Requirements Processes: An Experience Report
Julio Cesar Sampaio do Prado Leite a, Soeli T. Fiorini a, Amador Durán b, Beatriz Bernárdez b, Juan
Sánchez Díaz c and Emilio Insfrán Pelozo c
a Departmento de Informática, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil {julio,soeli}@inf.puc-rio.br
b Departmento de Lenguajes y
Sistemas Informáticos,
Universidad de Sevilla, Espa?a
{amador,beat}@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0f9464700.html,.es
c Departmento de Sistemas
Informáticos y Computación,
Universidad Politécnica de
Valencia, Espa?a
{jsanchez,einsfran}@dsic.upv.es Abstract
Processes are certainly a key element in software management. Defining and using processes is believed to be an important factor towards quality. Our paper describes a general process language and the experience on its use by two different research teams with two different requirements processes. The process language is the basic representation for a process reuse repository implemented as a web application. The web application was used in order to describe a process for requeriments management and a process for interface generation based on requirements information. We present both processes as well as an evaluation of the prototype. Our results are a confirmation of the importance of process reuse and of the possibility of sharing requirements information by publication, on the web, of requeriments processes.
Keywords: requirements engineering, requirements process, process reuse, requirements management, interface
1Introduction
In the last few years, a large number of new techniques and methods in different areas, have presented the process perspective as a new form of visualizing and improving production, business or support operations in organizations. In terms of organizational theory, there is a shift from the functional perspective to a cross-function one, based on processes. This trend is substantially enforced as globalization of the economy introduced the need for quality standards, and those are fundamentally based on process oriented audits. That is, to meet quality standards, organizations need to document and follow well-defined processes.
The quality movement has reached software engineering. Standards, following the pioneers CMM (Capability Maturity Model) [1] and ISO 9000, have emerged and most of them are centered on processes. Software process is the cornerstone of software quality. No quality can be achieved if the software development organization does not follow established and well-defined processes.
The first ideas about software process were geared towards automation. Defining software processes as programs could lead to greater automation in software construction. Today there are several environments that implement processes in an automated fashion, however, as researchers found out, automating processes is not a trivial endeavor. As such, as in organizations, software engineering has also started to use the notion of process without relying in automation. The possibility of establishing process description and communicating these descriptions to others has been seen as an important managing tool for software engineers.
The growing interest in Process Engineering was an evolution of studies focused on products which verified that the quality of the developed software has a strong relation with the process which is used to elaborate it. In 1984, at the First International Workshop on Software Processes –(ISPW) a group of researchers learned about the new subject on process technology, which emerged. Afterwards, more than twenty workshops and conferences have been held (ICSP, IPTW, EWSPT, FEAST and PROFES).
Nowadays, attempting to improve processes, many companies try to reach levels of process maturity [2], based on their improvement and definition. However, those improvements are expensive, and they rely on the involvement of managers and teams, process data, people who know process modeling, training, and cultural change. Several factors, imposing difficulties, make companies spend long periods of time to define some processes [2], and some of them give up in the middle of the maturity process. A frequently mentioned process to accelerate this within a company is to replicate one organizational process reusable in other projects. At this point, the process descriptions are very important because they allow the knowledge to be reused.
Our paper reports on results from this standpoint. For us, processes are task descriptions that have a fixed objective and are informative on how humans, using different resources can accomplish an objective. Particularly we are interested in processes for requirements engineering. Working on software processes, Fiorini [3] has identified problems with existing software description languages and on the effective reuse of software process information. In order to meliorate the problems Fiorini has proposed an environment and a process language that enables a more complete description of processes as well as guide and facilitate their reuse.
In this context, we are presenting two different proposals of requirements engineering process. One focused on requirements management and the other on interface generation from user requirements. Both are results of research experience on requirements engineering and were performed by different research groups. As such, we see our article as contributing to the dissemination of processes and evaluating Fiorini′s proposal.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section 2, the process definition language used in the experiences is defined. In section 3, the web tool developed for supporting the process definition tasks is presented. In sections 4 and 5, two experiences of process definition are reported. In section 6 some observations from the experiences are described. Finally, in section 7 some conclusions are presented and future work is pointed out.
