第8章英语题库

八年级英语下册Unit8默写练习班级考号姓名总分一、默写下列词汇或汉语意思。

(一)识记类词汇[名词]1.珠宝;财富2.岛3.经典作品;名著4.船5.工具6.枪;炮7.cannibal8.科技;工艺9.摇滚乐10.乐队11.迷;狂热爱好者_2.行;排[形容词] 现代的;当代的[副词] 永远[介词] 朝;向;对着[数词] million[兼类词]1.迹象;记号;分数n.做记号;打分 v.2.唱片;记录 n.录制;录(音) v.(二)拓展类词汇1.(书刊或纸张的)页,面,张n. →在25页(短语)2.匆忙;赶快 v. →(过去式) →赶快;急忙(做某事)(短语)3.due adj. →预计做某事(短语)4.沙滩;沙 n. →多沙的 adj.5.陆地;大地n. →着陆 v.6.小说 n. →科幻小说(或影片等)(短语)7.法语 n. →法国人n. →(复数形式)8.pop n. →流行音乐(短语)9.在国外;到国外 adv. →出国留学(短语)10.真实地;事实上adv. →真实的;实际的adj.11.southern adj. →向南;朝南 adv.南方的 adj.南;南方n.12.成功n. →实现目标;成功 v.13.属于;归属 v. →属于(短语)14.笑;笑声 n. →笑;发笑 v.笑n. →嘲笑(短语)15.美;美丽n. →美丽的;美好的 adj. →美丽地;美好地 adv.16.介绍;引见v. →介绍n.二、默写下列短语。

1.出海2.读完3.满是……的;(有)大量的;(有)丰富的4.长大5.放下6.带回来7.砍倒8.带我的枪外出9.种植水果和蔬菜10.在……中间11.迫不及待去做某事12.乡村音乐13.曾经……;过去……14.为.…争吵15.自从16.……的故乡17.例如18.……的重要性19.善待20.互相21.大自然之美22.……的数量三、根据汉语提示完成下列句子。

1.“你已经读过《小妇人》了吗?”“不,我没有。

第8章英语语言的应用（I）I. Fill in the blanks.1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the _____ of, or the _____the utterance. （人大2004研）【答案】consequence, change brought about by【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。

2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force. （清华2001研，清华2000研）【答案】illocutionary【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。

3. _____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.【答案】Performatives【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

II. Multiple Choices.1. The speech act theory was developed by _____.（对外经贸2006研)A. John SearleB. John AustinC. LevinsonD. G. Leech【答案】B【解析】言语行为理论是哲学家约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出的。

它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答”用语言干什么”这个问题。

2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest. (Focus on the type of illocutionary act) （南京大学2007研）A. threatenB. adviseC. beseechD. urge【答案】A【解析】A为命令性言语行为，而其他三项为指示性言语行为。

第一章绪论填空题或选择题1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.一个符号由两个部分组成：一个具体的形式和它所表达的意思。

2.By saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form ispronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..当说语言是任意的，我们指我们不能合理地解释为什么这个音以这种形式而不是以那种形式发音。

并且为什么以这种形式而不是以那种形式来表明某种特殊的意义。

3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaninglesslevel.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。

4.Human languages have such design features asproductivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人类语言具有以下的甄别性特征：能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。

nguage is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’sactual speech or writing .语言是一种体系，因为每种语言都是由一套规则组成的，这些规则表明了人们的真正语言或书面形式。

练习题集一、第二章（a）T40107理想气体在等温可逆压缩过程中环境对体系作最大功。

此话对吗？0161将某理想气体从温度T1加热到T2。

若此变化为非恒压过程,则其焓变ΔH应为何值?( )(A) ΔH=0 (B) ΔH=C p(T2-T1)(C) ΔH不存在(D) ΔH等于其它值0440已知p ,298 K时,反应(298 K)=-221.1 kJ·mol-1(1) 2C(s)+O2(g)=2CO(g) Δr Hm,1(2) 3Fe(s)+2O2(g)=Fe3O4(s) Δr H(298 K)=-117.1 kJ·mol-1m,2(298 K)。

求反应(3)：Fe3O4(s)+4C(g)=3Fe(s)+4CO(g) 的Δr Hm0507计算298 K下，CO(g)和CH3OH(g)的标准生成焓，并计算反应CO(g)+2H2(g)=CH3OH(g)的标准焓变。

已知如下燃烧焓数据：(298 K)(CH3OH(g))=-763.9 kJ·mol-1(1)Δc HmΔc H(298 K)(C(s))=-393.5 kJ·mol-1(2)m(298 K)(H2(g))=-285.8 kJ·mol-1(3)Δc HmΔc H(298 K)(CO(g))=-283.0 kJ·mol-1(4)m0493(1) 已知下列物质的燃烧热值为：(298 K)[H2(g)]=-241.8 kJ·mol-1Δc Hm(298 K)[C6H6(g)]=-3168 kJ·mol-1Δc Hm(298 K)[C6H12(g)]=-3689 kJ·mol-1Δc Hm计算反应：(298 K)。

C6H6(g)+3H2(g)=C6H12(g)的Δr Hm(2) 已知各物质的摩尔热容为：C p[C6H6(g)]=[11.7+0.247(T/K)] J·K-1·mol-1C p [C 6H 12(g)]=[10.9+0.401(T /K)] J·K -1·mol -1C p [H 2(g)]=28.9 J·K -1·mol -1求125℃时上述反应的Δr H m 。

人教版英语八年级下册Unit8听力理解题目题目一根据听到的对话内容，选择正确的答案。

1. Where did Tom go on vacation?- A. Beijing- B. Shanghai- C. Hong Kong2. What did Sarah do last weekend?- A. Went shopping- B. Watched a movie- C. Studied at home3. How does the man usually go to work?- A. By bus- B. By car- C. By bike4. What did Tina forget to bring to school today?- A. Her lunchbox- B. Her textbook- C. Her pencil case5. Where are the two speakers?- A. At a restaurant- B. At a library- C. At a hotel题目二根据听到的独白内容，回答下列问题。

