Efficient URL Caching for World Wide Web Crawling
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5g的发明与应用的英语作文5G, the fifth generation of wireless technology, has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with the world around us. This cutting-edge technology has not only transformed the way we access information but has also paved the way for a more connected and efficient future.The invention of 5G can be traced back to the early 2000s, when researchers and engineers began exploring the potential of higher frequency radio waves to transmit data at faster speeds. The limitations of previous generations of wireless technology, such as 3G and 4G, had become increasingly evident as the demand for high-speed internet, real-time communication, and data-intensive applications continued to grow.One of the key advantages of 5G is its significantly higher data transfer rates, with download speeds that can reach up to 10 Gbps, which is up to 100 times faster than 4G networks. This remarkable speed has enabled a wide range of new applications and services that were previously impossible or impractical. For example, the increased bandwidth and low latency of 5G have made it possible to stream high-quality video in real-time, conduct remote medicalprocedures, and facilitate the development of autonomous vehicles.Another crucial aspect of 5G is its ability to support a much larger number of connected devices simultaneously. This is particularly important in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), where an ever-increasing number of everyday objects, from home appliances to industrial machinery, are connected to the internet. 5G's capacity to handle a vast number of concurrent connections, with minimal interference, has opened up new possibilities for smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, and the integration of various IoT devices.Beyond the technical advancements, 5G has also had a significant impact on various industries and sectors. In the healthcare field, for instance, 5G has enabled the development of remote patient monitoring systems, real-time telemedicine consultations, and the use of advanced medical imaging technologies. This has been particularly crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the need for remote healthcare services has become more pressing than ever.Similarly, the entertainment industry has benefited greatly from the capabilities of 5G. Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) experiences, which were previously hampered by bandwidth limitations, can now be delivered with unprecedented quality and responsiveness. This has opened up new avenues for immersivegaming, interactive entertainment, and enhanced content delivery.The impact of 5G extends beyond just entertainment and healthcare; it has also transformed the way we approach manufacturing, logistics, and smart city infrastructure. The low latency and high reliability of5G networks have enabled the deployment of advanced automation and robotics in industrial settings, leading to increased efficiency, productivity, and safety. In the realm of smart cities, 5G has facilitated the integration of various systems, such as traffic management, public transportation, and energy grids, allowing for more efficient resource allocation and improved urban planning.However, the widespread adoption of 5G technology has not been without its challenges. Concerns have been raised about the potential health effects of the higher frequency radio waves used in 5G networks, as well as the potential for increased cybersecurity risks due to the interconnectedness of 5G-enabled devices. Governments and regulatory bodies around the world have been working to address these concerns through research, policy development, and the implementation of robust security measures.Despite these challenges, the future of 5G looks promising. As the technology continues to evolve and mature, we can expect to see even more innovative applications and use cases emerge, transforming various aspects of our lives. From remote work andeducation to smart agriculture and disaster response, the potential of 5G to enhance our daily lives is truly remarkable.In conclusion, the invention of 5G has ushered in a new era of connectivity, revolutionizing the way we communicate, access information, and interact with our environment. As we continue to explore the vast potential of this technology, we can look forward to a future where the boundaries between the physical and digital worlds become increasingly blurred, ushering in a new era of unprecedented efficiency, convenience, and innovation.。
China's 5G Technological Achievements:Shaping the Future of CommunicationsIn the rapidly evolving landscape of telecommunications, China has emerged as a leading force in 5G technology, marking a significant milestone in the country's technological revolution. 5G, or the fifth generation of mobile networks, promises ultra-fast speeds, ultra-low latency, and the capacity to connect vast numbers ofdevices simultaneously. China's investments in research and development, infrastructure buildout, and innovation have positioned it at the forefront of global 5G competition.China's commitment to 5G technology is evident in the extensive network of base stations being deployed acrossthe country. The number of 5G base stations in China has skyrocketed, enabling widespread coverage and accessibility. This infrastructure investment has laid the foundation fora robust 5G ecosystem that supports a range of innovative applications and services.One of the most notable achievements of China's 5G journey is the development of indigenous technologies and standards. Chinese companies like Huawei and ZTE have beeninstrumental in driving innovation in 5G technology, contributing to global standards bodies and leading the way in areas like network infrastructure, devices, and chipsets. This has not only strengthened China's domestic industrybut also elevated its global standing in the field of telecommunications.The impact of China's 5G technology is felt across various sectors, including healthcare, education, transportation, and entertainment. For instance, 5G-enabled remote healthcare services are improving access to medical care in rural areas, while 5G-based education platforms are revolutionizing teaching methods. In transportation, 5G is enabling smarter traffic management and autonomous driving, while in entertainment, it is enhancing streaming services and immersive experiences like virtual reality and augmented reality.China's leadership in 5G technology is also reflectedin its commitment to international cooperation. The country has been actively involved in sharing its expertise and experiences with other nations, contributing to global efforts to build 5G infrastructure and adopt 5G-enabledapplications. This approach not only benefits othercountries but also reinforces China's position as a global leader in telecommunications.In summary, China's 5G technological achievements are shaping the future of communications, driving innovation, and transforming various sectors. The country's investments in infrastructure, research and development, and innovation have positioned it as a leading force in global 5G competition. As China continues to expand its 5G networkand explore new applications, it remains committed to international cooperation, sharing its expertise and experiences with the world.**中国5G科技成就:塑造通信未来**在电信领域的快速发展中,中国已崭露头角,成为5G技术的领军者,标志着该国技术革命的重要里程碑。
Science has been a driving force behind the progress and advancement of human civilization. It has transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. Heres how science has made the world a more fascinating place:1. Medical Breakthroughs: Science has revolutionized healthcare with the discovery of antibiotics, vaccines, and advanced surgical techniques. These innovations have increased life expectancy and improved the quality of life for millions.2. Technological Advancements: The development of computers, the internet, and smartphones has connected the world like never before. We can now access information, communicate, and collaborate with people across the globe instantly.3. Space Exploration: Science has allowed us to explore the cosmos, sending probes to distant planets, and even landing on the moon. This has expanded our understanding of the universe and our place in it.4. Environmental Conservation: Scientific research has led to a better understanding of our environment and the impact of human activities. This knowledge has spurred the development of renewable energy sources and sustainable practices to protect our planet.5. Agricultural Innovations: Advances in agricultural science have increased crop yields and improved food security. Genetic modification and precision farming techniques are examples of how science is helping to feed a growing global population.6. Artificial Intelligence: The field of AI is rapidly evolving, with machines now capable of learning and performing tasks that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans. This has opened up new possibilities in various industries, from healthcare to entertainment.7. Transportation: Science has transformed how we move from one place to another, with innovations like cars, trains, airplanes, and even space travel. These advancements have made the world more accessible and connected.8. Education: The application of scientific principles has improved educational tools and methods. Online learning platforms and virtual reality simulations provide immersive and interactive learning experiences.9. Economic Growth: Science and technology have been key drivers of economic growth, creating new industries and job opportunities. Innovations in fields like biotechnology, nanotechnology, and information technology have spurred economic development.10. Cultural Understanding: Science has also contributed to our understanding of different cultures and societies through fields like anthropology and archaeology. This has enriched our appreciation of human diversity and history.In conclusion, science has not only made the world more interesting but has also made it a better place to live. It continues to push the boundaries of what is possible, inspiring us to dream bigger and reach further.。
