般系统理论General System Theory475 德国历史学派German Historical School476 吉布拉定律Gibrat''s Law477 吉芬悖论Giffen''s Paradox478 赠品Gifts479 吉尼比率Gini Ratio480 经济理论中的整体分析Global Analysis in Economic Theory481 金本位Gold Standard482 黄金时代Golden Age483 黄金律Golden Rule484 货物与商品Goods and Commodities485 政府预算约束Government Budget Restraint486 图论Graph Theory487 重力模型Gravity Models488 格莱辛定律Gresham''s Law489 总替代品Gross Substitutes490 群(李群)论Group(Lie Group)Theory491 增长的核算Growth Accounting492 增长与周期Growth and Cycles493 经济增长与国际贸易Growth and International Trade494 哈恩问题Hahn Problem495 汉密尔顿体系Hamiltonians496 哈里斯-托达罗模型Harris-Todaro Model497 哈罗德-多马增长模型Harrod-Domar Growth Model498 霍金斯一西蒙条件Hawkins-Simon Condition499 卫生经济学Health Economics500 赫克歇尔-俄林贸易理论Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory501 套头交易Hedging502 享乐函数和享乐指数Hedonic Functions and Hedonic Indexes503 享乐主义Hedonism504 黑格尔主义Hegelianism505 赫芬达尔指数Herfindahl index506 异方差性Heteroskedasticity507 隐蔽活动，道德风险与合同理论Hidden Action, Moral Hazard and Contract Theory 508 等级制度Hierarchy509 讨价还价Higgling510 健全货币与货币基础High-powered Money and The Monetary Base511 历史成本会计Historical Cost accounting512 历史人口统计学Historical Demography513 经济思想及学说史History of Thought and Doctrine514 齐次函数和位似函数Homogeneous and Homothetic Functions515 国际游资Hot Money516 家庭预算Household Budgets517 家庭生产Household Production518 家务劳动Housework519 住房市场Housing Markets520 人力资本Human Capital521 人类资源Human Resources522 虚构的生产函数Humbug Production Function523 持猎和采集经济Hunting and Gathering Economies524 恶性通货膨胀Hyperinflation525 假设检验Hypothesis Testing526 IS-LM分析IS-LM Analysis527 理想指数Ideal Indexes528 理想产出Ideal Output529 理想类型Ideal Type530 识别Identification531 意识形态Ideology532 贫困化增长Immiserizing Grow533 尽早消费偏好Impatience534 不完全竞争Imperfect Competition535 不完全模型Imperfectionist Models536 帝国主义Imperialism537 默认契约Implicit Contracts538 进口替代和出口导向型增长Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth 539 派算Imputation540 剌激的协调性Incentive Compatibility541 刺激性合同Incentive Contracts542 收入Income543 收入-支出分析Income-Expenditure Analysis544 收入政策Incomes Policies545 不完全合同Incomplete Contracts546 不完全市场Incomplete Markets547 规模报酬递增Increasing Return to Scale548 指数Index Numbers549 指数化证券Indexed Securities550 指导性计划Indicative Planning551 指标Indicators552 无差异定律Indifference, Law of553 间接税Indirect Taxes554 间接效用函数Indirect Utility Function555 个人主义Individualism556 不可分性Indivisibilities557 归纳Induction558 产业组织Industrial Organization559 劳资关系Industrial Relations560 产业革命Industrial Revolution561 工业化Industrialization562 不等式Inequalities563 不平等Inequality564 国家之间的不平等Inequality between Nations565 人与人的不平等Inequality between Persons566 性别的不平等Inequality between The Sexes567 工资的不平等Inequality of Pay568 新生工业Infant Industry569 婴儿死亡率Infant Mortality570 通货膨胀Inflation571 通货膨胀会计Inflation Accounting572 通货膨胀与增长Inflation and Growth573 通货膨胀预期Inflationary Expections574 通货膨胀缺口Inflationary Gap575 非正规经济Informal Economy576 信息论Information Theory577 继承Inheritance578 继承税Inheritance Taxes579 创新Innovation580 投入-产出分析Input-output Analysis581 制度经济学Institutional Economics582 工具变量Instrumental Variables583 保险Insurance584 整数规划Integer Programming585 需求的可积性Integrability of Demand586 智力Intelligence587 相依偏好Interdependent Preferences588 利率Interest Rate589 利息和利润Interest and Profit590 多种利益Interests591 代际模型Intergenerational Models592 内部经济Internal Economies593 国内移民Internal Migration594 内部收益率Internal Rate of Return595 国际资本流动International Capital Flows596 国际金融International Finance597 国际收入比较International Income Comparisons598 国际债务International Indebtedness599 