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PART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)
1.Many people believe reckless drivers are treated too _______.
A. hardly
B. tenderly
C. leniently
D. friendly
2.After more than two hours of heated argument, the judge adjourned the ________ until next Tuesday.
A. gathering
B. hearing
C. meeting
D. suing
3.The dog was so _______ that his master hung a weight from his neck.
A. suspicious
B. miserable
C. mischievous
D. spoiled
4.She was repairing Billy’s trousers, where the ________ had come undone.
A. edge
B.seam
C. line
D. rim
5.About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a law of classical chemistry that ________ chemical reaction rate ________ temperature.
A. relates…to
B. regards…as
C. represents…by
D. contributes…to
6.She had resolved not to make any ________ to their marriage unless he raised the question.
A. allusion
B. assumption
C. inflammation
D. inclusion
7.Our flagrant disregard for the law attacks the __________ of this society.
A. layer
B. essence
C. foundation
D. framework
8.He who permits himself to tell a lie once, finds it much easier to do it a second and
a third time until _________ it becomes habitual.
A.at once
B. at length
C. at end
D. at times
9.You solemnly advised them so as to return them to your law, but they behaved
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___________ and did not obey your commandments.
A. presumptuously
B. presumptively
C. profoundly
D. presumably
10. The government was forced to __________ extra funds for the new airport.
A. leave off
B. sign away
C. set aside
D. hold up
11. After the vocal concert, the clean-up crew found the campus ___________ with
candy wrappers, bottles and cans.
A. covered
B. scattered
C. dispersed
D. littered
12. The firemen came to their _____________ soon after they received the
emergency call.
A.safeguard
B. security
C. safety
D. rescue
13. The architect must respond to the cultural concerns of society ________ and pay
attention to the functional and aesthetic aspect of the buildings.
A. at large
B. at heart
C. at most
D. at best
14. The earthquake was followed by two _________ shakings.
A. attached
B. consistent
C. successive
D. precedent
15. The sugar plant was forced to _________ 1,100 black workers because people in
the US and Canada would not buy South African products.
A. let down
B. lay off
C. wipe out
D. take on
16. If you insist on carrying out this mad experiment, you will have to _____ the
consequences.
A. run into
B. choke back
C. bear out
D. answer for
17. The advancement of ironworking in the United States put an end to this menace,
much to the _______ of both passengers and railroad employees alike.
A. discontent
B. dismay
C. relief
D. glory
18. All of you will be wise to remember that Miss Trunchbull deals very severely
with anyone who gets _________ in this school.
A. off the track
B. out of standard
C. out of line
D. off focus
19. Dismissals are likely to be fair ______that the employer can show a good
business reason for the move and that adequate consultation took place.
A. so
B. for
C. viewing
D. provided
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20. This has been forwarded to us ‘in ______’ by the FBI and you are asked to treat
the information accordingly.
A. confidence
B. mystery
C. dark
D. express
PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)
To its fans, it is addictive. To the media, it is a promising money-maker. Sudoku, an old puzzle long popular in Japan is fast __21__ popularity the world over.
In Britain, a sudoku book is a bestseller and national newspapers are competing __22__ to publish the most, and the most fiendish, puzzles. __23__, the puzzle is being published in newspapers from Australia to Croatia to America. Even the New York Times is considering introducing sudoku in its Sunday magazine, __24__
its venerated crossword.
The game’s __25__ is that its rules are as simple as its solution is complex. On a board of nine-by-nine __26__ most of them empty, players must fill in each one with a number __27__ each row (left to right), column (top to bottom) and block (in bold lines) __28__ 1 to 9. Advanced __29__ use bigger boards or add letters from the alphabet.
Sudoku—the Japanese word combines “number” and “single”—seems perfectly __30__ to modern times, a puzzle for an era when people are more __31 than literate. And like globalism itself, sudoku transcends borders by __32__ no translation.
The overall __33__ of puzzles is hard to measure but revenues in America from magazines, syndicated newspaper sales, books, and online and phone services are almost $200m annually. The New York Times earns millions of dollars a year from its crosswords and hundreds of thousands __34__ a special phone service that provides __35__ Over 30,000 people pay $35 a year for the newspaper’s e-mail version.
21. A. missing B. starting C.losing D. gaining
22. A. casually B. randomly C. pretentiously D. feverishly
23. A.Consequently B. Meanwhile C. Eventually D. Nevertheless
24. A. except B. alongside C. aside D. besides
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25. A. drawback B. imagination C.appeal D. contradiction
26. A. points B. cubes C. boxes D. squares
27. A. so that B. in that C. by that D. for that
concludes
counts D.
A.
28.
completes
B.contains
C.
29. A. books B. copies C. rules D. versions
30. A. suited B. convertible C. switched D. feasible
31. A. literary B. numerous C.numerate D. confused
32. A. acquiring B. requiring C. requesting D. enquiring
33. A. drawback B. business C. design D. difficulty
34. A. from B. of C. with D. by
35. A. pins B. codes C. hints D. bookings
PART III READING COMPREHENSION
Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)
Passage One
It is hard to imagine a large city without policemen, but such was the situation in London in the early part of the eighteenth century. There was no organized police force to apprehend criminals. There were public watchmen, but they were generally feeble old men, unfit for more strenuous assignment.
There were also constables appointed to keep the peace. The position of constable was an honor, given only to trustworthy men. The constable was unpaid, however. It was part of the constable’s duty to raise the “hue and cry” after an escaping criminal. On hearing the hue and cry all passersby were supposed to join in the pursuit, but in practice, not many passersby could be persuaded to help. It was too dangerous a task, and the constable was unarmed.
Working behind most of the thieves were the receivers of stolen property, who had organized the thieves and rogues into gangs. One gang robbed on the main roads into London, one covered the churches, and one covered entertainments and public functions. One of the most notorious receivers, Jonathan Wild, set up a special brigade that would find employment as servants and then pilfer from the household or open the doors at night for other robbers to enter. He had a staff of mechanics for
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altering watches and jewelry, warehouses to store the loot, and a sloop to convey certain stolen goods to the Continent, where they could be sold in safety.