1. What does the speaker talk about?- A. Her favorite sports- B. Her vacation plans- C. Her school life2. How does the speaker feel about playing basketball?- A. She loves it- B. She doesn't like it- C. She has never played it3. When is the speaker going to Beijing?- A. Next week- B. Next month- C. Next year4. What does the speaker want to do in Beijing? - A. Visit some museums- B. Go shopping- C. Try some local food5. How long will the speaker stay in Beijing? - A. For a week- B. For two weeks- C. For a month题目三找出与独白内容相符的图片。

8年级下册unit 8 重点单词、短语练习习题I.根据句意和汉语提示写出所缺的单词A:1.English is a useful_________(工具)if you want to know more about the world.2.We are attracted by the___________(美)of the mountains.3.His first__________(唱片)will come out next week.4.Zhao Zhe, a Chinese boy, has studied________(在国外)for six years.5.Please write on every other____________(行).B:1.—Which is your favorite__________(乐队)? —It's The Beatles.2.We will be good friends_______(永远).3.The young man is going to study_______(到国外).4.Their _______ (笑声) makes me nervous. I want to go now.5.The man runs very fast and he wants to break the________(纪录).C:1.She likes some different kinds of pets___________(比如)dogs and cats.2.The ruler isn't mine.It__________(属于)my sister.3.They are____________(做研究)in the science lab.4.The boy enjoys____________(听音乐)very much.5.Don't make too much noise.You may___________(吵醒)the baby.6.Guilin is a ____________ (美丽的) city.II.用所给单词的适当形式填空A:1._________(actual),she likes classical music instead of pop music.2.My hometown is in the__________(south)part of China.3.I think you have no feeling for the__________(beautiful) of my paintings.4.His new book was a great __________ (successful). Many people like it.5.He gave us a brief___________(introduce)about his company.6.Qiannan is in the ___________(south) part of Guizhou Province.7.The road to___________ (succeed) is to work honestly.B:1.I think this new wallet ___________(belong) to Jenny.2.Chen Xiao is a famous actor, and many __________(fan) like him.3.I can't imagine how well Li Feng speaks _________(France).4.Shantou is a beautiful place in the ____________(south) part of China.5.Which is one of your favorite music ____________(band)?III.根据句意和首字母提示写出所缺的单词A:1.We are going to travel to Hainan I_________.2.Who e_________did you go to Hong Kong with?3.She dreamed of studying in France.Now she is learning to speak F_______.4.The house b__________to my uncle. He bought it two years ago.5.I'd like to i_________my good friend to you all.B:1.Please turn to p_______5 and read the text.2.H________up, or you will be late for class.3.What e________did you do last night?4.The animal can't live in the sea.It can only live on l_______.5.She is from France and she can speak F________.6.Deng Ziqi is so famous that she has lots of f_______.7.The poor boy wants to live in the m________city.答案：I:A:1.tool 2.beauty 3.record 4.abroad 5.lineB:1.band 2.forever 3.abroad ughter 5.record。

二三副英语评估会话（第三版）航海英语评估会话答案（二/三副）（第三版）目录第一题朗读（20分×1题） (3)第二题口述题（20分×1题） (14)第1章公共用语 (14)第3章靠泊与锚泊业务 (16)第4章装卸作业 (18)第5章航行 (20)第6章修船与船体保养 (22)第7章事故处理 (23)第8章消防与船员自救 (25)第9章救助 (26)第10章遇险 (28)第11章港口国检查 (30)第12章船舶保安 (32)第三题问答题（60分：6分×10小题） (34) 第1章公共用语 (34)第3章靠泊与锚泊业务 (35)第4章装卸作业 (37)第5章航行 (38)第6章修船与船体保养 (40)第7章事故处理 (41)第8章消防与船员自救 (42)第9章救助 (44)第10章遇险 (45)第11章港口国检查 (47)第12章船舶保安 (48)航海英语听力与会话二/三副评估：会话答案（第三版）航海英语听力与会话评估分为听力和会话两部分，考试时间为1小时。

