As making comparison of a poet with an essay

1. Heroic Couplet:A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or antithesis within a line, or between the two lines.2. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.（是一种诗的写作形式，是使一个角色在一些特殊的决定性时刻作为可辨认的但沉默的观众，由此无意的显示他或她的基本脾性。

）3. Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century.4. Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.5. Sonnet（十四行诗）: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy。

鏅烘収鏍戠煡鍒般€婅嫳鍥芥枃瀛︽极璋堛€嬬珷鑺傛祴璇曠瓟妗?绗竴绔?1銆?English literature began with the ( ) settlement in England.A:RomanB:CelticC:EnglishD:Anglo-Saxon绛旀: Anglo-Saxon2銆?Beowulf, written about the life of England in the ( ) society,is said to bethe national epicof the English people.A:primitiveB:feudalC:medievalD:agricultural绛旀: feudal3銆?Beowulfis written in the form of ( ), a popular form of poetry in Anglo-Saxon literature.A:balladB:blank verseC:coupletD:alliterative verse绛旀: alliterative verse绗簩绔?1銆?The medieval period is often called the Dark Age for the dominating power of ( ) over everything in the society.A:the KingB:feudal lordsC:the ChurchD:the knights绛旀: the Church2銆?The central character of a romance is ( ), who follows the code of behavior calledchivalry.A:the knightB:the warriorC:the GladiatorD:a soldier绛旀: the knight3銆?The stories of ( ) are the most well-known ballads, songs of stories told orally in 4-line stanzas.A:the green knightsB:King ArthurC:Robin HoodD:the Vikings绛旀: Robin Hood4銆? Piers the Plowmanwritten by William Langland in the form of ( ) represents the achievements of popular literature of Medieval England.A:allegoryB:symbolismC:a dreamD:epic绛旀: allegory5銆?( ) is considered the father of English poetry, whose most representative work isThe Canterbury Tales.A:William LanglandB:Edmund SpenserC:John MiltonD:Geoffrey Chaucer绛旀: Geoffrey Chaucer6銆?The Canterbury Tales,a collection of stories strung together and told by 30 pilgrims on their way to pilgrimage, is written in the form of ( ).A:blank verseB:alliterative verseC:heroic couopletD:ballad绛旀: heroic couoplet7銆?The key-note of the Renaissance is ( ).A:humanismB:realismC:romanticismD:asceticism绛旀: humanism绗笁绔?1銆?It was ( ) who first introduced and reformed the English drama which reached its climax in the hands of William Shakespeare.A:JohnWycliffB:University WitsC:Christopher MarloweD:Ben Johnson绛旀:B2銆?Great writers of the English Renaissance who are known for humanism, took ( ) as the centre of the world and voiced the human aspirations for freedom and equality.A:the worldB:GodC:powerD:man绛旀:D3銆?Shakespeare is hailed by ( ), contemporary with Shakespeare, as 鈥渘ot of an age, but for all time鈥?A:Christopher MarloweB:Ben JonsonC:Robert GreeneD:Thomas Nash绛旀:B4銆?Hamlet is characterized as a(an) ( ) on that, he loves good and hates evil;he is a man free from prejudice and superstition; he has unbounded love for the world and firm belief in the power of man.A:idealistB:PuritanC:humanistD:patriot绛旀:C5銆? Edmund Spenser was considered the ( ) for his achievements in poetry.A:鈥渢he Poets鈥?Poet鈥?B:鈥渇ather of English poetry鈥?C:鈥渢he saint of English poetry鈥?D:鈥渢he greatest English poet鈥?绛旀:A6銆?( ) is a distinctive verse form adopted by Edmund Spenser in his works incluiding his masterpieceThe Faerie Queene. It has 9-line stanzas, rhyming in ababbcbcc.A:鈥淭he mighty lines鈥?B:sonnetC:鈥淭he Spenserian Stanza鈥?D:blank verse绛旀:C7銆?Francis Bacon won for himself the first English ( ) for his achievements in English literature of the Renaissance.A:dramatistB:poetC:prose writerD:essayist绛旀:D8銆?The most representative work of Francis Bacon is ( ), which is the first collection of English essays.A:Advancement of LearningB:EssaysC:The Interpretation of NatureD:Novum Organum绛旀:B绗洓绔?1銆? ( )is regarded as the greatest prose writer in theEnglish literature of the17th century, who is best known for his workThe Pilgrim鈥檚 Progress.A:John DrydenB:Francis BaconC:George HerbertD:John Bunyan绛旀:D2銆?The Pilgrim鈥檚 Progressis written in the form of ( ) .A:symbolsB:allegoryC:allusionsD:aggressions绛旀:3銆? 鈥淭he Metaphysical Poets鈥?refer to theloose group of17th-century English poets whose work was characterized by the inventive use of( )A:metaphorB:imaginationC:conceitD:symbols绛旀:C4銆? In his 鈥淎 Valediction: Forbidding Mourning鈥? John Donne makes a most impressive comparison between love and ( ) as the dominant conceit of the poem.A:a pair of compassesB:an earthquakeC:a farewell to a dying personD:a piece of gold绛旀:A5銆?The 17th century of English history was marked mainly by the English Bourgeois Revolution which ended with the establishment of ( ) as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the monarchy.A:the United KingdomB:institutional monarchyC:the Whig PartyD:the Tory Party绛旀:B6銆?(聽聽聽聽) was the religious cloak of the English Bourgeois Revolution which advocated God's supreme authority over human beings.A:HumanismB:RepublicanismC:CalvinismD:Puritanism绛旀:D7銆? Puritan poetry in the 17th-century English literature is represented best by ( ), who producedParadise Lostas his representative work.A:John MiltionB:John DonneC:Robert HerrickD:John Dryden绛旀:A8銆?Throughout his life, Milton showed strong rebellious spirit agaisnt many things he thought unjust and acted as the voice of ( ) of England under Oliver Cromwell.A:the ParliamentB:the CommonwealthC:the MonarchD:the Royalists绛旀:B9銆? 鈥淥n his Blindness鈥?and 鈥淥n his Deceased Wife鈥?are the two best-known of Milton鈥檚 ( ).A:elegiesB:blank versesC:sonnetsD:alliterative verses绛旀:C10銆? Milton鈥檚Paradise Lostemploysthe themes taken from ( )of the Christian Bible.A:GenesisB:MatthewC:ExodusD:Luke绛旀:A11銆? The central theme ofParadise Lostis ( ).A:the creation of manB:the fall of manC:resurrectionD:final judgment绛旀:绗簲绔?1銆?The Enlightenment was an intellectualmovement throughout Western Europe in the18thcenturywhich was an expression of the struggle of bourgeoisie against ( ).A:puritanismB:feudalismC:humanismD:classicism绛旀:B2銆? Among the English Enlighteners of the 18th century,there were chiefly two groups: the ( ) group and the radical group.A:conservativeB:revolutionaryC:royalistD:moderate绛旀:D3銆? The Tatler,a British literary and society journal begun byRichard Steelein 1709,featured cultivated essays on( ).A:contemporary mannersB:social evilsC:class strugglesD:cultural state绛旀:A4銆?As a distinctive way, ( ) are adopted by the neo-classicist playwrights in the 18th-century English literature.A:realistic techniquesB:three unitiesC:heroic coupletsD:satires绛旀:B5銆?( ) writers in the 18th-century English literature modelled themselves ontheGreek and Romanwritersin their dramatic writings.A:Pre-romanticistB:RealistC:Neo-classicistD:Enlightenment绛旀:C6銆? AlexanerPope was a masterof poetryinheroic couplet.He strongly advocated ( ), emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules.A:realismB:naturalismC:aestheticismD:classicism绛旀:D7銆? Daniel Defoe is an early proponent of the ( ) novel whose masterpieceRobinson Crusoetells about the adventures of a sailor on the sea and on an island.A:sentimentalistB:epistolaryC:realistD:Gothic绛旀:C8銆丄s one of the greatest satirists in the 18th century,(聽聽聽聽)made use of satire to attacksocial evilsand call for social changes in hisGulliver's Travels.A:Johnathan SwiftB:Daniel DefoeC:Samuel RichardsonD:Henry Fielding绛旀:A9銆?Gulliver鈥?s Travelstells about the adventures of Gullliver through the fairy tale of fantasy which is a great satire on ( ).A:human mindB:human heartC:human spiritD:human nature绛旀:D10銆?( ), the greatest realist novelist of the 18th-century English literature, is also considered the father of the English novel.A:Jonathan SwiftB:Henry FieldingC:Daniel DefoeD:Oliver Goldsmith绛旀:B11銆?Tom Jonesshows Fielding鈥檚 philosophical view of 鈥渞eturn to ( )鈥? Thus, in characterization, a contrast is made between Tom Jones, the good-nautured though flawed man, and Bilfil, the hypocritical villain.A:natureB:childhoodC:countrysideD:motherland绛旀:A12銆?Sentimentalism of English literature got its name from Lawrence Stern's novel (聽聽聽聽) in which Sterne tries to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment.A:Tristram ShandyB:The Vicar of WakefieldC:PamelaD:A Sentimental Journey绛旀:D13銆? Sentimetalism is also found in Samuel Richardson鈥檚 ( ) novels which convey female characters鈥?feelings and sentiments.A:realistB:adventureC:epistolaryD:historical绛旀:C14銆? The only poet of the sentimentalist school of literature is Thomas Gray, whose well-known 鈥淓legy Written in a Country Churchyard鈥?earned for him the name of a 鈥? ) Poet鈥?A:LakeB:NationalC:LocalD:Graveyard绛旀:D15銆? Oliver Goldsmith鈥檚The Vicar of Wakefieldconveys his reflections on the relations between sentimentalism and ( ) in the 18th-century English literature.A:satireB:realismC:romanticismD:localism绛旀:16銆? The latter half of the 18th century English literaturewas marked by a strong protest against the bondage ofclassicismanda recognition of the claims of passionand emotion which is later known as ( ).A:sentimentalismB:realismC:pre-romanticismD:neo-classicism绛旀:C17銆? Robert Burnsis the best known of the poets who have written in the( )dialect.A:IrishB:ScottishC:LondonD:Celtic绛旀:B绗叚绔?1銆? Romanticism preferred ( ) to reason and rationalism. To William Wordsworth,poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.A:emotionB:devicesC:rhetoricD:art绛旀:A2銆乀he joint publication of聽聽(聽聽聽聽) in 1798 by Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in England.A:'Lines Composed upon Tinten Abbey'B:'Rime of Ancient Mariner'C:Lyrical BalladsD:'Preface to Lyrical Ballads'绛旀:C3銆?To Wordsworth, the theme of poetry should be concerned with ( ), the language of peotry should be plain, and the people poetry should deal with are country folk.A:country lifeB:common lifeC:city lifeD:fantastic life绛旀:B4銆?In鈥淚 Wandered Lonely as a Cloud鈥? 