2019 年托福阅读语法常见的五种句子成分
托福阅读水平的提升永远离不开以下三个方面：词汇的积累、语
法的掌握和文章的阅读，因为单词是基础，任何句子都是以词为单位
的，其次，语法是理解一个句子的关键之处，只有掌握了常用的句法
结构，才能有助于我们明白作者所想表达的意思。最后，大量的阅读
文章将会是最有效的方法来提升自己的整体英语水平，文章是以句子
为单位，句子又以词为单位，所以，三者是相辅相成的，缺一不可。
相信参加过托福考试或者正在备考的学生一定都会知道，在托福
阅读文章中，长难句占的比例很大，所占分值也很高，直接关系着我
们是否理解文章，那么如何突破长难句呢?我只能说在掌握一定的单词基础之上，根据语法来划分是关键之处，所以，今天主要针对托福语
法实行一个详细的介绍和讲解，希望能够协助到所有需要的人。
英语语法主要分成以下几个版块：词类、句子成分、句子构成、
时态、从句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、倒装、强调。对于参加托福的
学生来说，绝大部分已经对词类基本掌握，而后三项在阅读文章中体
现的不是特别明显，所以，我主要就其与几个版块实行一一讲解。
首先是句子成分，英语中有九种句子成分，即：主语、谓语、宾
语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。
1.主语为动作的发出者，一般情况下位于句首，常常做主语的有名词，代词，动名词 doing ，不定式 to do ，数词，特殊疑问词 +不定
式， the+ adj./ done，定语从句。
Reliance on trade had several important consequences. ( 名词做主语)
Nothing can conceal his anxiety and fear. (
不定代词nothing做主语)
Taking immediate measures is of great significance to
solve environmental problems.
To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. ( 眼见为实)
Five is my lucky number. ( 数词做主语成分)
What to do next puzzles the scientists most. (
特殊疑问词+ 不定式做主语 )
The rich should help the poor.(
富人应该协助穷人。其中the +adj. 表示一类人。 )
Workers were bound to their masters by contract that
defines the terms of the partnership.
2.谓语，说的简单一点就是动词。其中又主要分为四大类; 实义动词、情态动词、助动词和系动词。英语中有80%都是实义动词，都具有实在、具体的意义，包括及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词后边能够
直接加宾语，而不及物动词必须要在后边加上介词才能够跟宾语。比
如说， play computer games, watch TV ，均属于及物动词， listen
to the radio, belong to me则属于不及物动词。第二，情态动词后
边需要跟的是动词原形，常见的有must, may, might, can, could, need, will, would, shall, should 等。第三，助动词只有 do/
does/ did + 动词原形，和 have/ has/ had + done 用于完成时。两者都没有具体的意义。最后，就是系动词，包括○1 be 动词 am, is, are; ○2 感官动词 feel, look, sound, taste, smell; 例如： The song sounds beautiful. You look very tired. ○3变化类系动词get, become, go, fall, turn, come 等，具体的来说，它们互不相同，其中 get 用的比较频繁一些，口语中也很常见，go 一般接的是消极的词汇，如： The young lady went mad. The milk has gone sour. 而fall 和 come的话，则有固定搭配， fall ill/ asleep, come true ，turn 一般情况下指颜色的变化，例： Leaves turned yellow.○4 保持类系动词 keep, remain, stay ，比如说 keep healthy, keep the
room warm等等。○5其他类系动词prove, seem, appear ，例如：It seems/appears impossible that he won the match eventually. 以
上所提到的系动词的后边都需要跟表语。
以上内容主要针对句子成分中的主语和谓语实行了详细的介绍，
这些基础的语法内容恰恰是理解句子的关键所在。
以上介绍的是句子成分中的前两个：主语和谓语，接下来则主要
针对剩下的七个句子成分实行详细讲解。
3.宾语，能够放在介词后边或者动词后边，即介宾和动宾。介宾
结构相对简单些，比如 in the classroom ，其中 classroom 做的就是宾语
，成分。一般做宾语的主要有以下几种：名词，代词，动名词 doing 数词，
the+ adj./done ，特殊疑问词 +不定式 do, 宾语从句。一般情况下，除了从
句以外，能做主语的都能够做宾语。例如，
○1.Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme
temperature changes and became extinct. (名词作宾语成分) ○2.The data provide nothing useful for further study.