2The Process Description Language (ROpl)
A process modeling language is a formal notation used to express process models. A process model is the description of a process, expressed in a process modeling language [4]. The language we are using, ROpl, is a process description language geared towards reuse [5]. The language is a strong typed description language that focus on the enumeration of atributes for a given process. It is a static language and has no interpreter for its semantics. The grammar is defined in XML[6], a meta language for ROpl, allowing us to specify the structure of ROpl. As such, the information concerning ROpl structure can be sent/received and processed on the Web in an even way. Because the processes naturally have a hierarchical structure, we adopted XML, taking the advantage of its benefits to work with documents structuring.
The XML’s DTD (Document Type Definition) contains or points out at the declarative marks, which define a grammar or set of rules to a certain class of documents. Since ROpl has three major types: usual process, pattern process and standard process, its DTD has three different representation for a process.
Following we provide an overall description of the three process types and the operands of each type. See [5] for more details.
2.1 Standard Process
It is a standard (for example, CMM or ISO) in a form of process. It is a base for process definition, according to specifics process improvement and quality assurance standards. It has a normative finality.
A standard process pattern is organized around the idea of section, sub-section and item. The structure of a standard process is described below, where, as in DTD specifications, the comma means sequence. Other features such as attributes or cardinality or have been omitted for the sake of readability.
Process-Standard :=
Name, Keywords, Objective, Applicability, Type, Description, Author, Version, Representation, Where-to-Find, Adaptation, Artifacts, Concepts, Actors, Section
Section :=
Name, Objective, Description, Sub-Section
Sub-Section :=
Name, Reference, Objective, Description, Representation, Training, Verification, Metrics, Tool, Item
Item :=
Name, Reference, Pre-Condition, Input, Description, Constraint, Output, Post-Condition, Pre-Condition, Input, Recommendation, Constraint, Output, Post-Condition, Use-Pattern 2.2 Process Pattern
It is a process that deals with problems related to processes. According to the definition of patterns, it can not be new or hypothetical [7] [8].
A process pattern is organized around the idea of community, family and individual. That is, a process is composed of macro activities which are composed of micro activities. The structure of a process pattern is described below, using the same notation that was used for describing the structure of standard processes.
Process-Community :=
Name, Keywords, Origin, Objective, Classification, Problem, Context, Cause, Representation, Artifacts, Family-Process, Individual-Process
Process-Family :=
Id, Context, Cause, Control , Related-Pattern, Representation, Family-Solution
Family-Solution :=
Name, Pre-Condition , Input , Recommendation, Constraint, Output, Pos-Condition, Use-Pattern
Process-Invididual :=
Id, Context, Cause, Control , Related-Pattern, Representation, Individual-Solution Individual-Solution :=
Name, Pre-Condition , Input , Recommendation, Constraint, Output, Pos-Condition
2.3 Usual Process
It is any existing process that is neither a standard nor a pattern. It is not a standard process because it does not have the normative finality and it is not a process pattern because it has not been tested (applied) a considerable number of times to solve one recurrent problem.
An usual process has 3 abstraction levels: the process, the macro activity and the detailed activity. That is, a process is composed of macro activities which are composed of detailed activities. Its structure is defined as follows:
Process :=
Concept, Actor, Verification, Metrics, Training, Method, Tool, Templates, Police, Artifacts, Name, Author, Classification, Type, Objective, Description, Pre-Condition, Pos-Condition, Macro-Representation, Micro-Representation, Conformance, Characteristics, Macro-Activity
Macro-Activity :=
Name, Description, Pre-Condition, Input, Output, Previous-Activity, Pos-Condition, Constraint, Actor-in-Charge, Method, Tool, Micro-Activity
Micro-Activity :=
Name, Description, Pre-Condition, Input, Output, Previous-Activity, Pos-Condition, Constraint, Actor-in-Charge, Method, Tool
Besides the three basic types, we also have a type called solution process which is an instance of either the framework 1or of any other process (pattern, usual or standard), or of the combination of those.