The authorities might have taken stronger steps against Wild had he not been so useful as a thief taker. He knew every criminal, as he employed most of them himself. Whenever it suited his purpose, he would hand a man over to the authorities for hanging. This also provided Wild with a very effective means of controlling his men. Everyman knew that if he disobeyed the boss he would be betrayed and would quickly find himself on the gallows.
It was novelist Henry Fielding, who was also a London magistrate, who finally thought of equipping regular patrols with arms and uniforms and sending them out to police the streets of London. His half brother, Sir John Fielding, organized these first “patrols”. At first these groups were financed by rich citizens, who were willing to pay for their security, but later they were taken over by the government. The Fielding’s “patrols” became a real police force.
36.The first constables in London in the early part of the 18th century were
____________.
A.respected citizens
B.paid officials
C.old people
D.professional policemen
37.Most passersby did not join in the hue and cry because they were ___________.
A.on the criminal’s side
B.afraid of dangers
C.not so quick in reaction
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0b9571214.html,ed to the situation
38.Wild made money by ___________.
A.solving cases of theft
B.searching for lost property
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0b9571214.html,manding robbers and thieves
D.stealing people’s property himself
39.Wild organized a special group to ___________.
A.help him take care of housework
B.dispose watches and jewelry
C.dispose unwanted items
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0b9571214.html,mit burglary
40.The authorities let Wild alone because ___________.
A.he sometimes turned wanted criminals over to them
B.his turn of being dealt with had not yet come
C.no one was brave enough to go after him
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D.he bribed the officials all the time
41.Henry Fielding got the idea for a police force when he __________.
A.wrote a detective novel
B.served as an official
C.once helped a victim
D.received private funding
Passage Two
Once it was possible to sum up trends in American art with a few proper phrases—“abstract, gestural painting” could have served at one point, or “return to figuration” at another. Today it is much more difficult to identify the dominant approach with anywhere near this kind of precision. In part, this is because art has changed, in part because the world has changed. Nevertheless, I believe that there are sets of tendencies that art today is following.
But first of all, it might be helpful to look more closely at the idea of “American art.” This apparently simple category is actually much more complex than it appears. The conviction that there is such a thing as “American style” painting or sculpture that reflects some typically “American” quality was once an absolute belief of modernist art criticism. Today, however, “American art” is no longer a simple matter of geography, national origin, or point of view. Instead, the globalization of markets, the ease of international communication, and the movement of artists from one country to another have all contributed to an art world without firm concepts of national identity. It is common for artists to list multiple countries as their home.
This fluidity is an important element in any discussion of American art today. The evaporation of the borders between nations, at least in the field of art, mirrors the disappearance of all kinds of other boundaries as well. Hardly anyone worries about the unique characteristics of painting and sculpture any more. Just as artists move around the globe, they jump effortlessly across media, producing work that simultaneously incorporates not only traditional materials but also digital technology, photography, performance, music, film, and video.
Similarly, “public art” once meant a massive sculpture set on a public square. Now public art is just as likely to appear on the Internet or to involve small groups of
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community members working together on a project of local interest. Equally changed is the old idea that art should confine itself to its own sphere. Artists today incorporate science, politics, religion, architecture, and ecology into their work and hope to have impact that stretches far beyond the gallery walls.
42. By mentioning “return to figuration”, the author shows that _________.
A. we were able to identify the tendencies of American art in the past
B. figuration is the solution to the problem with American art
C. American art is repeating its history
D. figuration will become the characteristics of American art
43. Compared with the past, it is now more difficult to ________.
A. produce characteristic art works
B. discover devoted artists
C. present art works to the public
D. characterize American art
44. In the past, “American art” ________
A. was a variable concept
B. was an explicit concept
C. was not widely acknowledged abroad
D. was not properly practiced by artists
45. The second paragraph implies that today’s artists often ________.
A. take pride in holding exhibitions in America
B. stress the commercial value of their art work
C. prefer to live in foreign countries
D. have variable national conceptions
46. By mentioning painting and sculpture together, the author implies that people believe________.
A. they are causing controversy
B. they are becoming popular
C.there is no need to tell them apart
D. it may be necessary to preserve their traditions
47. The passage tells us that today’s artists produce works by means of _________.
A. becoming good photographers
B. changing the definition of fluidity
C. creating boundaries
D. applying various media
48. What can be learned about artists in modern societies?
A.They hope to expand the world of art.
B. They are eager to promote art in streets.
C. They regard technology as their most important tool.
D. They believe that art should confine itself to its own sphere.
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Passage Three
Charles Paul and his wife, Hazel, stopped using the motor home they bought several years ago; it sits idle behind their house in Richardson, Texas. Travel is just one sacrifice they made to pay for the cost of their prescriptions,more than a dozen medications for the two of them. They found relief by switching drugstores, to one in nearby McKinney. A prescription for Paul’s diabetes had cost $ 89.88 when he got it from a national chain but dropped down to $58 from McKinney’s Smith Drug.
Smith, which claims to be the oldest drugstore in Texas, has been getting a lot of attention since a Dallas newspaper touted its astoundingly low prices. The overwhelming response from the public has been “a little scary,” says co-owner Kaylei Mosier. She says the store simply marks each prescription up enough to cover its costs, but for many prescriptions that’s a lot lower than at other stores.
The Smith Drug story has highlighted a little-known fact: prescription prices vary from city to city and block to block, and a little research can save consumers hundreds or thousands of dollars. Insurance copays can make these differences invisible, but they’re a huge deal to the 45 million uninsured Americans.