鈥渢he inward eye鈥?refers to ( ), which is a metaphor to appeal to the reader鈥檚 imagination of the author鈥檚 inner feelings.A:鈥渉eart鈥?B:鈥渆motians鈥?C:鈥渞eason鈥?D:鈥渕ind鈥?绛旀:D5銆? In鈥淭he Solitary Reaper鈥? the feeling of ( ) is clearly conveyed to the reader, especially in the first stanza.A:lonelinessB:melancholyC:homesicknessD:disillusionment绛旀:B6銆? Percy Bysshe Shelley belongs to the school of ( ) romantic poets, whose masterpiecePrometheus Unboundowes much to the Greek tragedyPrometheus Bound.A:revolutionaryB:passiveC:activeD:lyrical绛旀:C7銆? ( ) is Shelley鈥檚 bestknown lyric in which he calls forth the overthrowing of the old social system and bringing destruction to it.A:鈥淥de to the West Wind鈥?B:鈥淭o a Skylark鈥?C:鈥淭he Cloud鈥?D:鈥淪ong to the Man of England鈥?绛旀:A8銆?Walter Scott is the only novelist of the romantic literature of the 19th-century England and his novels are mainly ( ) novels as far as genre is concerned.A:realistB:historicalC:sentimentalistD:psychoanalytical绛旀:B9銆? Scott鈥檚 historical novels touch uponthe subject matters ofthe history of( ), thehistory of Englandand the history of European countries.A:IrelandB:WalesC:FranceD:Scotland绛旀:D绗竷绔?1銆? JaneAusten鈥檚 novels mainly concern such issues as the ( ) of young women. Because of the use of satire and criticism of social prejudices, she is considered as a realist novelist rather than a romantic writer.A:mannersB:moralsC:ethicsD:feminism绛旀:A2銆? The Bronte sisters refer to Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte, with the elder two represented byJane Eyreand ( ) respectively.A:The ProfessorB:Agnes GreyC:Wuthering HeightsD:Villette绛旀:C3銆?Of the women writers in the 19th century English literature, ( ) is the only one that deals with the life of the working-class people, represented by her novelMary Barton.A:Mrs. GaskellB:Charlotte BronteC:George EliotD:Jane Austen绛旀:A4銆?The novels of George Eliot mostly deal with ( ) problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.A:socialB:moralC:culturalD:psychological绛旀:B绗叓绔?1銆? In response to the social, political and economic problems associated withindustrialisation,() novel becomes the leading genre of the Victorian literature.A:critial realistB:psychoanalyticalC:aestheticistD:new romanticist绛旀:A2銆乀he first period of Charles Dickens鈥檚 literary careeris characterized mainly by (聽聽聽聽) and the novels are filled with moral teachings.A:mysticismB:pessimismC:fatalismD:optimism绛旀:D3銆? Thomas Hardyis the most representativerealist in the later decades of the Victorian era,whose principal works are the ( ) novels, i.e., the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.A:realistB:character and environmentC:modernistD:Bildungsroman绛旀:B4銆?In the aesthetic movement of the 19th century, 鈥淎rt for Art鈥檚 Sake鈥?can simply mean the focus on ( ) rather than on deep meaning of literary works.A:formB:techniqueC:impressionD:beauty绛旀:D5銆? ( ) is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character whose spiritual world is conveyed to the reader through the author鈥檚 subtle psychological analysis.A:Interior monologueB:Free associationC:Dramatic monologueD:Psycho-analysis绛旀:C6銆?鈥淏reak, Break, Break鈥? is a short lyric poem written by Alfred Tennyson which is a(n) ( ) for the poet to reveal his grief over the death of his friend.A:elegyB:lyricC:sonnetD:ode绛旀:A7銆?Thomas Carlyle's non-fiction The French Revolution: A Historywas the inspiration for Charles Dickens' s novel(聽聽 ).A:Hard TimesB:Great ExpectationsC:A Tale of Two CitiesD:Oliver Twist绛旀:C8銆?John Ruskin was the leading English artcritic of the Victorian era. In hisModern Painters, he argued that the principal role of the artist is ( ).A:鈥渁rt for art鈥檚 sake鈥?B:鈥渢ruth to nature鈥?C:innovationD:creativity绛旀:B9銆?In hisCulture and Anarchy, ( ) showed his deepest contempt for and most frequent attack on the middle-class Philistines who he thought lacked culture.A:Thomas CarlyleB:John RuskinC:Charles KinsleyD:Matthew Arnold绛旀:D绗節绔?1銆?Writers, artists and composers we consider 鈥渕odern鈥?had their roots in the ( ) era which produced such writers as Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, W. S. Maugham, etc.A:EdwardianB:VictorianC:ElizabethanD:Georgian绛旀:A2銆? A Passage to Indiais set on Joseph Conrad鈥檚 own experience in India which deals with the theme of ( ) in addition to persoal relationships.A:patriotismB:culturalismC:fatalismD:colonialism绛旀:D3銆? ( )is admittedlyan autobiographicalnovel which draws much onMaugham鈥檚own experience.A:The Moon and SixpenceB:The Razor鈥檚 EdgeC:Of Human BondageD:Howard鈥檚 End绛旀:C绗崄绔?1銆?鈥淭he Waste Land鈥?is written by T. S. Eliot in which the theme of the ( ) of the post-World War I generation is declared to the reader.A:dreamB:disillusionmentC:enlightenmentD:radicalism绛旀:B2銆? Because of his Irish background, ( ) is thought to be the driving force of the Irish Literary Revival.A:William Butler YeatsB:AlfredTennysonC:Matthew ArnoldD:Robert Browning绛旀:A3銆?Ulysses, written by James Joyce and considered the most representative of the Egnlish stream-of-consciousness novels, is set in ( ), Ireleand .A:LondonB:EdinburghC:ManchesterD:Dublin绛旀:D4銆? The only female writer of the stream-of-consciousness novel is ( ), who produced such novels asTo the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, etc. .A:Catherine MansfieldB:George EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:Elizabeth Bowen绛旀:C5銆?D. H. Lawrence is a modernist novelist who makesreflectionsupon thedehumanizingeffects of( ) in his representative workSons and Lovers.A:modernizationB:industrialisation C:urbanizationD:mechanization。

1996年年全真试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side”and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.［A］either ［B］so ［C］nor ［D］never2.［A］shifting ［B］transferring ［C］altering ［D］transforming3.［A］any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something4.［A］serious ［B］apparent ［C］severe ［D］fatal5.［A］mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely6.［A］in that ［B］so that ［C］such that ［D］except that7.［A］undertakes ［B］holds ［C］plays ［D］performs8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting ［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing9.［A］exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］excess ［D］external10.［A］nevertheless ［B］therefore ［C］moreover ［D］meanwhilePart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Tight lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you a nd your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.11. What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?［A］You’ll certainly get what you want.［B］It’s no use dreaming.［C］You should be dissatisfied with what you have.［D］It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.12. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as .［A］an illustration of how to write an application for a job［B］an indication of how to secure a good job［C］ a guideline for job description［D］ a principle for job evaluation13. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .［A］that is the first step to please the employer［B］that is the requirement of the employer［C］it enables him to know when to sell his services［D］it forces him to become clearly aware of himself14. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something .［A］definite to offer ［B］imaginary to provide［C］practical to supply ［D］desirable to presentPassage 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years —yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC —including ordinary listeners and viewers —to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation —of whom there are many —are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels ——ITV and Channel 4 ——were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels —funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’subscriptions —which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.15. The world famous BBC now faces .［A］the problem of news coverage ［B］an uncertain prospect［C］inquiries by the general public ［D］shrinkage of audience16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?［A］Extension of its TV service to Far East.［B］Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.［C］Potentials for further international co-operations.［D］Its existence as a broadcasting organization.17. The BBC’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for.［A］the financial support from the royal family.［B］the privileges granted by the Queen.［C］ a contract with the Queen.［D］ a unique relationship with the royal family.18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than .［A］the emergence of commercial TV channels.［B］the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government.［C］the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs.［D］the challenge of new satellite channels.Passage 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bou rnemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate the ir orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or ne eds of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.19. It’s true of the old family firms that.［A］they were spoiled by the younger generations［B］they failed for lack of individual initiative［C］they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies［D］they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers20. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .［A］the separation of capital from management［B］the ownership of capital by managers［C］the emergence of capital and labour as two classes［D］the participation of shareholders in municipal business21. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that .