第一章希腊、罗马文化
第一节希腊文化
Greek Culture
I. 必背细节
1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more
enduring and they are: the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.
2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C. This was marked by
the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the century, the establishment of democracy and the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.
公元前5世纪初希腊人成功挫败了波斯人的入侵，希腊民主的建立以及哲学、科学、文学艺术等在雅典的空前繁荣标志着希腊文化的发展在5世纪达到了巅峰。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C. ? .
A. * Greek Culture
B. Roman Culture
C. Egyptian Culture
D. Chinese Culture
3. In the second half of the 4th century B. C. , all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.
在公元前4世纪后半叶，整个希腊在马其顿国王亚历山大大帝的统治之下。
4. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.
公元前146年，罗马征服希腊。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
In the Romans conquered Greece.
A. 1200
B.
C. B. 700 B. C.
C. * 146 B. C.
D. the 5th century
5. The Greeks loved sports. Once every 4 years the Greeks had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports. Thus began the Olympic Games. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.
希腊人热爱运动。每隔4个希腊人都会在奥林匹斯山举行盛大的体育比赛，这就是奥运会的开端。1896年重新盛行的奥运会已成为全球最重大的体育赛事。
[2001年自考真题——对错辨析题第1题]
Once every five years, ancient Greeks had a big sports festival on Mount Olympus, which marked the beginning of the Olympic Games.
(F): 本题的错误在于Once every five years 应为Once every four years.
6. Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. He probably lived around 700 B.
own time, but about great men and wars of a remoter age, probably in the period 1200—1100 B. C.古希腊人认为生活在公元前700年左右的荷马是他们史诗的作者。两部史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》讲述的不是荷马所在时代的事情，而是关于大约在公元前1200~1100年间的英雄和战争。
7. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against they city of Troy? .
A. Oedipus the king
B. * Iliad
C. Odyssey
D. Antigone
8. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan War to his home, island of Ithaca. 《奥德赛》讲述了奥德修斯在特洛伊战争后，经历了长长的航海冒险返回他在伊塔刻岛的家的故事。
9. Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.
古希腊抒情诗人中，萨福和品达至今仍被人们广泛赞赏。
10. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Pindar is best known for
his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes.
萨福被认为是古希腊最重要的抒情诗人，品达因在诗歌中歌颂奥林匹克运动会而非常有名。
11. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece? .
A. * Aristophanes
B. Euripides
C. Sophocles
D. Aeschylus
12. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. Aeschylus is noted
for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.
埃斯库罗斯因其鲜活的人物描写和大气磅礴的戏剧诗而闻名遐迩，他的代表作品有《被缚的普罗米修斯》、《波斯人》和《阿迦门侬》。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Which of the following is NOT the play written by Aeschylus? .
A. * Antigone
B. Agamemnon
C. Persians
D. Prometheus Bound
13. Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the king, Electra, and Antigone He contributed
greatly to tragic art. He added a third actor and decreased the size of the chorus.
索福克勒斯对悲剧艺术做出了重要贡献，代表作有《俄狄浦斯王》、《厄勒克特拉》和《安提戈涅》。
Which of the following is NOT the play written by Sophocles? .
A. Electra
B. Antigone
C. * Trojan Woman
D. Oedipus the king
14. Sophocles has had a strong impact on European literature. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund
Freud’s term “the Oedipus complex” was derived from Sophocles’s play.
索福克勒斯对欧洲文学影响深远。著名的奥地利精神病学家、精神分析创始人弗洛伊德的专业术语“恋母情节”的就源于索福克勒斯的戏剧。
15. Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women.
He was more of a realist than Aeschylus and Sophocles, concerned with conflicts. His characters are less heroic, more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays”. [历年经典试题（选择题）]
Which of the following is the play written by Euripides? .
A. Antigone
B. Persians
C. Electra
D. * Medea
16. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left
eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.
公元前5世纪，古希腊喜剧也空前繁荣。阿里斯托芬被认为是最著名的古典讽刺戏剧作家，他有11部优秀戏剧留给后世，其中包括《蛙》、《云》、《峰》和《鸟》等。
17. Herodotus is often called “Father of History”, wrote about the wars between Greeks and
Persians. He had a keen eye for drama and pathos. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable.
希罗多德被称为“历史之父”，著有《希波战争史》。他的著作因充满奇闻轶事、生花妙笔和鲜活的对话被广泛流传。
18. Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a
Greek state on the island of Sicily. Macaulay, himself an eminent historian, called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived”.
修昔底德被著名历史学家麦考利称为“最伟大的历史学家”，他著有《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》，描写了雅典与斯巴达、雅典与锡拉库扎间的战争。
19. Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was the
founder of scientific mathematics.
毕达哥拉斯是个大胆的思想家，是数学学科的奠基人，他认为“数”是万物之源。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? .
A. Heracleitus
B. Aristotle
C. Socrates
D. * Pythagoras
20. Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the university, out of which everything else
had arisen. To him, “all is flux, nothing is stationary.” He also said: “You cannot step twice into the same river.”
赫拉克利特相信“火”是宇宙第一元素，是万物之源。对于他来说，“世间的一切都是运动的，没有什么是静止的”。“人不能两次踏入同一条河流”是他的名言。
Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river.” ? .