Why the price swings? Howard Schiff, executive director of the Maryland Pharmacists Association, explains that pharmacies generally buy their drugs from a wholesaler, who doesn’t sell to every drugstore at the same price. Once the drug is in the pharmacy, each owner chooses how much to mark it up. Because fewer than 10 percent of consumers comparison-shop for prescriptions the way they might for a quart of milk—and drug prices generally are not advertised—pharmacies don’t worry that higher prices will drive people away, says Stanford economist Alan Scorensen.
There is a downside to hopping from drugstore to drugstore. If people price-shop, they’re going to lose some protection that comes from having one pharmacy track all your medications. G oing to many pharmacies keeps one pharmacist from noticing potentially harmful interactions between prescriptions. Comparison-shopping is further complicated because pharmacies that have the best price on one drug don’t usually have the lowest prices across the board, so finding a good price on one drug at a pharmacy does not guarantee a cheaper total bill.
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49. Charles and his wife haven’t traveled for long because ________.
A.their motor home was not in good condition
B.they wanted to save for medicines
C.they have been too weak to do so
D.they didn’t get their doctor’s permission
50.We learn that the oldest drugstore in Texas, Smith, _________.
A. surprises people when its low prices are reported
B. sells prescriptions at a prices below their costs
C. is an unprofitable business
D. had many scared customers after a news report
51. Who may care LEAST about the varied prices?
A. Those who are uninsured
B. Those who are insured
C. Those who comparison-shop for drugs
D. Those doing research in drugstores
52.Some drugstores can sell drugs at a higher price than others because __________.
A. people may have more choices over the same product
B. not many people know the price differences
C. some drugstores spend more on ads than others
D. drugs were bought from different wholesalers
53.The word “downside” used in the last paragraph refers to __________.
A.the poor service in tracking medications
B.the trend of reducing drug prices
C.the popularity of comparison-shopping
D.the drawback of switching drugstores
Passage Four
Just when I thought I'd escaped my likely fate, I went to prison.
I had been visiting a friend in Crystal City, Virginia. I left her hotel around 9:30 in the evening and called a cab back to D.C. As we drove down Jefferson Davis Highway, a cop stopped us. He pulled his gun, told me to get out and put my hands up. Four more cars arrived. The cop who arrested me had overheard the private security guards on their walkie-talkies saying that they were looking for a black guy who had stolen $50 and that they had seen me getting into a cab. I had $223.94, a Rolex and a
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rack of credit cards. I saw the man I had supposedly robbed for the first time at my trial.
I brought my own lawyer to court, but the judge said he had known my court-appointed public defender for ten years, that he was good for the job and that I could not use my own lawyer. When I protested, the judge said, "We can either do this with you here or with you in the bullpen." Half of my jury was selected while I was in the bullpen. I was sentenced to seven years.
It was all unjust. But none of it, not one fact of my case, is unique. It happens to one in three black men, every day.
I had found the paths to success in college and then in training with well-known brokerage houses. I had built a profitable financial consulting firm working 70 hours a week, always trying to make more, prove more, be more. I thought that if I could close one more deal, break one more record, trespass one more line, maybe I wouldn't walk around feeling like my colors were spilling out with no border to define them.
I can still taste the metallic rage I felt that first day in prison. I was shackled hand and foot, being led by two black captors who were "just doing their jobs." They pushed me into my cell. Snow blew through the broken window and piled up on the thin plastic mattress.
Alone, without money, without position, without even a name, only a number, I realized that everything I'd believed in was a lie. If my choices were dictated by someone else's sensibilities about what was valuable, how could I have been free? I had known superficial luxuries, but real freedom is an inside job. I had never known that feeling. And for that I sat on the cold cement floor and cried.
54. The author had been trying _________.
A. not to be treated like many other blacks
B. not to be caught while stealing at the hotel
C. to avoid the punishment for his speed driving
D. to keep calm when confronted with the police
55. The author got arrested because _________.
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A. he was suspected of robbery
B. he had stolen over 200 dollars
C. he had robbed a taxi driver
D. he was guilty of defiance against law
56. The author’s defending lawyer in court ________.
A. was hired by the defendant
B. was paid by the government
C. shared the jury’s opinions
D. did a good job for the author
57. According to the author, on average every day _______
A. more than 1/3 of blacks are given a court trial
B. over 30% of blacks are wronged
C. over 30% of blacks tried are wrongly convicted
D. more than 1/3 of blacks are convicted of serious crimes
58. The clause “my colors … to define them” (in boldface in Para 5) implies that the author _________.
A. was seen as nothing but a black
B. was treated like a white man
C. regretted being born black
D. believed he was the best in blacks
59. For the author, the two black captors who pushed him into his cell were ________.
A. unfairly treated like himself
B. helping do him injustice
C. among those dishonest blacks
D. just earning their living
60. In prison the author realized that _________.
A. he could never overtake whites in career
B. he had never been able to enjoy true freedom
C. he had taken a wrong path to success
D. he could enjoy freedom without luxuries
Passage Five
Hell is for those who are offered the light but spurn it. The heathens are blameless if they ignore a gospel that they have never heard, but damnation awaits our neighbors who have been shown the way and refuse to take it. Speakers of a foreign language are like the heathens; they are forgivable because their only fault has been the lack of opportunity to learn to talk as we do. We resent the speakers of some unfamiliar dialect of our own language because they have had the opportunity – they
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prove this by the fact that we can usually understand them – but have obviously misapplied it.
So we do what we can to bring them into line, as we may once have been brought into line ourselves. The method is not necessarily crude or heartless and its human targets are not necessarily victims: there are always learners – outsiders moving in, younger generations moving up – and they may be as eager to take as we are to give. Especially when the gift is advertised as part of the “cultural heritage” with prestige at stake. The art object in question is an establishment dialect, the “standard,” which nearly every society sees fit to impose in the schools and to promote through the great army of language wholesalers: the reporters of news, writers of stories, preachers of sermons, and pleaders of cases and causes. In most modern societies the teaching of the standard language – including writing – probably absorbs more educational resources than any other single effort.