听力部分共100分，有三道题：第1题单句30分（3分×10小题）），第二题对话30分（3分×10小题），第3题短文40分（2.5分×16小题, 四篇短文)。

会话部分共100分，有三道题：第1题朗读20分，第二题口述20分，第3题问答60分（6分×10小题）。

听力和会话部分需同时达60分，整个航海英语听力与会话评估才视为合格。

航海英语听力与会话评估题库共有12章。

听力部分单句题，对话题，短文题。

会话部分朗读30篇，口述题，问答题。

根据评估大纲:无限航区二/三副（995）不考第2章进出港业务。

第一题朗读（20分×1题）Passage 1Ladies and gentlemen. This is your captain speaking. I have thepleasure in informing you that all safety equipment is in full working order. The bow and stern doors are closed and secured. The vessel is in all aspects ready for sea. Please listen carefully to the safety instructions which follow. In the unlikely event of emergency, please obey the orders given on the public address system. Passengers are requested to read all notes and leaflets concerning safety regulations. All regulations concerning the vessel?s routine have to be obeyed. Safety regulations do not permit passengers to enter the following spaces:--navigating room;-- engine room;-- maneuvering areas at the front and back end of the vessel;--cargo rooms and compartments;--service rooms;--all areas and spaces marked “crew only”;--all closed, sealed or roped off areas, spaces and rooms;--car decks when the vessel is at sea.Passage 2International regulations require all passengers be assembled in a drill which has to take place within 24 hours of departure. A drill will be held to familiarize passengers with their assembly stations, with their life-saving equipment and with emergency procedures. All passengers must attend this drill. In case of emergency, seven short blasts and one prolonged blast will be given with the ship?s whistle and alarm system. Passengers will be taught how to act and behave in case of emergency. leaflet[]n.小叶, 传单;routine[]n.常规, 日常事务;assemble[]vt.集合, 聚集; familiarize[ ]v.熟悉;whistle [wisl]Passage 3Always remember that fire is the greatest hazard aboard ship. Always act immediately if you detect fire or smell fumes or smoke. Always inform a member of the crew if you detect fire or smell fumes or smoke. Be careful to extinguish cigarettes completely. Put used cigarettes in a container provided. Never smoke in bed.Never smoke on deck except in areas labeled as smoking areas. Never throw a cigarette overboard. The use of naked light and open fire is strictly prohibited. Never use an electric iron in a cabin. If you need to iron something, use the ironing room on the third deck. The key may be collected at the information desk.Passage 4Attention please! Attention please! This is your captain with an important announcement. I repeat, this is your captain with an important announcement. We have a minor flooding in the engine room. There is no immediate danger to our passengers or the ship and there is no reason to be alarmed. For safety reasons, we request all passengers to go to their assembly stations on deck and wait there for further instructions. Please follow the instructions given by the officers and crew. The damage control team is fighting the flooding. We also have radio contact with radio coast stations. As soon as I have further information, I will make another announcement. I ask you kindly to remain calm. There is no danger at this time. Passage 5When the general emergency alarm is sounded, which consists of seven short blasts and one prolonged blast, all passengers have to go to their assembly station. Take your lifejackets and blankets with you. Lifejackets are stored in your cabins under your beds and at your assembly stations. You are encouraged to try on your lifejackets. All passengers must put on warm clothing; long trousers, long-sleeved shirts or jackets, strong shoes and head covering. All passengers with their lifejackets and blankets are requested to go to their assembly stations immediately. From your assembly stations you will be escorted to your lifeboats. All passengers are requested to carefully study the safety instructions behind their cabin doors.All passengers are requested to follow the escape routes shown. Do not use lifts.Passage 6Last year there were 63 incidents at sea. This included 10 spills, 2 of which resulted in pollution. Fourteen vessels grounded and n. 汽笛;hazard []n. 危险;fume [fju:m]n.(浓烈或难闻的)烟, 气体;cigarette[]n.香烟, 纸烟; prohibit[]vt.禁止, 阻止;iron []n.熨斗;announcement[ ]n.宣告, 发表;minor [] adj.较小的,轻微的；immediate[] adj.紧接的, 立即的；blanket[]n.毯子；escort [] v.护卫, 护送,陪同；lift [lift]n. 电梯6 vessels collided in bad weather conditions. There were 20 reports of personal injury. These injuries usually occurred because seamen did not take care with machinery or because they did not wear the correct type of protective clothing. Seven ships reported fires on board during the year: in 2 incidents, the fires started in the galley, in another 2 incidents, fires started when chemical containers exploded; and in 3 incidents, the fires occurred because of electrical faults. On 4 occasions vessels lost power because the crew did not follow correct procedures during maneuvering. There were accounts of cargo contamination: 1 cargo of grain suffered from heat damage, and in the other case, water leaked into the hold and damaged a cargo of fruit.Passage 7This incident took place on board the MV (motor vessel) Elga in January of this year. Some of our cargo of pipes broke loose on the deck when we were rounding the Cape of Good Hope in bad weather. There were high winds and visibility was very poor. At the time of the incident I was on watch on the bridge. The 2nd officer heard a loud banging noise and noticed the pipes were loose. I immediately informed the Captain who ordered a team to go on deck to tie and secure the pipes. The problem was caused by the severe movement of the vessel and some lashings breaking. The deck crews were able to lever the pipes into a secure position. We managed to lash the cargo down againsufficiently until the bad weather passed. There was very little we could do to ensure that this incident does not happen again. However, when bad weather is forecast, all lashings should be checked and, if necessary, extra lashings should be put in place. Passage 8It is a common belief among members of the public that piracy belongs to an era in which swashbuckling pirates played cat and mouse with sailing ship laden with gold. That piracy is a thing of the past, however, is a myth. The main point I?d like to make is that armed robbery is still a real threat to the shipping industry. The international maritime bureau reported that in 1994 there were 92 serious attacks on ships. Two years later in 1996, this figure rocketed to 174, and in 1997 the figure continued to rise dramatically to 252. Almost to combat this crime were made during the early 1990s and consequently the number of attacks decreased significantly. This decrease was due to two main factors. IMO missions were sent to problem areas and pressure was also exerted on countries whose waters were known black spots for pirate attacks. incident[]n.事件, 事变；injury[]n.伤害；occur []vi.发生, 出现; machinery[]n.[总称] 机器, 机械;contamination[ ]n.玷污, 污染;Cape of Good Hope好望角；visibility[ ]n.能见度；bang [ ]n.重击, 突然巨响v.发巨响, 重击；severe [] adj. 剧烈的, 严重的;lever[ ]v.抬起;sufficiently[]adv.十分地, 充分地; forecastPassage 9Two types of compasses are used at sea, namely the gyrocompass and the magnetic compass. The gyrocompass is electrically driven and indicates the direction of the geographical or true north pole of the earth. When a gyrocompass has been started, some time must be allowed for it to s ettle down, and a ship?s gyrocompass should be started some hours before it is to be used. A gyrocompass may function correctly, but at the same time register a small, constant error known as gyro error. If the gyrocompass indicates a direction which is numerically largerthan the true direction, the error is described as high, and conversely a numerically smaller reading is described as low.Passage 10Major coast radio stations all over the world transmit, at regular intervals and in code, weather information for ships within range. Weather information consists of ten parts, of which ships usually make use of three, that is, warning, synoptic situation and forecast. With weather information, mariners are able to keep away from disastrous weather at sea and reduce the danger a great deal. As terrible weather is predicted, ships can take precautions before hand, by delaying the voyage or seeking shelter in a safe place. If there is a high sea or long swell, they can take some measures to safeguard the cargo and the ship. Passage 11When the vessel approaches her designated berth at minimum steerageway, the approach to the quay is made at the smallest possible angle. With a heaving line the hawser is pulled from the vessel onto the embankment by line-handlers. The spring is fastened to a bollard, and while the engine is on half astern, the warping drum picks up the slack. T o prevent the line from being fouled, the hawser or spring is led through the fairlead. The ship is then maneuvered along the embankment and fastened to bollards by headlines, stern lines, breast lines and springs. When leaving berth, casting off orders, engine room orders and helm orders are given by the pilot or the master. After having started the engines, the first order is “Standing by for letting go!”