A. Pythagoras
B. * Heracleitue
C. Democritus
D. Aristotle
21. The greatest names is European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in
Athens in the 5th and 4th century B. C.
苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德是于公元前5世纪至公元前4世纪活跃于雅典的三大欧洲哲学巨匠。
[2001年自考真题——对错辨析题第2题]
The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 6th century A. D.
(F): 本题的错误在于in the 6th century A. D. 应为in the 5th and 4th century B. C.。
22. Socrates was the founder of the dialectical method. Plato’s important works Dialogues was not
only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was: happiness.
苏格拉底是辩证法的创始人。柏拉图的重要著作《对话录》不仅是部哲学著作，而且也是想象力丰富的文学著作。柏拉图的哲学被称为“理想主义”。亚里士多德对“人活着的目的是什么？”一问的答案为：追求幸福。
23. In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they were the
Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics. The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek.
The Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest good in life. To the Stoics, the most important thing in life was not “pleasure”, but “duty”.
公元前四世纪，西方哲学四大流派相互争鸣。这四大流派为：犬儒主义学派、怀疑论学派、享乐主义学派和斯多葛学派。cynic 这个词在希腊语中“狗”的意思。享乐主义者认为“快乐”是人生的最大追求。对于斯多葛学派来说，人生最重要的事不是“快乐”，而是“责任”。
[2001年自考真题——选择题第2题]
Believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.
A. Sophists
B. Cynics
C. Skeptics
D. * Epicureans
24.Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry, perhaps the most successful
textbook ever written, because it was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.
欧几里德是古希腊著名数学家，是《几何原本》的作者。
25. To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place
to stand, and I will move the world.”
“给我一个支点，我能撬动整个地球”是阿基米德的名言。
[2001年自考真题——选择题第2题]
is said to have told the king :”Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”
26. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which is also called the
masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.
古希腊建筑有三大风格；陶立克式、爱奥尼亚式和科林斯式。
27. The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greek architecture and
sculpture in more than 2,000 years.
雅典卫城和帕台侬神庙是2000多年里希腊建筑与雕刻艺术完美结合的最好典范。
II. 必背解释
1. Aeschylus
He was regarded as one of the three tragic dramatists of ancient Greece. He wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.
2. Plato
He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apology, Symposium and the Republic. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism.
3. The Cynics
The Cynics got their name because Diogenes, one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means “dog”in Greek. Diogenes rejected all conventions and advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.
III. 必背问答
1. What were the main features of ancient Greek Society?
①In Greek society, women, children, foreigners and slaves had no rights, only adult male citizens had real power and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. ②The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. ③Slaves worked on farms and in workshops and mines owned by their masters. ④There was harsh exploitation in Greek society.
⑤The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contest of sports.
2. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of
them write?
①Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding tragic dramatists of ancient
Greece. ②Aristophanes was the greatest comedic dramatist of ancient Greece. ③Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. ④Sophocles wrote such plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone. ⑤Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. ⑥Aristophanes has left eleven plays, including: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.
①Plato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. ②Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. Plato argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideals”, like beauty, truth and goodness. ③Only these “ideas”are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. ④For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist.
4. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature. Greek culture exerted the enormous influence on English literature, for example: ①Pindar had imitators, such as the 17th century English poet John Dryden. ②The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud’s term “the Oedipus complex” was derived from Sophocles’s play. ③In the 19th century, the English poetess Elizabeth Browning called Euripides “Euripides human”. ④In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode On a Grecian Urn. ⑤In the 20th century, three are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.
第二节罗马文化
Roman Culture
I. 必背细节
1. The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire. From this time on, Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half.
公元前146年，古希腊奴隶制城邦科林斯的烧毁标志着罗马征服了希腊，科林斯也就成为了罗马帝国的一个省。从此以后，拉丁语为罗马帝国西半部语言，希腊语为东半部语言。
2. The Roman writer Horace said, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.”
古罗马诗人贺马斯曾说：“被征服的希腊征服了它的征服者。”
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Who wrote “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.”? .
A. Sappho
B. Plato
C. Virgil
D. * Horace
3. The year 27 B. C. divided the history of Rome into two periods: before then, Rome had been a republic; in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.
公元前27年是罗马历史的一个分界线，在这之前，罗马一直是个共和制国家。也是在这一年，屋大维称帝，号称“奥古斯都”，创建罗马帝国。
4. The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon
in history known as Romana.
罗马经历了长达两个世纪的科平，史学家将这个现象称之为“罗马和平”。
5. The Roman Empire began to decline in the 3rd century. In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople(modern
Istanbul).
罗马帝国在3世纪开始衰落。在4世纪时（公元395年，罗马帝国分裂为东、西两部分），君士坦丁大帝将帝国首都从罗马搬到拜占庭，将其命名为君士坦丁堡（即现在的伊士坦布尔），这就是东罗马帝国的开始。
6. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths and marked the end of the West Roman Empire.
476，西罗马帝国的最后一位皇帝被哥特人废黜，标志着西罗马帝国的死亡。
[2001年自考真题——选择题第3题]
Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in .