国际清偿能力International Liquidity600 国际移民International Migration601 国际货币经济学International Monetary Economics602 国际货币体制International Monetary Institutions603 国际货币政策International Monetary Policy604 国际贸易International Trade605 人际效用对比Interpersonal Utility Comparison606 时际均衡与效率Intertemporal Equilibrium and Efficiency607 时际资产组合理论和资产定价Intertemporal Portfolio Theory and Asset Pricing 608 价值的不可变标准Invariable Standard of value609 存货Inventories610 存货周期Inventory Cycles611 确定性条件下的存货政策Inventory policy under certainty612 投资Investment613 投资决策标准Investment Decision Criteria614 投资计划Investment Planning615 投资与积累Investment and Accumulation616 看不见的手Invisible Hand617 非自愿失业Involuntary Unemployment618 工资铁律Iron Law of Wages619 作为经济理论家的杰文斯Jevons As An Economic Theorist 620 联合生产Joint Production621 线性模型中的联合生产Joint Production in Linear Models 622 法理学Jurisprudence623 公平价格Just Price624 公平Justice625 公平、不平等及岐视Justices, Inequality and Discrimination 626 凯恩斯的《通论》Keynes''s General Theory627 凯恩斯主义经济学Keynesian Economics628 凯恩斯革命Keynesian Revolution629 凯恩斯主义Keynesianism630 弯折的需求曲线Kinked Demand Curve631 圣殿骑士团Knights Templar632 康德拉季耶夫周期Kondratieff Cycle633 库兹涅茨波动Kuznets Swings634 劳动经济学Labour Economics635 劳动交换Labour Exchange636 劳动市场歧视Labour Market Discrimination637 劳动市场Labour Markets638 劳动力Labour Power639 劳动过程Labour Process640 妇女劳动供给Labour Supply of Women641 劳动剩余经济Labour Surplus Economies642 劳动价值论Labour Theory of value643 劳动与就业Labour and Employment644 劳动者管理经济Labour-Managed Economies645 拉格朗日乘子Lagrange Multipliers646 自由放任主义Laissez-Faire647 土地改革Land Reform648 地租Land Rent649 土地税Land Tax650 兰格一勒纳机制Lange一Lerner Mechanism651 巨大经济Large Economies652 潜在变量Latent Variables653 大庄园制Latifundia654 法律与经济学Law and Economics655 解雇Layoffs656 沙特利耶原理Le Chatelier Principle657 起前与滞后Leads and Lags658 边干边学Learning-by-doing659 最小二乘法Least Squares660 闲暇Leisure661 有闲阶级Leisure Class662 里昂惕夫悖论Leontief Paradox663 字典式序Lexicographic Orderings664 自由主义Liberalism665 自由Liberty666 生命周期假说Life Cycle Hypothesis667 人寿保险Life Insurance668 寿命表Life Tables669 似然Likelihood670 极限定价Limit Pricing671 有限应变量Limited Dependent Variables672 增长的极限Limits to Growth673 林达尔均衡Lindahl Equilibrium674 林达尔论财政Lindahl on Public Finance675 线性模型Linear Models676 线性规划Linear Programing677 联系Linkages678 流动性Liquidity679 流动性偏好Liquidity Preference680 可贷资金Loanable Funds681 地方财政Local Public Finance682 经济活动的区位Location of Economic Activity683 对数正态分布Lognormal Distribution684 长周期Long Cycles685 经济增长中的长波Long Swing in Economic Growth686 长期和短期Long-run and Short-run687 洛伦茨曲线Lorenz Curve688 低工资Low Pay689 一次总付税Lump Sum Taxes690 李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov Functions691 李雅普诺夫定理Lyapunov''s Theorem692 机器问题Machinery Question693 宏观经济计量模型Macroeconometric Models694 宏观经济政策Macroeconomic Policy695 宏观经济学理论Macroeconomic Theory696 宏观经济学：与微观经济学的关系Macroeconomics Relations with Microeconomics 697 保持资本完整无缺Maintaining Capital Intact698 马尔萨斯的人口理论Malthus Theory of Population699 马尔萨斯与古典经济学Malthus and Classical Economics700 经理资本主义Managerial Capitalism701 曼彻斯特学派Manchester School702 制造业活动与非工业化Manufacturing and De-industrialization703 资本边际效率Marginal Efficiency of Capital704 边际生产力理论Marginal Productivity Theory705 货币的边际效用Marginal Utility of Money706 边际和平均成本定价Marginal and Average Cost Pricing707 边际主义经济学Marginalist Economics708 市场失灵Market Failure709 营销期Market Period710 集贸市场Market Places711 市场价格Market Price712 市场份额Market Share713 市场社会主义Market Socialism714 市场结构Market Structure715 市场结构与创新Market Structure and Innovation716 市场价值与市场价格Market