To the extent that it is codified, the substance of what is taught is known as normative or prescriptive grammar. Textbooks embodying it – which are a mixture of description along traditional lines and comparisons of good and bad usage – make up the great bulk of writing on language, and go back to its very beginnings. In the ancient world they were mostly individual products, but with the Renaissance there came a change. An epidemic of learned societies swept Italy and spread across Europe – “academies,” they were called, each with special interests ranging from meteorology to the study of Petrarch. Two of the later Italian academies, which were devoted largely to matters of language and are still in existence, were quite influential in establishing bodies in other countries.
61. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ________.
A.a Frenchman who can’t learn English well should be damned.
B.a Cantonese who doesn’t speak standard Chinese are unpopular.
C.an Italian who can only speak an Italian dialect is a heathen.
D.a German who often incorrectly pronounces Swedish should be resented.
62. The author’s primary purpose is most probably to _________.
A.refute an argument
B.correct a misconception
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C.justify an occurrence
D.reveal a mystery
63. The passage says that a standard language can be promoted by all the following people EXCEPT _________.
A.Journalists
B.writers
C.clergymen
D.officials
64. We can infer from the second paragraph that _________.
A. everyone has some flaws in their accent
B. standard language may suggest high social status
C. people with non-standard language are eager to learn
D. it is wrong to impose language standards in schools
65. According to the passage, the Renaissance witnessed a change ___________.
A. from prescriptive to descriptive grammar in language teaching
B. from respect to disrespect to the “culture heritage”
C. from individual to academic efforts to advocate standard language
D. from language oriented to various subject oriented teaching
Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)
Passage One
The term “Further Education” is the name given, in Britain, to a very broad and diverse range of post-school education. ___66___ There is also a vast and varied provision of evening classes. For many older people, evening study was the only way they could pursue their education and they still think of the institution that provided it as “Night School”.
Nowadays, however, the opportunities for Further Education at all levels and for all ages are manifold. ___67___ They are provided in a widely differing set of institutions. The majority of the lower level courses, relating mainly to apprenticeship schemes and qualifications, are provided in Colleges of Further Education or Technical Colleges. Middle level courses are also offered in Technical Colleges with those having a good share of more advanced work being called “Colleges of Technology”. The great bulk of advanced studies and degree level work is undertaken in the Polytechnics. ___68___ Very few of the broad divisions here are clear cut; there is much overlapping.
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One of the major areas of “overlap” that has occurred during the past ten years or so has been between the school system and Further Education. There has been a growing provision of “Six Form” Level studies in colleges of Further Education and Technical Colleges during this period and almost all of the “non-advanced” technical colleges now offer a broad spread of subjects for the GCE advanced Level (‘A’ level) examinations. ___69___ A few Local Education Authorities have decided, partly because of this existing trend and partly for reasons of economy, that all the post-sixteen education in certain areas — both technical and academic — should be amalgamated in one establishment; such amalgamated institutions are called “Tertiary Colleges”.
___70___ The Tech has played an important part in British educational history and its role will be no less important in the future.
A.Whatever the type of establishment and its range of educational provision, most
of the local inhabitants will probably refer to it as “the Tech”.
B.We must make the leap forward and embrace the development of the
knowledge-based economy.
C.Many sixth form students seem to prefer the more adult atmosphere of the
Technical College to that of the school.
D.The courses provided range from the most elementary, directly
vocationally-orientated kind, to those at degree level or beyond.
E.Some is full-time, some is part-time and some is half-and-half with periods at
college alternating with periods at work.
F.But there are a number of specialized colleges such as the London College of
Printing and the National College of Agricultural Engineering.
Passage Two
For years, youth sports pushers tried to get us hooked: Organized sports, they said, offered a natural high and would build character in our children. ___71___ But there are high-functioning cokeheads too. Like every American, I have close friends whose families struggle with a youth sports addiction. So let's talk about the dark side of the youth sports epidemic.
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First off, when they're spending every spare second at soccer practice, children lose that crucial downtime they need for exercising their imaginations, as well as their limbs. And Dr. Lenny Wiersma, co-director of the Center for the Advancement of Responsible Youth Sport, warns that when kids miss out on "the old sandbox and informal games," they also lose opportunities to develop peer interactions that are "organized and regulated by themselves."
___72___ The Michigan study cited above also found a sixfold increase in the time children spent on "passive, spectator leisure," as more and more kids found themselves dragged off to watch their siblings' sports events.
Organized youth sports also cut into relaxed family time. ___73___ That's not to speak of all the exhausted parents who put their own interests — and relationships — on hold for a decade, devoting every free minute to hauling their kids from game to game.
Of course, organized sports isn't the only culprit. ___74___
The pressure can leave even high-achieving kids exhausted, demoralized and at risk of "self-destructive behaviors," Harvard's admissions office warns. Harvard now urges that applicants "take some sort of timeout before burnout becomes the hallmark of their generation." Parents: Just say no. Rip up that T-ball signup sheet; throw out the expensive soccer cleats. If you want an activity that develops character and physical skills, encourage the kids to help build houses with Habitat for Humanity.
But the rest of the time, let them do what generations of American children did before them: climb trees, build backyard forts, play hopscotch and endless games of tag.___75___
A.Some children possess genuine athletic talent, and in the youth sports programs
they really stands out and become more confident.
B.It's time to give childhood back to our children.
C.Like secondhand smoke, a child's involvement in youth sports can have
detrimental side effects on others.
D.And it's true that organized youth sports work out fine for some families.
E.It's just one reflection of the middle-class American insistence on over-scheduling
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our children, rushing them between soccer practices, piano lessons, French lessons and SAT prep classes.
F.The same study found that families today spend a third less time eating dinners
together, and 28% less time taking family vacations.