. When a line is cast off, the first order must always be “Slack away”, so that it will become possible t o handle the hawser. The next casting off order will then be: “Heave away”, which means that the line can be pulled aboard. The sequence ofcasting off orders that can then be given depends on how the vessel has been berthed, and on the prevailing weather [ ]vt. 预测, 预报;piracy[]n.海盗行为;era [] n.时代;swashbuckling[ ]adj.恃强凌弱的;pirate[]n.海盗;laden with载满;myth [ ]n.神话,虚构的故事; bureau[ ]n.<美>局, 办公署; consequently[ ]adv.从而, 因此; exerted[]外露的geographical[ ]adj. 地理的；register[]vt.记录, 登记；conversely[] adv.倒地,逆地synoptic situation[]大势报告；condition and currents.Passage 12One of the most important responsibilities of the first mate is to make sure that cargo will be properly loaded and stowed. Whether bulk cargo, general cargo, heavy cargo, containerized cargoes or refrigerated perishable cargo are carried, care must always be taken to ensure that a cargo will not in any way affect the vessel?s stability and jeopardize vessel, cargo and crew. Therefore a stowage plan must be made up before the loading of the cargo commences. Stevedoring (loading and discharging of cargo) must be done according to this stowage plan by a shore gang. A shore gang usually consists of a foreman and stevedores (longshoreman, as they are called in America), hatchway men, winch men, and a tally clerk.Passage 13There are five common kinds of injury on vessels. Seafarers sometimes break their arms and legs when they slip or fall. These accident s happen when they don?t wear safety boots or when decks are wet and oily. Seafarers also fall when ladders are not secure. To prevent broken arms and legs, it is important to wear safety boots. Seafarers sometimes strain their backs when theylift heavy objects. Back strain usually happens when seafarers lift objects alone or when they don?t use lifting equipment properly. To prevent back strain, it is important to lift properly. Seafarers sometimes suffer from burns when there is a fire, explosion or chemical spill. Seafarers need to be careful when they smoke or when they work with chemicals. To prevent burns, it is important to obey “No Smoking” signs and to handle chemical cargo safely. Seafarers sometimes suffer from cuts. They often cut their fingers when they are careless with sharp machinery. To prevent cuts, it is important to use safety guards and wear gloves. Seafarers sometimes injure their eyes when they work with machinery. Dust, sparks, and chemicals are very dangerous when they enter the eye. To prevent eye injuries, it is important to wear protective goggles. Passage 14The vessel was at anchor overnight while we were waiting for permission to enter the port. Two officers of watch were patrolling the deck but they did not notice anything unusual. They did not realize that while they were on watch, two stowaways were hiding in the lifeboat. One man escaped by jumping overboard while the other climbed down a rope ladder. Later, I received a phone call from the Coastguard at the port. mariner[]n.航海人员；disastrous[ ]adj.具有灾难性的；predict[]v.预知, 预言, 预报；designated指定的；steerage[]n. 操纵, 驾驶；quay[ki:] n.码头；embankment[ ]n.堤防, 筑堤；warping drum绞缆筒；sequence[]n.次序, 顺序, 序列;perishable cargo鲜货, 易腐货品; jeopardize[]v.危害;commence[]v.开始, 着手; hatchway[]He said that two men from my vessel were swimming towards the shore. He called the police and ordered a rescue boat to pick up the men. When the rescue boat went out, it picked up only one person. The other was nowhere to be seen. As yet, I have no further information about the two stowaways. The vessel will remain in port until port Authorities have searched the vessel and given clearance to depart. I am awaiting instruction from theimmigration authorities about the procedure for repatriating the stowaway who is in police custody at present. The police are still searching for the missing stowaways.Passage 15The echo sounder sends a radio signal from the bottom of the ship to the seabed, from which it is reflected. The time taken to receive the reflected signal is a measure of the depth of water under the ship. The received pulse is displayed on a chart by a pen recorder so that the navigator can see the outline of the bottom over which the vessel is passing. A similar device is the sonar system, which uses high frequency sound signals. In sonar the sound signal can be sent ahead or sideways. The time for the echo to be sent back from an object, such as an underwater rock, is a measure of the object?s distance from the ship. The sonar system can also be used to measure the speed of the ship over the seabed.Passage 16The officer on watch (OOW) should ensure that the SOLAS requirements for the operation and testing of the steering gear are observed. Steering control of the ship will comprise manual steering, probably supplemented by an autopilot. At each steering position there should be a gyro repeater and rudder angle indicator and emergency back-up steering position, usually in the steering gear flat, is also required. If an autopilot is fitted, a steering mode selector switch for changing between automatic and manual steering, and a manual override control to allow the OOW to gain instant manual control of the steering, will be required. When operating an autopilot, the course to steer will need to be manually set on the autopilot and the autopilot will steer the course until a new course is entered. Passage 17A typical weather report normally include three parts: warning, synoptic situation and forecast. Gale warnings are usually issued when winds of at least force 8 or gusts reaching 43 knots are expected. Gale warnings remain in force until amended or n.舱口;tally clerk n.理货员; slip [slip]vi. 滑倒, 失足;boots [bu:ts]n.靴子；strain [strein]vt.扭伤, 损伤;glove [ ]n.手套;protective goggles护目镜；overnight[ ]adj.通宵的, 晚上的；patrol[]v.出巡, 巡逻；stowaway[]n.偷渡者repatriate[ ]v.遣返;custody[]n.监管；canceled. However, if the gale persists for more than 24hours after the time of origin, the warning will be re-issued. The term “severe gale” implies a mean wind of at least force 9 or gusts reaching 52 knots. Storm warnings are usually issued when winds of force 10 or gusts reaching 61 knots are expected. The term “imminent” implies within 6 hours of the time issue,“soon” implies between 6 and 12 hours, and“later” implies more than 12 hours. Hurricane warnings are issued in some parts of the world when winds of force 12 or above are expected.Passage 18Admiralty Notice to Mariners, weekly editions, contains information which enables the mariners to keep his charts and books published by the hydrographic department up-to-date for the latest reports received. In addition to all Admiralty Notices, they include all Australian and New Zealand chart correcting Notices, the selected temporary and preliminary ones. Copies of all Australian and New Zealand Notices can be obtained from Australian or New Zealand chart agents. The Notices are published in weekly editions, and are issued by the hydrographic department on a daily basis to certain Admiralty chart agents. Weekly editions can be obtained gratis, or dispatched regularly by surface or airmail from Admiralty chart agents. Ports and authorities who maintain copies of Admiralty Notices to Mariners for consultation are listed on Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners.Passage 19The master is the direct representative of the company. Decisions and actions taken by the master in his capacity are usually binding upon the company, and therefore the master must act to ensure that company?s interests are prot ected. Themaster has supreme command of the vessel and full authority under the law over all phases of vessel operations at all times. This authority under the law extends over all persons on board. The master is at all times responsible for the seaworthiness and safety of the ship and for the safety of all personnel, cargo and equipment aboard. The master is responsible for the management of the certificates and documents related the vessel. The master is ultimately responsible for the safe handling and control of cargo during loading, transport and discharge. sonar [ ] n.声纳, 声波定位仪frequency[ ]n.频率, 周率sideways[] adv.向一旁, 向侧面地comprise[]v.包含；supplement[]v.补充;gyro repeater分罗经rudder angle indicator舵角指示器；autopilot[ ]n. 自动驾驶仪gale warning大风警报;gust [ ]n.