value and Market Price717 购销管理局Marketing Boards718 马歇尔-勒纳条件Marshall-Lerner Condition719 鞍Martingales720 马克思主义经济学Marxian Economics721 马克思主义价值分析Marxian value Analysis722 马克思主义Marxism723 马克思主义经济学Marxist Economics724 物资平衡Material Balances725 数理经济学Mathematical Economics726 政治经济学的数学方法Mathematical Method in Political Economy727 矩阵乘子Matrix Multiplier728 极大似然Maximum Likelihood729 最大满足Maximum Satisfaction730 平均值Mean value731 均值-方差分析Mean-variance Analysis732 确义性与不变性Meaningfulness and Invariance733 测度论Measure Theory734 经济增长的测算Measurement of Economic Growth735 测算理论Measurement, Theory of736 重商主义Mercantilism737 兼并Mergers738 有益品Merit Goods739 方法论之争Methodentreit740 方法论Methodology741 微观经济学Microeconomics742 军费开支Military Expenditure743 最低工资Minimum Wages744 生产方式Mode of Production745 模型与理论Models and Theory746 增长模型Models of growth747 货币主义Monetarism748 国际收支的货币分析法Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments749 货币基础Monetary Base750 货币幻想Monetary Cranks751 货币非均衡和市场出清Monetary Disequilibdum and Market Clearing752 货币均衡Monetary Equilibrium753 货币体制Monetary Institution754 货币政策Monetary Policy755 货币理论Monetary Theory756 货币幻觉Money Illusion757 货币供应Money Supply758 货币和一般均衡理论Money and General Equilibrium Theory759 货币与宏观经济学Money and Macroeconomics760 经济活动中的货币Money in Economic Activity761 货币贷款者Moneylenders762 城市经济学中的单中心模型Monocentric Models in Urban Economics 763 垄断性竞争Monopolistic Competition764 垄断性竞争与一般均衡Monopolistic Competition and General Equilibrium 765 垄断Monopoly766 垄断资本主义Monopoly Capitalism767 垄断与寡头垄断Monopoly and Oligopoly768 单调映射Monotone Mappings769 蒙特卡罗方法Monte Carlo Methods770 道德风险Moral Hazard771 道德哲学Moral Philosophy772 死亡率Mortality773 多重共线性Multicollinearity774 多国公司Multinational Corporations775 乘数分析Multiplier Analysis776 乘数-加速器相互作用Multiplier-accelerator Interaction777 多部门增长模型Multisector Growth Models778 多元时间序列模型Multivariate Time Series Models779 近视决策规则Myopic Decision Rules780 纳什均衡Nash Equilibrium781 国债National Debt782 国民收入National Income783 国民体系National System784 民族主义Nationalism785 国有化Nationalization786 自然法Natural Law787 自然垄断Natural Monopoly788 自然价格Natural Price789 自然利率和市场利率Natural Rate and Market Rate790 自然失业率Natural Rate of Unemployment791 自然资源Natural Resources792 自然资源和环境Natural Resources and Enviroment793 自然选择与进化Natural Selection and Evolution794 自然工资Natural Wage795 自然和人类资源Natural and Human Resources796 自然的及正常的条件Natural and Normal Conditions797 自然的和有保证的增长率Natural and Warranted Rates of Growth 798 必需品Necessaries799 负所得税Negative Income Tax800 负量Negative Quantities801 新李嘉图主义Neo-Ricardianism802 新古典的Neoclassical803 新古典增长理论Neoclassical Growth Theory804 新古典综合Neoclassical Synthesis805 净产品Net Product806 中性税收Neutral Taxation807 货币中性Neutrality of Money808 新古典宏观经济学New Classical Macroeconomics809 非合作对策Non-Cooperative Game810 非线性规划Non-Linear Programming811 非参数统计方法Non-Parametric Statistical Methods812 非竞争集团Non-competing Groups813 非凸性Non-convexity814 经济计量学中的非线性方法Non-linear Methods in Econometrics 815 非嵌套假设Non-nested Hypotheses816 非价格竞争Non-price Competition817 非盈利机构Non-profit Organizations818 非标准分析Non-standard Analysis819 无替代定理Non-substitution Theorems820 南北经济关系North-south Economic Relations821 价值标准Numeraire822 效用定律的数值确定Numerical Determination of the Laws of utility 823 营养Nutrition824 奥卡姆剃刀Occam''s (Ockham''s) Razor825 职业分离Occupational Segregation826 提供Offer827 提供曲线或相互需求曲线Offer Curve or Reciprocal Demand Curve 828 (卖方)寡头垄断Oligopoly829 寡头垄断与对策论Oligopoly and Game Theory830 敞地制Open Field System831 公开市场业务Open-market Operations832 