PAPER TWO
PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)
Think of Apple’s recent decision to start using Intel chips in its Macs as just one move in the mating dance that continually consumes the computing industry. It’s like high school – one week you and your friends are ridiculing a girl, and the next week you’re going steady with her. 1) Intel, like a glowing but social-climbing dance queen, sees Apple as a partner that can help it stay powerful and move into even classier circles over time. And though Apple has laughed at Intel’s technology for decades, it finally had no choice but to embrace it.
For Intel, this deal means a lot more than gaining a relatively small new customer. (With Apple’s global PC market share at 1.9%, its annual business is equivalent to about five weeks of Intel’s shipments to Dell.) In important ways the move positions Intel for the future. That is why it spent eight years courting Apple. 2) Executives several times thought they had a deal with Apple’s CEO, Steve Jobs ( ? ·Ш ) , only to find themselves disappointed.
But Intel persisted, in part because Apple may help it tackle a big strategic challenge. 3) Intel currently lacks a substantial position in any of three critical and fast-growing tech categories, all of them consumer-related: game boxes, cell-phones, and portable devices like Apple’s iPod. Consumer computing – not the world of business tech that Intel dominates – has become the locus of tech innovation. And Jobs has shown himself capable of figuring out how to stay at the cutting edge of consumer taste; Apple is building must-have devices. 4) With Jobs as partner, Intel should be better able to compete with Microsoft and Sony, who each want their upcoming IBM-powered game boxes to be the main multi-media device for the home.
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For its part, Apple needed Intel because IBM, which makes its current processors, couldn’t supply chips for notebook PCs, the industry’s fastest-growing category. IBM had no intention of spending vast amounts to make its chips work in the low-power versions necessary for notebooks. 5) That’s because Apple is its only PC customer and just doesn’t buy enough chips to make IBM’s investment worthwhile. Intel, by contrast, sells processors to scores of PC makers, and invested hundreds of millions of dollars in its Centrino chips for notebooks. Intel has an aggressive roadmap for its full line of chips, and Apple may now employ any of them.
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PART VI WRITING (40 minutes, 20 points)
Is a job seeker’s previous work experience important? If so, in what sense and to what extent? If not, why not?
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题 高等物理化学 一、填空题(每空1分，共计7分) 1、在定温、定压的电池反应中，当反应达到平衡时，电池的电动势= 0（填 >、<、=、≠）。 2、液体在毛细管中上升的高度与毛细管体积基本无关。与毛细管半径、接触角、两相密度差有关。 3、三组分体系平衡共存的最大相数为5。，最大自由度为4 f=C+2-Q,三组分，所以C=3，Q为相数，f为自由度 4、范德华气体绝热向真空膨胀后，气体的温度将下降。 5、对弯曲液面所产生的附加压力一定≠ 0（填 >、<、=、≠）。 6、A及B二组分组成的凝聚体系能生成三种稳定的化合物，则于常压下在液相开 始冷却的过程中，最多有2种固相同时析出。 7、NH4HS(s)放入真空容器中，并与其分解产物NH3(g)和H2S(g)达到平衡，则该系统中组分数C= 2 ，相数P=2,自由度F=2 二、判断题(每题1分，共计7分, 对的“√”，错的“×”) 1、温度一定的时候，气体的体积与压力的乘积等于常数。(×) 2、系统的混乱度增加，则其熵值减小。(×) 3、处于标准状态的CO (g)，其标准燃烧热为零。(×) 4、四个热力学基本方程适用于所有封闭体系的可逆过程。(√) 5、在纯溶剂中加入少量不挥发的溶质后形成的稀溶液沸点将升高。(√) 6、惰性组分的加入将使反应的平衡转化率降低。（×） 7、只受温度影响的平衡系统自由度F=C-P+1。(√) 三、选择题(每题2分，共计30分) 1、关于物质临界状态的下列描述中,不正确的是 A (A)在临界状态, 液体和蒸气的密度相同, 液体与气体无区别 (B)每种气体物质都有一组特定的临界参数 (C)在以ｐ、Ｖ为坐标的等温线上, 临界点对应的压力就是临界压力 (D)临界温度越低的物质, 其气体越易液化 2、热力学第一定律ΔU=Q+W 只适用于 D
词汇（无） 完型（网络上找到的原文，试题没有这么长，压缩了。划线部分为虫友考后忆起的待选空及答案） In the last post, we discussed why fabrication and falsification are harmful to scientific knowledge-building. The short version is that if you’re trying to build a body of reliable knowledge about the world, making stuff up (rather than, say, making careful observations of that world and reporting those observations accurately) tends not to get you closer to that goal. Along with fabrication and falsification, plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why it’s harmful generally make it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. For example, Donald E. Buzzelli (1999) writes: [P]lagiarism is an instance of robbing a scientific worker of the credit for his or her work, not a matter of corrupting the record. (p. 278) Kenneth D, Pimple (2002) writes: One ideal of science, identified by Robert Merton as ―disinterestedness,‖ holds that what matters is the finding, not who makes the finding. Under this norm, scientists do not judge each other’s work by reference to the race, religion, gender, prestige, or any other incidental characteristic of the researcher; the work is judged by the work, not the worker. No harm would be done to