［A］the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers［B］the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers［C］the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly［D］the trade unions seemed to play a positive role22. The author is most critical of .［A］family firm owners ［B］landowners［C］managers ［D］shareholdersPassage 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America— breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinkin g about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologi st thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do no t exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking —interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times itmeant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.23. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to .［A］elementary schools ［B］enthusiastic workers［C］the attractive premium system ［D］ a special way of thinking24. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .［A］benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge.［B］shed light on disciplined school management.［C］was brought about by privileged home training.［D］owed a lot to the technological development.25. A technologist can be compared to an artist because .［A］they are both winners of awards.［B］they are both experts in spatial thinking.［C］they both abandon verbal description［D］they both use various instruments26. The best title for this passage might be .［A］Inventive Mind ［B］Effective Schooling［C］Ways of Thinking ［D］Outpouring of InventionsPassage 5Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”And so it does -and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.27. “Creationism” in the passage refers to .［A］evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe［B］a notion of the creation of religion［C］the scientific explanation of the earth formation［D］the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe28. Kitcher’s book is intended to.［A］recommend the views of the evolutionists［B］expose the true features of creationists［C］curse bitterly at his opponents［D］launch a surprise attack on creationists29. From the passage we can infer that .［A］reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate［B］creationists do not base their argument on reasoning［C］evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists［D］creationism is supported by scientific findings30. This passage appears to be a digest of .［A］ a book review ［B］ a scientific paper［C］ a magazine feature ［D］ a newspaper editorialPart ⅢEnglish—Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 31）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 32）This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 33）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 34）However, theworld is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 35）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Section ⅣWriting36. Directions:A. Title: GOOD HEALTHB. Time limit: 40minutesC. Word limit: 120—150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the “OUTLINE” below and should start with the given openi ng sentence: “The desire for good health is universal”.E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1. Importance of good health.2. Ways to keep fit.3. My own practices.1996年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. D3. A4. B5. C6. A7. D8.B9. C 10. APart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. B 12. A 13.D 14. APassage 215.B 16.C 17.C 18.DPassage 319.C 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.D 24.A 25.B 26.APassage 527.D 28.B 29.B 30.APart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求；另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。

论弗罗斯特《摘苹果之后》中的死亡隐喻发布时间：2022-07-21T08:53:03.876Z 来源：《时代教育》2022年5期作者：刘沛婷[导读] 乔治·莱考夫和马克?约翰逊于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更是一种思维方式刘沛婷湖南师范大学，湖南长沙 410006摘要：乔治·莱考夫和马克?约翰逊于《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更是一种思维方式，在人们的日常语言和活动中无所不在。

诗歌是高度隐喻化的体裁，本文就将以弗罗斯特的短诗——《摘苹果之后》为例，通过挖掘诗歌中的结构隐喻、方位隐喻和本体隐喻，深刻剖析弗罗斯特的死亡观建构，为该诗的解读提供新的维度，也有助于丰富该理论的应用范畴。

关键词:《摘苹果之后》；结构隐喻；方位隐喻；本体隐喻；死亡On death metaphors in Frost’s “After Apple-Picking”Peiting LiuHunan Normal University, Hunan Changsha 410006Abstract: George Lakoff and Mark Johnson put forward in their book Metaphors We Live By that metaphor is not only a figure of speech but a way of thinking, pervasive in everyday language and action. Since poetry is highly metaphorical, this thesis is to explore how Robert Lee Frost construct his insight of death through structural metaphors, orientational metaphors as well as ontological metaphors in his short poem “After Apple-Picking”, with the hope to provide a new dimension for the interpretation of the poem and to expand the application scope of the theory. Key words: “After Apple-Picking”; structural metaphors; orientational metaphors; ontological metaphors; death 1.IntroductionLakoff and Johnson in their monograph Metaphors We Live Вy, point out that metaphor not only can be understood from the figurative perspective, but is the thinking way.[1] Ungerer and Schmid hold that conceptual metaphor, as a cognitive instrument, is not just a stylistically dramatic way of expressing thoughts by means of literary language, but a way of thinking.[2] K?vecses has put that conceptual metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain.[3] On the basis of the cognitive approach to the understanding of conceptual metaphor, it can be divided into structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. The development of conceptual metaphor theory has brought advance to Linguistics, Anthology, Literature and so on.Robert Lee Frost commands an important place in any list of outstanding poets in the twentieth century. His poem “After Apple-picking” is written in the first person. The speaker is an orchard worker who has picked apples long and hard but is now on the verge of being overwhelmed by fatigue and the depth of the experience. On the edge of falling sleep, he remembers not only the ripe apples successfully picked but also those that fell and were considered damaged and had to be sent to the cider mill. He knows that his sleep will be troubled by the failures more than by the successes. He is not sure about the nature of the sleep he is about to drop into—whether it will be ordinary sleep, more like a hibernation, or more like death.The entire poem is a kind of extended metaphor, in which the activity of harvesting apples represents people’ life and the speaker’s falling asleep suggests human death.As a classical literary work, the study of this poem mostly focuses on its rhythm and writing devices. The analysis of multiple themes and symbols has always been the research hotspot of literature works. Li Yingxue discussed the fuzziness of the meaning of poetry from the perspective of deconstruction, and there are many scholars who explore metaphors in Frost’s other poems.[4] Few people applied it to analyze “After Apple-Picking”. Therefore, this paper is to discuss how Frost structures his thoughts on death metaphorically by describing a laborer’s picking apples. The first three chapters of this thesis illustrate Frost’s views of death through the construction of structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors in “After Apple-Picking” respectively. At last it is followed by a logical conclusion of this thesis.2.Structural MetaphorsIn structural metaphor, one greatly structured and explicitly delineated concept is applied to structure another. As Lakoff and Johnson point out that one domain of conceptual metaphor is metaphorically structured in light of another. Structural metaphor allows its source domain to offer a comparatively rich knowledge structure for the target domain, that is to say, the cognitive function of structural metaphor is to enable audiences to understand the target domain by the structure of the source domain. The poem “After Apple-Picking” include two key conceptual metaphors: DEATH IS SLEEP and PEOPLE ARE PLANTS.2.1 DEATH IS SLEEPFrost chooses a laborer who is overtired with apple-picking and falls asleep to reflect his insight of death. Hence the poem can be understood as a mapping from a source domain (sleep) to a target domain (death). The mapping is tightly structured. There are ontological correspondences. The dead correspond to those who have a sound sleep. The retrospection before death corresponds to the unconscious state near sleep. The darkness corresponds to the night. The cease of life corresponds to the stillness and motionlessness of sleep. As Lakoff puts it, “people use a concrete source domain to describe an abstract target domain.”[5] Death is an abstract concept, which can be understood vividly through the concept of sleep. The word “sleep”has been repeated five times. “Winter sleep” suggests the emotion of being decayed, forlorn and silent triggered by death because winter, in the metaphoric meanings, has strong associations with death.[6] Another euphemistic expression of death is “long sleep”, which is indicative of its permanence. “Human sleep” is the most evident reflection of conceptualization of death as sleep, showing that human death is what Frost has discussed. In the light of sleep, Frost’s “After Apple-Picking” is no longer a lyrical poem of a worker’s experience on the orchard farm and fatigue aftera day’s labor, but a profound thought on life and death through an extended conceptual metaphor of death as sleep.2.2 PEOPLE ARE PLANTSBoth man and tree are living beings that go through birth and wither, and the achievements of man are kin to the fruits of plants. “Apples I didn’t pick upon some bough” correspond to those unfilled dreams while apples that “struck the earth/ No matter if not bruised or spilled with stubble”correspond to people’s failed pursuits. The scent of apples refers to delight and satisfaction brought by success. In Frost’s poem, the act of apple-picking is a metaphor for the fruits the speaker has achieved in life.