运筹学Operations Research833 满足度Ophelimity834 机会成本Opportunity Cost835 最优控制与动态经济学Optimal Control and Economic Dynamics 836 最适度储蓄Optimal Savings837 最优关税Optimal Tariffs838 最优税收Optimal Taxation839 最优性与效率Optimality and Efficiency840 乐观主义与悲观主义Optimism and Pessimism841 最优货币区Optimum Currency Areas842 最适度人口量Optimum Population843 最适度货币数量Optimum Quantity of Money844 期权定价理论Option Pricing Theory845 期权Options846 序Orderings847 资本有机构成Organic Composition of Capital848 组织理论Organization Theory849 离群值Outliers850 产出与就业Output and Employment851 过度储蓄Over saving852 过度投资Over-investment853 间接成本Overhead Costs854 一般均衡的交叠世代模型Overlapping Generations Model of General Equilibrium 855 生产过剩Overproduction856 峰突Overshooting857 自生利率Own Rates of Interest858 帕尔格雷夫政治经济学辞典Palgrave''s Dictionary of Political Economy859 范式Paradigm860 悖论与异常Paradoxes and Anomalies861 帕累托分布Pareto Distribution862 帕累托效率Pareto Efficiency863 作为经济学家的帕累托Pareto as an Economist864 专利Patents865 路径分析Path Analysis866 回收期Pay-off Period867 工资税Payroll Taxes868 旺季定价Peak-load Pricing869 小农经济Peasant Economy870 小农Peasants871 货币经济与非货币经济Pecuniary and Non-Pecuniary Economies872 完全竞争Perfect Competition873 完全预见Perfect Foresight874 完全信息Perfect Information875 完全竞争市场和不完全竞争市场Perfectly and Imperfectly Competitive Markets 876 表演艺术Performing Arts877 生产周期Period of Production878 外围Periphery879 佩龙一弗罗宾尼斯定理Perron-Frobenius Theorem880 菲利普斯曲线Phillips Curve。

新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典专题索引(2)人际效用对比 interpersonal utility comparison时际均衡与效率 intertemporal equilibrium and efficiency时际资产组合理论和资产定价intertemporal portfolio theory and asset pricing价值的不可变标准 invariable standard of value存货 inventories存货周期 inventory cycles确定性条件下的存货政策 inventory policy under certainty投资 investment投资决策标准 investment decision criteria投资计划 investment planning投资与积累 investment and accumulation看不见的手 invisible hand非自愿失业 involuntary unemployment工资铁律 iron law of wages作为经济理论家的杰文斯 jevons as an economic theorist联合生产 joint production线性模型中的联合生产 joint production in linear models法理学 jurisprudence公平价格 just price公平 justice公平、不平等及岐视 justices, inequality and discrimination凯恩斯的《通论》 keynes's general theory凯恩斯主义经济学 keynesian economics凯恩斯革命 keynesian revolution凯恩斯主义 keynesianism弯折的需求曲线 kinked demand curve圣殿骑士团 knights templar康德拉季耶夫周期 kondratieff cycle库兹涅茨波动 kuznets swings劳动经济学 labour economics劳动交换 labour exchange劳动市场歧视 labour market discrimination 劳动市场 labour markets劳动力 labour power劳动过程 labour process妇女劳动供给 labour supply of women劳动剩余经济 labour surplus economies劳动价值论 labour theory of value劳动与就业 labour and employment劳动者管理经济 labour-managed economies 拉格朗日乘子 lagrange multipliers自由放任主义 laissez-faire土地改革 land reform地租 land rent土地税 land tax兰格一勒纳机制 lange一lerner mechanism 巨大经济 large economies潜在变量 latent variables大庄园制 latifundia法律与经济学 law and economics解雇 layoffs沙特利耶原理 le chatelier principle起前与滞后 leads and lags边干边学 learning-by-doing最小二乘法 least squares闲暇 leisure有闲阶级 leisure class里昂惕夫悖论 leontief paradox字典式序 lexicographic orderings自由主义 liberalism自由 liberty生命周期假说 life cycle hypothesis人寿保险 life insurance寿命表 life tables似然 likelihood极限定价 limit pricing有限应变量 limited dependent variables增长的极限 limits to growth林达尔均衡 lindahl equilibrium林达尔论财政 lindahl on public finance线性模型 linear models线性规划 linear programing联系 linkages流动性 liquidity流动性偏好 liquidity preference可贷资金 loanable funds地方财政 local public finance经济活动的区位 location of economic activity对数正态分布 lognormal distribution长周期 long cycles经济增长中的长波 long swing in economic growth 长期和短期 long-run and short-run洛伦茨曲线 