阵风; amend []Passage 20Upon joining a vessel, the third officer must report to the master. The third officer must discuss with the officer being relieved that areas of the third officer?s responsibility, an d inspect them promptly, preferably in the company of the officer being relieved. Anything found to be unsatisfactory must be reported to the master. The third officer is responsible to the master for the proper performance of his assigned bridge watchstanding and navigational duties. The third officer is responsible to the master through the first officer for watch duties pertaining to fire-fighting appliances and life-saving appliances and maintenance. The third officer is responsible for the care of the ship?s signaling equipment. The third officer is responsible to the master for maintaining and accounting for all training publications and training aids, including the movie projector, films, and other audio-visual equipment.Passage 21So many lives are lost every year due to accidents involving towing and mooring ropes .Please spare a few minutes to read this. It may save your life.A.Always wear a safety helmet when on the deck of atug, lighter or barge engaged in mooring , cargo ortowing operations.B.Always wear shoes（not slippers）when working on deck.C.Never stand underneath an object being hoisted ondeck.D.Never stand within a bight of a rope.E.Never stand close to mooring or towing ropes understrain . if they break, the backlash can be fatal.F.Hoisting or lowering operations should always becarried out with a person at the controls. Failure to do somay cost you a limb or even your life.G. Shackles and thimbles should never go through rollerfairleads.The ropes may jump off and cause injuries.All ropes and wires should be inspected regularly, and renewed for wear and tear whenever necessary.H. Always wear a lifejacket when working or walking on the deck of a barge or lighter during rough seas, rain or whenever the deck is wet. You may slip and fall into the water. Passage22 Maritime communication comprises communications between vessels and coast-stations, intership communication and intraship communication (internal communication when the vessel is before casting off, leaving berth, loading or v.修正, 改进, 改正; imminent[]adj.即将来临的, 逼近的;hurricane warning飓风警报[]Admiralty Notice to Mariners[]英版航海通告；hydrographic[ ]adj.与水道测量有关的;temporary[] adj.暂时的, 临时的; preliminary[ ]adj.预备的, 初步的; gratis[]adj.免费的;annual summary年度总结representative[ ]n.代表;capacity[]n. 才能, 能力; supreme[] adj. 极大的, 最高的;phase [feiz] n.阶段 ; ultimatelydischarging, etc.) .Vessels and coast-stations can communicate by means of Radio Telephony, Satellite, Digital Selective Calling (DSC) and Radio-Telex.Categories of messages that can be transmitted and received are called …priori ties?. They indicate the important of the message.A DISTRESS ALERT indicates that there is serious and immediate danger for vessel, crew and passengers. A Distress Alert is also referred to as a …MAYDAY?.An URGENCY message indicates that there is serious danger for vessel, crew and passenger. An Urgency Message is also referred to as a …PAN PAN? message.A SAFETY message indicates that there is imminent risk for navigation. A Safety Message is also referred to as a …SECURITE? message.A ROUTINE message is transmitted to ensure safe navigation. Routine messages refer to intership communication, exchange of data in port operations, communication between ships and Vessel Traffic Services, inshore radar stations, pilot stations, bridges and locks.Passage23A VHF-transceiver (transmitter + receiver) transmits and receives radio signals. The VHF is used to bridge short distances, is easy to operate and is allowed to be used both in territorial waters and inland waterways. Its receiver has a “push-to-talk button”. If the installation is a “simplex” radio, speaking and listening cannot be done simultaneously. When you wish to speak, you push the button; when you wish to listen, you release it. Before changing from speaking to listening, you say “over”.VHF radio-communication can bridge about 40 miles. MF-or-HF radiotelephony is used to bridge 150 miles (MF) to 2000 miles (HF).Reception of radio signals will not always be of high quality, and coverage will not always extend to the desired areas. This may of course have consequences for the safety of the vessel and her crew. These disadvantages of communication through speech have led to the introduction of Digital Selective Calling in maritime communication.Passage 24Weather-conditions have a great influence on the safety during a voyage and should always be taken into consideration in voyage-planning and when underway.The state of the atmosphere is determined by various [] adv.最后, 终于preferably[ ]adv.更适宜;pertain tov.属于, 关于,; projector[]n.放映机meteorological elements, such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness and fog, forms of precipitation, barometric pressure, and speed and direction of wind. All these elements may be referred to as “the weather”.Humidity refers to the amount of water vapour in the air. Warm air is capable of containing a higher grade of moisture, or humidity, than cold air. The maximum amount of moisture that air can hold at a specific temperature is known as “saturation “. Most clouds are the result of a rising mass of cool air .When the temperature of air falls, water vapour in the air will condense into droplets or ice crystals, thus forming clouds or fog. Passage 25 Goods commercially transported by merchant ships include those:A.Transported in bulk as solids, liquids or gas.B.General cargo packaged in boxes, drums and other suchcontainers.The carriage of cargoes is what keeps the merchant shiprunning. Cargoes bring freight and this means we have an obligation to deliver the cargo in the same condition in which we received it. The contract of carriage , by whatever name it is called , is binding on the ship and the ships officers (as the ship owner?s representative ) who are given the responsibility to the load , handle , stow , carry , keep , care for and discharge the goods carried in accordance with the normal practice of the trade .The process of carriage of various cargoes has been developed over the years by the shippers and the carriers. These processes take into account the nature, size and properties of cargo. Sometimes the ships were adapted to the cargo and at other times the cargoes got adapted to the ship. This development continues even today. Most specialized ships such as bulk carriers carrying bulk cargoes like gain , tankers carrying liquefied petroleum gases , chemicals , petroleum products , fruit juices , vegetable oil are still developing size as well as in sophistication and automation . Similarly containers are where cargoes got adapted to the ship.Passage 26Proceed to muster station to find out the type of emergency. Upon being intimated about the nature of emergency, stand by as per duty assigned to you and indicated in the ship?s procedures.If you are on deck, shout“Man Overboard”. Try to attract attention of the bridge as an action of top priority if the ship is making way. Throw nearest lifebuoy at the man in water. Even an ordinary lifebuoy thrown in time might save his life. More people know about the man being overboard the better,especially if the ship is moving. This is because a sharplookout right from the initial stage is very inportant. Lookout must be maintained from a high position,say navigational bridge.In busy areas,it?s most important that you don?t collide with other ships. In restricted waters, it is most important that you don?t run /doc/7913274858.html,rm Master and call additional hands to stand by and on forward station by sounding emergency alarm. Inform engine room.Switch on NUC signal(three red lights),even in daytime,hoist day signals subsequently. Passage 27Most fires are small to start with and can often to be extinguished by rapid application of a portable extinguisher or other appliance. Where it is possible to do this without risk of becoming trapped by flames or smoke, the person discovering the fire should take such action AFTER sending someone else to raise the alarm.Greater caution is necessary where smoke is seen passing a closed door. Opening the door could cause the fire to flare up and spread rapidly making it impossible to close the door again. This action should therefore be avoided unless it is believed that there may be someone trapped inside in which case the door should only be opened after first feeling it make sure it is not hot, and then keeping low and opening it very carefully. If the compartment is thought to be unoccupied or if the door is hot, it is much safer to keep it closed until the Emergency Squad are ready with charged hoses.Passage 28Port State Control is the inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of international regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in。