[7] It is universally acknowledged that success is what people desire and is something enjoyable. However, the speaker is overtired of the great harvest and wished to rest, which illustrates that the speaker has been bored with worldly sense of accomplishment and hopes to simple have a dream and a “long sleep”. Due to the sweet smell of the apple, the narrator actually falls asleep after fatigue and he enters into “long sleep”(death) with a sense of emptiness resulted from the excessive fruits he has gathered. The speaker’s experience reveals the poet’s meditation on life that it is futile people achieve a great deal of success but eventually own nothing after death. Therefore, the poet don’t ponder on human sleep for no reason but he penetrates the meaninglessness of long tough life struggles.The two root metaphors are carefully chosen to reflect Frost’s philosophy on death. This also confirms the cognitive value of metaphor, that is, vehicles(such as sleep) are usually well known to readers, and their features and structures will be mapped to relatively unfamiliar things when they interact with tenor (such as death) to help readers understand the characteristics and structures of ontology. The characteristics of sleep are mapped to the characteristics of death. Frost’ poem “After Apple-Picking” is not only a pastoral work of rural world in orchard farm but also a thought-provoking poem on death. The end of labor leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfillment yet finds him blocked from success by winter’s approach and physical weariness. The futility that what people achieved as a result resembles fallen apples of no worth leads to fatigue and wish to seek relief in sleep, that is death. Therefore, this seemingly idyllic poem is in fact the ultimate exploration of human destiny through the metaphors of death as sleep and people as plants.3.Orientational MetaphorsOrientational metaphors do not structure one concept in terms of another but instead organize a whole system of concepts with respect to one another.[1] Most of them have to do with spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral. These spatial orientations arise from the fact that we have bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physical environment. As Lakoff points out that CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN. HEALTH SND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN. This poem employs spatial antagonism to construct death metaphor. “The Apple-Picking” involves a development from consciousness to unconsciousness. At the very beginning, the farmer is sober enough on the long two-pointed ladder sticking toward heaven. The spacial position is rather high. After the speaker has been done with apple-picking, rest is badly needed after the arduous labour. He is drowsed off and no longer in his conscious state. Frost adopts simple past tense from line8 to line17, serving as a beginning of the speaker’s dream. In the half unconsciousness of the farmer, the autumn evening bursting with the aroma of the apples has for a moment changed into a winter morning with hoary glass. In farmer’s dream, things “melted”, “fall and break”, which suggests a downward trend. Finally both woodchuck and the farmer fall asleep on the ground. The perspective of the whole poem shifts from heaven to earth, that is from top to bottom, revealing the opposition of space. A pane of glass divides the world into two parts: reality and dream. The transition from reality to dream is the manifestation of change of the speaker’s consciousness. The higher position represents reality and consciousness while the lower dream and unconsciousnessWhat’s more, the positional contrast reveals the opposition of life and death. In the first line of “After Apple-Picking”, the ladder occupies a central position in the whole picture of the poem, acting as a bridge between heaven and earth, life and death. The imagery of heaven and apples evokes the garden of Eden. The act of ascending the ladder symbolized a re-approach to heaven and eternal life while the movement down the ladder symbolizes the descent from heaven to earth, also from life to death[4]. According to Bible, picking apples is considered as corruption and degradation. As baskets of apples fall down and are spiked, they become worthless. This is true of human beings. After the farmer has finished apple-picking, fatigue and emptiness has wrapped him. His vigorous life reaches a pause, which actually means the farmer’s death. Most of fundamental concepts are organized in terms of one or more spatialization metaphors. In Frost’s “After Apple-Picking”, the poet shows the transition from consciousness to unconsciousness as well as from life to death in virtue of the binary opposition of space. The physical basis of such division is that humans sleep and die lying down and stand up when they are awaken. Therefore, the antagonism of life and death is constructed through the opposition of up and down positions, which contributes to the further construction of the root metaphors.4.Ontological MetaphorsOntological metaphor helps us understand those abstract entities through conceptualizing them as these entities and substances which are related to human’s experience. As Lakoff and Johnson point out: “our experience of physical objects and substances provides a further basis for understanding.” Ontological metaphor could be classified into three types, which are entity and substance metaphor, container metaphor and personification.Firstly, an invisible abstract concept, in entity and substance metaphor, is considered as a visible concrete object. Human being expresses abstract concepts as these entities and substances which are related to human’s experience. Death is an abstract concept, which can be understood thanks to another common concept—sleep. The dark and bleak state of death is implied by night in winter. The poet also tries to clarify the hibernation of hamsters and the long sleep of human beings: one is short seasonal rest and the other is an eternal stop of motion. In this way, the characteristics of death are no longer vague. The first root metaphor of death as sleep receives deeper and more detailed illustrations. Similarly, human achievements becomes a measurable entity like apples in “ After Apple-Picking”. Through these well-known common things, the original abstract concept can be elucidated. The essence of metaphor lies in the comparison between two entities.Secondly, container metaphor is a kind of ontological metaphor in which an invisible abstract concept is regarded as a container which has a surface owning scope and range with an in-out orientation. In Frost’s poem, the farmer’s dream and sleep is a container, where he can see “magnified apples”, feel “the pressure of ladder-round”. The farmer’s falling into dreams shows the motion from one space to another space. The state of farmer can be classified into “in sleep” and “out of sleep”, which symbolize death and life respectively.Lastly, personification specifies the physical object as being a man, which can make people to comprehend these different physical objects in light of human characteristics, motivations and activities. In Frost’s poem, apple “struck the earth” and long sleep can “come on” are all personification. They are extensions of ontological metaphors and that they allow us to make sense of phenomena in the world on the basis of our own goals. It is carefully chosen to endow this poem a dynamic effect so that the theme of this poem can be effectively conveyed. All in all, the understanding of a poetic metaphor is a cognitive process.[8] Ontological metaphor makes us understand abstract concepts by use of concrete concepts. The poet uses sleep to explain death, making the abstract concept simplified and concrete. In the poem, the dream not only reflects the structural metaphor, but also reflects the container metaphor. It forms a contrast between “in dream” and “out of dream” so as to further strengthen the difference between life and death. Apple has bruises, and Death actively does come in. These anthropomorphic expressions embody the metaphorical nature of language and the symbolic nature of death. As a result, metaphor of death in this poem has been justified.5.ConclusionThe exploration of the relationship between Frost’s view of death and Lakoff’s cognitive metaphors will undoubtedly help readers to guard against deceptive surface meanings when interpreting and appreciating Frost’s poems, and to explore the profound life philosophy reflected in his poems through metaphorical thinking and active participation.Through dividing metaphors in Frost’s “After Apple-Picking” according to Lakoff’s classification, the way of constructing poem’s theme is evidently revealed. At the first glance, it seems to be a lyrical poem, but it actually a poem of death after further analysis. Frost implicitly depicts life actions as apple picking activities, apples are symbols of human achievements, and death is similar to long sleep, which are structural metaphors, through which the characteristics of abstract concept death can be easily understood. Moreover, the orientational metaphors constitute to the body of this poem. The up-down spatial position divides the farmer’s state into consciousness and unconsciousness, also a reflection of human’s state of life and death. The contrast between in-out categories reflects the whole poem’s structure: it shifts from reality to dream. Since the farmer’s dream is explained as a container, the state of dreaming metaphorically stands for death. Therefore the whole poem is based on structural metaphors of death is sleep and people are plants, which are illustrated with orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors.However, the thesis still has some limitations due to the author’s slim analysis. It can be better with more logical illustrations and evidences. But it is no doubt that the thesis provides a new perspective of discussing Frost’s poem. It expands the application scope of Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor and enriches its practice, and produces referential meaning to literature appreciation. References[1]Lakoff, G & M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By[M]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.1980.[2]Ungerer, F & H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2008.[3]K?vecses, Z. Metaphor: A practical introduction[M]. New York: Oxford University Press.2002.[4]李应雪. 一个解构批评的范本——析罗伯特·弗洛斯特诗歌《摘苹果之后》意义的模糊性[J]. 宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2007(04): 78-81.[5]Lakoff, G. The Invariance Hypothesis: is abstract reason based on image-schemas?[J]. Cognitive Linguistics, 1990(01): 39-47.[6]Huo, Lirong. Comments on “After Apple-Picking”[J]. Overseas English, 2012(01): 196-197.[7]赵志宇. 罗伯特·弗洛斯特的《摘罢苹果》[J]. 文学语言学研究, 2007(02):70-71.[8]胡壮麟. 诗性隐喻[J]. 山东外语教学, 2001(03): 3-8.。