英语作文未来的学校生活七年级下册全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1My Dream School in the FutureHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm a 7th grader. Today I wanted to share my vision for what schools could be like in the future. Just imagine how awesome and high-tech learning could become!To start, the classrooms themselves would be super cool. Instead of old chalkboards or whiteboards, we'd have massive interactive screens covering entire walls. These screens would be way beyond today's basic smart boards too. With advanced augmented reality, we could explore any topic in mind-blowing 3D worlds beamed right into the classroom!Say we're studying ancient Egypt. With a wave of the teacher's hand, the room could transform into an Egyptian tomb or pyramid filled with realistic virtual artifacts to examine up close. Looking to learn about outer space? Boom – now we're walking on the surface of Mars surrounded by a simulated red planet environment. It would be like the holodeck from Star Trek!And the best part is we wouldn't just watch, but could actually take control and interact with these incredibly realistic simulations. Doing a science experiment on how levers work? No more crude plastic models – we could build and operate life-size virtual machines and see the physics upfront. Lessons would be less about memorizing facts and way more about immersive, hands-on exploration and discovery.We'd each have our own personal AI tutor too. This super smart digital assistant would guide us through lessons, answering any question we have in depth and helpingUs with homework. It could analyze our learning style and make customized study plans just for us. No more one-size-fits-all teaching!The AI tutor would look like a friendly hologram that could appear on our desks, notebook screens, or even in those crazy AR classroom simulations I mentioned. And get this – by reading our brain waves and body language, it would know if we're confused and need extra explanations or examples. Talk about personalized coaching!In gym class, we'd strap on virtual reality headsets and headsets to make exercises and sports activities way more engaging. Imagine playing an ultra-realistic VR soccer gamewhere you have to actually run around and kick a ball that feels completely real. Or battling video game enemies with realistic martial arts moves that get your heart pumping. No more doing lame laps around a track – gym would feel like you're inside an action movie.Speaking of VR, we could use it for field trips too. Want to visit the Great Pyramids or the surface of the moon without leaving school? Just download the experience and transport yourselves there in crystal-clear virtual reality. We'd still take some real field trips of course, but virtual ones could save tons of time and money while being just as educational.Another amazing technology would be neural implants that let us wirelessly download information straight into our brains! Imagine learning a new language or complex mathematical concepts just by sending the data to your brain's memory centers. We'd still have to actively practice and apply what we learn, but the implants could make absorbing raw info faster than ever before.The implants could also let us control computers with our thoughts alone. Need to write an essay for English class? Just think it and it'll automatically transcribe onto your notebook screen or smart paper. Or you could make PowerPoint slidessimply by picturing what you want them to display. No more typing or clicking around clumsily! We could seamlessly interact with technology using just the natural neural signals from our minds.Of course, all this powerful future tech could pose risks like hacking or privacy violations. But I'm sure by the time these innovations actually happen, we'll have super robust security and ethical safeguards in place to prevent abuse. Our digital rights and mental freedom would be 100% protected from manipulation or Big Data overreach.Best of all, we could customize the entire school experience to our individual interests and goals! Love art and music? Focus more on those creative domains. Want to be an engineer? Fill your schedule with extra math, physics and vocational skills courses. There would be way more flexibility compared to the rigid, one-size-fits-all curriculum we have now.We could even skip boring lectures altogether by downloading lectures directly into our neural implants to watch on our own time. Then we could use class hours for more fun interactive experiences, hands-on projects, field trips and person discussions. No more falling asleep while someone drones on for hours!Overall, my vision for future school is all about using amazing new technologies to revolutionize how we learn and experience education. I can't wait to one day attend a high-tech "school of the future" filled with immersive holograms, virtual worlds, personalized AI tutors, and mind-machine melding. The possibilities will be endless for exploring the universe through the lens of powerful new tools. Just dreaming about it gets me psyched for the classroom of tomorrow!What'd you think of my school of the future ideas? I'm sure the real advances coming our way will be even cooler than what I could imagine. I'll surely be bummed if traditional low-tech textbook learning is still a norm by the time I'm an adult! I want my own hologram teacher, darn it!Anyway, that's my 2,000-word vision for what school could look like in the decades ahead. Let me know what you'd like to see in future classrooms too. The only limit is our imagination!篇2My Vision of School Life in the FutureWhen I imagine what schools will be like in the future, I picture a world that seems like something out of a science fictionmovie. But who knows, maybe the school of the future will become our reality sooner than we think!One of the biggest changes I foresee is the way we will learn. Instead of just sitting at desks and listening to teachers lecture all day, learning will be much more interactive and hands-on. We might use virtual reality headsets to virtually travel to ancient civilizations and see history come alive before our eyes. Or we could put on special gloves that allow us to pick up and examine 3D holographic models of things like cells, planets, and dinosaur fossils.The classrooms themselves will probably look reallyhigh-tech too. The walls could be covered in giant touchscreen displays instead of old chalkboards or whiteboards. We might not even need physical textbooks or notebooks since all our materials and assignments could be digital and easily accessed on our computer tablets or mini-projectors built into our desks.Speaking of desks, I bet they will be incredibly modern and adjustable to keep us comfortable and focused throughout the day. Maybe the desks could even have little treadmills or pedals attached so we could slowly walk or cycle in place while working. That could help us stay energized instead of getting sleepy from sitting too long.Our teachers will likely use all kinds of cutting-edge technology to make their lessons more engaging too. Instead of just talking at us, they might create cool augmented reality experiences that overlay digital information and visuals on the real world around us through our tablet or headset screens. Or they could gamify lessons by turning them into interactive adventures we navigate on the classroom's displays.With so much incredible technology, though, I'm sure there will still be an emphasis on unplugged learning too. We might get to go on more field trips and hands-on labs to examine things in-person instead of just through screens and simulations. After all, there's no substitute for real-world experiences and making actual observations.School schedules and structures could be really different too. Instead of having the same classes at the same times every day, our schedules might be more flexible and customized based on our individual learning needs and interests. Some days we could focus more on math and science, while others emphasize subjects like art, music, coding, or vocational skills.We also might not be grouped by age or grade level as much. The idea of moving as a giant cohort from grade to grade each year could be pretty outdated. Instead, we might begrouped more by skill level, learning pace, or areas of strength and weakness to get more personalized attention.In general, I think school will be much more tailored to how each individual student learns best. Those of us who are more visual learners could get a lot more imagery, diagrams, and video-based lessons. The auditory learners might learn better through podcasts, lectures, and audio materials. And those of us who learn kinesthetically could do lots of hands-on building, prototyping, and experiential learning.The whole grading system will probably look really different too. Instead of just getting letter grades or number scores, we might get more comprehensive evaluations of the specific skills and competencies we've mastered. We could have digital portfolios showcasing our best projects and works. Assessments could be more interactive too, testing our knowledge through simulations rather than just paper exams.Our physical school buildings and campuses will be modernized as well, I'm sure. The buildings themselves might be smarter and more environmentally-friendly, lined with solar panels and using cutting-edge green materials. Lighting and temperature could automatically adjust based on occupancy and needs.Schools could also start looking more like modern community hubs and co-working spaces than the closed-off castle-like buildings of today. Parts of the school might be open to the public for community events, resources, and services. Likewise, we students might spend more time learning out in the real world, using the entire city or town as our classroom.Another exciting possibility is that we could attend school from anywhere in augmented or virtual reality. We might only need to go to a physical building a few times per week, learning remotely for the rest. That could let students take courses from educators around the world without ever leaving their homes.Of course, while all these technological wonders could make learning ultra high-tech and customized, I still hope there would be ample opportunities for good old-fashioned social interaction. Playing at recess, doing group projects, joining clubs and sports teams - these should still be a huge part of a well-rounded school experience. No amount of cool gadgets could ever fully replace the importance of face-to-face human interaction and collaboration.I also hope schools of the future will put a bigger emphasis on teaching us essential life skills beyond just academic subjects. Things like money management, home economics, relationshipskills, and basic coding and tech literacy could be mandatory courses. Schools should fully prepare us for the realities and demands of adult life, not just fill our heads with knowledge.One thing that probably won't change too much is the role of teachers. While they may use wildly different tools and technology, their core purpose will still be to guide us along our journeys of learning and discovery. Having wise, passionate teachers to learn from will always be invaluable, no matter how advanced the technology gets.Overall, I have a feeling that school life is going to look extremely different and exciting in the decades to come. It's going to be an educational experience unlike anything past generations could ever imagine. While I'm sure there will be some growing pains in adapting to all the changes, I can't wait to see what the classroom of the future has in store. I just hope I don't get too distracted by all the amazing new technology to focus on learning!篇3The School of the Future: A Student's VisionHey there! I'm a 7th grader here to tell you all about how I think school is going to be in the future. Things are changing sofast with technology these days, I can only imagine how different my learning experience will be compared to my parents' or grandparents'. But you know what? I'm really excited about it!Let me start by describing the physical school building and classrooms. I think in the future, schools won't look anything like they do now. The boring, plain buildings made of bricks or cement will be a thing of the past. Instead, schools will be constructed with ultra-modern materials like smart glass that can change tint or even display information right on the windows! The whole exterior could be covered in solar panels to make the building energy efficient and environmentally friendly.When you walk inside, you won't see the same old hallways lined with lockers and classroom doors. The entire interior will be this wide open, flexible space that can be rezoned and rearranged in a million different ways. Classrooms won't really exist - instead there will be different "zones" for different subjects or activities. These zones can be closed off with sliding walls or curtains when needed for lectures or tests. But a lot of the time, the space will be open and fluid to allow students to work together on projects in whatever layout makes the most sense.And can you imagine how cool the furniture is going to be? The desks and chairs we have now are so bland and uncomfortable. In the future classroom, there will be all kinds of different flexible seating - beanbags, movable pods, reclining chairs with desktops, and more. Students will be able to pick whatever seat helps them focus and learn best. The furniture will connect to the school's network too, so it can even adjust positions, lumbar support, heat, and more to maximize each student's comfort and productivity.Speaking of