A. 395
B. 27
C. 1453
D. * 476
（注：罗马帝国是历年考试的重点，在有关罗马帝国的时间问题上，广大考生要掌握如下四个时间：公元前27年，罗马帝国建立；公元395年，罗马帝国分裂为东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国；公元476年，西罗马帝国灭亡；公元1453年，东罗马帝国灭亡。）
7. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.
1453年，在土耳其人攻陷君士坦丁堡后，东罗马帝国灭亡。
8. Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin. “I came, I saw, I conquered” is Caesar’s famous saying which is still remembered today.
恺撒把他在参加各种战役中的所做所见汇编成有名的《高卢战记》，这部传世之作是简明拉丁语的应用典范。“吾来，吾见，吾征服”是恺撒的的一句名言。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Who wrote “I came, I saw, I conquered”? .
A. Horace
B. * Julius Caesar
C. Virgil
D. Marcus Tullius Cicero
9. Lucretius was a very famous poet who wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things. In his works he ever said “Nothing can be created out of nothing.” And “Matter is eternal.”
卢克莱修是古罗马著名诗人，著有哲理诗《物性论》。在他的作品中，卢克莱修认为“世间没有无本之物”，并且“物质是永恒的”。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things is .
A. Virgil
B. Julius Caesar
C. Horace
D. * Lucretius
10. Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.
维吉尔是最伟大的拉丁诗人，著有伟大的史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》。
11. The Panthenon is the greatest and the best-preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C.
and reconstructed in the 2nd century A. D. Pont du Gard and the Colosseum also are very famous masterpieces of Roman architecture.
建立于公元前27年并于公元2世纪重建的罗马万神殿是最伟大、保存最好的罗马神殿。罗
Which of the following is not Roman architecture? .
A. The Colosseum
B. The Panthenon
C. *The Parthenon
D. Pont du Gard
12. She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome.
古罗马著名的雕刻“女狼”展示了建立罗马的传奇色彩。
II. 必背解释
1. Julius Caesar
He was a successful general who became dictator in Roman for a few years until he was assassinated. He recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns in the work Commentaries, which are models of succinct Latin.
2. The Pax Romana [2001年自考真题——名词解释题第1题]
In the year 27 B. C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.
III. 必背问答
What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chief difference between them?
①The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland. ②There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire: the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.
第二章《圣经》与基督教
（注：由于本章内容较为简单，核心考点不算很多，故合为一节编写。）
I.必背细节
1. Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.
Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West? .
A. Buddism
B. Islamism
C. * Christianity
D. Judaism
2. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.
无论是犹太教还是基督教都发源于巴勒斯坦。
3. Some 3,800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews—the Hebrews—wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.
大约3800年前，犹太人的祖先希伯莱人就穿越了中东的许多沙漠。
4. About 1,300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms.
大约在1300年前，希伯莱人就定居在巴勒斯坦并建立了一些小的王国。那个时候巴勒斯坦被称为迦南。
5. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The word “Testament”means “agreement”—namely, the agreement between God and Man.
《圣经》由《旧约全书》和《新约全书》两部分组成。“约”意为“上帝与人之间的契约”。
6. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five
books, called Pentateuch.
《旧约全书》由39部书组成，其中最古老、最重要的五部称之为“摩西五书”。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called .
A. Exodus
B. Commandments
C. Amos
D. * Pentateuch
7. Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus. At the ago of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist. Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.
拿撒勒的耶稣生活在罗马第一个皇帝奥古斯都统治时代，他在30岁时接受了传道者约翰的洗礼。耶稣的大半生在加利利度过，在那里，他创造了许多奇迹。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of .
A. St. Peter
B. St. Paul
C. * John Baptist
D. John Wycliff
8. In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and
made Christianity legal.
公元313年，君士坦丁一世发布了“米兰赦令”，宣布人人有信教自由，并宣布基督教是合法的（本细节为本章重点中的重点，注意掌握）。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? .
A. Augustus I
B. Thedosius I
C. Nero I
D. * Constantine I
9. In 392 A. D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity t he official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.
公元392年，狄奥多西一世宣布基督教为罗马国教，其他宗教皆不合法（本细节为本章重点中的重点，注意掌握）。
[历年经典试题（选择）]
Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions in 392 A. D. ? .
A. * Theodosius
B. Augustus
C. Constantine I
D. Nero Caesar
10. After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in the
Mediterranean regions.
耶稣死后，他的两个信徒圣彼得和圣保罗继续在地中海地区传教。
11. Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament was originally written in
Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.
12. By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in 228 languages and parts into 974 languages
— a total of 1202 including tribal tongues.
截止到1963年，整本《圣经》已被翻译成228种语言，并且部分《圣经》翻译成974种语言——共计1202种语言（包括部落语言）。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been translated in languages.
A. * 228
B. 974
C. 1202
D. 154
13. When printing was invented in the 1500’s the Latin Bible was the first complete work printed.
16世纪印刷术发明时，拉丁文《圣经》是第一部印刷的全书。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the Bible was the first complete work printed.
A. English
B. * Latin
C. Aramaic
D. Hebrew
14. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was
copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.