( 不定代词做做宾语 )
○3Many businessmen avoid being influenced by the
economic downturn.
○4In China, most people doesn't like four, because it is
believed to bring bad luck for them. (数词做宾语)
○5The government encourage the retired to do some
volunteer work in the community. (the +done做宾语)
○6None of the tourists knows where to go now. (where+ to
do)
○7Scientists hypothesized that a single asteroid
collided with earth.(从句)
4.表语成分则需要放在系动词之后，通常做表语的有：名词，形容词，代词，动名词，不定式 to do ，介宾结构，副词，数词， the+ adj./done ，表语从句。
名词作表语： Whether he will come or not is still a
mystery.
形容词做表语： It is hard to understand why they would not
be affected.
代词做表语： This is all that I could do for you.
动名词做表语： The mechanic's job is repairing all kinds
of vehicles.
不定式做表语： What they should do is to adapt to the new environment.
介宾结构做表语： A bunch of flowers is on the table.
副词做表语： The sun is up. Nobody is in. I will be back
soon.
数词做表语： My lucky number is five.
The+ adj./done 做表语： The injured were taken to the hospital.
表语从句做表语： What we want to know is whether there are lives on other planets.
5.定语在语法中是相当重要的，不论是托福中的哪一个单项，都
离不开定语的应用，所以希望学生们一定要争取全面理解并掌握这个
语法现象。通俗的来说，定语翻译成汉语就是 " 的" ，即用于修饰和限制名词的。其中又分成前置定语和后置定语，定语放在被修饰的成分前边就是前置，反之则是后置。能够做定语的有很多：名词，形容词，
介宾结构，数词，现在分词 doing ，过去分词 done，不定式 to do ，定语从句。接下来会重点讲解。
名词作定语时，多数用它的单数形式，例如：building( 办公楼 );the beauty contest(选美大赛an office
);the information
age( 信息时代);generation gap( 代沟 );credit card( 明信片 )
形容词做定语有前置和后置之分，例如：exciting news;a
brilliant boy;一般以a-开头的形容词被称为表语形容词，需要做后
置定语， I have no time available.(能够利用的时间，做后置) ，
the light ahead (前面的灯)，类似的词语还有alone, asleep,等等。
介宾结构做后置定语， a boy in a hat( 戴帽子的小男孩
books on the shelf belong to the old man. The lady in red is
our new teacher.
) ，The
数词做定语， Three thousand students attend the lecture.
现在分词做定语， a developing country(发展中国家)，a swimming pool ，此为前置定语。 The man standing under the tree
did me a favor yesterday.(在本句话中standing under the tree
是现在分词做的后置定语，修饰的是the man 。因为 the man 和
是主动关系，所以要用现在分词。)
stand
过去分词做定语， fallen leaves(落叶)，the frozen meat，此
为后置定语。 The problem discussed in the meeting has not been
solved yet. (本句话中discussed in the meeting是过去分词做后
置定语，修饰 the problem 。因为 the problem和discuss是被动关系，所以要用过去分词。 )
不定式做后置定语， We have a lot of things to do when it
comes to the environment.
定语从句做定语， The desert, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in
recent decades been increasing .
以上讲解的是所有能够宾语、表语和定语的情况，并列举了相对
应的例句来结合理解，除此之外，考生还需要在备考的过程中，就 TPO 真题的篇章进项一定量的整套分析。
托福阅读解题技巧-句子插入题（一） 托福阅读不同于传统阅读，其中包含了”句子插入题”这类特殊题型，这也是托福阅读中相对难得分的题型。此类题型中，题干中会给出一个新的句子，然后会在原文段落中给出四个黑框，考察新句子在文章中最合适的位置。针对于此类题型的解答，有很多实用的方法，今天我们要介绍的是在剩余时间不多的情况下，最简单最便捷的解决方法-语义指代匹配法。 在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代上文内容，常见指示代词this, that, these, those, 人称代词they, she, he, 或it ，还有their, such, another等。对于此类题型的具体解题步骤如下： ①确认指代对象：根据指代词找到其所指代的对象； ②定位指代对象：通过浏览扫描段落信息，确定指代对象位置； ③代入验证：把插入句代入含有指代对象所在句的后面进行验证即可。 接下来，我们通过具体实例来论证使用语义指代匹配法。 案例： Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans.■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. 11. Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.