networks, technology is going to be hugely integrated into every aspect of learning. Can you picture walking into a science zone and having interactive, 3D holographic models appear right in the air in front of you? Or being able to just wave your hand and pull up any information you need on massive wraparound screens? Maybe we'll even have virtual reality rooms where we can explore historical events, tour the solar system, or conduct virtual experiments. The possibilities are endless!Every student will have their own personalized learning device - probably something more advanced than today's tablets or laptops. These devices will use AI and machine learning to customize the entire educational experience for each individualstudent's needs, pace, learning style, and goals. It could even have embedded biometrics to track your physical state like fatigue or stress levels and adjust accordingly. No more falling behind or getting bored because you're learning at your own perfect pace and level. The device's user interface will make heavy use of voice commands, hand gestures, and augmented reality too.But even with all this incredible ed-tech, there will still be a huge emphasis on human interaction and hands-on learning activities. Part of each school day will be devoted to collaborative projects where students work together in small teams to solve real-world problems and develop important social and leadership skills. Sometimes these could be multi-week challenges like designing and prototyping a new product. Other times they might be intensive single-day simulations responding to a crisis or exploring ethical issues around new technologies. The teamwork and authentic application of skills will be invaluable.There will also be plenty of opportunities for physical activities, crafting, arts, and getting out into the community and nature. School gardens, maker spaces, performances, field trips, volunteering and more. Education in the future won't just beabout feeding information into our brains - it will be a holistic experience developing our minds, bodies, creativity, and emotional intelligence.One of the most exciting things is that learning won't be limited to the physical classroom. With advanced virtual and augmented reality, some lessons and coursework could happen in amazingly immersive digital environments. Imagine studying ancient Rome by taking a virtual field trip to the Colosseum and surrounding cities, guided by expert historians. Or perhaps getting语firsthand view inside the human body at the cellular level during biology class. This "educational metaverse" could allow schools to take field trips without leaving the building and expose students to perspectives from teachers and experts from all over the world.The role of teachers themselves will evolve too. While they'll still be crucial guides who lead discussions and provide individualized coaching, a lot of the actual instruction could be handled by extremely advanced AI tutors. These AI teachers would have bottomless knowledge in every subject area and could break down concepts in infinite ways tailored to how each student learns best. That frees up human teachers to focus more on mentoring students' emotional development, facilitatingprojects and activities, and bringing real-world context to the lessons.Of course, no school of the future would be complete without some wild new technologies that we can't even imagine yet. Maybe by the time I'm in high school, we'll havemind-machine interfaces that allow us to learn certain subjects by downloading information directly into our brains (just like in The Matrix!). Or perhaps we'll be attending classes alongside super-intelligent AI student companions that can support and challenge us. Who knows, we might even have teleportation devices that let us zap back and forth between the classroom and school field trips! The possibilities truly are endless.Now, I know what you might be thinking - won't all of these incredible technologies and immersive experiences make it really hard to stay focused and motivated? That's a totally fair concern.I definitely think schools will have to get more creative about how they tackle issues like student distraction, device addiction, plagiarism in the AI era, and online safety. Maybe they'll incorporate more meditation, mindfulness, and digital wellness practices into the curriculum. Personalized neurofeedback technology could help students build healthier digital habits.And there will certainly need to be very strict laws, ethics policies, and secure networks around all of the new ed-tech.At the end of the day though, I'm just really excited to be a student during such a time of rapid innovation! While it might come with some growing pains, the future of education is looking incredibly engaging, personalized, and designed to unlock every student's fullest potential. AI tutors, virtual explorations, passion projects, cutting-edge tech - what's not to love? The school of the future is going to be challenging but incredibly rewarding. It will empower us to not just learn but truly experience subjects in a deeply enriching way. I feel pretty lucky to be a kid during this pivotal time in how we approach learning. Bring it on!。
WEB服务器WEB服务器也称为c:\t%20 WIDE WEB)服务器,主要功能是提供网上信息浏览服务。
WWW是Internet的多媒体信息查询工具,是 Internet 上近年才发展起来的服务,也是发展最快和目前用的最广泛的服务.正是因为有了WWW工具,才使得近年来 Internet 迅速发展,且用户数量飞速增长。
1概述编辑词义辨析什么是网络服务器?网络服务器是网络环境下为客户提供某种服务的专用计算机。
WEB简介Web服务器是可以向发出请求的浏览器提供文档的程序。
1、服务器是一种被动程序:只有当Internet上运行在其他计算机中的浏览器发出请求时,服务器才会响应。
2 、最常用的Web服务器是Apache和Microsoft的Internet信息服务器(Internet Information Services,IIS)。
3、Internet上的服务器也称为Web服务器,是一台在Internet上具有独立IP地址的计算机,可以向Internet上的客户机提供WWW、Email和FTP等各种Internet服务。
4、Web服务器是指驻留于因特网上某种类型计算机的程序。
当Web浏览器(客户端)连到服务器上并请求文件时,服务器将处理该请求并将文件反馈到该浏览器上,附带的信息会告诉浏览器如何查看该文件(即文件类型)。
服务器使用HTTP(超文本传输协议)及客户机浏览器进行信息交流,这就是人们常把它们称为HTTP服务器的原因。
Web服务器不仅能够存储信息,还能在用户通过Web浏览器提供的信息的基础上运行脚本和程序。
协议应用层使用HTTP协议.HTML(标准通用标记语言下的一个应用)文档格式。
浏览器统一资源定位器(URL).WWW简介WWW是 World Wide Web (环球信息网)的缩写,也可以简称为 Web,中文名字为“万维网”.它起源于1989年3月,由欧洲量子物理实验室CERN(the European Laboratory for Particle Physics)所发展出来的主从结构分布式超媒体系统。
INDUSTRY-LEADING CLOUD MANAGEMENT• Unified firewall, switching, wireless LAN, and mobile device man-agement through an intuitive web-based dashboard• Template based settings scale easily from small deployments to tens of thousands of devices• Role-based administration, configurable email alerts for a variety of BRANCH GATEWAY SERVICES• Built-in DHCP, NAT, QoS, and VLAN management services • Web caching: accelerates frequently accessed content• Load balancing: combines multiple WAN links into a single high-speed interface, with policies for QoS, traffic shaping, and failover FEATURE-RICH UNIFIED THREAT MANAGEMENT (UTM) CAPABILITIES• Application-aware traffic control: bandwidth policies for Layer 7 application types (e.g., block Y ouTube, prioritize Skype, throttle BitTorrent)• Content filtering: CIPA-compliant content filter, safe-seach enforcement (Google/Bing), and Y ouTube for Schools• Intrusion prevention: PCI-compliant IPS sensor using industry-leading SNORT® signature database from Cisco• Advanced Malware Protection: file reputation-based protection engine powered by Cisco AMP• Identity-based security policies and application managementINTELLIGENT SITE-TO-SITE VPN WITH MERAKI SD-WAN• Auto VPN: automatic VPN route generation using IKE/IPsec setup. Runs on physical MX appliances and as a virtual instance within the Amazon AWS or Microsoft Azure cloud services• SD-WAN with active / active VPN, policy-based-routing, dynamic VPN path selection and support for application-layer performance profiles to ensure prioritization of the applications types that matter • Interoperates with all IPsec VPN devices and services• Automated MPLS to VPN failover within seconds of a connection failure• Client VPN: L2TP IPsec support for native Windows, Mac OS X, iPad and Android clients with no per-user licensing feesOverviewCisco Meraki MX Security & SD-WAN Appliances are ideal for organizations considering a Unified Threat Managment (UTM) solution fordistributed sites, campuses or datacenter VPN concentration. Since the MX is 100% cloud managed, installation and remote management are simple. The MX has a comprehensive suite of network services, eliminating the need for multiple appliances. These services includeSD-WAN capabilities, application-based firewalling, content filtering, web search filtering, SNORT® based intrusion detection and prevention, Cisco Advanced Malware Protection (AMP), web caching, 4G cellular failover and more. Auto VPN and SD-WAN features are available on our hardware and virtual appliances, configurable in Amazon Web Services or Microsoft Azure.Meraki MXCLOUD MANAGED SECURITY & SD-WANRedundant PowerReliable, energy efficient design with field replaceable power suppliesWeb Caching 128G SSD diskDual 10G WAN Interfaces Load balancing and SD-WAN3G/4G Modem Support Automatic cellular failover1G/10G Ethernet/SFP+ Interfaces 10G SFP+ interfaces for high-speed LAN connectivityEnhanced CPU Layer 3-7 firewall and traffic shapingAdditional MemoryFor high-performance content filteringINSIDE THE CISCO MERAKI MXMX450 shown, features vary by modelModular FansHigh-performance front-to-back cooling with field replaceable fansManagement Interface Local device accessMulticolor Status LED Monitor device statusFRONT OF THE CISCO MERAKI MXMX450 shown, features vary by modelCryptographic AccelerationReduced load with hardware crypto assistCisco Threat Grid Cloud for Malicious File SandboxingIdentity Based Policy ManagementIronclad SecurityThe MX platform has an extensive suite of security features including IDS/IPS, content filtering, web search filtering, anti-malware, geo-IP based firewalling, IPsec VPN connectivity and Cisco Advanced Malware Protection, while providing the performance required for modern, bandwidth-intensive yer 7 fingerprinting technology lets administrators identifyunwanted content and applications and prevent recreational apps like BitT orrent from wasting precious bandwidth.The integrated Cisco SNORT® engine delivers superior intrusion prevention coverage, a key requirement for PCI 3.2 compliance. The MX also uses the Webroot BrightCloud® URL categorization database for CIPA / IWF compliant content-filtering, Cisco Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) engine for anti-malware, AMP Threat Grid Cloud, and MaxMind for geo-IP based security rules.Best of all, these industry-leading Layer 7 security engines and signatures are always kept up-to-date via the cloud, simplifying network security management and providing peace of mind to IT administrators.Organization Level Threat Assessment with Meraki Security CenterSD-WAN Made SimpleTransport independenceApply bandwidth, routing, and security policies across a vari-ety of mediums (MPLS, Internet, or 3G/4G LTE) with a single consistent, intuitive workflowSoftware-defined WAN is a new approach to network connectivity that lowers operational costs and improves resource us-age for multisite deployments to use bandwidth more efficiently. This allows service providers to offer their customers the highest possible level of performance for critical applications without sacrificing security or data privacy.Application optimizationLayer 7 traffic shaping and appli-cation prioritization optimize the traffic for mission-critical applica-tions and user experienceIntelligent path controlDynamic policy and perfor-mance based path selection with automatic load balancing for maximum network reliability and performanceSecure connectivityIntegrated Cisco Security threat defense technologies for direct Internet access combined with IPsec VPN to ensure secure communication with cloud applications, remote offices, or datacentersCloud Managed ArchitectureBuilt on Cisco Meraki’s award-winning cloud architecture, the MX is the industry’s only 100% cloud-managed solution for Unified Threat Management (UTM) and SD-WAN in a single appliance. MX appliances self-provision, automatically pulling policies and configuration settings from the cloud. Powerful remote management tools provide network-wide visibility and control, and enable administration without the need for on-site networking expertise.Cloud services deliver seamless firmware and security signature updates, automatically establish site-to-site VPN tunnels, and provide 24x7 network monitoring. Moreover, the MX’s intuitive browser-based management interface removes the need for expensive and time-consuming training.For customers moving IT services to a public cloud service, Meraki offers a virtual MX for use in Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure, enabling Auto VPN peering and SD-WAN for dynamic path selection.The MX67W, MX68W, and MX68CW integrate Cisco Meraki’s award-winning wireless technology with the powerful MX network security features in a compact form factor ideal for branch offices or small enterprises.