第一部完整的英文版本《圣经》是于1382年由拉丁文《圣经》翻译过来的。当时，由约翰·威克利夫率领的宗教改革者们用手抄写的复本。
15. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. But the
most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or King James’ version, first published in 1611. And the standard American edition of the Revised Version appeared in
现存最古老的《圣经》希腊文译本称为Septuagint，但最重要、最有影响的英文《圣经》是于1611年首版的“《圣经》钦定英译本”或称之“詹姆斯国王译本”。而标准的美国版《圣经》修订本是于1901年出版的。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as .
A. the Latin Vulgate
B. the Aristeas
C. the “Authorized”
D. * the Septuagint
When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? .
A. 1885
B. 1611
C. * 1901
D. 1979
II.必背解释
1. The Bible
The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 2. The Pentateuch (摩西五书)
In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books including Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These five books are called Pentateuch.
3. Ten Commandments (摩西十戒)
When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments which are ten rules Moses commends all Israel to obey in the name of God.
4. The Edict of Milan (米兰赦令)
A very important edict issued by Constantine I in 313. It granted religious freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.
III. 必背问答
How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?
①At the beginning Christianity was regarded as a rebellious and disintegrating movement and was subjected to frequent persecution. Jesus Christ rushed to trial and crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer. ②Both St. Peter and St. Paul suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A. D. ③The Romans blamed and punished the Christians for all kinds of disasters such as plagues and famines. ④In 64 A. D. when half of Roman was burned to the ground, Nero illuminated his garden wit a public display of burning Christians. ⑤By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religions. ⑥When Constantine I won the throne from his rivals, in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. ⑦In 392 A. D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Empire and outlawed all other religions. ⑧Now Christianity had changed from an object of
第三章中世纪
第一节庄园与教堂
Manor and Church
I. 必背细节
1. In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The fall of the West Rome Empire marked the beginning of feudalism in Europe.
在欧洲历史上，公元476年西罗马帝国死亡后的一千年左右的历史时期被称作欧洲的“中世纪”。西罗马帝国的灭亡标志着欧洲封建制度的开始。
2. In the latter part of the 4th century, the Huns swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes.
在4世纪末期，来自中亚的匈奴横扫欧洲，掠夺和杀害了许多半开化的日尔曼部落。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
In the latter part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes? .
A. the Mongolians
B. * the Huns
C. the Turkish
D. the Syrians
3. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. The Middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.
欧洲中世纪时期，没有统一的中央政府来维护秩序，惟一统一了欧洲的组织就是基督教教会了。中世纪也被称作“信仰时代”。
[2001年自考真题——对错辨析题第5题]
During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order; the only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.
(T): 这是一个正确命题。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
The Middle Ages is also called the .
A. “Age of Christianity”
B. “Age of Literature”
C. “Age of Holy Spirit”
D. * “Age of Faith”
4. Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions.
在5至11世纪期间，西欧遭遇连年的战乱和外敌入侵。
中世纪是古典文化、希伯莱文化和哥特文化的相互融合时期。
6. Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” derived from the Latin means “a grant of land”. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.
欧洲的封建制度实际上是一种持有土地并进行“封土”的制度，“封土”的目的是换取臣下的军事义务。“feudalism”一词源于拉丁语，意为“封土”。庄园是中世纪封建社会的生活中心，也是自给自足的自然经济单位。
7. In 732, Charles Martel gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service.
732年，法兰克统治者查理斯·马泰给他的士兵土地以换取军事服务，称之为“采邑”。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their
service? .
A. * Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler
B. Charles I, a Turkish ruler
C. Constantine I, a Frankish ruler
D. St. Benedict, an Italian ruler
8. As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.
骑士往往要宣誓为教会征战、效忠于庄园领主、保护弱者、尊重有贵族血统的妇女，这被称为“骑士制度”。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for
a knight?
A. to be loyal to his lord
B. to fight for the church
C. * to obey without question the orders of the abbot
D. to respect women of noble birth
9. After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. In order to develop a civilization based on Christianity, the Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of Roman Empire.
1054年后，罗马教会分裂为罗马天主教和东正教。为了发展以基督教为基础的文明，罗马天主教把拉丁语作为官方语言，以便于保存和传承罗马帝国的文化遗产。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?
A. after 1066
B. after 1296
C. * after 1054
D. after 476
10. The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who lived in
North Africa in the fifth century. “The Confession”and “The City of God”by him are
在所有灌输基督教思想的领头人物中，生活在5世纪的北非希波主教奥古斯丁是最重要的一个。《忏悔》和《上帝之城》是他享誉世界的杰作。
11. Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords
and peasants.
封建制度下的西欧，人被分成三个等级：神职人员（教士/牧师）、庄园领主和农民。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of Western Europe?
A. clergy, knights and serfs
B. Pope, bishop and
C. * clergy, lords and peasants
D. knights, nobles and serfs
12. The Medieval church was the center of daily life in the country and town alike. The Church taught that all people and sinned and had to rely on God’s favor to get to heaven. On Fridays meat should not be touched and on Sundays everyone went to the church to worship God. One of the most important sacraments was holy communion, which was to remind people that Christ had died to redeem man.