八年级英语（下）第八单元检测题班级_____ 姓名_______________一、用所给词的正确形式填空。

Last night the first episode(一段情节) of the series(连续剧) BACK TO THE PAST 1(be) on Channel 5. It was an interesting science fiction series about a scientist, Professor Spark, and his fantastic(奇异的) time machine. He2 (want) to travel to the future, but something 3 (happen), and he 4 (go) back to the age of the dinosaurs(恐龙). At first, the professor 5 (be) very excited. It was an opportunity(机会) for him to study the Jurassic Period(侏罗纪). The Sparks 6 (see) that he 7 (not have) any food. He8 (not know) how to hunt. how to fish, or how to make a fire. But he 9 (have) his Swiss knife, a box of matches, and … his brain. What do you think he 10 (do)？二、按要求变换下列句型。

1. He has given away all the gifts to the children.(否定句)He _________________________ away all the gifts to the children.2. They thought he was the best writer in the newspaper.(否定句)They ___________________________ he was the best writer in the newspaper.3. His best friend gave him this present.(对划线部分提问)________________________________ him this present?4. It’s not creative enough to buy a scarf for my mother.(同义句)__________________________________________ a scarf isn’t creative enough.5. I, have, time, my, do, to , enough, finish, homework, not (连词成句)__________________________________________________.三、单项选择。

第8章词汇教学8.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. The role of vocabulary uncertainty词汇的不确定性因素2. About knowing a word学习词汇应该包含的内容3. Understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning; 理解其外延意义和内涵意义4. Understanding the sense relations among words理解词汇间的语义关系5. Receptive and productive vocabulary接受性词汇和产出性词汇6. Ways of presenting vocabulary讲授词汇的方法7. Things a teacher does after presentation教师讲完词汇后应该做什么8. Ways of consolidating vocabulary巩固词汇的方法9. Developing vocabulary learning strategies发展词汇学习策略本章考点：理解词汇和词汇学习；词汇的不确定性因素；学习词汇应该包含的内容；词汇的学习；接受性词汇和产出性词汇；讲授词汇的方法；教师讲完词汇后应该做什么；巩固词汇的方法；词汇学习的策略。

本章内容索引：Ⅰ. Understanding vocabulary and vocabulary learningⅡ. About knowing a word1. Knowing a word2. Vocabulary learningⅢ. Ways of presenting vocabulary1. The methods to present and explain vocabulary2. Things a teacher does after presentationⅣ. Ways of consolidating vocabularyⅤ. Developing vocabulary learning strategies1. Review regularly2. Guess meaning from context3. Organize vocabulary effectively4. Use a dictionary5. Manage strategy useⅥ. ConclusionⅠ. Understanding vocabulary and vocabulary learning （理解词汇和词汇学习）【考点：理解词汇和词汇学习；词汇的不确定性因素】The role of vocabulary seems to have received more consistent understanding.大家对词汇的角色的认识基本上是一致的。