the Theory of Relativity if we discovered Einstein had plagiarized it… [P]lagiarism … is an offense against the community of scientists, rather than against science itself. Who makes a particular finding will not matter to science in one hundred years, but today it matters deeply to the community of scientists. Plagiarism is a way of stealing credit, of gaining credit where credit is not due, and credit, typically in the form of authorship, is the coin of the realm in science. An offense against scientists qua scientists is an offense against science, and in its way plagiarism is as deep an offense against scientists as falsification and fabrication are offenses against science. (p. 196) Pimple is claiming that plagiarism is not an offense that undermines(zqc2849) the knowledge-building project of science per se. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are due for participating in this knowledge-building project. In other words, Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it is unfair. While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science besides honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to one’s fellow scientists, I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important way(whj19890715) in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods, or results can undermine the knowledge-building project of science. On the surface, plagiarism, while potentially nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific community’s evaluation(zqc2849) of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and comparing a number of different observation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon. But this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of the
gain . Furthermore federal regulations designed to promote the New Town idea do not consider social need s as the European New Town plans do. In fact, our regulations specify virtual y all the ingredients of the typical suburban community, with a bit of political rhetoric thrown in. A workable American New Town formula should be established as firmly here as the national formula was in Britain. All possible social and governme ntal innovations as well as financial fac tors s hould be thoroughly considered and accommodated in this policy. Its objectives should be clearly stated, and both incentives and penalties should be provided to ensure that the objectives are pursued. If s uch a poli cy is developed, then the New Town approach can pla y an important role in alleviating American's urban problems. 36. As revealed in Para 1, the author considers the American New Town approach_____ A. atypical B. irrelevant C. impractical D.unprecedented 37. According to the author, the present New Town plan will _____ A. fail t o bring about the i ntended re sults B. produce genuinely needed New Towns C. bridge the gap between the poor and the rich – D. help resolve the spreading urban problems 38. The author believes that the New Town projects will lead to _____ A. m ore brisk co mmercial activities in th e cities B. more l ow-income people living in the s uburbs C. higher incidence of tax avoidance by industries D. heavier tax burdens on the remaining citi zens 39. In the author's o pinion. the European New Town plans are superior to the America's in their concern for A. the typical suburban community B. the interests of the promoters C . the welfare of the general public D. the government's political achievement
中科院博士考试心得之一：词汇记忆 来源：互联网划词：关闭划词收藏 众所周知，英语考试中，词汇是关键，是所有考察题目的前提。没有足够的词汇量，或者对词汇的记忆、理解不够好，直接决定了英语水平的高低，想考个好成绩更是无法谈取。所以，词汇是万里长征的第一步。 如果不幸你又选择了中科院作为博士考试的目标，嘿嘿，情况可以用“雪上加霜”来形容了。记得当年考硕士的时候，国家规定的词汇量大约是5700个（现在可能有变化，但不会很大吧），英语六级的词汇量也差不多就这些（稍有出入，但变化不大）。而中科院的英语博士入学考试词汇大纲（以北京理工大学出版社的大纲为准），包括的词汇量达到了近12000。这个数字达到了硕士英语大纲的两倍。虽然不能否认很多词汇之间有内在联系，可当我第一次拿到这个大纲的时候，我从来没见过的单词多的是。 废话少说吧 第一，要有个权威的英语词汇大纲。 我选择的是北理出版社的版本，其特点是综合了历年中科院英语博士入学考试试卷中出现过的词汇，比较全面，而且有一定的针对性。在看这本书之间，建议大家可以先把六级字汇大纲，或者一些学者编写的硕士研究生入学考试字汇大纲上的所有词汇都记完。这个应该不难，大家都是过来人嘛，而且量也没那么大。 第二，第一次如何看北理版本的大纲。 这本书上会有很多字汇以前没有见过，如何把这些词汇搞明白，相当有难度。在大学时期，大家都习惯拿着词汇表，从头背到尾，也有人喜欢把词汇分成几个大块，一块一块的往下记。这是个好方法，而且也比较有效果。但对大多数的博士考生来说，缺乏基本条件。因为我们这些人要么是已经工作了，日常杂事繁多，要么正在准备硕士毕业论文，不可能拿出一上午，或者一下午的时间。我比较推荐的方法是“分而食之”。 拿出大约一周的时间，对大纲中的词汇进行甄别。自己已经知道的词汇放过，不会的词汇用红笔做个记号。然后把这些做了记号的词汇分别抄写到窄纸条上，并附上其中文意思（如果不知道怎么读，还要注明音标），最好每个词一个小条。对于有派生的词汇，可以只抄下根词，余下的可以放在以后解决。把这些小条按照字母顺序分成多个包，比如a开头的放在一起，有些词汇不多的，可以合并（大纲中，真正没有见过的词也就2000左右吧，因人而异，而派生、词组占了不少）。 在自己口袋里一次放一个包，大约会有30~60个单词吧。当你在忙于工作的间隙，或
名词解释 生物圈、气候、太阳辐射、降水、径流、风蚀作用、植物群落、土地退化、土壤剖面、地域分异规律 简答 1、气候变化 2、基本地貌类型 3、水量平衡 4、成土学说 5、生态系统的组分和结构 论述 1、试述地带性学说 2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征
名词解释 矿物、地下水的总矿化度、季风、河流、地域分异规律、生物群落、对流层、土壤简答 1、生物多样性的价值 2、自然区划原则 3、土壤的物质组成 4、地球表面的基本特征 5、影响地貌的形成因素 论述 1、陆地生态系统的主要类型 2、自然地理学的研究对象分科及各学科的联系