1995年01月语法题 1. An underlying assumption of most market research is that people are continually _____ financial decisions based on their desire for goods that give them the most satisfaction. (A) making (B) and make (C) being made (D) having made 答案：A 测试点：谓语。 分析：that从句中有主语但谓语不全，选择(A)making与系词and组成进行时。 解题要点：continully和always等词常与进行时连用，表示“一贯如此”。 2. _____ tempera paint, the artist mixes dry pigments with water until the mixture resembles a stiff paste. (A) In preparation (B) The preparing of (C) To prepare (D) Prepared 答案：C 测试点：状语／不定式。 分析：逗号后为句子，逗号前为状语。动词不定式(C)作目的状语。 3. When two straight lines meet, _____ an angle. (A) it is formed (B) formed (C) they form (D) to form 答案：C 测试点：主谓结构。 分析：逗号前为when引导的从句，逗号后应是主句。主句主、谓语俱缺，应在答案 中选择主语+动词的形式，即(A)或(C)。(A)用了形式主语n，但空格后并无真正的主语部分。故选(C) 4. Madge Macklin promoted the expansion of medical training to include genetics _____ supported the founding of genetics departments in North American medical schools. (A) nor (B) and (C) while (D) if 答案：B 测试点：连词。 分析：空格前为主谓语完整的句子，空格后又出现一谓语动词，即全句有一个主语，两个谓语。这两个谓语动词之间应用and连接，故选(B)。(A)用于否定句;(C)后接句子或现在分词短语;(D)接从句。 5. _____ mammals have hair at some time in their lives, though in certain whales it is present only before birth. (A) Most (B) The most (C) Most of which (D) In most of the 答案：A 测试点：定语。
历年托福阅读真题高频词汇收集整理(5) Key 关键的important Converted修改 changed Antecedent 先行的的，先辈predecessor Appealing吸引人的 attractive Local 场所place Boosted推进 raised Scope 范围extent Prolific多产的，丰富的 productive Eager 热心的，渴望的enthusiastic Engaged使用，雇佣 hire Subsequent后来的 later Sums 总数amounts Identical同样的 exactly alike Graphic生动的，鲜明的 vivid Undoubtedly 毫无疑问的certainly Components 组成部分parts Besides 除此之外in addition to Flourished繁荣，昌盛 thrived
Grumbled 抱怨，牢骚complained Serve服务，适合 function Sole 的only Detecting 发现finding Sedentary久坐的，不活动的 inactive Subjected 受影响的exposed Essence 本质，精华basic nature Diverse 不同的different Noted 注意到 observed Emphasize 强调stress Accessible易接近的，可靠近的available Account for 解释，说明explain Smooth operation 顺利进行 effective functioning Cluster 成群 group Alert 警惕 ware Scurrying 急跑，匆忙走rushing Formidable 艰难地，令人敬畏的difficult Intent 目的，意向 purpose Regardless of 不管，不顾no matter what Marked 显著地noticeable Confine 限制 restrict
托福阅读题型解析之这三类错题原 本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析, 这三类错题原本可以避免,今天给大家带来了托福阅读题型解析，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读题型解析这三类错题原本可以避免 托福阅读题型解析一简化题 形成原因： 这种题型可能大家最常见的解决方法就是根据翻译来解题，但是你的翻译正确吗?这就是这种题型错误的主要原因了。 分析及解决方法： 这种题型的正确解题方法应该是利用对句子的理解来解题，而不是靠翻译，再说你的翻译也不一定是正确的。这类题型容易出错的主要原因在于考生往往先对原句进行翻译，然后从选项中找出和原句翻译类似的答案。这样的解题方式的弊端在于浪费时间，而且往往选项翻译都和原句出入不大，在选择时常常出错。
句子简化题的正确做法是利用逻辑解题。使用这种方式不容易出错，因为这种解题方法是从题型考察目的得来的。步骤是：首先看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系。常见的逻辑关系有两种转折或者因果。举例来说，若原句有转折的逻辑关系，第一步需要做的事情是排掉选项中逻辑关系不对的即不是表示转折的，若选项中还有两个以上逻辑关系都相符合，那么采用的原则是逻辑成分的对应。托福阅读*技巧：这是第一步有逻辑关系的时候采用的方法;如果原句中没有明显的逻辑关系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉选项中主干信息不符的选项。 托福阅读题型解析二词汇题 形成原因： 这是托福阅读考试当是出场率较高的一类题型，这种题型的易错原因主要是因为词汇量不足、忽略词汇语境的作用导致的。 分析及解决方法： 对于托福阅读考试当中出现频率较高的题型——词汇题，大部分原因是因为考生的词汇的不足，造成词汇不熟悉或者被选项词给难住了。考生需要知道的是，托福阅读考试词汇题一般考察的是英语六级以上的词汇水平，要想这类题型不出错，那么你的词汇基础就一定要打好。