中世纪的教堂是城镇人们日常生活的中心。基督教教诲人们人都是有罪的，这就需要上帝帮助你进入天堂。每个星期五是不允许食肉的，每个星期天人人都要去教堂做礼拜。在所有圣礼中，圣餐仪式是最重要的圣礼之一，该仪式提醒人们耶酥基督牺牲自己的生命是为了拯救罪孽的人。
13. To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.
为了表达自己虔诚的宗教感情，中世纪的人们常常长途跋涉去圣地朝拜，其中，最重要的圣地是耶路撒冷。
14. In 1071Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems, with a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holy wars called the Crusades, which went on 200 years.
1071年，巴勒斯坦落入土耳其穆斯林军队手中。为了反攻穆斯林，西方基督徒从1096年开始发动了一系列战争，称之为“十字军东征”，大大小小的战争延续了将近200年（1096年~1291年）。
15. By 1291 the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control.
到1291年，穆斯林占领了基督教徒们的最后一处要塞，他们战胜了东征军统治了巴勒斯坦的所有领地。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control?
A. 1270
B. 1254
C. 1096
D. * 1291
1. The Middle Ages
In European society, the thousand-year period following the fall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.
2. Manor
The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. Lords lived in a manor house and met with vassals, carried the laws and said their prayer. By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castles.
3. Code of Chivalry
In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry.
4. Benedictine Rule
It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A. D. The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. They wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the about. They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight. In addition they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.
5. The Crusades [2001年自考真题——名词解释题第2题]
In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. News of this kind roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years because all the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. Although the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.
III. 必背问答
What happened in western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?
①In 476A. D. a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. A great many Germanic kingdoms began to grow into the nations known as England, France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. ②Between the 5th and 11th centuries, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions, the political unit had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives; towns and villages fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. ③During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order.
Ages, Christianity look the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.
第一节学术、科学、文学艺术与建筑
Learning and science, Literature, Art and Architecture
I. 必背细节
1. Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period. Charlemagne was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800. The result of Charlemagne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”.
查理曼大帝也许是中世纪最重要的人物，他本是法国加洛林王朝国王，公元800年，查理曼被罗马教皇封为“神圣罗马帝国皇帝”，史称“查理一世”。查理一世的种种努力创造了欧洲历史上重要的“加洛林文艺复兴”。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? .
A. St. Thomas Aquinas
B. * Charlemagne
C. Constantine
D. King James
2. Alfred the Great, ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. He worried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural center.
阿尔弗雷德大帝是盎格鲁—撒克逊王国的国王，他对中世纪欧洲文化作出了重要贡献。为了繁荣学术，他创建新的修道院，引进师资，促进对拉丁文作品的翻译工作，使韦塞克斯成了盎格鲁—撒克逊的文化中心。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture? .
A. Charles I
B. Constantine I
C. * Alfred the Great
D. Charles the Great
3. The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.
圣·托马斯·阿奎那斯为意大利中世纪的宗教神学家与经院哲学家，其代表作《神学大全》几乎概托了中世纪神学的所有知识。
4. Science made little progress in the Middle Ages. While superstition was widespread, false science
based on the practice of “magic”were popular. Real scientific progress did not begin until the 12th and 13th centuries. Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research and called for careful observation and experimentation.
中世纪时期，科学发展缓慢。当时迷信和伪科学盛行。真正的科学研究到12、13世纪才正式开始。罗吉尔·培根是科学研究的最早倡导者之一，他号召人们要进行细致的观察和实验。
5. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral
literature. Beowulf marked the beginning of English literature.
《贝奥武甫》创作于公元8世纪，是伟大的英国民间叙事诗，它标志着英国文学的开端。6. Song of Roland is the most well-known of a group of French epics. Song of Roland tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne’s warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees. 《罗兰之歌》是法国最有名的史诗，它讲述了查理曼大帝的勇敢武士罗兰如何在西班牙奋勇搏斗，如何为保护比利牛斯山的一处重要关口而献身的故事。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic? .
A. English
B. Germanic
C. Hebrew
D. * French
7. Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin, which influenced the evolution of European literature deeply.
但丁是意大利最伟大的诗人、散文作家。他的传世杰作。《神曲》是世界文学的一个里程碑。
但丁用意大利语而不是用拉丁语写成了《神曲》，这深深地影响了欧洲文学的发展。
8. Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales was his most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humour and warm humanity.
乔叟被称为“英国诗歌之父”。《坎特伯雷故事集》因其深邃的洞宗力、尖锐的讽刺、很强的幽默感和暖暖的人情味深受世界各国人民的广泛欢迎。
9. Chaucer is regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature. In his works he writes in dialect used by Londoners, which influences the Modern English.
乔叟被认为是英国文学短篇故事的先驱，也是英国文学史上第一现代诗人。乔叟在其作品中大量使用伦敦方言（并首创双韵体），这对现代英语的发展影响很大。
10. Romanesque was a kind of style which was very popular during the 11th and 12th centuries. The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity and monumentality with all overall blocky appearance.
古罗马建筑是11、12世纪在欧洲流行的一种艺术样式。古罗马建筑风格拥有雄伟、壮观、坚固的艺术特点。（古罗马建筑往往以圆屋顶、弧形拱门和带壁龛的厚墙区别于其他艺术风格的建筑。）
11. The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. It
flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th century.
直持续到16世纪。
II.必背解释
1. Carolingian Renaissance
Charlemagne, among many other things he did, encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. The result of Charlemagne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”. The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. Te most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish of Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
2. Beowulf
Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature. The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Beowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon.