The appreciation of To Helen1.AbstractThis is a paper of appreciation of the lyrics named To Helen, which is written by Edgar Allan Poe. In this essay, there is the general introduction of the poet, who is still famous in modern day. Then the essay analyzes his poem from the figure of speech. There is a lot of beautiful rhetoric to describe a beautiful woman in his soul.2.Key word: To Helen, Edgar Allan Poe, appreciation3.ContentEdgar Allan Poe was an American writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered the American Romantic Movement. He is best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Poe was one of earliest American practitioners of the detective-fiction genre. He is future credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.When writing poem, especially the lyric poem, Poe always uses mystery to express some supernal feelings. He is good at using some mystery, untouched images that is far away from readers in time and place. The image can be some objectives or person, such as goddess, heaven, Zeus, Trojan War and so on, to show his unique thoughts and feelings. Also he is the masters of the figure of speech, for he always uses simile, metaphor, analogy, paronomasia, alliteration and so on to make his feelings describe freely and totally. To Helen falls into this type of poem. In the poem, the poet uses some archaic words and Greek story, together with a series of rhetoric to show his first love .To Helen is one of his most famous lyrics, which expresses his love to a beautiful woman. This poem was written when Poe was only 14 years old when he saw Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard who was the mother of a schoolmate of him. When he saw her he loved her deeply and suddenly. Then he wrote this poem. However he used Helen’s name to show his love. Helen is a goddess of Greek myths, who is the beautiful daughter of Zeus. Her beauty once caused the 10 years long war, called Trojan War. He used Helen’s name to show his love, for he thought the women was so beautiful just like Helen. And his love to Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard just was the same as thecommon people’s love to Helen. Poe described the poem as “lines written, in my passionate boyhood, to the first, purely ideal love of my soul.”The poem follows a basic iambic rhythm. The rhyme scheme flows as ABABB, ABABA, and ABBAB. It includes three stanzas, of these there are five lines separately. In every stanza, Poe describes the beauty of Helen, in fact is Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, in the outside and inside. And in the first verse, the love that the poet describes to Helen is beyond the love between men and women. The love includes some other love, such as the love to hometown, the love to relatives, and the love to freedom and peace. In the following verse, Helen’s beauty the poet describes is beyond our imagination and beyond his words by using comparison to the beauty of some goodness. In the last verse, he calls that Helen is holy in beauty. So we can see that the description is more and more deeper than the previous one. In this poem, the poet uses a lot of the /i:/ /s/ sounds, then when we read, we feel the sound is very beautiful, and can feel poet’s deep love to Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard. It is like a lyric song, and we can enjoy it freely.Poet often shows his love by using many images, such as visual image, olfactory image and kinesthetic images and so on. In the first verse, “roam” and “bore” gives people a moving picture. In the second verse, the “hyacinth hair” and “brilliant window-niche” which is in the third verse, are visual imag e, and they give us an imagination of the beauty of Helen. From these images, we can have a general understanding of this poem. In the first verse, the beauty of Helen can be feel from distant, however the second verse it is a details description of her beauty. In the last verse it is a holy imagination of her beauty. More details of the poem are following.In the first verse, firstly, there is an allusion in this verse, Helen is coming from the Greek story, and the wonderer here is also the people in Trojan War. Secondly, there are many comparisons. The beauty of Helen and the beauty of Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard; the love to Helen from common people, especially Greek people, compared with the love to Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard from the poet; how the soldiers are tempered by war compared with how the back home people love their home and how they are excited when they are free from the war. So in this verse the order of the words should be likethis “Helen, thy beauty is to me like those Nicean barks of yore that bore the weary, way-worn wanderer to his own native shore gently over a perfumed sea.” Further more, there is much other rhetoric in details. We can see a “like” in the second line, and it is a simile here. In the third line, there is a “perfumed sea”, and sea can not feel something that is smelled perfumed, it can only smelled by human beings, so it is a transferred epithet. In the fourth line, there are the same /w/ sounds at the beginning of the word, “weary, way-worn wanderer”, and then it is alliteration. The repetition of this sound gives people a very powerful tired image that can show how the soldiers ware tempered by war. In the last line, there is a pun. The “native shore” can refer to the shore in the hometown; also it can refer to their mother land. At last, from the appreciation above, we can see that Helen, or say Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, is beautiful not only in the outside but also in the inner world. Because her beauty can let people think of their hometown, natives and peace world. Her beauty is humanized.In the second verse, there is another transferred epithet in the first line, which is “desperated seas”. It is obviously that it is the feelings of human beings not the seas. In the following two lines, “thy” has been repeated again and aga in, it is a parallelism, and it is an emphasis on the beauty of Helen. So do the last two lines, “to the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that war Rome”. In the second line, there is alliteration, “hyacinth hair”. In the third line, there is a metaphor that describes the beautiful hair of Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard just like the hair of Naiad, who is also goddess in Greek story governing the seas. In this line we can also find it is an allusion. “brought me home” is another pun in this poem, it can refe r to bring me to my hometown and also refer to let me know and understand. According to the talking above, we can know more clearer of Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, and her beauty is very mystery and beyond the human and very untouched.In the last verse, we can also learn how beautiful Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard is. In the first line, the poet uses two archaic words “yon” and“lo”. By using these two words, the poet describes a very old and mystery image. In the second line, there are two internal rhymes “statue-l ike, stand” together with “see, thee”. Here is a “like”, so also it is a simile. In the third line, there is another archaic image “agate lamp” to refer tothe old and mystery situation. In the fourth line, “Psyche” is another allusion, Psyche refer to soul in the Greek. In classical legend, Psyche, the lover of Cupid, was a woman so beautiful that the goddess Venus was jealous of her. So we can see how beautiful Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard is. In this verse, the poet describes the beauty is holy and untouched.In all, we can see how the poet loves Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, who is not only beautiful in the outside, but also in her inner world. That is all we can see from this poet.Reference:/view/fa0c373a580216fc700afd8b.html/view/be3c7cdaa58da0116c174911.html/view/53b1765c3b3567ec102d8af9.html/。

莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首的英文评论和赏析18 18我是否可以把你比喻成夏天？ Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?虽然你比夏天更可爱更温和： Thou art more lovely and more temperate:狂风会使五月娇蕾红消香断， Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,夏天拥有的时日也转瞬即过； And summer's lease hath all too short a date:有时天空之巨眼目光太炽热， Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,它金灿灿的面色也常被遮暗； And often is his gold complexion dimmed,而千芳万艳都终将凋零飘落， And every fair from fair sometime declines,被时运天道之更替剥尽红颜； By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:但你永恒的夏天将没有止尽， But thy eternal summer shall not fade,你所拥有的美貌也不会消失， Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,死神终难夸口你游荡于死荫， Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,当你在不朽的诗中永葆盛时； When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,只要有人类生存，或人有眼睛， So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,我的诗就会流传并赋予你生命。

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.注：第11行语出《旧约•诗篇》第23篇第4节：“虽然我穿行于死荫之幽谷，但我不怕罹祸，因为你与我同在……”英文赏析：This is one of the most famous of all the sonnets, justifiably so. But it would be a mistake to take it entirely in isolation, for it links in with so many of the other sonnets through the themes of the descriptive power of verse; the ability of the poet to depict the fair youth adequately, or not; and the immortality conveyed through being hymned in these 'eternal lines'. It is noticeable that here the poet is full of confidence that his verse will live as long as there are people drawing breath upon the earth, whereas later he apologises for his poor wit and his humble lines which are inadequate to encompass all the youth's excellence. Now, perhaps in the early days of his love, there is no such self-doubt and the eternal summer of the youth is preserved forever in the poet's lines. The poem also works at a rather curious level of achieving its objective through dispraise. The summer's day is found to be lacking in so many respects (too short, too hot, too rough, sometimes too dingy), but curiously enough one is left with the abiding impression that 'the lovely boy' is in fact like a summer's day at its best, fair, warm, sunny, temperate, one of the darling buds of May, and that all his beauty has been wonderfully highlighted by the comparison。

Literary TermsAlliteration[ə,lɪtə'reɪʃn]头韵The repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close to one another. Alliteration occurs most often at the beginning of words, as in ―rough and ready.‖ But consonants within words sometimes alliterate, as in ―baby blue.‖The echoes that alliteration creates can increase a poem’s rhythmic and musical effects and make its lines especially memorable. Alliteration is an essential feature of Anglo-Saxon poetry; in most lines, two or three of the four stressed syllables alliterate.Frame StoryAn introductory narrative within which one or more of the characters proceed to tell a story.Perhaps the best-known example of stories contained in a frame story is the Persian collection called The Thousand and One Nights. In English literature, Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales uses a frame story involving a group of people on a pilgrimage; within the narrative frame, each of the pilgrims then tells his or her own story. Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron contains another notable example of the frame-story device.Couplet['kʌplɪt]对句, 对联Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. The couplet has been widely used since the Middle Ages, especially to provide a sense of closure. A couplet that presents a completed thought is called a closed couplet. Shakespeare used closed couplets toend his sonnets, as in Sonnet 18.A couplet written in iambic pentameter is called a heroic couplet. Although the heroic couplet has been used in English literature since Chaucer, it was perfected during the eighteenth century.CharacterAn individual in a story or play. A character always has human traits, even if the character is an animal, like the March Hare in Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in wonderland; or a god, as in the Greek and Roman myths; or a monster, as in Beowulf.A character may also be a godlike human, like Superman. But most characters are ordinary human beings, like Geoffrey Chaucer’s colorful pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales.Characterization[‚kærəktəraɪ'zeɪʃn]特性描述; 性格描述The process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character is called characterization. A writer can reveal a character in the following ways:1. By telling us directly what the character is like: humble, ambitious, impetuous, easily manipulated, and so on2. By describing how the character looks and dresses3. By letting us hear the character speak4. By revealing the character’s private thoughts and feelings5. By revealing the character’s effect on other people –showing how othercharacters feel or behave toward the character6. By showing the character’s actionsThe first method of revealing a character is called direct characterization. The other five methods of revealing a character are known as indirect characterization.Classification of CharactersCharacters can be classified as static or dynamic. A static character is one who does not change much in the course of a story. A dynamic character, on the other hand, changes in some important way as a result of the story’s action. Characters can also be classified as flat or round. Flat characters have only one or two personality traits. They are one-dimensional –they can be summed up by a single phrase. In contrast, round characters have more dimensions to their personalities –they are complex, solid, and multifaceted, like real people.End-stopped and Run-on LinesAn end-stopped line is one in which the grammatical unit, be it clause or sentence, is coterminous with the line. Thus, there is the satisfaction of finding the line and the sense ending together.A run-on line (sometimes called an enjambed line) is where the grammar, and thus the sense, is left unfinished at the end of the line.Run-on lines create pleasurable feelings of expectation, as the reader has to lookfurther for the full sense of what is being said.Oxymoron ['ɒksɪ'mɔːrɒn]矛盾修饰法A figure of speech that combines apparently contradictory or incongruous ideas.“Bitter sweet,‖ ―cruel kindness,‖ and ―eloquent silence‖ are oxymorons. The classic oxymoron ―wise fool‖ is almost a literal translation of the term from the Greek –oxys means ―sharp‖ or ―keen,‖ and moros means ―foolish.‖A famous oxymoron in literature is John Milton’s description of Hell in Paradise Lost:A dungeon horrible, on all sides roundAs one great furnace flamed; yet fromthose flameNo light, but rather darkness visible. . .Soliloquy [sə'lɪləkwɪ]独白A long speech in which a character who is usually alone onstage expresses his or her private thoughts or feelings.The soliloquy is an old dramatic convention that was particularly popular in Shakespeare’s day. Perhaps the most famous soliloquy is the ―To be or not to be‖ speech in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet.A soliloquy can be public, in which case the character directly addresses the audience, or private, in which case the audience overhears the character talking to himself or herself.In Shakespeare, soliloquies are usually only given to important character.For instance, Hamlet has a number of private soliloquies, and Iago a number of public ones.Characters very rarely tell lies in soliloquies, so you should pay particular attention to them."O brawling love, O loving hate,O anything of nothing first create!O heavy lightness, serious vanity,Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms,Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health,Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!"—This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Romeo, Act I Scene IPoetic ComparisonsPoetic comparisons may take a variety of forms: simile, metaphor, conceit, synecdoche, metonymy, and juxtaposition.Each form of comparison, however, serves the same basic set of purposes.Poets generally use comparisons to express abstract ideas in imagisticlanguage,thereby stimulating the reader’s imagination, providing additional information, and opening up endless opportunities for entertainment and persuasion.In the poem ―The Flea‖ the speaker tries to seduce a young woman by comparing theconsequences of their lovemaking with those of an insignificant flea-bite.ConceitA fanciful and elaborate figure of speech that makes a surprising connection between two seemingly dissimilar things.Although a conceit may be a brief metaphor, it usually forms the framework of an entire poem.One of the most important kinds of conceits is the metaphysical conceit, so called because it was widely used by the seventeenth century metaphysical poets.Eg.《金缕衣》(The Gold-Threaded Robe)To the Virgins, to Make Much of TimeUnfortunate CoincidenceOn My First Son_ by Ben Jonson-----Background:This poem is about Jonson’s son, Benjamin, who died of the plague on his seventh birthday. (Jonson and his wife also lost a daughter, Mary, in infancy.)The name Benjamin in Hebrew means ―a child of the right hand‖ and, ironically, connotes ―a lucky, clever child.‖Dr. Johnson and Dryden on the Metaphysical PoetsJohnson: “Their courtship was void of fondness and their lamentation of sorrow.”（他们的求婚缺乏爱情，他们的悼亡缺少悲伤。