• Dual-band 802.11n/ac Wave 2, 2x2 MU-MIMO with 2 spatial streams • Unified management of network security and wireless • Integrated enterprise security and guest accessIntegrated 802.11ac Wave 2 WirelessPower over EthernetThe MX65, MX65W, MX68, MX68W, and MX68CW include two ports with 802.3at (PoE+). This built-in power capability removes the need for additional hardware to power critical branch devices.• 2 x 802.3at (PoE+) ports capable of providing a total of 60W • APs, phones, cameras, and other PoE enabled devices can be powered without the need for AC adapters, PoE converters, or unmanaged PoE switches.MX68 Port ConfigurationVirtual MX is a virtual instance of a Meraki security appliance, dedicated specifically to providing the simple configuration benefits of site-to-site Auto VPN for customers running or migrating IT services to the public cloud. A virtual MX is added via the Amazon Web Services or Azure marketplace and then configured in the Meraki dashboard, just like any other MX. It functions like a VPN concentrator, and features SD-WAN functionality like other MX devices.• An Auto VPN to a virtual MX is like having a direct Ethernetconnection to a private datacenter. The virtual MX can support up to 500 Mbps of VPN throughput, providing ample bandwidth for mission critical IT services hosted in the public cloud, like Active Directory, logging, or file and print services.• Support for Amazon Web Services (AWS) and AzureMeraki vMX100MX68CW Security ApplianceLTE AdvancedWhile all MX models feature a USB port for 3G/4G failover, the MX67C and MX68CW include a SIM slot and internal LTE modem. This integrated functionality removes the need for external hardware and allows for cellular visibility and configuration within the Meraki dashboard.• 1 x CAT 6, 300 Mbps LTE modem • 1 x Nano SIM slot (4ff form factor)• Global coverage with individual orderable SKUs for North America and WorldwideMX67C SIM slotSmall branch Small branch Small branch Small branch50250 Mbps250 Mbps250 Mbps200 Mbps1Requires separate cellular modemMX67MX67C MX68MX68CW 1Requires separate cellular modemMedium branch Large branch Campus orVPN concentrator Campus orVPN concentratorRack Mount Models 1Requires separate cellular modemVirtual AppliancesExtend Auto-VPN and SD-WAN to public cloud servicesAmazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure1 + VirtualIncluded in the BoxPackage Contents Platform(s)Mounting kit AllCat 5 Ethernet cable (2)AllAC Power Adapter MX64, MX64W, MX65, MX65W, MX67, MX67W, MX67C, MX68, MX68W, MX68CWWireless external omni antenna (2)MX64W, MX65W, MX67W, MX68W250W Power Supply (2)MX250, MX450System Fan (2)MX250, MX450SIM card ejector tool MX67C, MX68CWFixed external wireless and LTE paddle antennas MX68CWRemovable external LTE paddle antennas MX67CLifetime Warranty with Next-day Advanced ReplacementCisco Meraki MX appliances include a limited lifetime hardware warranty that provides next-day advance hardware replacement. Cisco Meraki’s simplified software and support licensing model also combines all software upgrades, centralized systems management, and phone support under a single, easy-to-understand model. For complete details, please visit /support.ACCESSORIES / SFP TRANSCEIVERSSupported Cisco Meraki accessory modulesNote: Please refer to for additional single-mode and multi-mode fiber transceiver modulesPOWER CABLES1x power cable required for each MX, 2x power cables required for MX250 and MX450. For US customers, all required power cables will beautomatically included. Customers outside the US are required to order power cords separately.SKUMA-PWR-CORD-AUThe Cisco Meraki MX84, MX100, MX250, MX450 models support pluggable optics for high-speed backbone connections between wir-ing closets or to aggregation switches. Cisco Meraki offers several standards-based Gigabit and 10 Gigabit pluggable modules. Each appliance has also been tested for compatibility with several third-party modules.Pluggable (SFP) Optics for MX84, MX100, MX250, MX450AccessoriesManagementManaged via the web using the Cisco Meraki dashboardSingle pane-of-glass into managing wired and wireless networksZero-touch remote deployment (no staging needed)Automatic firmware upgrades and security patchesTemplates based multi-network managementOrg-level two-factor authentication and single sign-onRole based administration with change logging and alertsMonitoring and ReportingThroughput, connectivity monitoring and email alertsDetailed historical per-port and per-client usage statisticsApplication usage statisticsOrg-level change logs for compliance and change managementVPN tunnel and latency monitoringNetwork asset discovery and user identificationPeriodic emails with key utilization metricsDevice performance and utilization reportingNetflow supportSyslog integrationRemote DiagnosticsLive remote packet captureReal-time diagnostic and troubleshooting toolsAggregated event logs with instant searchNetwork and Firewall ServicesStateful firewall, 1:1 NAT, DMZIdentity-based policiesAuto VPN: Automated site-to-site (IPsec) VPN, for hub-and-spoke or mesh topologies Client (IPsec L2TP) VPNMultiple WAN IP, PPPoE, NATVLAN support and DHCP servicesStatic routingUser and device quarantineWAN Performance ManagementWeb caching (available on the MX84, MX100, MX250, MX450)WAN link aggregationAutomatic Layer 3 failover (including VPN connections)3G / 4G USB modem failover or single-uplinkApplication level (Layer 7) traffic analysis and shapingAbility to choose WAN uplink based on traffic typeSD-WAN: Dual active VPN with policy based routing and dynamic path selection CAT 6 LTE modem for failover or single-uplink1MX67C and MX68CW only Advanced Security Services1Content filtering (Webroot BrightCloud CIPA compliant URL database)Web search filtering (including Google / Bing SafeSearch)Y ouTube for SchoolsIntrusion-prevention sensor (Cisco SNORT® based)Advanced Malware Protection (AMP)AMP Threat Grid2Geography based firewall rules (MaxMind Geo-IP database)1 Advanced security services require Advanced Security license2 Threat Grid services require additional sample pack licensingIntegrated Wireless (MX64W, MX65W, MX67W, MX68W, MX68CW)1 x 802.11a/n/ac (5 GHz) radio1 x 802.11b/g/n (2.4 GHz) radioMax data rate 1.2 Gbps aggregate (MX64W, MX65W), 1.3Gbps aggregate (MX67W,MX68W, MX68CW)2 x 2 MU-MIMO with two spatial streams (MX67W, MX68W, MX68CW)2 external dual-band dipole antennas (connector type: RP-SMA)Antennagain:*************,3.5dBi@5GHzWEP, WPA, WPA2-PSK, WPA2-Enterprise with 802.1X authenticationFCC (US): 2.412-2.462 GHz, 5.150-5.250 GHz (UNII-1), 5.250-5.350 GHZ (UNII-2), 5.470-5.725 GHz (UNII-2e), 5.725 -5.825 GHz (UNII-3)CE (Europe): 2.412-2.484 GHz, 5.150-5.250 GHz (UNII-1), 5.250-5.350 GHZ (UNII-2)5.470-5.600 GHz, 5.660-5.725 GHz (UNII-2e)Additional regulatory information: IC (Canada), C-Tick (Australia/New Zealand), RoHSIntegrated Cellular (MX67C and MX68CW only)LTE bands: 2, 4, 5, 12, 13, 17, and 19 (North America). 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20, 26, 28A, 28B, 34, 38, 39, 40, and 41 (Worldwide)300 Mbps CAT 6 LTEAdditional regulatory information: PTCRB (North America), RCM (ANZ, APAC), GCF (EU)Power over Ethernet (MX65, MX65W, MX68, MX68W, MX68CW)2 x PoE+ (802.3at) LAN ports30W maximum per portRegulatoryFCC (US)CB (IEC)CISPR (Australia/New Zealand)PTCRB (North America)RCM (Australia/New Zealand, Asia Pacific)GCF (EU)WarrantyFull lifetime hardware warranty with next-day advanced replacement included.Specificationsand support). For example, to order an MX64 with 3 years of Advanced Security license, order an MX64-HW with LIC-MX64-SEC-3YR. Lifetime warranty with advanced replacement is included on all hardware at no additional cost.*Note: For each MX product, additional 7 or 10 year Enterprise or Advanced Security licensing options are also available (ex: LIC-MX100-SEC-7YR).and support). For example, to order an MX64 with 3 years of Advanced Security license, order an MX64-HW with LIC-MX64-SEC-3YR. Lifetime warranty with advanced replacement is included on all hardware at no additional cost.*Note: For each MX product, additional 7 or 10 year Enterprise or Advanced Security licensing options are also available (ex: LIC-MX100-SEC-7YR).and support). For example, to order an MX64 with 3 years of Advanced Security license, order an MX64-HW with LIC-MX64-SEC-3YR. Lifetime warranty with advanced replacement is included on all hardware at no additional cost.*Note: For each MX product, additional 7 or 10 year Enterprise or Advanced Security licensing options are also available (ex: LIC-MX100-SEC-7YR).。
万维网带来的好处英语作文The World Wide Web, a vast digital library, has revolutionized the way we access information. It's like having the entirety of human knowledge at our fingertips, making learning more accessible than ever before.With the click of a mouse, we can connect with people across the globe, fostering a sense of global community. This interconnectedness has broken down geographical barriers, allowing for collaboration and friendship that transcends borders.The internet has also transformed commerce, making it possible to shop from the comfort of our homes. This convenience has not only saved time but has also opened up a marketplace that is virtually limitless, offering a wide array of products and services.Moreover, the web has become a platform for self-expression, where individuals can share their thoughts, art, and ideas. This democratization of media has given a voice to the voiceless and has empowered people to participate in the global conversation.Lastly, the educational potential of the web is immense. Online courses and resources cater to every learning style and subject, allowing for personalized education that can be tailored to individual needs. This adaptability is atestament to the web's ability to adapt and evolve with the ever-changing landscape of knowledge.。