3. Song of Roland
Song of Roland is the most well-known of a group of French epics. Song of Roland tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne’s warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees.
4. The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales were Chaucer’s most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humour and warm humanity. The book, which is incomplete to Chaucer’s plan, contains twenty-four tales told by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. Most of the tales are written by verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.
5. Romanesque
The buildings, sculpture, painting, and decorative arts created in Europe, during the 11th and 12th centuries exhibit a style that, in spite of national and regional variations, has numerous common characteristics. This has led the scholars to coin the term “Romanesque”, which means “in the Roman manner”. Romanesque art is predominantly religious. Architecture is characterized by massiveness, solidity, and monumentality with an overall blocky appearance. Sculpture and painting, primarily in churches, developed a wonderful unity with the architecture. Both arts often are imbued with symbolism and allegory. They are not based on natural forms but used deliberate distortions for expressive impact. Romanesque art reflects many facets of the society of the time. 6. Gothic [2001年自考真题——名词解释题第3题]
The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. It flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it was given direction by a different aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence.
their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more life-like than any since ancient Rome.
III.必背问答
What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?
①Charlemagne was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800,
Alfred the Great was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex. ②Both of them contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. Charlemagne and Alfred the Great all encouraged leaning by setting up monastery schools. For example, Charlemagne gave support to scholars and set scribes to work copying various ancient books; Alfred worried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works.
第四章文艺复兴与宗教改革
第一节意大利文艺复兴
Renaissance in Italy
I. 必背细节
1. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
一般说来，文艺复兴是指历史上14至17世纪中期的一段历史时期。在这段历史时期，欧洲人文主义思想家、学者竭力扫除欧洲封建社会的保守主义，宣扬代表资产阶级的新思想，解除罗马教会的种种束缚。人文主义是文艺复兴的实质（主要思潮）。
2. Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy. Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Italy is regarded as the cradle of the Renaissance.
从11世纪开始，意大利北部和中部就兴起了城市。欧洲文艺复兴开始于意大利的佛罗伦萨和威尼斯。意大利被认为是文艺复兴的摇篮。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?
C. in Milan and Florence
D. in Italy and Germany
3. For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors.
从15世纪末期以来的两个世纪里，佛罗伦萨诞生了一代代诗人、学者、艺术家和雕刻家。
4. The Renaissance reached its height in the 16th century with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance (1490-1530). Meantime by the beginning of the 16th century, Venetian art had come into being in full glory.
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
When did the Renaissance reach its height with its centre moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?
A. in the 11th century
B. in the 15th century
C. * in the 16th century
D. in the 17th century
5. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man. Related to this is the belief in the promotion of wealth, pleasure and a frank admiration for the beauty of human body.
文艺复兴思潮的核心是主张人的伟大性。与此相关的信仰如增加财富、追求快乐、对人体美的坦然欣赏。
6. Boccaccio’s greatest works was the Decameron, which is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen on their way to escape t he Black Death of 1348.
《十日谈》是意大利作家薄伽丘的最伟大作品，它收集了7位年轻女性和3位年轻绅士在逃避1348年黑死病的路上讲述的100个故事。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? .
A. * Decameron
B. Canzoniers
C. David
D. Moses
7. Petrarch was best known for Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect. Petrarch is looked up as the father of modern poetry.
彼特拉克的代表作为《歌集》，是一本用意大利发言写成的抒情诗歌集，彼特拉克因此被认为是“现代诗歌之父”。（还有史书称彼特拉克是文艺复兴第一个人文主义者，被誉为“人文主义之父”。）
8. Giotto was the forerunner of the Renaissance. Flight into Egypt was his famous painting, which was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead. Giotto’s another famous painting Betrayal of Judas is conventional.