However, accomplishing the mapping and documentation of processes is an arduous and painstaking job, particularly in large organizations, because it involves people who are expected to supply information regarding the manner in which they perform their activities.
Given this context, it is important that the infrastructure to support process description and further use be functional and ease to use. Based on a process reuse architecture [3], Figure 1, a Web tool was developed, RPS (http://www.re.les.inf.puc-rio.br/soeli), in order to provide this infrastructure.
Figure 1: Process Reuse Architecture
1
“A process framework models the behavior of the processes in a given domain. A process framework is defined as a reusable process. Its kernel models the common activities among the processes of the domain. Hot -spots model the specific and flexible parts of the processes of the domain and they are specified during the instantiation of the framework. The hotspots are activities or other elements of the process (techniques, tools...), that define characteristics or specific paths of a solution process (process instance). The hotspots are instanced by the process engineer, redefining the description of activities or elements, both on the macro and detailed levels. The framework itself will have to be represented as a process, identifying the parts that are hot spots and common activities. The instantiation of one processes framework generates a solution process. ”[3]. See also Figure 1.
3The Web Tool (RPS)
RPS is a Web tool designed to provide support for the edition and retrieval of process information. The tool uses ROpl as its basis. Figure 2 shows the main menu with two types of selection: by the menu on the left or by the chart, where you have the possibility of reusing a framework or reuse directly patterns, standards or processes. The menu on the left give the option of a) data entry (cadastro), for cataloguing new processes, b) view a process (consulta), to visualize in HTML a given chosen process, or c) access control (utilitários), for managing access and passwords.
Figure 2: RPS main Page
Several different pages are available according to the function requested. The processes are stored as XML [6] files and are prettyprinted using XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) [6], which makes possible different presentation styles for processes. Depending on the type of reuse (Figure 1) a special path of the flow below is followed, that implies that there different possibilities of re-using the information stored in the data base.
RPS is a prototype and as such has several limitations, however we believe that it opens an avenue of opportunities regarding the research of how processes are presented, their languages and the reuse
possibilities of processes. Our initial results [5] were very positive. On the next two sections we detail two different processes and a respective assessment of the tool for each process.
4First Experience: Requirements Management Process
The first experience took place at the Departmento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos at the Universidad de Sevilla and was driven by two members of the local Requirements Engineering Research Group. The goal was to describe a detailed process for Requirements Management (RM), taking the approach described in [9] as a basis and focusing on requirements change management. The RM process was initially modeled using UML activity diagrams [10], as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Figure 3: Requirements Engineering Process Overview
In Figure 3 a context diagram for Requirements Engineering (RE) is presented. Following RPS, RE was defined as an usual process, and Requirements Development (RD) and Requirements Management (RM) as macro activities. In Figure 4, a detailed description of the RM macro activity is displayed.
The former approach was defining RM as a process itself, but the structure shown in Figure 4 was eventually chosen in order to maximize reuse of already defined processes. The reason of this choice was that all RM defined processes in the repository were at the macro activity level, and the current implementation of the web tool do not allow changing the abstraction level (process, macro activity or detailed activity) of an asset.
The next decision to be made was to choose the reuse strategy from the three possible options (see the right part of Figure 2, there a flowchart details the types of reuse the tool supports). The framework reuse strategy was initially discarded after some attempts because the only available framework in the web tool process repository, a framework for RE, was too general and we found an usual process asset that was much closer to our approach. So, the free partial reuse strategy was finally chosen, achieving a high reuse ratio, although some translation work was needed, since the reuse processes was initially described in Portuguese and the target language was English.