介绍科技在中国的广泛应用英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1With the rapid development of technology in China, the widespread application of technology has greatly changed people's daily lives and pushed forward the country's economy. From advanced AI technologies to smart devices, China is at the forefront of technological innovation and application.One of the most notable areas where technology is widely used in China is e-commerce. Companies like Alibaba and have revolutionized the way people shop by offering a wide range of products and services online. With the convenience of mobile payment systems like Alipay and WeChat Pay, shopping has become much easier and more efficient for consumers. In addition, the use of big data and AI ine-commerce has allowed companies to better understand consumer behavior and provide personalized recommendations, resulting in a more personalized shopping experience for customers.Another area where technology is widely used in China is transportation. The country has made significant investments in high-speed rail, smart transportation systems, and autonomous vehicles. High-speed rail networks connect major cities across the country, making travel faster and more convenient. Smart transportation systems in cities like Shanghai and Beijing use AI and big data to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion. And companies like Baidu and Pony.ai are testing autonomous vehicles on public roads, paving the way for future transportation innovations.In the healthcare sector, technology is also widely used in China. Mobile health apps like Ping An Good Doctor and WeDoctor allow people to consult with doctors online, schedule appointments, and access medical information. AI technologies are being used to analyze medical images, diagnose diseases, and personalize treatment plans. And with the development of 5G technology, telemedicine services are being expanded to rural areas, improving access to healthcare for underserved populations.In education, technology is transforming the way students learn and teachers teach. Online learning platforms like XuetangX and Coursera offer a wide range of courses andprograms for students of all ages. AI technologies are being used to create personalized learning experiences for students, identify areas where students may need extra help, and assess student performance. Virtual reality and augmented reality technologies are also being used to create immersive learning experiences, making learning more engaging and interactive.Overall, the widespread application of technology in China is driving innovation, improving efficiency, and enhancing people's quality of life in various sectors. With continued investments in research and development, China is poised to remain a global leader in technology and continue to shape the future of technology applications. So, it is clear that technology is playing a significant role in shaping the development of China and contributing to its prosperity.篇2With the rapid development of technology, China has been utilizing various technological innovations in all aspects of society. From big data to artificial intelligence, technology has become an integral part of people's daily lives in China. In this essay, we will explore the widespread application of technology in various fields in China.In the field of transportation, China has been at the forefront of technological innovation. With the development ofhigh-speed rail, China now boasts the world's largest high-speed rail network, connecting major cities across the country. In addition, ride-sharing apps such as Didi Chuxing have revolutionized the way people travel within cities. These apps offer convenient and affordable transportation options, making it easier for people to get around.In the healthcare sector, technology has also played a significant role in China. With the development of telemedicine and health monitoring devices, people can now access healthcare services remotely. This has been particularly useful in rural areas where access to medical facilities is limited. In addition, artificial intelligence has been used to analyze medical data and provide more accurate diagnostic services.In the education sector, technology has transformed the way students learn in China. With the rise of online learning platforms, students can now access educational resources from anywhere. This has made education more accessible and affordable for people across the country. In addition, virtual reality technology has been used to create immersive learning experiences,allowing students to explore new concepts in a more interactive way.In the business sector, technology has also been widely adopted in China. E-commerce platforms such as Alibaba and have revolutionized the way people shop online. These platforms offer a wide range of products and services, making it easier for consumers to find what they need. In addition, blockchain technology has been used to improve supply chain management and streamline business operations.Overall, technology has become an integral part of society in China, with widespread applications in various fields. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative solutions that improve people's lives and drive economic growth.篇3IntroductionIn recent years, with the rapid development of technology and innovation, China has seen a widespread application of technology in various aspects of daily life. From e-commerce to artificial intelligence, China has become a hub for technologicaladvancements and is leading the way in implementingcutting-edge technology across different sectors.E-commerce and Mobile PaymentsOne of the most prominent examples of technology in China is its e-commerce industry. With platforms like Alibaba's Taobao and , Chinese consumers can shop for a wide range of products online and have them delivered to their doorstep. Mobile payments have also become increasingly popular in China, with apps like Alipay and WeChat Pay allowing people to make transactions easily and securely using their smartphones. In fact, mobile payments in China have become so common that even street vendors and small businesses now accept them as a form of payment.Big Data and Artificial IntelligenceChina is also making significant strides in the fields of big data and artificial intelligence (AI). With access to vast amounts of data, Chinese companies are using AI algorithms to analyze this data and gain valuable insights that can be used to improve business operations and enhance customer experiences. From facial recognition technology to autonomous vehicles, China is at the forefront of AI innovation and is investing heavily in research and development to stay ahead of the curve.Smart Cities and IoTAnother area where technology is being widely applied in China is in the development of smart cities. By leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technology, Chinese cities are becoming more connected and efficient, with smart infrastructure that can monitor and manage everything from traffic flow to energy consumption. With the goal of creating more sustainable and livable urban environments, China is using technology to tackle some of the biggest challenges faced by cities today.Healthcare and TelemedicineIn the healthcare sector, technology is also playing a crucial role in improving access to medical services and reducing healthcare costs. Chinese companies are developing telemedicine platforms that allow patients to consult with doctors remotely, without having to travel to a clinic or hospital. In addition, wearable devices and health apps are becoming increasingly popular in China, helping people to track their fitness levels and monitor their health in real-time.ConclusionThe widespread application of technology in China is transforming the way people live, work, and interact with eachother. From e-commerce and mobile payments to big data and artificial intelligence, China is embracing technology and using it to drive innovation and growth across different sectors. As China continues to invest in research and development and support technological advancements, we can expect to see even more exciting developments in the future.。
科技创新成果丰硕的英语In recent years, significant strides have been made in the field of technological innovation, leading to a rich abundance of achievements. These advancements have not only revolutionized various industries but have also greatly enhanced our daily lives. In this article, we will delve into some notable examples of successful technological innovations and their impact on society.1. Artificial Intelligence (AI):AI has emerged as one of the most groundbreaking technological advancements in recent times. By simulating human intelligence, AI has revolutionized numerous industries, including healthcare, finance, and transportation. One remarkable achievement in AI is the development ofself-driving cars. Through the fusion of advanced sensors and machine learning algorithms, these vehicles can navigate autonomously, reducing the risk of accidents and increasing efficiency in transportation.2. Internet of Things (IoT):The Internet of Things refers to the interconnection of various devices and objects through the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data. IoT has led to the creation of smart homes, where appliances and devices can be remotely controlled through smartphones or voice commands. This innovation has significantly improved energy efficiency and convenience for homeowners. Additionally, IoT has played a crucial role in industrial sectors, facilitating real-time monitoring and optimization of processes.3. Renewable Energy Technologies:The increasing concern for environmental sustainability has stimulated advancements in renewable energy technologies. Solar panels and wind turbines are among the most prominent examples of such innovations. These technologies harness clean and renewable sources of energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Moreover, the integration of energy storage systems with renewable energy sources has enabled the efficient utilization of energy, promoting a more sustainable future.4. Biotechnology:Biotechnological advancements have unlocked tremendous potential for improving human health and addressing societal challenges. Genetic engineering, in particular, has revolutionized medicine, enabling the production of pharmaceuticals and therapies that were once unimaginable. For instance, the development of gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, has provided scientists with a precise tool to modify genes, potentially curing genetic diseases in the future.5. 3D Printing:3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has opened up a myriad of possibilities in various industries. This technology enables the creation of three-dimensional solid objects from a digital model. From manufacturing complex prototypes to creating personalized medical implants, 3D printing has streamlined production processes and allowed for customization at a previously unprecedented level.6. Blockchain Technology:Blockchain technology has gained significant attention in recent years for its potential to revolutionize sectors such as finance, supply chain management, and cybersecurity. This decentralized and transparent system offers enhanced security and efficiency by eliminating intermediaries and providing a tamper-proof record of transactions.In conclusion, the realm of technological innovation has witnessed remarkable achievements that have transformed various aspects of our lives. From AI and IoT to renewable energy technologies and biotechnology, these advancements have improved efficiency, sustainability, and convenience across industries. As we continue to embrace innovation, it is crucial to ensure that these advancements are utilized responsibly and ethically for the betterment of society.。