《医学院校研究生英语读与写》3/5/6/7/8/9/11vocabulary原题及答案Unit3TEXT A1)It is mandated in the regulations that the laid-off workers can get tax credits when they run their business.2)This directive applies to all apparatus liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance or the performance of which is to be affected by such disturbance.3)Without receiving any advance warning,the coastal cities in Southeast Asia sustained heavy losses from the hurricane last year.4)This cancer co-operative group organization provides information about cancer clinical trials,cancer research,patient advocates,drugs for cancer,experimental cancer treatments and general cancer treatment.5)On behalf of U.S.Secretary of Energy Samuel W.Bodman,I am pleased to announce that the United States supports the decision of the ITER(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)Parties to site the ITER reactor at Tokyo.6)The shop carries suits,coats,shirts,and miscellaneous accessories.7)The Legislative Counsel Committee claims copyright protection in those parts of Oregon Revised Statute that are legally subject to copyright protection.8)The government has empowered the police with absolute authority to stop anybody in the street during racial conflict.9)Methadone is used by heroin addicts as part of a program to wean them off the drug.10)They agree that a sound and stable relationship between China and the United States is good to help establish durable peace on the Korean Peninsula.The doctor-patient relationship is the foundation of modern medical1)ethics.What will be the2)touchstone the profession may need with the change of the doctor-patient relationship?First of all,instead of governing the doctor-patient relationship by3)fidelity and4) altruism,more patients and doctors meet each other while under contract than ever before and usually neither has truly free choice in the matter.Secondly,the5) continuity is rare for doctors of taking care of several generations of the same family as physicians couple and uncouple in group6)arrangements and are selected and deselected by managed care plans.Thirdly,the7)information learned from or about the patient seems to be wide open and8)confidentiality of medical records seems like food for earthworms.Medical practice is no longer personal and the managed care’s ethical9)foundation is population-based.In a word,the individual doctor-patient relationship is likely to remain the most important relationship in medicine—at least to doctors and the moral relationship based on payers and patients and10)integration of fairness to all with the choices of an individual would be established.TEXT A1)The little girl didn’t have enough money so she cajoled her boyfriend into buying her a new dress.2)According to British law,justice works on the premise that an accused person is innocent until proven guilty.3)It is a delicate job which cannot be done by a layman,but in which a variety of professional skills will be deployed.4)The city was even equipped with a drainage system,for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.5)The little girl shuddered at the sight of the dead body.She almost fainted right away.6)The shop has been enjoying public praise for a long time,but it’s inevitable that there will be the occasional disgruntled customer.7)Anyone with an annual income of less than$5,000may be eligible to apply,or may be regarded as a potential tax dodger.8)In South Korea in August,Robles finished first in the110meters but was disqualified for impeding Liu,who ended up winning a silver medal after being on course for gold.9)Yesterday,staff at the hospital were officially rebuked for telling patients they had cancer over the phone.10)Numeric values formatted to strings using standard and custom format codes.The job could only be done by computer,because it would be a tremendous amount of work.1.Let’s look at a sample case study to better understand why this is a________malnutrition mispractice misnutrition malpractice2.The more time,energy and money you spend acquiring________knowledge,the more control you have over your life.pertinent permanent prevalent perspective3.China’s top legislature might add mental distress in criminal cases to the conditions covered under the country’s first________law.tough taught tort naught4.The investigation was brought about by the determination of a sole________.accused plaintiff criminal witness5.The authorities had agreed to________normal requirements for permits to cross the border.wrench reckon stimulate waive6.An honest person can have many________personal or business reasons for private communications.humble legitimate modest considerate7.The rate and duration of China’s economic growth have no historical________precedent descendent demonstration illustration8.She threatened legal action against the newspaper for________of copyright.applicate breach communicate duplicate9.For some industrial scientists,the attractions of academia________any financial considerations.outlive outline outweigh outcome10.________or damaging of state or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.Appropriation Appointment Appreciation ApproachTEXT A1.Fingerprints left on the only knife on the island mansion were the________for the murder.smoker’s gun big gun smoking gun starting gun2.Taking long-term courses of certain medication may increase________to infection.vulnerability subjectivity objectivity capability3.The funeral arrangements were________the family’s wishes.in collusion with out of keeping with hand in glove with along with 4.The fact that so many people have posted comments on this topic shows how________and complicated it is.pervasive passive adverse favorable5.The arrays were placed directly on the brain of a volunteer patient with epilepsy whose skull had already been opened to measure________electrical signals that trigger seizures.normal aberrant constant flashing6.The strip of flexible material wraps around the back of the head and covers the side of the eyes,blocking up to60percent of a wearer’s________vision.focal double peripheral distance7.The recent________in food prices around the world is because of rising energy costs.spear sphere plight spike8.To that end,he said he and Mr.Trump discussed ways to improve infrastructure along that US-Mexico border to______bilateral trade.restrict initiate ban facilitate9.Blind,deaf and mentally________children are sent to special education schools.radical rising rational retarded10.All the charitable endeavors in this world only manage to bring poverty into greater relief;they show it to be more terrible and________than utter dereliction.unabsorbent unacknowledged unintelligible unamiableThese risk associations remained statistically significant even after the authors limited the analyses to children who were born neither pre-term nor underweight and who had no obvious1)distress at birth(Apgar score above6).This suggests that the observations cannot be entirely explained by2)detrimental effects on the3)fetus due to the mother’s4)autoimmune disease.5)Combined with other research evidence,the authors6)speculated that certain autoimmune diseases may share a common genetic root with autism.Other autoimmune diseases,such as multiple sclerosis,psoriasis,and Crohn’s disease, in parents and siblings were not significantly7)associated with autism spectrum disorders in the study children.Furthermore,a family history of thyrotoxicosis was the only autoimmune disease8)studied that was associated with a lower risk of autism9) spectrum disorder.The study was published in the August Pediatrics and was funded by10)grants from the U.S.National Institute of Mental Health and the Aarhus University Research Foundation in Denmark.TEXT A1)His ambiguous directions confused us:we did not know which of the two roads to take.2)For this reason,I believe that this article should be subject to much more scrutiny.3)Greed has deadened him to what other people are suffering.4)Objectivism and subjectivism has the similar main points with that of metaphysical history.5)So long as he was willing to pay the charges,then he would be in compliance with the law.6)He said he was on the verge of an evolutionary breakthrough.7)For most people,few things evoke fear like the image of a great white shark.8)“Cruelty”means any infliction of unnecessary pain or distress on an animal whether by deliberate act or neglect.9)In statistics alone,Katrina was one of the worst disasters to befall the United States.10)Evil cannot be defeated overnight,but constant vigilance can keep it at bay,unable to harm us here at home.1.Once the robot can________facial expressions in a social context,the researchers plan to use him in an“automatic tutoring”experiment.download copy practice mimic2.