Figure 4: Activity diagram for Requirements Management
5Second experience: Semi-Automatic User Interface Generation from User Requirements
The second case study used to evaluate the tool is about a semi-automatic user interface generation method. This process is based on user requirements. The case study is organized as follows: first, our user interface generation method, and second each phase and activity is explained in detail. Finally the experience of using the tool for the process definition is reported. When a software product is designed and implemented, it is very important to assure that the user requirements have been properly represented. To achieve this objective, a guided software production process is needed, starting from the initial requirements engineering activities and through to the resultant software product. In this section, a methodological approach for generating user interfaces corresponding to the user requirements is introduced. As opposed to other proposals, we defend the idea of having a process with a high degree of automation where the generation of user interfaces corresponding to precise user requirements has a methodological guidance. Furthermore, a corresponding visual tool, which allows us to almost completely automate the entire process, has been implemented. A detailed discussion about the tool can be found in [11]. An important contribution of the method is that it automatically generates an inter–form model of navigation which is based on the relationships include and extend specified among the use cases. The introduction of this navigation feature makes possible to use the generated interfaces in web environments.
In short, this section presents both a methodological proposal and the associated support tool, which backs it up, within the field of requirements engineering. They are based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML [10]), extended by the introduction of Message Sequence Charts (MSC) [12]. As we view MSCs as extended UML Sequence Diagrams by adding the needed stereotypes, the approach can be considered UML-compliant from the notational point of view.
A clear, precise iterative process allows us to derive user interface prototypes in a semi-automatic way from scenarios. Furthermore, a formal specification of the system is generated and represented through state transition diagrams. These diagrams describe the dynamic behavior of both the interface and control objects associated to each use case or each MSC. The method has four main steps: the first two steps require analyst assistance to some degree, whereas the last two steps make the process of scenario validation fully automated by means of prototyping
5.1Description of the Proposal
In this section we present precise method or process to guide the generation of user interfaces corresponding to the user requirements, according to the ideas introduced in section 4 and using the UML diagrams class model, state transition diagrams and message sequence charts. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the activities contained in the proposed method. As we have commented above, the first two activities, namely scenario representation and synthesis of use cases, are manual activities which the analyst must carry out. The last two, specification generation and generation of prototypes, are totally automatic.
Figure 5: Schematic Representation of the Method
Figure 5 also fixes the order in which these activities should be performed. The process begins at the scenario representation stage where a use case model is created. The next stage consists of describing use cases by means of MSC. During the stage of specification generation, a state transition diagram (STD [13]) for the class User Interface and another STD for the Control Object are automatically obtained from a given MSC. Lastly, the final stage consists of automatically generating the user interface prototypes as well. The method is iterative; in consequence, the prototyping is used to validate and enrich the initial requirements.
5.2Tool utilization
We have considered as “usual process” the describe method in the last section. We can define four macro activities: use case model construction, use cases synthesis, specification generation and user interface generation. Each macro activity can be decomposed in detailed activities. We shall now proceed to explain the macro activity “use cases synthesis” in detail.
This macro activity can be decomposed in tow detailed activities: message sequence chart construction and message sequence chart labeling. The former detailed activity can be described as follow. Once we have obtained the Use Case Model, we need to work with the involved use case information to undertake the process of designing a software system. To do this, use cases must be formally described: the formal definition of a use case is achieved by using a graphic, non-ambiguous language, such as MSC. In this phase, which is a manual one, the use case templates are used as help so that the analyst can detect the events sent by the actors and by the classes of problem domain. In each MSC, besides the participating actors (initiator, supporting actors), one class for the user interface and one class that acts as control object are introduced, according to the initial Objectory proposal [14] and according to the UML approaches for a software production process [15].
The last detailed activity also can be described in the sequel manner. An important piece of data that must be introduced in this step, is constituted by the labels that will appear in the user interface to identify relevant pieces of information. When following the flow of events specified in the MSC, a given piece of information enters or exits the user interface object, the analyst must specify the corresponding label, that will play a basic role in the process of generating the user interface.