托福培训丨托福阅读句子插入题解题要点 朗阁托福培训中心孙亚楠 句子插入题是托福阅读中的一道必考题型，题量不多，每篇文章中出现一道。句子插入题是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应该加入1-2个段落中的四个黑方块的哪个部分，用鼠标点击所选的黑色方块即可。做这类题目的关键首先是理解待插入的句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。下面朗阁托福培训中心的专家将就句子插入题的解题步骤做出详细的说明。 解题步骤与解题要点 阅读并分析待插入的句子，找出其中的线索词； 从第一个小黑方块前一句开始读，逐一代入进行验证； 插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索） 从此步骤中可以看出掌握线索词是解答此题的关键，那么线索词都有哪些？主要有两大类，指代线索和逻辑线索。 1. 指代线索 (1). 指代词(they, it, them)必然有所指代；指代词(this, these, their, other, another, such)后面若有名词短语，则向前寻找此名词短语或其同义改写。 例题1: Paragraph 4: Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous." These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal Al-Arab on the Jordan-Syria border. ■Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground.
1992年05月语法题 1. --- principal types of acceleration: linear and angular. (A) There are tow (B) Two of them (C) The two (D) Two 答案：A 测试点：there be句型． 分析：空格后只剩下名词性的成份，应在答案中选择主谓结构或there+be结构，即(A)． 2. East Liverpool, Ohio, ---the pottery capital of the United States. (A) and called (B) is called (C) calling (D) to call 答案：B 测试点；谓语。 分析：本句有主语而缺谓语，应在答案中选择可作谓语的动词，即(B)。(A)多了连词and； (C)(D)均是非谓语形式，不可作谓语． 3. True hibernation takes place only among ---animals. (A) whose blood is warm (B) blood warm (C) warm-blooded (D) they have warm blood 答案：C 测试点：定语． 分析：本句主谓宾俱全，animals前缺定语，应在答案中选择形容词性的成份，4个答案中只有(C)是形容词． 解题要点：分词的作用相当于形容词． 4. Like other women ---in the field of medicine, Sara Mayo found the beginning years difficult. (A) who they pioneered (B) they pioneered (C) who pioneered (D) pioneered 答案：C 测试点：定语从句／主谓结构． 分析：women后接定语从句，从句连接词，主、谓语均缺，应在答案中选择连接词兼主语牛动词的形式．即(C)。(A)重复主语：(B)不是从句形式；(D)无主语。 5. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what ---the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology. (A) he considers (B) does he consider (C) considers (D) considers it 答案：A 测试点：主谓结构／词序． 分析：动词describes后接what引导的宾语从句，从句主、谓语均缺，应在答案中选择主语+动词的形式，即(A)．(B)是问句语序，而宾语从句应用正常语序；(C)(D)均无主语．
A break with 分开a departure from Abundant 丰富的,充裕的plentiful Accelerated 加速increased Accessible易接近的,可靠近的available Accordingly 因此,从而consequently Accordingly 因此for that reason Account for 解释,说明explain Accumulated 积聚,积累built up Acute 敏锐的,剧烈的intense Adequate 充分的,足够的sufficient Adhere 坚持stick Administered 管理managed Adorned 装修decorated Advent 出现,到来arrival Adversely 逆向/反的negatively Aesthetically 美学的,艺术的artistically Affront 侮辱,冒犯insult Agents 动因,代理人causes Aided 帮助的helped Alert 警惕ware Allay 减轻,减少reduce Altered 改变changed Alternative 选择：option Altogether 完全的completely Annihilate 消灭,征服conquer Antecedent 先行的的,先辈predecessor Apace with 快速的,急速的as fast as Appeal 吸引attraction Appealing吸引人的attractive Apply to 应用于used for Appreciated赏识,意识到recognized Aptly 恰当的appropriately Article 物品object Ascribed to 归功于,认为assumed to be true of Assembling 聚集gathering Assortment 种类variety Astounding 惊讶的surprising At any rate 无论如何regardless 不管Attachment to 倾向于preference for Attained 达到,获得achieved Attained 达到,获得achieved Attained 获得reached Attendant 伴随的accompanying Attests to 证明give evidence of Attire 服装clothing Avail themselves 利用make use Barren 贫瘠的：infertile Besides 除此之外in addition to Bias 偏见prejudice Biting 尖锐的sharp Boosted 鼓舞raised Boosted推进raised Bound 系,绑tied Bounds 限制：limits Bring about 引起cause Brittle易碎的,脆弱的easily broken By virtue of 由于because of Calculated 计算,决定determined Came of age 出现了,成名了established itself Came to the forefront 来到最前线/变得很重要became important Carried on 继续continued Carry 承担：support Ceased 停止stop Celestial 天文学的：astronomical Chance 偶然的：unplanned Chronicle 记载,记录,编年史describe Circumscribed 限制restricted Classified 分类categorized Cluster 成群group Coarse 粗糙的crude Coarser 粗糙的rougher Cohesion 凝聚力unity Coincided with 一致,符合happened at the same time Coined 组成,创造：created Comparably 相似地：similarly Compelling 强迫地,又说服力的forceful Components 组成部分parts Concealed 隐藏covered Concentrated 集中：clustered Conclusive 总结性的definitive Concomitant with 同时发生的,与之伴随的in conjunction with Confine 限制restrict Confined 局限：limited Conflicting 对立的：apposing Conjectural 猜测的based on guessing Consciously 有意识地,故意地purposely Consequence 结果result Conserve 维持,保留retain Consist 一致的,协调的constant Consorted 交往associated Conspicuous 明显的noticeable Constant 持续的,一致的consistent Constituents 组成部分components Constituting 组成making up Consumed消耗,吃eaten Consumption 消费,吃eating