lorenz curve低工资 low pay一次总付税 lump sum taxes李雅普诺夫函数 lyapunov functions李雅普诺夫定理 lyapunov's theorem机器问题 machinery question宏观经济计量模型 macroeconometric models宏观经济政策 macroeconomic policy宏观经济学理论 macroeconomic theory宏观经济学：与微观经济学的关系macroeconomics relations with microeconomics保持资本完整无缺 maintaining capital intact马尔萨斯的人口理论 malthus theory of population马尔萨斯与古典经济学 malthus and classical economics经理资本主义 managerial capitalism曼彻斯特学派 manchester school制造业活动与非工业化manufacturing and de-industrialization资本边际效率 marginal efficiency of capital边际生产力理论 marginal productivity theory货币的边际效用 marginal utility of money边际和平均成本定价 marginal and average cost pricing边际主义经济学 marginalist economics市场失灵 market failure营销期 market period集贸市场 market places市场价格 market price市场份额 market share市场社会主义 market socialism市场结构 market structure市场结构与创新 market structure and innovation市场价值与市场价格 market value and market price购销管理局 marketing boards马歇尔-勒纳条件 marshall-lerner condition鞍 martingales马克思主义经济学 marxian economics马克思主义价值分析 marxian value analysis马克思主义 marxism马克思主义经济学 marxist economics物资平衡 material balances数理经济学 mathematical economics政治经济学的数学方法mathematical method in political economy矩阵乘子 matrix multiplier极大似然 maximum likelihood最大满足 maximum satisfaction平均值 mean value均值-方差分析 mean-variance analysis确义性与不变性 meaningfulness and invariance测度论 measure theory经济增长的测算 measurement of economic growth测算理论 measurement, theory of重商主义 mercantilism兼并 mergers有益品 merit goods方法论之争 methodentreit方法论 methodology微观经济学 microeconomics军费开支 military expenditure最低工资 minimum wages生产方式 mode of production模型与理论 models and theory增长模型 models of growth货币主义 monetarism国际收支的货币分析法 monetary approach to the balance ofpayments货币基础 monetary base货币幻想 monetary cranks货币非均衡和市场出清monetary disequilibdum and market clearing货币均衡 monetary equilibrium货币体制 monetary institution货币政策 monetary policy货币理论 monetary theory货币幻觉 money illusion货币供应 money supply货币和一般均衡理论 money and general equilibrium theory 货币与宏观经济学 money and macroeconomics经济活动中的货币 money in economic activity货币贷款者 moneylenders城市经济学中的单中心模型monocentric models in urban economics垄断性竞争 monopolistic competition垄断性竞争与一般均衡 monopolistic competition and general equilibrium垄断 monopoly垄断资本主义 monopoly capitalism垄断与寡头垄断 monopoly and oligopoly单调映射 monotone mappings蒙特卡罗方法 monte carlo methods道德风险 moral hazard道德哲学 moral philosophy死亡率 mortality多重共线性 multicollinearity多国公司 multinational corporations乘数分析 multiplier analysis乘数-加速器相互作用 multiplier-accelerator interaction多部门增长模型 multisector growth models多元时间序列模型 multivariate time series models近视决策规则 myopic decision rules纳什均衡 nash equilibrium国债 national debt国民收入 national income国民体系 national system民族主义 nationalism国有化 nationalization自然法 natural law自然垄断 natural monopoly自然价格 natural price自然利率和市场利率 natural rate and market rate自然失业率 natural rate of unemployment自然资源 natural resources自然资源和环境 natural resources and enviroment自然选择与进化 natural selection and evolution自然工资 natural wage自然和人类资源 natural and human resources自然的及正常的条件 natural and normal conditions自然的和有保证的增长率natural and warranted rates of growth必需品 necessaries负所得税 negative income tax负量 negative quantities新李嘉图主义 neo-ricardianism新古典的 neoclassical新古典增长理论 neoclassical growth theory新古典综合 neoclassical synthesis净产品 net product中性税收 neutral taxation货币中性 neutrality of money新古典宏观经济学 new classical macroeconomics非合作对策 non-cooperative game非线性规划 non-linear programming非参数统计方法 non-parametric statistical methods非竞争集团 non-competing groups非凸性 non-convexity经济计量学中的非线性方法non-linear methods in econometrics非嵌套假设 non-nested