网上深有所答案,依我之见英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The internet is a vast and ever-expanding resource that provides us with a wealth of information at our fingertips. With just a few clicks, we can access a treasure trove of knowledge on virtually any topic under the sun. From academic research to cooking tips to DIY tutorials, the internet has become a go-to source for answers to our burning questions.In my opinion, the internet is a powerful tool that can deepen our understanding and broaden our horizons. With the click of a button, we can explore different perspectives, learn new skills, and connect with people from all walks of life. The wealth of information available online allows us to delve deep into subjects that pique our interest, whether it's history, science, art, or literature.One of the great benefits of having so much information at our disposal is that we can find answers to questions that may have eluded us in the past. Whether it's a tricky math problem, a complex scientific concept, or a philosophical quandary, theinternet is there to help us make sense of the world around us. With a quick search, we can access articles, videos, and tutorials that break down complex ideas and make them more accessible.Furthermore, the internet is a valuable resource for staying informed and up-to-date on current events. With news websites, blogs, and social media platforms, we can keep abreast of the latest developments in politics, technology, entertainment, and more. This allows us to engage with the world around us and form educated opinions on important issues.That being said, it's important to approach the information we find online with a critical eye. Not everything we read on the internet is accurate or reliable, so it's essential to fact-check and verify sources before accepting information as truth. With the rise of fake news and misinformation, it's more important than ever to be discerning consumers of online content.In conclusion, the internet is a valuable resource that can provide us with answers to a wide range of questions. By harnessing the power of the web, we can deepen our knowledge, broaden our perspectives, and make sense of the world around us. However, it's crucial to approach online information with a critical mindset and verify sources to ensure accuracy andreliability. Ultimately, the internet is a tool that can deepen our understanding and enrich our lives if used wisely.篇2The Internet is a vast repository of information, a virtual treasure trove of knowledge waiting to be discovered. With just a few clicks, we can access a wealth of resources and find answers to almost any question we may have. In this digital age, the Internet has become an indispensable tool for seeking and sharing information.One of the most amazing things about the Internet is the sheer volume of information that is available at our fingertips. From scientific research papers to DIY tutorials, from historical archives to current news updates, the Internet has it all. No matter what topic we are interested in, chances are there is a website or online database that can provide us with the answers we seek.For students, the Internet is a valuable resource for research and studying. Instead of spending hours in the library pouring over reference books, students can now conduct research online and find information in a matter of minutes. Online forums and study groups also provide a platform for students to discuss andexchange ideas with their peers, further enriching their learning experience.In addition to academic information, the Internet also offers a wealth of practical knowledge. Need a recipe for dinner tonight? Just Google it. Want to learn how to fix a leaking faucet? There are countless DIY tutorials on YouTube. The Internet has truly revolutionized the way we acquire new skills and information, making it easier than ever to learn and grow.However, while the Internet is a fantastic resource, it is important to remember that not all information found online is accurate or reliable. With the rise of fake news and misinformation, it is crucial to fact-check and verify the sources of information we come across online. Critical thinking and digital literacy skills are essential in this digital age to navigate the vast sea of information available on the Internet.In conclusion, the Internet is a powerful tool that can provide us with answers and information beyond our wildest dreams. From academic research to everyday practical knowledge, the Internet has revolutionized the way we learn and communicate. It is up to us to use this incredible resource responsibly and discerningly, so that we may continue to benefit from the wealth of knowledge that the Internet has to offer.篇3The internet is a vast treasure trove of information, with answers to almost any question at our fingertips. As someone who spends a lot of time online, I often find myself delving deep into websites, forums, and search engines to find the answers to my queries.One of the things I love most about the internet is the ability to access information instantly. No longer do we have to spend hours in the library or sift through countless books to find the answers we seek. With just a few keystrokes, we can access a wealth of information on any topic imaginable. This quick and easy access to information has revolutionized the way we learn and has made it easier than ever to satisfy our curiosity.In addition to being a source of knowledge, the internet also offers a platform for discussion and debate. Whether it's through forums, social media, or online communities, we can engage with people from all over the world to exchange ideas and opinions. This global dialogue allows us to gain new perspectives and insights that we may not have otherwise encountered.However, while the internet is a valuable resource, it is important to approach online information with a critical eye.With so much content available, it can be easy to come across misinformation, fake news, and biased sources. It is crucial to fact-check information and verify its credibility before accepting it as true.In conclusion, the internet is a powerful tool that provides us with a wealth of knowledge and information. By utilizing this tool effectively and critically evaluating the information we find, we can deepen our understanding of the world around us and enhance our learning experience. So, the next time you have a burning question or seek answers to a puzzling problem, remember that the internet is there for you, deep and full of answers.。
Efficient URL Caching for World Wide Web CrawlingAndrei Z.BroderIBM TJ Watson Research Center19Skyline DrHawthorne,NY10532 abroder@Marc NajorkMicrosoft Research1065La AvenidaMountain View,CA94043najork@Janet L.WienerHewlett Packard Labs1501Page Mill RoadPalo Alto,CA94304janet.wiener@ABSTRACTCrawling the web is deceptively simple:the basic algorithm is(a) Fetch a page(b)Parse it to extract all linked URLs(c)For all the URLs not seen before,repeat(a)–(c).However,the size of the web (estimated at over4billion pages)and its rate of change(estimated at7%per week)move this plan from a trivial programming exercise to a serious algorithmic and system design challenge.Indeed,these two factors alone imply that for a reasonably fresh and complete crawl of the web,step(a)must be executed about a thousand times per second,and thus the membership test(c)must be done well over ten thousand times per second against a set too large to store in main memory.This requires a distributed architecture,which further complicates the membership test.A crucial way to speed up the test is to cache,that is,to store in main memory a(dynamic)subset of the“seen”URLs.The main goal of this paper is to carefully investigate several URL caching techniques for web crawling.We consider both practical algo-rithms:random replacement,static cache,LRU,and CLOCK,and theoretical limits:clairvoyant caching and infinite cache.We per-formed about1,800simulations using these algorithms with vari-ous cache sizes,using actual log data extracted from a massive33 day web crawl that issued over one billion HTTP requests.Our main conclusion is that caching is very effective–in our setup,a cache of roughly50,000entries can achieve a hit rate of almost80%.Interestingly,this cache size falls at a critical point:a substantially smaller cache is much less effective while a substan-tially larger cache brings little additional benefit.We conjecture that such critical points are inherent to our problem and venture an explanation for this phenomenon.Categories and Subject DescriptorsH.4.m[Information Systems]:Miscellaneous;D.2[Software]: Software Engineering;D.2.8[Software Engineering]:Metrics;D.2.11[Software Engineering]:Software Architectures; H.5.4[Information Interfaces and Presentation]:Hypertext/ Hypermedia—NavigationGeneral TermsAlgorithms,Measurement,Experimentation,PerformanceKeywordsCaching,Crawling,Distributed crawlers,URL caching,Web graph models,Web crawlersCopyright is held by the author/owner(s).WWW2003,May20–24,2003,Budapest,Hungary.ACM1-58113-680-3/03/0005.1.INTRODUCTIONA recent Pew Foundation study[31]states that“[s]earch engines have become an indispensable utility for Internet users”and esti-mates that as of mid-2002,slightly over50%of all Americans have used web search tofind information.Hence,the technology that powers web search is of enormous practical interest.In this pa-per,we concentrate on one aspect of the search technology,namely the process of collecting web pages that eventually constitute the search engine corpus.Search engines collect pages in many ways,among them direct URL submission,paid inclusion,and URL extraction from non-web sources,but the bulk of the corpus is obtained by recursively exploring the web,a process known as crawling or spidering.The basic algorithm is(a)Fetch a page(b)Parse it to extract all linked URLs(c)For all the URLs not seen before,repeat(a)–(c) Crawling typically starts from a set of seed URLs,made up of URLs obtained by other means as described above and/or made up of URLs collected during previous crawls.Sometimes crawls are started from a single well connected page,or a directory such as ,but in this case a relatively large portion of the web (estimated at over20%)is never reached.See[9]for a discussion of the graph structure of the web that leads to this phenomenon.If we view web pages as nodes in a graph,and hyperlinks as di-rected edges among these nodes,then crawling becomes a process known in mathematical circles as graph traversal.Various strate-gies for graph traversal differ in their choice of which node among the nodes not yet explored to explore next.Two standard strate-gies for graph traversal are Depth First Search(DFS)and Breadth First Search(BFS)–they are easy to implement and taught in many introductory algorithms classes.(See for instance[34]). However,crawling the web is not a trivial programming exercise but a serious algorithmic and system design challenge because of the following two factors.1.The web is very large.Currently,Google[20]claims to haveindexed over3billion pages.Various studies[3,27,28]have indicated that,historically,the web has doubled every9-12 months.2.Web pages are changing rapidly.If“change”means“anychange”,then about40%of all web pages change weekly[12].Even if we consider only pages that change by a thirdor more,about7%of all web pages change weekly[17]. These two factors imply that to obtain a reasonably fresh andcomplete snapshot of the web,a search engine must crawl at least 100million pages per day.Therefore,step(a)must be executed about1,000times per second,and the membership test in step(c) must be done well over ten thousand times per second,against a set of URLs that is too large to store in main memory.In addition, crawlers typically use a distributed architecture to crawl more pages in parallel,which further complicates the membership test:it is possible that the membership question can only be answered by a peer node,not locally.A crucial way to speed up the membership test is to cache a(dy-namic)subset of the“seen”URLs in main memory.The main goal of this paper is to investigate in depth several URL caching tech-niques for web crawling.We examined four practical techniques: random replacement,static cache,LRU,and CLOCK,and com-pared them against two theoretical limits:clairvoyant caching and infinite cache when run against a trace of a web crawl that issued over one billion HTTP requests.We found that simple caching techniques are extremely effective even at relatively small cache sizes such as50,000entries and show how these caches can be im-plemented very efficiently.The paper is organized as follows:Section2discusses the vari-ous crawling solutions proposed in the literature and how caching fits in their model.Section3presents an introduction to caching techniques and describes several theoretical and practical algorithms for caching.We implemented these algorithms under the experi-mental setup described in Section4.The results of our simulations are depicted and discussed in Section5,and our recommendations for practical algorithms and data structures for URL caching are presented in Section6.Section7contains our conclusions and di-rections for further research.2.CRA WLINGWeb crawlers are almost as old as the web itself,and numer-ous crawling