乔托是文艺复兴先驱（是近代现实主义绘画的拓荒者）。他著名的绘画作品《逃入埃及》是基于圣经中玛利亚骑驴面对前方艰难险阻的一段故事创作的。乔托的另一部著名作品为传统绘画《尤大的背叛》。
[历年经典试题（选择题）]
欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：
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欧洲文化入门Exercise3 1．第1题 Mary's pregnancy to Joseph, her husband, was ___. A.a scandal B.a luck C.incredible D.unfortunate 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 It was ____who unified England for the first time. A.King Edward and his successors B.King Arthur and his successors C. King William and his successors D.King Alfred and his successors 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__. A.the kingdom of God B.the human persons C.the Holy Spirit D.God 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0
4．第4题 The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostles for ___. A.12 is a lucky number B.they were the only apostles Jesus had C.they were the only apostles Jesus could select D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universe to_____ . A.Pandora B.Zeus C.Chaos D.Cronus 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 Which is not true about the heroes in Greek mythology? A.They represented a kind of bridge between gods and mortals B.They never die C.They got gods' favor D.They had some defect to balance out their power 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 7．第7题
作业 1．第1题 Which one of the following statements about the Great Famine is NOT true? A.It was the worst famine in European history. B.It lasted for seven hard years. C.In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies. D.By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10 percent to 15 percent of the entire European population. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? A.She was born in a well-to-do peasant family. B.She grew up with a strong religious belief. C.Charles refused her to accompany the army. D.She was burned at stake. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____. A.it is impious to translate the very words of Allah. B.it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose of Qur’an. C.the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted. D.the beauty of Arabic language would be violated. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death? A.the regional and ethnic diversity B.the conflicts between different successors to the throne
2014年10月北京自考欧洲文化入门模拟试题和答案100017 一、Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question，four suggested answers marked A，B，C and D are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points，2 points each) 第1题 In the second half of the 4th century B.C.， all Greece was brought under the rule of___________ ，King of Macedon. A. Homer B. Sophocles C. Alexander D. Alfred 【正确答案】 C 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第2题 In ancient Greece，plays were performed in_____________. A. theatres B. open-air sports ground C. private houses D. open-air theatres 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第3题 The first emperor of the Roman Empire was________________. A. Constantine B. Julius Caesar C. Octavius D. Augustus 【正确答案】 D 【你的答案】 本题分数2分 第4题 The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean______________. A. wanderers B. travelers
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案 第一章 填空题： 1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey 3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians 名词解释： 1. Pax Romana 答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens. 2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题： 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
《英语文学文化及影视赏析》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明 1、课程名称（中英文）：英语文学文化及影视赏析/English Literature and Culture & Appreciation of English movies 2、学时学分：75学时理论教学，2学分 3、适用专业：非英语专业研究生 4、开课学院：外国语学院 5、课程负责人：姜萌萌 二、课程描述： 本课程拟对英语经典文学与相关文化概况进行简要介绍，并遴选英美国家的经典作家和作品，对其文学特色、文化背景进行分析。课程重视文学作品与时代背景、西方历史文化的联系，在教学中将理论与实践相结合，做到寓教于乐。在课内，不仅有作家作品、相关文化背景和信息的介绍、经典作品片段的解读，并通过课堂讨论以及影视作品的欣赏帮助学生最直观地理解西方文化与文学作品的文本意义。在课外，学生需要查阅相关资料，完成相关问题的回答与读书报告，以一种轻松愉悦并且多方面切入的方式学习、了解和体验英语文学文化。该课程目的在于通过英语文学文化的学习，提高学生对英语语言的掌握能力、增强对英语文学经典的理解力和对西方文化的审美能力，进一步养成对英语的敏感性，培养人文素质和文学涵养。 三、教材： 王守仁主编，《英国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。 陶洁主编，《美国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。 秦秀白，《英美国家概况》，北京：高等教育出版社。 王佐良，《欧洲文化入门》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。 自编讲义 四、教学方式： 理论与实践相结合。 五、考核方式： 提交一篇与所学课程相关的课程论文，用英语完成。 总成绩=期末考试成绩70%+平时成绩30%（考勤占10%）
《欧洲文化概论》是由外语教学研究出版社出版的中国大学英语专业教材。书中介绍了欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故、语录、成语、人名、地名等，并按时间顺序具体简洁地描述了欧洲从古至今的历史。本书通过对欧洲不同时期的思想、科技、政治、社会等方面的重要时代和人物进行英语教学，使学习英语的学生更好地了解欧洲历史文化，从而使英语学习更加顺利，更好地掌握英语语言和文化。 1相关概要编辑 《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好[1] 2课程目的编辑 为学习英语的学生而设，因此用英语讲授，提到的地名，人名，书名，事件的名称等等也按英语惯例拼写，例如用Aristotle而不是Aristote （法）或Aristoteles（德）。 3课程内容编辑 欧洲文化的重要方面都讲到，但由于材料太多，又必须突出中心，为
此本书采用历史叙述法，将全部内容 分为10个大题按照时间顺序来讲，如下： 1 希腊，罗马文化； 2 基督教及其《圣经》； 3 中世纪； 4 文艺复兴与宗教改革； 5 17世纪； 6 启蒙运动； 7 浪漫主义； 8 马克思主义与达尔文学说； 9 现实主义； 10现代主义及其他。 在每题之内也已介绍最重要的基本事实为主，讲述力求具体扼要。以下是总目录（主干），其实每个目录下都包含还有很多内容（枝节），在本书中都有详细介绍Contents: Introduction https://www.doczj.com/doc/0b10934014.html,es of the Subject 2.Two Major Elements in European Culture DIVISION ONE GREEK CULTURE AND ROMAN CULTURE I. Greek Culture Questions for Revision
课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日姓名学号学院班级 Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each) 1. ———— was the founder of scientific mathematics. A. Pythagoras B. Democritus C. Aristotle D. Diogenes 2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”by Dante? A. Plato B. Socrates C. Aristotle D. Cicero 3. ________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay. A. Thucydides B. Herodotus C. Socrates D. Aristotle 4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ . A. Moses B. Joshua C. Saul D. David 5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal? A. Domitian B. Valerian C. Constantine D. Theodosius 6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ . A. wanderers B. travelers C. traders D. merchants 7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from central Asia. A. Turkish B. Huns C. Athens D. Roman 8. Apart from being a place of worship, the ________ was a place for recreation and the center of trade and community activity. A. bridge B. church building C. village D. subway 9. For two centuries beginning from the late fifteenth century,________ was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars,artists and sculptors. A. Milan B. Florence C. Venice D. the papal states 10. which of the following figures knows “how to make beauty yield meaning and meaning