________is a substance which delays or prevents a chemical reaction.Pigment Anesthetics Catalyst Inhibitor3.Underground mining can cause the surface________,and in turn induce the additional stress in the buildings in the mining area.deformation reformation transformation information4.The truth will be undeniable as all that we reveal can be supported by________ evidence.refutable irrefutable ambiguous unambiguous5.Foods with a low-glycemic are absorbed more slowly thus keeping________levels more stable.lipid pressure insulin fat6.Any break in the skin,even a________,provides an opening for dangerous germs.drop sip pinprick clip7.The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion is called________energy, or energy of motion.aerobic anaerobic kinetic surviving8.Disneyland is nothing but a hyper-real________of a theme park as if it were a small town.simulation stimulation decoration duplicationUnit8TEXT A1)The altruistic behaviors should be advocated and the egoism should be eliminated.2)The main form of blood donation in this country is to remunerate individuals for their donation.3)A taxi driver,exhausted after driving for more than18hours,crashed into a tricart and the man riding the tri-cart died after emergency treatment failed to resuscitate him.4)The famous pianist together with his concert at the Forbidden City Concert Hall gratified local classical fans.5)Monetary incentive is the most important factor in encouraging citizens’blood donation in many countries.6)After the heated discussion for the whole day his brilliant ideas were incorporated into the project at last.7)With the specially designed keyboard for blind people,users can put information into the computer,and software helps________the online words________voice information.convert to(直接按方框中显示的单词或词组填写即可)8)When making a plan,you should take account of each possibility as possible as you can in case of any unexpected mistake or occasion.9)It is common sense that we should omit superfluous words in writing telegrams so as to save money.10)Undoubtedly,sometimes parents’remarks place intangible pressure on children, even do harm to their mental health.TEXT B1.________activation is thought to be an important risk factor in blood clotting.Erythrocyte Plasma Leukocyte Platelet2.________is the loss of blood from a ruptured blood vessel,either internally or externally.Hepatitis Hemorrhage Hemophilia Leukemia3.I’m going to send for a special nurse,as the_______drip will run out soon.intravenous subcutaneous hypodermis infrasonic4.In an address today he said he still opposes the________cuts in green house gases encouraged by European nations.directed necessary arbitrary mandatory5.At last things appeared to be going on well,and if no________occurred,Herbert’s recovery might be regarded as certain.compensation compliment complement complication6.The beautiful girlfriend of his father may probably be the gift from God,to make up for the________love he never had.paternal maternal fraternal sororal7.Furthermore,showing the new staff around the premises will give them a sense of being valued,which will result in________.retention retirement recruit rehabilitation8.Recently one of the greatest IT companies underwent a________drive with a criterion that males are not allowed.retention retirement recruit rehabilitation9.When a loved one dies,the death becomes an emotional________and coping with it takes a great length of time.trauma scar cure heal10.The marked________among different age groups,he adds,is something of a mystery.displacement disparity dissemination disformationTEXT A1)Sacrificing nature for money would one day take its toll.2)As those costs inevitably swell,they will apply even more pressure to state budgets.3)But with exams looming,he decided he needed to focus more on his studies.4)Consider the scenario where a website allows you to use the functions of a partner website,but the partner site is not allowed to know who you are.5)As an anchor of the family,the father had to toil from early morning to late night.6)What may appear ahead may confuse and bewilder those who do not choose to see through it.7)Resources have irreplaceable function on the prosperity and development of this kind of city,but the exhaustion with resources,this kind of city faces severe challenge of existence and development.8)One implication is that every effort should be made to stop the growth of these unsustainable cities and gradually to reduce their size.There are two1)major schools of thought on2)personality development with one3) hypothesizing a relatively stable personality and the other holding a characterized4) plasticity or change in personality.Generally speaking,basic personality5)traits remain relatively6)consistent throughout one’s adult life according to previous studies;however,recent7)longitudinal studies suggest that absolute stability has been 8)overestimated,because there exists a decline of neuroticism and extroversion while an increase of agreeableness and9)conscientiousness.Besides,relatively10) predictable shifts may occur in other aspects of a person’s personality.An increased11) interiority is an example.A second domain concerns12)gender role identity.Any attempt to identify13)predictable personality changes in later life should note that longitudinal studies have found that adults tend to exhibit greater14)inter-individual differences as they grow older.And15)diseases can cause changes in personality which can be corrected with medical method.TEXT A1)People who are depressed often feel numb to events around them and don’t derive pleasure from experiences that they once found enjoyable.Such an absence or suppression of emotion,feeling,concern or passion is called G2)People with Alzheimer’s disease may become I or aggressive as the disease gets worse,who tend to feel stirred up,confused and irritable.3)People who live in places with long winter are at high risk of developing seasonal affective disorder(SAD),symptoms of which are often the same as other forms of depression,such as A movements,social withdrawal.4)While some people secretly plan and then commit suicide,most people exhibit one or more signs indicating the seriousness of their depression.If signs of a(n)F suicide coupled with recent losses can be noticed,depression can be treated through therapy as well as medications.5)A medical center has been B in flames in a suspicious fire within a short time which caused about$300,000damage.6)Every year,many young people sit exams and whether they love or E them,most of them will face some anxiety in the lead up to the big day.7)Have you ever snapped angrily at someone when you were hungry?If so,you’ve experienced“hangry”—the phenomenon whereby some people get J andshort-tempered when they’re overdue for a feed.8)Both alcohol and guns are significant social determinants of D,either considered independently or in combination,and it is important to call for stronger alcohol policies,including taxes and sales restrictions to help curb these critical problems.9)Mental H is not just your ability to bounce back,but also your capacity to adapt in the face of challenging circumstances,which help you deal with pressure and reduce the impact the stress has on your life.10)Medical students in the UK are facing C financial outlook.It is reported increased tuition fees,in addition to existing financial problems,are raising concerns overlong-term debt for the current intake of medical students.TEXT B1.We should not_______us to single subject,but should endeavor to expand our academic vision,widen thinking and promote philosophical cultivation.limit confine restrict restrain2.Children’s_______of extinction because of our destruction of their behavior should be discouraged because such behaviors may cause damage to objects or harm people or animals.aggressive enterprising aspiring ambitious3.When he realized that he couldn’t meet the deadline,he got into a_______.terror intimidation panic scare4.No matter how rich a person is or where he stays,evading feeling of negativity and depression is near pared to anti-depressant pills,_______works better and has no adverse effects.medication negotiation meditation mediation5.It is_______that we do more to address growing health disparities for women of color.Doing so is a priority for me as U.S.Senator.imperative comprehensible imminent eminent6.Many species are in_______natural habitat.hazard venture risk peril7.If you are feeling hungry,you will probably sit down at the first available opportunity to have something to eat.In some cases you may feel hungry even after a meal and not know why.It is even possible that you are hungrier after eating than before.But what brings about this______sensation sentiment emotion affection8.As the leading cause of early death among black Americans,homicide_______ black communities.Yet killing gets a disproportionately low share of federal research funding.damages disrupts devastates infringes9.Sleeping in a cold room or sleeping with the neck in an abnormal position may trigger a(n)_______headache because neck and scalp muscles contract.stress tension pressure strain10.Vascular occlusion is a(n)_______of a blood vessel,usually with a clot.When it occurs in a major vein,it can,in some cases,cause deep vein thrombosis.oppression occupation suffocation blockage。