Apart from the labels, information about the type of the arguments of each event specified in the diagram must be introduced. The allowed types are the basic data-valued types (number, Boolean, character, strings, enumerated) and the object-valued types corresponding to the system classes. The types of the event arguments together with the class attributes are used in the process of the interface generation.
6Conclusions
We have briefly presented an infrastructure for process reuse and detailed the ROpl, a process language proposed to cast processes for reuse. The infrastructure is supported by a web application that provides editing, retrieving and visualization mechanisms. In order to gain more understanding on requeriments processes as well as on the effectiveness of the prototype tool, we conducted two experiences with two different research groups. We detail below the final remarks of each research group. We end the section enumerating further work.
The first experience at the Universidad de Sevilla was highly positive. The search facilities were a key aspect, and the facet-based schema has proved to be extremely useful. The reuse guideline for frameworks was also very useful, especially because it offered a broad view of the framework, its activities and some guides for making reuse decisions. The flexible view of the concept of framework was also a positive aspect, since any activity in a framework can be reused or not, not only hot spots, although some of them are strongly recommended but no one is considered as mandatory.
One of the drawbacks was the strictly sequential model of processes and the lack of an standard graphical representation of processes. It would be interesting to have a richer model in which processes could be ordered in a more flexible way. Other found problem was the strict level hierarchy, in which an item initially created at one level (process, macro activity or activity) cannot be changed to an upper or lower level and, in the case of detailed activities, they must be reused together with their parent macro activity, not isolated.
From the point of view of “Universidad Politécnica de Valencia”, we have encountered a powerful mechanism of process definition and reutilization, but we have only fully exploded the former characteristic, process definition. There is a coherent classification of process types: standard, pattern, usual and solution. The variable level of granularity in process definition and decomposition (macro and detailed activities) let us employ the desire level of abstraction and detail.
In the other hand, there are also negative aspects. There is not a graphical notation to depict process and activities dependency. The precedence process relation is very restrictive. Finally, there is not a view model or users and users groups. Any user can access to all database. We have not found a privacy policy and information protection.