课程《欧洲文化入门》考试时间 120 分钟日期年月日 姓名学号学院班级 Ⅰ.Read the following unfinished statements or questionas carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one that you think best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the letter of the answer you have choosen in the corresponding spcae on the answer sheet. (40 points, 2 point for each) ———— was the founder of scientific mathematics. A. Pythagoras B. Democritus C. Aristotle D. Diogenes 2. Which of the following figures was regarded as “the master of those who know”by Dante? A. Plato B. Socrates C. Aristotle D. Cicero 3. ________ was called “the greatest historian that ever lived”by Macaulay. A. Thucydides B. Herodotus C. Socrates D. Aristotle 4. The first king to unite the Hebrews was a warrior-famer name________ . A. Moses B. Joshua C. Saul D. David 5. Who issued the Edict of Milan in 313,whick granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal? A. Domitian B. Valerian C. Constantine D. Theodosius 6. The ancestors of the Jews are called Hebrews which mean ________ . A. wanderers B. travelers C. traders D. merchants 7. In the latter part of the fourth century the ________ swept into Europe from central Asia. A. Turkish B. Huns C. Athens D. Roman 8. Apart from being a place of worship, the ________ was a place for recreation and the center of trade and community activity. A. bridge B. church building C. village D. subway 9. For two centuries beginning from the late fifteenth century,________ was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars,artists and sculptors. A. Milan B. Florence C. Venice D. the papal states 10. which of the following figures knows “how to make beauty yield meaning and
WEEK 1-3 Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139 The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517. This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible, The demands of the reformists: ---direct communication between the individual and God ---simplifying rituals ---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen ---abolishing the indulgences 1) Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe (about 1330?a1384) p-139 Chief forerunner of Reformation. English theologian and religious reformer. He believed that Christ is man??s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church. He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time. Jan Hus (1372-1415) A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian. Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War 2) Martin Luther(1483-1546) and His Doctrines Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. Beginning of the Reformation p-140 Translation of the Bible Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language 3) John Calvin (1509-1564) and Calvinism Calvin was a French theologian. His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times. Presbyterian government Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit 4) Reformation in England p-143 John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal
第一章希腊罗马文化 希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。我们先看希腊的发展。 希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。 这段历史的重要大事有： 1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。荷马生活在公元前700年。 2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。 3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431
年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。 4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。 古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家，以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。 希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现。著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神建造的。 接下来我们从希腊文明走向罗马文明。 希腊化时代与罗马时代前期相互交融，最终过渡到罗马时代。罗马时代经历了早期共和国（公元前509－公元前264年）、后期共和国（公元前265－公元前27年）、早期帝国（公元前27年－公元284年）和后期帝国（284－476年）。公元前500年，
欧洲文化入门复习题（2、3章） 一：选择（51’） 1:Hebrew---Israelite---Jew Jew---Jewish---Judaism Judaism---Christianity 2:Pentateuch(摩西五经)：Genesis(创世纪)、Exodus(出埃及记)、Leviticus(利未记)、Numbers(民数计)、Deuteronomy(申命记) 3：The fall of man: Adam and Eve、the Garden of Eden 4: Noah’s Ark 5:Moses(a famous Hebrew leader) 、Exodus、40 years、the mountainous Sinai、Ten Commandments 6:While in Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues(大会堂) to practise their religion. 7:如今有多少犹太人？15 million 8:Jesus 出生地：那瑟勒死亡地：耶路撒冷郊外髑髅地·各各地 Baptism: 30 years、John baptist 9:Diocletian destroyed、Constantine and the Edict of Milan in 133、Theodosius official 10: the new testament(新约)：the birth、teaching、death（The Crucifixion耶稣被钉十字架）、resurrection of Jesus 11：现代英语两大宝库：the English Bible and Shakespeare 12:228 years 13:the Code of Chivalry：to protect the week, to fight for church, to be loyal to his lord, to respect women of noble birth. 14:half civilized Germanic tribes: Visigoths, the Franks, the Angle and Saxons, the Vandals 15:Feudalism(封建主义) the Manor(庄园) serfs(农奴) Charles Martel in 732. 16:After 1054, the Roman Catholic church and Eastern Orthodox church 17:three groups in feudalism: clergy(牧师最高) lords peasants(农民最低) 18：the crusades(十字军) 8 times 200 years By 1291, the moslems had taken over the last Christain stronghold. 19:Emperor of the Romans(神圣罗马皇帝): Charlemagne(查理曼大帝) 20:Alfred the Great(Anglo-Saxdon) contributed to medieval European culture 21:real scientific progress began in the 12th and 13th centuries. Roger bacon(a monk) is an advocate of scientific research.Opus maius, and encyclopedia（自然哲学总则） 22:National Epics: Beowulf(Anglo-saxon/英国) Song of Roland(French/法国) 荷马史诗代表作Iliad(伊利亚特）和Odysse（奥德赛） Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) and the Canterbury tales(坎特伯雷故事) 23：Romanesque(罗马建筑) Gothic(哥特式建筑)：stained glass windows are the Holy Scriptures 24:哲学三杰（苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德）顺序不能打乱 二：简答（6道） 1:Two Major Elements in European Culture