名词解释 梅雨、基流、物候谱、山海经、光合潜力、焚风效应、超渗流、雅丹地貌、地域分异、地理大发现 简答 土壤侵蚀、尺度转化的概念和地理学意义、地理学发展方向
名词解释 变质作用、大气环流、风化作用、河流阶地、季风、降水强度、流量、生物多样性、土壤质地、纬度 简答题 1、气候形成的地理因子 2、植被分类 3、土壤的一般形态 4、温室效应 5、主要成土过程 论述题 1、试述地理地带性 2、试述中国自然界的最基本特征
简答题（10×3） 1、自然区域划分原则 2、成土学说 3、地球表面的基本特征 论述题 1、陆地生态系统的主要类型（20） 2、地球自转和公转的意义（20） 3、中国的气候特征（30）
中国科学院地理所博士入学考试试题 1999年自然地理 1.概述土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究及意义。 2.论述自然地域系统研究及其科学意义和应用前景。 3.试述黄河流域的主要环境问题及其管理。 4. 试述青藏高原作为我国一个独特地理单元的自然地理意义 《自然地理学》2000年考试题 1．关于自然地理学科发展； 2．西部土地退化有哪几种类型 3．西部开发面临的主要问题 4．自然地域分界线 （前两题为简答，后两题为论述） 《自然地理学》2001年考试题 一、简述 种群、群落 地理地带 水量平衡 构造地貌 成土过程 二、论述 1. LUCC内容与进展 2. 我国自然地理基本特征 3. 温室效应与全球环境意义 2001年自然地理学入学试题 一．简答题 1．构造地貌 2．植物种群与植物群落 3．水量平衡 4．地理地带 5．成土过程 二．论述题 1．中国自然地理环境的基本特征 2．温室效应与全球变化 3．土地利用/土地覆被变化的研究内容与进展 《自然地理学》2002年考试题 一、简述 1.流水地貌 2.水循环（或土壤地带性） 3.生态系统（或生物多样性） （注，因是不同的人回忆的，有点差异，你都看看） 二、论述 1.简述我国自然地理地域性特征 2.论述我国主要土地退化
中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总 中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士） 注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。一、名次解释：（20分） 二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。（12分） 三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分） 四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。（12分） 五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。（12分） 六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。（12分） 七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分） 八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分） 中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士） 2000年博士研究生入学考试 生物化学试题 1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。（20分） 2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分） 3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。（20分） 4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。（15分） 5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分） 6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分） 以下两题中任选一题（10分） 7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、
中科院博士英语入学考试作文模板三篇 本文针对没有思路，不知如何展开论述自己观点的问题，笔者用三篇简单的例子像大家展示如何写好一篇行文流畅的英语作文！（作文不是高级词汇和复杂句的堆砌，而是如行云流水般的smooth~） Sample1：您是否赞成限制北京人口？本文赞成 第一部分：（开篇背景介绍，引入简单的从句，增加篇幅，体现英语水准，给考官留下良好印象，但错误的，拿不准的从句不要乱用），运用连接词承上启下，进入主题。摆出大众态度，引出自己的观点。 第二部分：提出合理解释，支撑自己的观点。建议大家在提出自己解释的时候，不要太多，提出三个相关的大方面，再用连接词将其连接起来即可。三个方面可以是逐层递进，也可前两个递进，而后一个从反方面支持你的观点。建议大家不要总是用firstly，secondly and thirdly；可用一些比较高级的连接词，如The foremost，moreover，furthermore，therefore，thus，hence，however，besides，in addition等 第三部分：重申自己的观点，但不要重复利用已经用过的句子，可以用其他的词组进行重新组合，进一步阐述你的观点。 接下来就用这种思路尝试一下吧： Sample1：您是否赞成限制北京人口？本文赞成 With the rapid development of cities, more and more people are pouring into the metropolis, for example (for instance) Beijing. However, the government has made a limitation to prevent too many people flooding into Beijing for a proper growth of population. It has caused very radical argument about the reasonability of the limitation. Although numerous people hold that it is improper to do like this, I still think that it is time to
中国科学院大学2015考博英语复习“四大策略”攻破低分城墙 考博英语复习是一个长期慢慢积累提高的过程，只有脑海中有大量的英语词汇才能做到阅读速度快给接下来答题的争取更多的时间，出来积累一定量的词汇外就是加强语法的学习。海量的词汇、语法、完美的结合，平常在注意培养下语感，离高分的步伐会越来越近。下面育明考博的考博英语辅导老师给大家说下几个注意问题：联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。电话：四零零六六八六九七八 一、梳理基础，积累海量词汇 考博英语词汇是一个水滴石穿的过程，需要时间的积累，同时，词汇也是完成各种题型的基础，如果没有词汇量的积累，想要拿高分更是难上建难。暑期，考生都比较有充裕的时间，所以，考生可以借助这段时间将英语基础打牢。词汇是考博英语的基石，词汇量积累的多少非常影响考生在做题时的信心、心态、做题速度以及准确率。因此熟练掌握考博大纲单词尤为重要。 复习词汇的有效办法：避免枯燥乏味的记忆，从词形、词义和词法的角度把握词汇，这涉及眼、口、手、耳、脑并用，充分调动自己学习词汇的主观积极性。这一阶段对词汇的学习是复习和巩固，所以节奏上需要有所加快，遇到一个单词，扫一眼，快速朗读一遍，之后动手默写一遍，在大脑留下印记。如果能够下载词汇书的音频，可以在复习完当天的单词之后，再听听词汇音频，听的时候可以努力回忆词汇的拼写、发音、含义和用法。通过这种方式，全方位地调动自己的感官，达到良好的学习效果。 我在前一段的复习过程中单词已经背的差不多了，现在还再复习单词是不是有点浪费时间。对于已经把大纲上所列单词背的比较熟练得同学来说，在现阶段的首要任务就是把它们放到试题中去，放到活生生的语境中去，认真体会其引申含义和感情色彩。同时也应注意，有些同学的确已经将考博词
中国科学院大学 2017年招收博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题 科目名称：生物化学 考生须知： 1.本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。 2.所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。 _____________________________________________________________________ 一、名词解释（每题2分，共计20分） 1. 核小体 2. 非编码RNA（Non-coding RNA, ncRNA） 3. 自噬（Autophagy） 4. 光合作用 5. 受体 6. 异染色质 7. 反密码子 8. 片层（β-sheet） 9. 三羧酸循环 (Tricarboxylic acid cycle) 10. 免疫共沉淀 (Immunoprecipitation) 二、简答题（每题5分，请任选6题，共计30分。不建议作答超6题，若超6题，则选得分较少的6题计入总分） 1. 简述蛋白质的泛素化修饰有哪些酶完成，这些酶的主要作用是什么？ 科目名称：生物化学第1页共2页
2. 简述两种以上研究DNA与蛋白质结合的方法及其原理。 3. 简述光合作用五大复合体及其功能。 4. 简述Chip-seq的原理。 5. 简述ATP在生物体内的重要生理功能。 6. 列举植物中两种以上发挥重要功能的萜类化合物（或衍生物），并说明其功能。 7. 简述植物体中RNA聚合酶的种类及功能。 8. 举例说明亲和性标签纯化蛋白的方法和原理。 三、论述题（每题8分，请任选4题，共计32分。不建议作答超4题，若超4题，则选得分较少的4题计入总分） 1. RNA的功能有哪些？ 2．论述植物激素与受体互作产生效应的分子机理（Auxin或ABA任选一种） 3. 常见的组蛋白修饰有哪些？选三种论述其功能。 4. 论述CRISPR/Cas9系统的工作原理及Cas9蛋白酶的功能。 5. 何谓cDNA文库，建立cDNA文库的基本步骤是什么？ 6. 论述生物膜分子结构和生物膜结构的分子模型。 四、实验分析题（每题9分，请任选2题，共计18分。不建议作答超2题，若超2题，则选得分较少的2题计入总分，需写明实验设计原理，主要流程和实验要点） 1. 请用三种以上方法证明一个蛋白质含有磷酸化修饰。 2．已知一个基因的转录特异受红光诱导，请设计两种不同实验筛选调控该基因红光诱导表达的关键因子。 3．检测植物基因组织表达特异性的方法有哪些？论述其原理及优缺点。 科目名称：生物化学第2页共2页