托福阅读句子简化题真题分析 在学会确定句子简化题（简称“句简题”）的核心信息后，我们来做一道来做好人力资源，企业无忧 自TPO 31的句简题。题目如下： Graves drew two conclusions from these observations. First, at least some of the observed differences between the enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations were not random but were the result of evolutionary adaptation. Second, it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically diverge from each other. Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process. Q12 Which of the sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A.Graves’s study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated. B.Graves’s study of mutating isthmus fishes yields results that differ from results of other studies involving allopatric speciation. C.Graves’s study of isolated populations of isthmus fishes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginning. D.Graves’s study indicates that when isolated, populations of isthmus fishes register neutral or adaptive mutations. 1. 首先确定句子核心信息 Because Graves’s study of geographically isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive, 【divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.】 词汇： A glimpse of 看见，瞥见 Mutation 突变，变种 Divergence 变化，变异 Allopatric speciation 异地物种形成 2. 理解大意 该句是由because引导的原因状语从句和方括号内的主句组成的嵌套句，从句的主谓宾已用绿色字体标出，大意为：因为G的研究让人们看到了突变的逐渐 1
新托福阅读之文本插入题解析 朗阁海外考试研究中心 南昌朗阁英语培训中心 文本插入题（Insert Text Questions）是新托福每次必考题型，每次题量不是很多，通常每篇文章0-1个左右。 问题形式： 在这类问题中，题目中给出一个新的句子，然后要求考生们利用文章的逻辑和句子之间的语法联系（比如代词的指代）来确定此句子在文章中最合适的位置。 注意：在文章中会出现四个黑色的方块，这些方块分布在句首或句末。四个方块有时都出现在一个段落中，有时分布在一段的末尾和下一段的开头。 Look at the four squares (■) that indicate where the following sentences could be added to the passage. （考生会看到一个黑体的句子） Where would the sentence best fit? 考生要做的是点击其中的一个方块，将这个句子插入文章。 解题步骤： 1. 读被插入的句子，找出句首或句尾的关键词或关键意思 2. 阅读可以插入方块前后的信息，寻找与插入句相关的意思 3. 选择与插入句最相关的方块 注意：如果出现以下情况，答案都可能是错误的：
★打乱了相邻句子之间的逻辑性 ★影响了转折语的正确使用 ★打乱了代词与其指代对象之间的逻辑关系 ★隔开了本是相邻的两句话 解题技巧： 1. 利用一些过渡词（如某些逻辑关系词或短语等）帮助确定插入句子的位置，或者帮助确定排除不适合的位置。 Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█ The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. What, then, determines what proportion of the water stays and what proportion drains away? Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 技巧分析：首先读被插入的句子，它能给出的线索就是，该句子后面的信息应该是讲述“决定流干的水和不能流干的水的含量的因素”。读文中四个方块前后的信息，第一个方块前面的句子和后面的句子用关系逻辑词“but”连接，形成转折关系，不可插入其他内容；第二个方块后面的句子中出现“it”, 指代方块前面句子中的“some”, 插入其他内容会导致指代混乱，因此不可插入句子；第三个方块前后的信息用逻辑关系词“therefore”衔接，形成因果关系，也不可以插入其他内容，因此我们可以把被插入句子放在第四个方块那儿。如果考生们不确定，可以进一步读下一段中第一句
2001年1月第二篇 Questions 10-17 at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor 5) an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables 10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm. Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were 15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, 20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality— and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.