hypotheses非价格竞争 non-price competition非盈利机构 non-profit organizations非标准分析 non-standard analysis无替代定理 non-substitution theorems南北经济关系 north-south economic relations价值标准 numeraire效用定律的数值确定numerical determination of the laws of utility营养 nutrition奥卡姆剃刀 occam's (ockham's) razor职业分离 occupational segregation提供 offer提供曲线或相互需求曲线offer curve or reciprocal demand curve(卖方)寡头垄断 oligopoly寡头垄断与对策论 oligopoly and game theory敞地制 open field system公开市场业务 open-market operations运筹学 operations research满足度 ophelimity机会成本 opportunity cost最优控制与动态经济学optimal control and economic dynamics最适度储蓄 optimal savings最优关税 optimal tariffs最优税收 optimal taxation最优性与效率 optimality and efficiency乐观主义与悲观主义 optimism and pessimism最优货币区 optimum currency areas最适度人口量 optimum population最适度货币数量 optimum quantity of money期权定价理论 option pricing theory期权 options序 orderings资本有机构成 organic composition of capital组织理论 organization theory离群值 outliers产出与就业 output and employment过度储蓄 over saving过度投资 over-investment间接成本 overhead costs一般均衡的交叠世代模型overlapping generations model of general equilibrium生产过剩 overproduction峰突 overshooting自生利率 own rates of interest帕尔格雷夫政治经济学辞典palgrave's dictionary of politicaleconomy范式 paradigm悖论与异常 paradoxes and anomalies帕累托分布 pareto distribution帕累托效率 pareto efficiency作为经济学家的帕累托 pareto as an economist专利 patents路径分析 path analysis回收期 pay-off period工资税 payroll taxes旺季定价 peak-load pricing小农经济 peasant economy小农 peasants货币经济与非货币经济pecuniary and non-pecuniary economies完全竞争 perfect competition完全预见 perfect foresight完全信息 perfect information完全竞争市场和不完全竞争市场perfectly and imperfectly competitive markets表演艺术 performing arts生产周期 period of production外围 periphery佩龙一弗罗宾尼斯定理 perron-frobenius theorem菲利普斯曲线 phillips curve哲学 philosophy哲学和经济学 philosophy and economics重农学派 physiocrats计划经济 planned economies计划 planning种植园 plantations欢乐与痛苦 pleasure and pain理论经济学 plutology发展极 poles of development政治算术 political arithmetic政治的经济周期 political business cycle政治经济学和经济学 political economy and economics政治经济学与心理学 political economy and psychology 政治学与经济学 politics and economics庞特里亚金最优性原理 pontryagin's principle of optimality 济贫法 poor haw人口 population人口周期 population cycles资产组合分析 portfolio analysis实证主义 positirism实证经济学 positive economics后凯恩斯主义经济学 post-keynesian economics贫穷 poverty食肉动物-被捕食动物模型 predator-prey models掠夺性定价 predatory pricing预测 prediction偏好转换 preference reversals偏好 preferences预次序关系 preodering现值 present value过去的现值 present value of the past价格控制 price control价格歧视 price discrimination价格水平 price level价格和(商品)数量 prices and quantities生产价格 prices of production初级和二级劳动市场 primary and secondary labour markets 原始资本主义积累 primitive capitalist accumulation主要成分 principal components委托人和代理人(i) principal and agent(i)委托人和代理人(ii) principal and agent(ii)囚徒的困境 prisoner's dilemma私有化 privatization概率 probability生产者市场 producers' markets产品周期 product cycle产品特异性 product differentiation净产品 product net生产函数 production functions生产函数和成本函数 production and cost functions作为间接交换的生产 production as indirect exchange生产、成本与供应 production, cost and supply古典生产理论 production: classical theories新古典生产理论 production: neoclassical theories生产性和非生产性消费productive and unproductive consumption生产性和非生产性劳动 productive and unproductive labour 生产率：测算问题 productivity: measurement problems利润和利润理论 profit and profit theory累进税和累退税 progressive and regressive taxation项目评估 project evaluation消费倾向 propensity to consume财产 property产权 property rights财产税 property taxation假分配 pseudo-distribution心理学与经济学 psychology and economics公共选择 public choice公债 public