英语诗歌赏析广东海洋大学外国语学院康翠琴A Brief Introduction to George Herbert and HisVirtue1.IntroductionThis thesis aims to introduce a Metaphysical poet George Herbert and one of his poem Virtue in which virtue is sung highly of.There are two parts in the main body of the thesis. The first part gives readers a brief introduction of George Herbert, his family and his writing styles. In the second part, the poem Virtue is analyzed in two aspects: musicality and image, added by an appreciation of the poem as an accompaniment. In the end of the thesis, what have been mentioned are brought to a conclusion to reveal George Herbert’s values toward life.2.George Herbert and His VirtueGeorge Herbert lived in the period of Renaissance in the Great Britain, influenced by John Donne, the representative of the Metaphysical school, also by the religion of Anglicanism, most of his works praised highly of the God and beauty, which can be found in one of his poem Virtue.2.1George Herbert and His FamilyGeorge Herbert, (3 April 1593 – 1 March 1633) was a Welsh poet, orator and priest. Being born into an artistic and wealthy family, he received a good education which led to his holding prominent positions at Cambridge University and Parliament. [1] His mother was a patron and friend of John Donne and other poets and one of his brothers was an important poet and philosopher, often regarded as “the father of English deism” which give little George an intellectual environment that is full of arts.2.2George Herbert’s Writing StyleGeorge Herbert was a religious poet as well as one of the Metaphysical poets. [2] His poems are characterized by “a precision of language, a metrical versatility, and aningenious use of imagery or conceits that was favored by the metaphysical school of poets”.[3] Great talent can been found in his teenage hood. When at the age fifteen, George created his first two sonnets in which he expressed the theme of “the love of God is more honorable than that of a woman”. Since then he had made up his mind to devote all his life to the God. [4] His works The Temple, published in 1633, mainly sang the praises of the greatness of the God and conveyed his sincere devotion. Under the influence of Metaphysical poetry in which a primary Platonic concept can be found of the idea that “the perfection of beauty in the beloved acted as a remembrance of perfect beauty in the eternal realm”, [5] such beauty-advocating theme can be also found in George Herbert’s writings.2.3General Analysis of VirtueThe poem Virtue, by three simple demonstrations of however cool, calm and bright, sweet day being replaced by the night; however angry and brave, sweet rose is bound to die; no matter how much sweet days and roses, sweet spring will gone finally, illustrates the eternal natural truth of everything will meet its end. However in the last stanza, the poet indicated that “only a sweet and virtuous soul” (virtue) can survive forever, which makes a bright contrast with the previous natural truth to highlight the theme of the poem.2.3.1 MusicalityMusicality is embodied in two aspects of meter and rhyme.2.3.1.1 Meter [6]In poetry, meter is the specific pattern in which stressed and unstressed syllables are put together The Virtue has the beauty of rhythm, especially in the first and the last stanzas.In the first stanza, as listed as follow, the bold capital letters stand for stressed syllables or arsis while the lowercase letters stand for unstressed syllables or thesis. And the punctuation of slash”/” divides different foots in each verse:sweet DAY/ so COOL/ so CALM/ so BRIGHT!,the BRIDA l/ of the EARTH /and SKY:the DEW/ shall WEEP/ thy FALL/ to-NIGHT;for THOU/ must DIE.Generally speaking, in the above stanza there is a unstressed syllable followed by anstress syllable, this stanza belongs to the Iambic Foot. This arrangement forms a kind of clear and vivid rhythm.In the last stanza, the poet applied another different meter:only a SWEET/ and virtuous SOUL,like seasoned TIMBER/ never GIVES;but THOUGH/ the whole WORLD/ turn to COAL,then chiefly LIVES.This stanza mainly has the characteristics of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable, which agrees with the usage of the Anapaestic Foot. This arrangement makes an emphasis of the uniqueness of virtue and the winding melody of the pronunciation.2.3.1.2 RhymeA rhyme is “a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in poetry and songs”. [7] And a rhyming scheme is “the pattern of rhyming lines in a poem or song”. [8]George Herbert used the poetic technique of End Rhyme, more exactly: Perfect Rhyme and Alternating Rhyme Scheme (ABAB-CBCB-DBDB-EFEF) in his Virtue to cause a particular effect as analyzed as follow:Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright! AThe bridal of the earth and sky: BThe dew shall weep thy fall to-night; AFor thou must die. BSweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave, CBids the rash gazer wipe his eye, BThy root is ever in its grave, CAnd thou must die. BSweet spring, full of sweet days and roses, DA box where sweets compacted lie, BMy music shows ye have your closes, DAnd all must die. BOnly a sweet and virtuous soul, ELike seasoned timber, never gives; FBut though the whole world turn to coal, EThen chiefly lives. F2.3.2 ImageAn image “is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time".In the poem, four images are used: day, rose, spring and timber. In the first stanza, “day” represents hope. Sweet day means the new beginning and the symbol of bridal refers to purity. However, as the approach of the night, the dew weeps for the end of the day, which reveals that even hope cannot escape the disaster of ending. In the second stanza, “rose” indicates life. But the sweet rose grows within the terrible grave. “grave” indicates death. The picture of a rose’s rooting in the grave shows that death is the mother of life, while life is doomed to die. Therefore there is a close relationship between death and life, the former and the latter cannot be separated. A life has to face its death in its very ending. In the third stanza, spring stands for beauty. The sweet spring just likes a container that fills sweet days and roses, fills everything beautiful. Nevertheless, sweet, fine, and nice as the spring is, it cannot disprove the natural rule that everything has its end the way music has its start and its end. In forth stanza, “timber” compares to eternality. Timber that is seasoned is the best wood for construction for it will never bend and last for a very long time, which is similar to the merits of virtue---firm, unshakable, splendid andever-long-lasting. Even the whole world would burn to ash, the virtue would survive eternally. Summing up, the first three stanzas praise highly of the beauty of nature, and grieve over the inevitable end of all the beautiful things. The last stanza enriches the meaning of beauty from the degree of nature up to virtue and suggests the theme that virtue lives an eternal life, which achieves the climax of the poem.3.ConclusionIn George Herbert’s Virtue, he used simple images to reflect the theme that there is always cycle operating in all the existing matters; nothing can avoid its termination other than the soul with distingue virtue. The poem has totally four stanzas in which contradictions are implied: in each stanza, the first three verses contradict with the lastverse; as a whole, the first three stanzas contradict with the last stanza. By the application of some figures of speech, such as repetition, contrast and comparison, the poet manifested a profound meaning of relationship between life and death, termination and rebirth, material and spirits. Consequently, the poem Virtue constitutes the reflection of what the attitude is of George Herbert, a religious Metaphysical poet towards life: nothing but a virtuous soul perpetuates.REFFERENCES[1]Wikipedia on George Herbert: /wiki/George_Herbert 2009-5-25.[DB/OL].[2] : /literature-george-herbert.htm2009-5-26. [DB/OL]．[3] The life of George Herbert: /sevenlit/herbert/herbbio.htm2009-5-26. [DB/OL]．[4] 杜一鸣，李瑾. 对乔治·赫伯特诗歌中人神关系的解析, 河北青年管理干部学院学报[J].2006,(6):52-55.[5] Wikipedia on Metaphysical poetry: /wiki/Metaphysical_poetry 2009-5-28. [DB/OL]．[6] 罗良功.英诗概论.[M].武汉大学出版社，2005,11: 15-18.[7] Wikipedia on Rhyme: /wiki/Rhyme 2009-5-29. [DB/OL]．[8] Wikipedia on Rhyme Scheme: /wiki/Rhyme_scheme 2009-5-29. [DB/OL]．APPENDIXVirtueGeorge HerbertSweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright! The bridal of the earth and sky:The dew shall weep thy fall to-night;For thou must die.Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave, Bids the rash gazer wipe his eye,Thy root is ever in its grave,And thou must die.Sweet spring, full of sweet days and roses, A box where sweets compacted lie,My music shows ye have your closes, And all must die.Only a sweet and virtuous soul,Like seasoned timber, never gives;But though the whole world turn to coal, Then chiefly lives.。

英国文学考前复习笔记English LiteratureI. Fill in the following blanks (15 points)1. The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions,Pagan and Christian.2. Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest survivingepic in the English language.3. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth are generally regarded asShakespeare’s four great tragedies.4. The full nam e of T. S. Elliot is Thom as Stearns Eliot.5. The rhym e schem e of Shakespearean Sonnet is m ade up of three quatrains withdifferent rhym es, followed by a couplet. The rhym e schem e is ababcdcdefefgg. 6. The Canterbury Tales ----Geoffrey ChaucerThe father of English poetry, heroic couplet英雄双韵体7. Francis Bacon—写什么出名，代表作Essays《论说文集》（Of Studies ,Of Marriage and Single Life）Advancem ent of Learning《学术的推进》New Instrum ent《新工具》New Atlantis《新大西岛》8. Thom as More---Utopia, 开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河Book I: dialogue between More and a traveler, Rapael HythlodayBook II: (the em phasis)9.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》---Christopher MarloweTamburlaine（the Great ）《帖木儿大帝》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》10. William Wordsworth and Sam uel Taylor Coleridge—Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》I Wandered Lonely as a CloudLines Com posed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》Ode: Intim ations of Imm ortality《不朽颂》The Solitary Reaper《孤独的收割女》Lucy Poem s《露茜》11. The Pilgrim’s Progress--John Bunyan12. Robert Burns---an excellent native poet of Scotlandhis poem s written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects1) Political poem s --- The Tree of Liberty自由树;2) Satirical poem s讽刺诗--- Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷, The Twa Dogs两只狗3) Lyrics 抒情诗--- My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在高原, A Red, Red Rose,Auld Lang Syne13. Metaphysical形而上学，玄学派John Donne& Sam uel JohnsonMetaphysical PoetryThe basic features of Metaphysical poetry are its “wit”or “conceit”.