让我感受最深的是，做事一定要制定合理的计划。凡事预则立不预则废，真的太有道理了，绝不能率性而为。我要给学生上课，没那么多时间坐下来看书，所以精确的计划对我尤为重要。中科院最难搞的就是英语了(迄今为止，我所经历的大大小小考试中，这个难度最大,基本上是bt的难度)，花样多、题量大、时间紧，考验人类极限能力的一个科目。备战这个科目，除了要大量记忆词汇、阅读文章、做复习题，还要积极锻炼身体，储备体能(累死到考场上就亏大了)。专业课难度虽然也不小，不过还好，毕竟是本国语言，看得懂在说什么。不过想要吃透，也必须最少看书3-5遍，起码将3级以上知识点全部记牢。鉴于此，我最终制定并执行的方案是： 1、考试之前英语单词量12000以上，每天100词，3个月一个循环，1年之内牢记这12000词。我用的字典是世图的王湘云的那本考博词汇手册，特点是便携、针对性强、精炼。联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。电话：四零零六六八六九七八 2、每天阅读英文原版书籍或期刊杂志。书最好是近几年出版的小说(我看的是哈利波特系列)，期刊就无所谓了，看娱乐八卦都可以，主要是为了增强阅读能力。ps：这个对我帮助很大，对比之下我才知道自己从前的语言逻辑、语句组织其实问题很大。 3、最后4个月吧，集中开始做题。推荐先做清华、北大、复旦等高校题目热热身，最后做中科院的历年真题。数目不一定多，每周2套，大约30套左右吧，重点在于做完后的复盘，这个很管用。 4、专业课书目做到2个月看1遍，记3便笔记。有时间的话，可以看看相关书籍。我的感觉是中科院考题比较活，和实际结合得相当紧密，不怎么考一些死记硬背的东西。师从生活吧，处处留心皆学问。ps：专业考试一样有陷阱，眼神要好(眼睛度数不够的考前抓紧配)，精力要集中。我的专业课，
2018年中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm
司法考试票据法要点详解 备注： 1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。 2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。 二、背书 （一）回头背书： （二）禁止转让背书 （三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。 三、承兑和保证 承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。 保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。 四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。 五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。 票据权利的种类 1.付款请求权 票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。 付款请求权须符合以下条件： （1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。 （2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款； （3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。 （4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。 （5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。这是对票据权利不确切的处置。 2.追索权
中科院博士研究生英语写作分析及范文 1999.3 2000.3 2001.3 2002.3 2002.10 2003.3 2003.10 2004.3 2005.3 题目解析： “如何减少交通事故?”这道作文题目简洁明了，比较容易把握。正确地理解本题最重要的是抓住题眼，也就是“如何”这个词。本题十分明确地要求考生专门讨论解决某一现象或问题的具体措施，而有的考生没能紧紧围绕解决办法多着笔墨，而去分析交通事故这个问题背后的根源，显然无法取得理想的成绩。 范文： With the rapid development of society, more and more people in China can afford to buy a car.As a consequence, traffic accidents gradually become a serious problem and bring great inconveniences to people. In my opinion, this problem can be solved from three aspects. Firstly, our government should take drastic measures and enforce a series of effective traffic rules, which must be well acknowledged and understood by every person. Those who do not obey the rules will be punished according to the actual situation.
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷构成 试卷一：小计110分钟65分 Ⅰ 词汇15分钟10分Ⅰ 完形填空15分钟15分Ⅰ 阅读80分钟40分 试卷二：小计70分钟35分 Ⅰ 英译汉30分钟15分Ⅰ 写作40分钟20分 2006年3月 PAPER ONE PART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each) 1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market. A. anticipation B. perception C. prospect D. expertise 2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills. A. incentive B. initiative C. fugitive D. captive 3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity. A. in line B. in trade C. at times D. at odds 4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists. A. layouts B. reminders C. remains D. leftovers 5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years. A. passionate B. involved C. immersed D. obsessed 6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times. A. distortions B. discrepancies C. disorders D. distractions 7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden col unconsciousness. A. converging B. culminating C. finalizing D. releasing 8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives. A. declared B. proclaimed C. claimed D. asserted 9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county. A. expenses B. revenues C. budgets D. payments 10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes. A. accountable B. submitted C. subjected D. available 11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor. A. deviate B. escape C. derive D. refrain 12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary. A. in sum B. in total C. in general D. in full 13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more. A. scarcity B. command C. hunger D. request 14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things. A. at peace B. at leisure C. at rest D. at speed 15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils. A. equality B. equation C. equivalent D. equity 16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised. A. consecutively B. consequently C. successively D. subsequently 17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about. A. confuses B. regards C. strikes D. knocks