debt公共经济学 public economics财政 public finance公共财货 public goods公共卫生 public health公共部门借款 public sector borrowing公用事业定价 public utility pricing公共工程 publicworks水泵启动式财政 pump priming购买力平价 purchasing power parity定性经济学 qualitative economics数量方程：早期历史 quantity equations: early history 货币数量论 quantity theory of money拟凹性 quasi-concavity准契约 quasi-contract排队论 queueing theory配额与关税 quotas and tariffs种族与经济学 race and economics激进政治经济学 radical political economy拉姆齐模型 ramsey model拉姆齐定价 ramsey pricing随机系数 random coefficients随机变量 random variables随机化 randomization等级 rank剥削率 rate of exploitation理性行为 rational behavior理性预期 rational expectations理性预期：经济计量学含义 rational expectations: econometric implications理性与行为 rationality and behaviour产业合理化 rationalization of industry配额均衡 rationed equilibria配给 rationing实际余额 real balance真实票据学说 real bills doctrine实际成本学说 real cost doctrine实际收入 real income实际量与名义量 real and nominal quantities实现问题 realization problem娱乐 recreation收入和财富的再分配 redistribution of income and wealth区域发展 regional development经济活动的区域分布 regional distribution of economic activity 区域经济学 regional economics回归与相关分析 regression and correlation analysis正则经济 regular economies管制 regulation管制与放松管制 regulation and deregulation相对收入假说 relative income hypothesis政治经济学中的相对性(原理) relativity, principle of, in political economy可再生资源 renewable resources租金 rent房租管制 rent control寻租 rent seeking食利者 rentier赔偿 reparations反复对策 repeated game重置政策 replacement policy偏好的表述 representation of preferences保留价格与保留需求reservation price and reservation demand剩余(残差) residuals技术的再转换 reswitching of technique留利率 retention ratio规模报酬 returns to scale显示偏好理论 revealed preference theory偏好的显示 revelation of preferences总收益和净收益 revenue、gross and net逆向资本密度增加 reverse capital deepening修辞学 rhetoric李嘉图等价定理 ricardian equivalence theorem李嘉图社会主义者 ricardim socialists李嘉图一哈耶克效应 ricardo-hayek effect上涨的供给价格 rising supply price风险 risk风险与不确定性 risk and uncertainty迂回生产方法 roundabout methods of production皇家经济学会 royal economic society鞍点 saddle points卫星模型 satellite models满意化 satisfycing储蓄等于投资 saving equals investment萨伊定律 say's law稀缺性 scarcity经院经济思想 scholastic economic thought经济思想学派 schools of thought苏格兰启蒙运动 scottish enlightenment搜寻理论 search theory季节性变化 seasonal variation次优 second best分割的劳动市场 segmented labour markets铸币税 seigniorage选择偏倚和自选择 selection bias and self-selection自身利益 self-interest销售成本 selling costs半参数估计 semiparametric estirnation可分性 separability序列经济 sequence economies序贯分析 sequential analysis服务 services影子价格 shadow pricing沙普利值 shapley value沙普利-福克曼定理 shapley-folkman theorem分成制 sharecropping发送信号 signalling简单再生产和扩大再生产 simple and extended reproduction 解线性规划的单纯形法simplex method for solving linear programs模拟模型 simulation models微观分析系统模拟 simulation of microanalytic systems联立方程模型 simultaneous equations models单一税 single tax奴隶制 slavery走私 smuggling社会会计 social accounting社会选择 social choice社会成本 social cost社会民主 social democracy社会保险 social security社会福利函数 social welfare function社会和政治组织 social and political organization社会与公共选择 social and public choice社会主义 socialism社会主义经济 socialist economies讲坛社会主义者 socialists of the chair社会必要技术 socially necessary technique休戚与共 solidarity健全货币 sound money空间竞争 spatial competition空间经济学 spatial economics硬币-流动机制 specie-flow mechanism经济计量学中的设定问题specification problems in econometrics谱分析 spectral analysis样条函数 spline functions体育运动 sports现货与期货市场 spot and forward markets伪回归 spurious regression斯拉法经济学 sraffian economics稳定性 stability稳定政策 stabilization policy稳定的人口理论 stable population theory停滞 stagflation滞胀 