systems have been described in the literature.In this section,we present a brief survey of these crawlers(in historical order)and then discuss why most of these crawlers could benefit from URL caching.The crawler used by the Internet Archive[10]employs multiple crawling processes,each of which performs an exhaustive crawl of 64hosts at a time.The crawling processes save non-local URLs to disk;at the end of a crawl,a batch job adds these URLs to the per-host seed sets of the next crawl.The original Google crawler,described in[7],implements the different crawler components as different processes.A single URL server process maintains the set of URLs to download;crawling processes fetch pages;indexing processes extract words and links; and URL resolver processes convert relative into absolute URLs, which are then fed to the URL Server.The various processes com-municate via thefile system.For the experiments described in this paper,we used the Mer-cator web crawler[22,29].Mercator uses a set of independent, communicating web crawler processes.Each crawler process is re-sponsible for a subset of all web servers;the assignment of URLs to crawler processes is based on a hash of the URL’s host component.A crawler that discovers an URL for which it is not responsible sends this URL via TCP to the crawler that is responsible for it, batching URLs together to minimize TCP overhead.We describe Mercator in more detail in Section4.Cho and Garcia-Molina’s crawler[13]is similar to Mercator. The system is composed of multiple independent,communicating web crawler processes(called“C-procs”).Cho and Garcia-Molina consider different schemes for partitioning the URL space,includ-ing URL-based(assigning an URL to a C-proc based on a hash of the entire URL),site-based(assigning an URL to a C-proc based on a hash of the URL’s host part),and hierarchical(assigning an URL to a C-proc based on some property of the URL,such as its top-level domain).The WebFountain crawler[16]is also composed of a set of in-dependent,communicating crawling processes(the“ants”).An ant that discovers an URL for which it is not responsible,sends this URL to a dedicated process(the“controller”),which forwards the URL to the appropriate ant.UbiCrawler(formerly known as Trovatore)[4,5]is again com-posed of multiple independent,communicating web crawler pro-cesses.It also employs a controller process which oversees the crawling processes,detects process failures,and initiates fail-over to other crawling processes.Shkapenyuk and Suel’s crawler[35]is similar to Google’s;the different crawler components are implemented as different pro-cesses.A“crawling application”maintains the set of URLs to be downloaded,and schedules the order in which to download them. It sends download requests to a“crawl manager”,which forwards them to a pool of“downloader”processes.The downloader pro-cesses fetch the pages and save them to an NFS-mountedfile sys-tem.The crawling application reads those saved pages,extracts any links contained within them,and adds them to the set of URLs to be downloaded.Any web crawler must maintain a collection of URLs that are to be downloaded.Moreover,since it would be unacceptable to download the same URL over and over,it must have a way to avoid adding URLs to the collection more than once.Typically,avoid-ance is achieved by maintaining a set of discovered URLs,cover-ing the URLs in the frontier as well as those that have already been downloaded.If this set is too large tofit in memory(which it often is,given that there are billions of valid URLs),it is stored on disk and caching popular URLs in memory is a win:Caching allows the crawler to discard a large fraction of the URLs without having to consult the disk-based set.Many of the distributed web crawlers described above,namely Mercator[29],WebFountain[16],UbiCrawler[4],and Cho and Molina’s crawler[13],are comprised of cooperating crawling pro-cesses,each of which downloads web pages,extracts their links, and sends these links to the peer crawling process responsible for it.However,there is no need to send a URL to a peer crawling pro-cess more than once.Maintaining a cache of URLs and consulting that cache before sending a URL to a peer crawler goes a long way toward reducing transmissions to peer crawlers,as we show in the remainder of this paper.3.CACHINGIn most computer systems,memory is hierarchical,that is,there exist two or more levels of memory,representing different trade-offs between size and speed.For instance,in a typical worksta-tion there is a very small but very fast on-chip memory,a larger but slower RAM memory,and a very large and much slower disk memory.In a network environment,the hierarchy continues with network accessible storage and so on.Caching is the idea of storing frequently used items from a slower memory in a faster memory.In the right circumstances,caching greatly improves the performance of the overall system and hence it is a fundamental technique in the design of operating systems,discussed at length in any standard textbook[21,37].In the web context,caching is often mentioned in the context of a web proxy caching web pages[26,Chapter11]. In our web crawler context,since the number of visited URLs be-comes too large to store in main memory,we store the collection of visited URLs on disk,and cache a small portion in main memory.Caching terminology is as follows:the cache is memory used to store equal sized atomic items.A cache has size if it can store at most items.1At each unit of time,the cache receives a request for an item.If the requested item is in the cache,the situation is called a hit and no further action is needed.Otherwise,the situation is called a miss or a fault.If the cache has fewer than items,the missed item is added to the cache.Otherwise,the algorithm must choose either to evict an item from the cache to make room for the missed item,or not to add the missed item.The caching policy or caching algorithm decides which item to evict.The goal of the caching algorithm is to minimize the number of misses. Clearly,the larger the cache,the easier it is to avoid misses. Therefore,the performance of a caching algorithm is characterized by the miss ratio for a given size cache.In general,caching is successful for two reasons:Non-uniformity of requests.Some requests are much more popular than others.In our context,for instance,a link to is a much more common occurrence than a link to the authors’home pages.Temporal correlation or locality of reference.Current re-quests are more likely to duplicate requests made in the re-cent past than requests made long ago.The latter terminol-ogy comes from the computer memory model–data needed now is likely to be close in the address space to data recently needed.In our context,temporal correlation occursfirst be-cause links tend to be repeated on the same page–we found that on average about30%are duplicates,cf.Section4.2,and second,because pages on a given host tend to be explored se-quentially and they tend to share many links.For example, many pages on a Computer Science department server are likely to share links to other Computer Science departments in the world,notorious papers,etc.Because of these two factors,a cache that contains popular re-quests and recent requests is likely to perform better than an ar-bitrary cache.Caching algorithms try to capture this intuition in various ways.We now describe some standard caching algorithms,whose per-formance we evaluate in Section5.3.1Infinite cache(INFINITE)This is a theoretical algorithm that assumes that the size of the cache is larger than the number of distinct requests.Clearly,in this case the number of misses is exactly the number of distinct requests,so we might as well consider this cache infinite.In any case,it is a simple bound on the performance of any algorithm. 3.2Clairvoyant caching(MIN)More than35years ago,L´a szl´o Belady[2]showed that if the entire sequence of requests is known in advance(in other words, the algorithm is clairvoyant),then the best strategy is to evict the item whose next request is farthest away in time.This theoretical algorithm is denoted MIN because it achieves the minimum number of misses on any sequence and thus it provides a tight bound on performance.Simulating MIN on a trace of the size we consider requires some care–we explain how we did it in Section4.In Section5we compare the performance of the practical algorithms described below both in absolute terms and relative to MIN.a stream of data[18,1,11].Therefore,an on-line approach might work as well.)Of course,for simulation purposes we can do afirst pass over our input to determine the most popular URLs,and then preload the cache with these URLs,which is what we did in our experiments.The second issue above is the very reason we decided to test STATIC:if STATIC performs well,then the conclusion is that there is little locality of reference.If STATIC performs relatively poorly, then we can conclude that our data manifests substantial locality of reference,that is,successive requests are highly correlated.3.7Theoretical analysesGiven the practical importance of caching it is not surprising that caching algorithms have been the subject of considerable theoreti-cal scrutiny.Two approaches have emerged for evaluating caching algorithms:adversarial and average case analysis.Adversarial analysis compares the performance of a given on-line algorithm,such as LRU or CLOCK,against the optimal off-line algorithm MIN[6].The ratio between their respective numbers of misses is called the competitive ratio.If this ratio is no larger than for any possible sequence of requests then the algorithm is called-competitive.If there is a sequence on which this ratio is attained,the bound is said to be tight.Unfortunately for the caching problem,the competitive ratio is not very interesting in practice because the worst case sequences are very artificial.For example, LRU is-competitive,and this bound is tight.(Recall that is the size of the cache.)For a cache of size,this bound tells us that LRU will never produce more than times the number of misses produced by MIN.However,for most cache sizes,we observed ratios for LRU of less than1.05(see Figure3),and for all cache sizes,we observed ratios less than2.Average case analysis assumes a certain distribution on the se-quence of requests.