“Wit” m eans being clever at “yok[ing]” the m ost heterogeneous 混杂的，不同的ideas together by violence so as to impress people“conceit”denotes a fantastic fancy or way of thinking in the form of peculiar 特有的, ingenious巧妙的, knotty费解的, m any-sided多种意思的m etaphors.①Sam uel Johnson---London《伦敦》The History of Rasslelas, Prince of Abyssinia《阿比尼亚王子刺塞拉斯的故事》②John Donne“The FleaHoly Sonnet 1014. Alexander Pope新古典主义的代表—Pope’s major contributions to English literatureHe perfected the heroic couplet.He weeded除去feeling and em otion successfully out of poetry.major worksThe translation of Hom erEssay on Criticism (1711)《论批评》The Rape of the Lock (1712) 《卷发遇劫记》An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735)《与阿布斯诺博士书》The Dunciad (1743) 《愚人志》Essay on Man (1733) 《论人》An “ethic道德的work”Epistle I --- a summary of the basic concepts of wide currency in England and Europe at the tim e;Epistle II --- the nature of human and the condition of hum anEpistle III --- man’s role in societyEpistle IV --- man’s happinessThem e--- conveys a dialectical concept of human nature and life；--- duality through an analysis of the divinity as well as lim itation of hum an beings；--- emphasis of the Comm on Road, or balance between ration and passion.Poetic pattern: heroic couplet15. Thom as Gray--Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓园哀歌》● a m asterpiece of lyric●Them e: a sentimental m editation upon life and death, esp. of the comm onrural people, whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and m eaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentam eter lines rhy m ing ABAB●Mood: m elanc holy, calm●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---m usical/rhythm ic,---controlled and restrained,---polished language16. Thom as Hardy（1840-1928）19世纪末20世纪初十九世纪90年代完成的两部作品Tess of the D’Urbervilles1891Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Novels of Char acter and Environm ent◆The m ost pastoral田园式的of Hardy’s novelsHow does Hardy portray the tragic destiny of Tess?◆Language features1. Dialects of the Villagers2. Ungrammatical Sentences◆Structural featuresThe Division of Seven PhasesRepetition of Sim ilar Incidents◆The description of the nature◆The description of the landscape 1 Fire2 Sun 3 Valley 4 Woods◆The description of the animals1 BirdsJude the Obscure1895◆Hardy’s last novel◆The m ost urban novel◆Jude, Arabella, Sue Bridehead, Phillotson, Father Tim e◆17. John Milton—◆Paradise Lost◆Paradise Regained◆Samson Agonistes18. George Gordon Byron—Childe Harold’s PilgrimageDon Juan a l ong but great epic satire, “a satire on abuses of the present stateof society”.She Walks in BeautyThe poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef”rhym e.Byronic heroByron’s chief contribution to English poetry.heroic of noble birthpassionaterebelliousindividualII. Choose the best answer for each blank. (40 points)1. The story of is the culm ination of the Arthurian rom ances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. The Story of BeowulfC. Piers the plowmanD. The Canterbury Tales2. The m ost fam ous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called .A. Morte d’ArtherB. Robin HoodC. The Canterbury TalesD. Piers the plowman3. The first complete English Bible was translated by , “the m orning star of the Reform ation”, and his follows.A. William TyndalB. Jam es IC. John WycliffeD. Bishop Lancelot Andrewes4. English Renaissance Period was an age of .A. prose and novelB. poetry and dram aC. essays and journalsD. ballads and songs5. Alexander Pope6. In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of pre-rom anticism were .A. Alexander PopeB. William BlakeC. Robert BurnsD. Joseph Addison7. Which poet belongs to the Lakers? .A. George Gordon ByronB. William WordsworthC. Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. John Keats8. Which of the following writers belong to English critical realists? .A. Charles DickensB. John KeatsC. Charlotte BronteD. Thomas Hardy9. John Keats—Ode on a Grecian UrnEndym ion《恩底弥翁》长诗Isabella《伊莎贝拉》The Eve of Saint Agnes《圣阿格尼斯之夜》Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》one of the greatest English poets and a m ajor figure in the Rom antic m ovem ent 10. Great Expectations 1860 ---Charles DickensDickens’m asterpiecea novel of growth or developm entThe them eThe basic thematic pattern is surprisingly Rom antic in nature, i.e. country vs.city, and innocence vs. experience.The Pickwick Papers (1836-1837)Oliver Twist (1838)The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店(1840-1841)Dombey and Son 董贝父子(1846-1848)David Copperfield (1849)Bleak House (1852)A Tale of Two Cities (1854)A great Victorian novelistOne of the m ost popular writers in the world of literature11. The Bronte SistersCharlotte BronteJane Eyre (1847)Shirley (1849)Villette维莱特(1853)The professor (1857)她与艾米丽，安妮诗歌合集Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton BellEm ily BronteWuthering Heights (1847)Anne BronteAgnes Grey (1847)The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》12. Oscar Wilde—19世纪唯美主义Aesthetic [i?s?θet?k] Movem ent在英国的代言人The Picture of Dorian Gray道林格雷的画像Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的女人An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫The Importance of Being EarnestSalomeThe Happy Prince and Other Tales13. novelists of the “stream of consciousness”schoolJam es Joyce--Araby 《阿拉比》Virginia Woolf--Mrs. Dalloway14. David Herbert Lawrence--English novelist, poet, and short story writer.NovelsThe White Peacock白孔雀—---第一部小说Sons and LoversThe RainbowWomen in LoveLady Chatterley's LoverThe Rocking-Horse Winner木马赢家15. Jane Austen●English writer, who first gave the novel its m odern character through thetreatment of everyday life.●Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists.Works:●Sense and Sensibility (1811)●Pride and Prejudice (1813)●Mansfield Park(1814)●Emma(1815)●Northanger Abbey(1818) 诺桑觉寺●Persuasion(1818) 劝导16. My Last Duchess is a dramatic m onologue戏剧独白Robert Browning----Browning is rem embered for a couple of things he did for m odern poetry: His experim ent and use of the dramatic m onologue and his contribution to the discoveryof the m ythical m ethod and sym bolism in the writing ofpsychological poetry.17. Alfred TennysonBreak，Break，Breakthe poet laureate 桂冠诗人after the death of Wordsworth in 1850维多利亚时期主要诗人18岁时和其兄出版Poem s by Two Brothers《两兄弟诗集》The Princess公主(1847),In Memoriam悼念(1850),Maud毛黛(1855),Enoch Arden (1864),伊诺克阿登Idylls of the King (1869-1872)国王之歌III. Find the relevant m atch from colum n B for each item in colum n A (10 points) Francis Bacon，见选择7William Blake，The Songs of Innocence，The Songs of Experience，The Lamb，The Tyger，The Sick RoseSam uel Taylor Coleridge，The Rim e of The Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan忽必烈汗, Christabel克里斯塔贝尔，Biographia Literaria文学传记Percy Bysshe Shelley，Ode to the West Wind，Queen Mab, The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛，Prom etheus Unbound，The Cenci钦契，Adonais阿多尼，England in1819.，A Defence of Poetry《诗变》William Shakespeare，Henry IV(1590-91)Love’s Labor’s Lost (1590)Richard III (1593)Rom eo and Juliet (1595)A Midsumm er Night’s Dream (1595)The Merchant of Venice (1596)the Merry Wives of Windsor (1597),As You Like It (1599)Julius Caesar(1599?)Hamlet (1601)Othello (1604)King Lear (1605)Macbeth (1606)Antony and Cleopatra (1607)and Tim on of Athens (1607All’s Well That Ends Well (1603)Measure for Measure (1603Cym beline(1609)Winter’s Tale(1610-11)The Tempest(1611).Thom as Hardy，◆Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵林下◆Far from the Mad ding Crowd远离尘嚣◆The Return of the Native还乡◆The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureWilliam Butler Yeats叶芝The Second Com ing，The Celtic Twilight，Four Years，The Countess CathleenThe Hour Glass ，The Land Of Heart's DesireRosa Alchem ica ，Stories of Red Hanrahan ，Synge And The Ireland Of His Tim e ，Out of the Rose ，The Heart of the Spring ，The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows ，The Old Men of the Twilight ，Where There is Nothing, There is God ，Of Costello the ProudPoetry A Prayer For My Daughter Aedh Wishes For The Clothes Of Heaven Against Unworthy PraiseLapis LazuliLeda And The SwanNo Second TroyThe Crucifixion Of The OutcastThe DollsThe MaskThe Second Com ingThe Secret RoseThe Shadowy WatersThe Song of the Happy ShepherdThe Stolen ChildThe Three BeggarsThe T owerThe Two TreesThe WheelThe Wild Swans At CooleThe Wisdom Of The KingTo A Young BeautyTo The Rose Upon The Rood Of Tim e Towards Break Of DayWhat Was LostWhen You Are OldT. S. Elliot--Thom as Stearns EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Gerontion (1920) 《小老头》The Waste Land荒原The Hollow Man空心人Ash WednesdayFour QuartetsSweeney Agonistes 《力士斯维尼》Murder in the Cathedral《大教堂谋杀案》The Cocktail Party《鸡尾酒会》The Confidential Clerk《机要秘书》Paradise Lost----John MiltonPride and Prejudice---Jane AustenJane Eyre---Charlotte BronteGreat Expectations----Charles DickensSons and Lovers---D. H. LawrenceThe Merchant of Venice--- William ShakespeareRobinson Crusoe---Daniel DefoeTess of the D’Urbervilles---Thom as HardyPygmalion皮哥马利翁-----George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳还要注意作品中人物ⅣV. Answer questions according to the given passage. (21 points)Break, Break, Break,1哗啦，哗啦，哗啦，冲上阴冷的礁石，啊海浪！愿我的语言能够表达埋藏心底的惆怅。