托福阅读考试高频词汇 导读：本文托福阅读考试高频词汇，仅供参考，如果能帮助到您，欢迎点评和分享。 很多学生会选择出国留学，那么托福阅读考试高频词汇有哪些呢?跟着一起来看看吧!下面是收集的有关托福阅读考试高频词汇的资讯，欢迎阅读。 托福阅读考试高频词汇(一) glacier n.冰川 interval n.时间间隔 lodge n.小屋 mantle n.地幔 margin n.(湖，池等的)边缘 offshore adj.海面上的，远离岸的 orbit n.轨道 range n.山脉，多山的地区 mountain range mountain chain knot n.山脉的交结点 summit，top，crest，peak n.山顶 ravine n.峡谷 canyon n.峡谷
gorge n.峡谷 crevice n.断裂 precipice n.悬崖 cliff n.悬崖 receptacle n.接受器，容器，储存器remnant n.残余物 ridge n.脊背 sediment n.沉淀物 slope n.斜坡 tectonics n.构造学 topography n.地形学，地貌学tunnel n.隧道，地道 apply v.应用 cluster v.丛生，群聚 collide v.碰撞 compact v.压紧，固结concentrate v.集中 conduct v.传导 demolish v.破坏，粉碎 diffuse v.传播，扩散 dispose v.处理，处置 distribute v.散布，分布
drill v.钻孔，钻通 eliminate v.排除 erode v.侵蚀 evaporate v.蒸发 extract v.开采，提炼 hem v.给……镶边，包围hypothesize v.假设 insulate v.隔离 melt v.融化 impertinent adj.无关，鲁莽，不相干impenitent adj.不悔悟的n.不悔悟的人nonchalant adj.冷淡的，满不在乎的immobile adj.静止的n.稳定 breeze n.微风 frost n.霜 seep v.渗漏 plummet v.骤然跌落 fine shadow n.细微的差别 black gold n.石油 black diamond n.煤 as……go n.和……相比 skull n.头骨
托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲, 3个步骤搞定难点题型，今天给大家带来了托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲。希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程精讲3个步骤搞定难点题型 托福阅读句子简化题解题流程介绍 1 看原句是否有逻辑关系 2 原句有逻辑关系，看选项，保留逻辑关系选项，去除无逻辑关系选项 3 半句细节对比解题 注：逻辑关系一般有，对比、转折、因果、条件等等 托福阅读句子简化题思路实例分析 If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores. B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension. C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film. D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist. 解题： 1看原句是否有逻辑关系，初步浏览了一下，看到了but这个表转折的连接词，这是一个有逻辑关系的句子。 2 看选项，找到表转折的连接词，只有A选项符合。 原句的大意是： 如果孔很大，那么里面的水就大如水滴，表面的张力不能将其托住，里面的水很快就会流尽;但是如果孔足够小，孔里的水
逻辑上的纽带——过渡词/转折词 附加并列：in addition first second third 对比：however but in contrast 举例：for example 因果：because due to 强调：clearly indeed in fact surely 语法上的纽带——插入句子前后语法时态保持一致 词汇上的纽带——代词（指代一直） 例1 Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra高山苔原. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. 例2、█Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton骨架and skin were often one.█ Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.