stagnation标准商品 standard commodity状态偏好分析法 state preference approach国家提供医疗服务 state provision of medical services状态依赖偏好 state-dependent preferences静止状态 stationary state平稳时间序列 stationary time series统计决策理论 statistical decision theory统计推断 statistical inference统计学方法 statistical methods施蒂格勒对微观经济学和产业组织理论的贡献stider's contributions to microeconomics and industrial organization 随机支配 stochastic dominance随机最优控制 stochastic optimal control斯德哥尔摩学派 stockholm schoo存量和流量 stocks and flows策略行为和市场结构 strategic behavior and market structure 资源禀赋的战略重置 strategic reallocation of endowments战略防护分配机制 strategy-proof allocation mechanisms罢工 strikes结构变化 structural change结构动态经济学 structural economic dynamics结构性失业 structural unemployment结构主义 structuralism程式化事实 stylized facts次可加性 subadditivity主观概率 subjective probability最低生活费 subsistence替代品和补充品 substitutes and complements太阳黑子均衡 sunspot equilibrium超对策 supergames供给函数 supply functions宏观经济学中的供给冲击 supply shocks in macroeconomics 供给和需求 supply and demand价值和分配理论中的剩余分析法 surplus approach to value and distribution剩余价值 surplus value调查研究 survey research目标与工具 targets and instruments关税 tariffs卖者减价与重订契约 tatonnement and recontracting课税归宿 tax incidence资本税 taxation of capital公司利润税 taxation of corporate profits所得税 taxation of income财富税 taxation of wealth税收与补贴 taxes and subsidies泰勒制 taylorism团队 teams技术变革 technical change方法 techniques暂时均衡 temporary equilibrium利率的期限结构 term structure of interest rates贸易条件 terms of trade贸易条件与经济发展terms of trade and economic development蒂鲍特假说 tiebout hypothesis银根紧 tight money时间偏好 time preference时间序列 time series时间序列分析 time series analysis全要素生产率 total factor productivity商业周期 trade cycle贸易补贴 trade subsidies工会 trade unions可贸易商品与不可贸易商品tradeable and non-tradeable commodities交易成本 transaction costs转移支付 transfer payments调拨定价 transfer pricing转移问题 transfer problem技术转让 transfer of technology转形问题 transformation problem统计变量的变换 transformation of statistical variables经济计量学中的变量变换transformation of variables in econometrics变换与不变性 transformations and invariance可递性 transitivity运输 transport郁金香狂 tulipmania大道理论 turnpike theory两部门模型 two-sector models二段最小二乘法和k级估计量 two-stage least squares and the le-class estimalator不确定性 uncertainty不确定性与一般均衡 uncertainty and general equilibrium消费不足 underconsumption失业 unemployment不平等交换 unequal exchange不平衡发展 uneven development均衡的唯一性 uniqueness of equilibrium城市经济学 urban economics城市住房 urban housing使用者成本 user cost使用费 user fees高利贷 usury功利主义 utilitarianism效用 utility效用理论和决策理论 utility theory and decision theory效用、消费者需求及指数utility, consumers' demand, and index numbers乌托邦 utopias价值判断 value judgements价值与资本 value and capital价值与价格 value and price生命的价值 value of life时间的价值 value of time增值税 value-added tax货币流通速度 velocity of circulation剩余的出路 vent for surplus凡登定律 verdoorn's law垂直一体化 vertical integration龄级 vintages冯·诺伊曼射线 von neumann ray冯·诺伊曼方法 von neumann technology投票 voting庸俗经济学 vulgar economy工资伸缩性 wage flexibility工资基金学说 wage fund doctrine工资品 wage goods工资指数化 wage indexation古典经济学中的工资 wages in classical economics实际工资与货币工资 wages, real and money等待 waiting瓦尔拉定律 walras's law瓦尔拉的资本理论 walras's theory of capital欲望 wants战争经济 war economy水资源 water resources财富 wealth财富约束 wealth constraint财富效应 wealth effect福利经济学 welfare economics福利国家 welfare state威克塞尔效应 wicksell effects威克塞尔与新古典经济学 wicksell and neoclassical economics 威克塞尔的资本理论 wicksell's theory of capital寡妇的坛子 widow's cruse维纳过程 wiener process妇女和工作 women and work妇女的工资 women's wagesx效率理论 x-efficiency theory零利润条件 zero-profit condition零和对策 zero-sum games。