(See[23]and references therein,also[24].) The math is not easy,and the analysis usually assumes that the requests are independent,which means no locality of reference. Without locality of reference,a static cache containing the most popular requests performs optimally on average and the issue is how much worse other algorithms do.For instance,Jelenkovi´c[23] shows that asymptotically,LRU performs at most(;is Euler’s constant=0.577....)times worse than STATIC when the distribution of requests follows a Zipf law.However,such results are not very useful in our case:our requests are highly correlated, and in fact,STATIC performs worse than all the other algorithms, as illustrated in Section5.4.EXPERIMENTAL SETUPWe now describe the experiment we conducted to generate the crawl trace fed into our tests of the various algorithms.We con-ducted a large web crawl using an instrumented version of the Mer-cator web crawler[29].Wefirst describe the Mercator crawler ar-chitecture,and then report on our crawl.4.1Mercator crawler architectureA Mercator crawling system consists of a number of crawling processes,usually running on separate machines.Each crawling process is responsible for a subset of all web servers,and consists of a number of worker threads(typically500)responsible for down-loading and processing pages from these servers.Figure1illustrates theflow of URLs and pages through each worker thread in a system with four crawling processes.Each worker thread repeatedly performs the following opera-tions:it obtains a URL from the URL Frontier,which is a disk-based data structure maintaining the set of URLs to be downloaded;downloads the corresponding page using HTTP into a buffer(called a RewindInputStream or RIS for short);and,if the page is an HTML page,extracts all links from the page.The stream of extracted links is converted into absolute URLs and run through the URL Filter, which discards some URLs based on syntactic properties.For ex-ample,it discards all URLs belonging to web servers that contacted us and asked not be crawled.The URL stream thenflows into the Host Splitter,which assigns URLs to crawling processes using a hash of the URL’s host name. Since most links are relative,most of the URLs(81.5%in our ex-periment)will be assigned to the local crawling process;the others are sent in batches via TCP to the appropriate peer crawling pro-cesses.Both the stream of local URLs and the stream of URLs received from peer crawlersflow into the Duplicate URL Eliminator(DUE). The DUE discards URLs that have been discovered previously.The new URLs are forwarded to the URL Frontier for future download. In order to eliminate duplicate URLs,the DUE must maintain the set of all URLs discovered so far.Given that today’s web contains several billion valid URLs,the memory requirements to maintain such a set are significant.Mercator can be configured to maintain this set as a distributed in-memory hash table(where each crawling process maintains the subset of URLs assigned to it);however,this DUE implementation(which reduces URLs to8-byte checksums, and uses thefirst3bytes of the checksum to index into the hash table)requires about5.2bytes per URL,meaning that it takes over 5GB of RAM per crawling machine to maintain a set of1billion URLs per machine.These memory requirements are too steep in many settings,and in fact,they exceeded the hardware available to us for this experiment.Therefore,we used an alternative DUE im-plementation that buffers incoming URLs in memory,but keeps the bulk of URLs(or rather,their8-byte checksums)in sorted order on disk.Whenever the in-memory bufferfills up,it is merged into the diskfile(which is a very expensive operation due to disk latency) and newly discovered URLs are passed on to the Frontier.Both the disk-based DUE and the Host Splitter benefit from URL caching.Adding a cache to the disk-based DUE makes it possible to discard incoming URLs that hit in the cache(and thus are du-plicates)instead of adding them to the in-memory buffer.As a result,the in-memory bufferfills more slowly and is merged less frequently into the diskfile,thereby reducing the penalty imposed by disk latency.Adding a cache to the Host Splitter makes it possi-ble to discard incoming duplicate URLs instead of sending them to the peer node,thereby reducing the amount of network traffic.This reduction is particularly important in a scenario where the individ-ual crawling machines are not connected via a high-speed LAN(as they were in our experiment),but are instead globally distributed. In such a setting,each crawler would be responsible for web servers “close to it”.Mercator performs an approximation of a breadth-first search traversal of the web graph.Each of the(typically500)threads in each process operates in parallel,which introduces a certain amount of non-determinism to the traversal.More importantly, the scheduling of downloads is moderated by Mercator’s politeness policy,which limits the load placed by the crawler on any partic-ular web server.Mercator’s politeness policy guarantees that no server ever receives multiple requests from Mercator in parallel;in addition,it guarantees that the next request to a server will only be issued after a multiple(typically10)of the time it took to answer the previous request has passed.Such a politeness policy is essen-tial to any large-scale web crawler;otherwise the crawler’s operator becomes inundated with complaints.Figure1:Theflow of URLs and pages through our Mercator setup 4.2Our web crawlOur crawling hardware consisted of four Compaq XP1000work-stations,each one equipped with a667MHz Alpha processor,1.5GB of RAM,144GB of disk2,and a100Mbit/sec Ethernet con-nection.The machines were located at the Palo Alto Internet Ex-change,quite close to the Internet’s backbone.The crawl ran from July12until September3,2002,althoughit was actively crawling only for33days:the downtimes weredue to various hardware and network failures.During the crawl,the four machines performed1.04billion download attempts,784million of which resulted in successful downloads.429million ofthe successfully downloaded documents were HTML pages.Thesepages contained about26.83billion links,equivalent to an averageof62.55links per page;however,the median number of links perpage was only23,suggesting that the average is inflated by somepages with a very high number of links.Earlier studies reportedonly an average of8links[9]or17links per page[33].We offerthree explanations as to why we found more links per page.First, we configured Mercator to not limit itself to URLs found in anchor tags,but rather to extract URLs from all tags that may contain them (e.g.image tags).This configuration increases both the mean and the median number of links per page.Second,we configured it to download pages up to16MB in size(a setting that is significantly higher than usual),making it possible to encounter pages with tens 3Given that on average about30%of the links on a page are du-plicates of links on the same page,one might be tempted to elim-inate these duplicates during link extraction.However,doing so is costly and has little benefit.In order to eliminate all duplicates, we have to either collect and then sort all the links on a page,or build a hash table of all the links on a page and read it out again. Given that some pages contain tens of thousands of links,such a scheme would most likely require some form of dynamic memory management.Alternatively,we could eliminate most duplicates by maintaining afixed-sized cache of URLs that are popular on that page,but such a cache would just lower the hit-rate of the global cache while inflating the overall memory requirements.number to the number of uniquefingerprints,which we determined using an in-memory hash table on a very-large-memory machine. This data reduction step left us with four condensed host splitter logs(one per crawling machine),ranging from51GB to57GB in size and containing between6.4and7.1billion URLs.In order to explore the effectiveness of caching with respect to inter-process communication in a distributed crawler,we also ex-tracted a sub-trace of the Host Splitter logs that contained only those URLs that were sent to peer crawlers.These logs contained 4.92billion URLs,or about19.5%of all URLs.We condensed the sub-trace logs in the same fashion.We then used the condensed logs for our simulations.5.SIMULATION RESULTSWe studied the effects of caching with respect to two streams of URLs:1.A trace of all URLs extracted from the pages assigned to aparticular machine.We refer to this as the full trace.2.A trace of all URLs extracted from the pages assigned toa particular machine that were sent to one of the other ma-chines for processing.We refer to this trace as the cross sub-trace,since it is a subset of the full trace.The reason for exploring both these choices is that,depending on other architectural decisions,it might make sense to cache only the URLs to be sent to other machines or to use a separate cache just for this purpose.We fed each trace into implementations of each of the caching algorithms described above,configured with a wide range of cache sizes.We performed about1,800such experiments.Wefirst de-scribe the algorithm implementations,and then present our simula-tion results.5.1Algorithm implementationsThe implementation of each algorithm is straightforward.We use a hash table tofind each item in the cache.We also keep a separate data structure of the cache items,so that we can choose one for eviction.For RANDOM,this data structure is simply a list.For CLOCK,it is a list and a clock handle,and the items also contain“mark”bits.For LRU,it is a heap,organized by last access time.STATIC needs no extra data structure,since it never evicts items.MIN is more complicated since for each item in the cache, MIN needs to know when the next request for that item will be.We therefore describe MIN in more detail.Let be the trace or sequence of requests,that is,is the item requested at time.We create a second sequence containing the time when next appears in.If there is no further request for after time,we set.Formally,if s.t.otherwise.To generate the sequence,we read the trace backwards, that is,from down to0,and use a hash table with key and value.For each item,we probe the hash table.If it is not found,we set and store in the table.If it is found, we retrieve,set,and replace by in the hash table.Given,implementing MIN is easy:we read and in parallel,and hence for each item requested,we know when it will be requested next.We tag each item in the cache with the time when it will be requested next,and if necessary,evict the item with the highest value for its next request,using a heap to identify it quickly.5.2ResultsWe present the results for only one crawling host.The results for the other three hosts are quasi-identical.Figure2shows the miss rate over the entire trace(that is,the percentage of misses out of all requests to the cache)as a function of the size of the cache.We look at cache sizes from to.In Figure3we present the same data relative to the miss-rate of MIN,the optimum off-line algorithm.The same simulations for the cross-trace are depicted in Figures4and5.For both traces,LRU and CLOCK perform almost identically and only slightly worse than the ideal MIN,except in the criti-cal region discussed below.RANDOM is only slightly inferior to CLOCK and LRU,while STATIC is generally much worse.There-fore,we conclude that there is considerable locality of reference in the trace,as explained in Section3.6.For very large caches,STATIC appears to do better than MIN. However,this is just an artifact of our accounting scheme:we only charge for misses and STATIC is not charged for the initial loading of the cache.If STATIC were instead charged misses for the initial loading of its cache,then its miss rate would be of course worse than MIN’s.STATIC does relatively better for the cross trace than for the full trace.We believe this difference is due to the following fact:in the cross trace,we only see references from a page on one host to a page on a different host.Such references usually are short,that is, they do not go deep into a site and often they just refer to the home page.Therefore,the intersection between the most popular URLs and the cross-trace tends to be larger.The most interesting fact is that as the cache grows,the miss rate for all of the efficient algorithms is roughly constant at70%until the region from to,which we call the critical region.Above,the miss rate drops abruptly to20%after which we see only a slight improvement.We conjecture that this critical region is due to the following phenomenon.Assume that each crawler thread produces URLs as follows:With probability,it produces URLs from a global set, which is common to all threads.With probability,it produces URLs from a local set.This set is specific to a particular page on a particular host on which the thread is currently working and is further divided into,the union of a small set of very popular URLs on the host(e.g.home page,copyright notice,etc.)and a larger set of URLs already encountered4on the page,and ,a larger set of less popular URLs on the host.With probability,it produces URLs chosen at random over the entire set of URLs.We know that is small because STATIC does not perform well. We also know that is about20%for the full trace because the miss rate does not decrease substantially after the critical region. Therefore,is large and the key factor is the interplay between and.We conjecture that for small caches,all or most of plus maybe the most popular fraction of is in the cache.These URLs account for15-30%of the hits.If is substantially larger than,say ten times larger,increasing the cache has little benefit。