Regarding future work, we understand that different issues vary in terms of effort needed and maturity over time. The short term issues are those related to the tool, like: better user interface, language customization, privacy and security, and of course a more stable platform. Requiring more effort would be things related to the language concept itself, for instance, during the first experience, it was found as interesting the possibility of having more than 3 levels of abstraction. It would be nice if recursive composition could be applied when defining a process, i.e. if a process could be defined as recursively composed by other process, having as many depth levels as necessary. In terms of long term we would be interested in auditing and populating the repository together with a more robust tool. Collaborations like the one presented in this paper, we believe, will foster the possibility of improving the repository as well as provide a larger user base for testing the tool.
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prejudice的用法总结大全 prejudice的意思 n. 成见，偏见，歧视,侵害,伤害 vt. 使有偏见,不利于，损害 变形：过去式: prejudiced; 现在分词：prejudicing; prejudice用法 prejudice可以用作动词 prejudice的基本意思是“(使)有偏见”,指一人由于成见而产生的注重一方面的见解或对人对事的不公正,引申可表示“损害”。 prejudice多用作及物动词,接名词、代词作宾语。 prejudice用作动词的用法例句 Your bad spelling may prejudice your chances of getting this job.你糟糕的拼写会妨碍你获得这个工作的机会。 Her charm prejudiced the judges in her favour.她姿色迷人，因而评委都偏向她。 His pleasant voice and manner prejudiced the jury in his favor.他那令人愉快的声音和举止使陪审团对他产生了偏心。 prejudice用法例句 1、Rowe does a very clever riff on the nature of prejudice. 罗就偏见的本质讲了一番很精辟的话。 2、I've spent a lifetime fighting against racism and prejudice. 我一辈子都在同种族主义和偏见作斗争。 3、I'm calling in reference to your series on prejudice. 我打电话是要谈谈你写的有关“偏见”的系列文章。 prejudice双语例句 1.What has prejudiced you against modern music?是什么使你对现代音乐抱有成见? 2.He has a prejudice against all foreigners.他对所有的外国人都有偏见。 3.You should liberate the mind from prejudice.你该解除心中的偏见。
Tica天加空调控制器使用说明 一）. 控制面板操作指导 1、功能键 2、加键 3、减键 4、风速键 5、模式键 6、开/关键 7、LED开/关机状态指示 8、LCD显示屏 9、红外接收窗口 10、T2 11、子菜单M1 12、T1 13、子菜单M2 a. 开/关 选择系统的开或关。 a. 开机状态LED显示绿色 b. 关机状态I )有定时LED显示绿色并闪烁 II )无定时LED显示红色 a. 模式 通过模式键，可选择操作模式，如下： I）冷暖型号：制冷-通风-除湿-制热-自动 II）单冷型号：制冷-通风-冷除湿模式 b. 风速 风速选择：风速无变化 c. 温度 温度的选择可从16℃到30℃或者60F到85F。同时按下“▲”和“▼”键5秒可以转换摄氏温度和华氏温度模式。当按下任一键其最新设定温度将闪烁4次。若没再次按键，系统将恢复到显示室内温度状态。温度显示范围0℃到50℃或32F到99F。 a. 日期/时间设定 按下“功能”键，可选择日期/时间设定子菜单。子菜单标M1将连续闪烁6秒。 1) 按下“模式”键将改变日期设定，可从周日到周六。 2）按下“▲”或“▼”键可调节时间，同时T1将连续闪烁，表示进入定时时钟设置，但必须按住“▲”和“▼”键持续5秒方可更改时钟参数。
按住“▲”或“▼”按钮可减少或增加实时时钟设定时间。持续按住以上按钮可自动改变其设置。按住按钮期间，其改变将以3种速度进行。 a. 定时器 定时器可通过遥控或主机板按键激活。遥控接收定时设置：实时定时器（通过LCD手机）。 实时开机时间设定与内部实时时钟匹配，开机启动。同样的，实时关机设定与内部实时时钟匹配时，关机启动。此设定将持续保留为下一次的自动开/关机用途。 a. 定时 按下“功能”键，可选择相应子菜单(M1)。相应子菜单(M1)将连续闪烁6秒。 1) 按下“模式”键将改变日期设定，从周一到周日 2) 按下“开/关”键持续3秒，可选择开机或关机定时设定。 此功能用于选择定时开/关机。若有关定时开/关被选中，相应的开/关定时符号闪烁，同时相应的定时设定日期也将闪烁。若有关定时开/关未被设置过，显示屏将显示--:--，否则将显示最后设定时间。定时器按键“▲”/“▼”用来输入开/关时间。如果长按“▲”或“▼”键，计时器的设定时间也将相应、快速的增加/减少。若定时器未被设置过它将从“00 00”开始，否则它将从以前的设定时间开始。按“风速”键可取消当前的定时开/关机设定，它将显示--:--。按下“模式”键用来改变设置开/关星期设置。若没任何键按启动，6秒后退出定时设定。若相应的定时被设置，开/关机符号将显示。只要有任何一天有定时设定，T1将显示。只要有任何一天的定时开机被设定，开机符号闪烁。只要有任何一天的定时关机被设定，关机符号闪烁。连续同时按“功能”键和“风速”键5秒，则可取消全部定时设定。 a. 节能睡眠模式 按下“功能”键，可选择M2子菜单。M2子菜单将连续闪烁6秒。 按下“模式”键可选择睡眠功能。选择睡眠状态将视睡眠模式的状态而进入/退出睡眠设定。如在送风或除湿模式，此键被屏闭。 l) 电池 如果系统掉电，电池将自动维持系统的实时时钟运行
“的、地、得”用法分析及练习（后附答案） 一、的、地、得用法分析： “的”后面跟的都是表示事物名称的词或词语，如：敬爱的总理、慈祥的老人、戴帽子的男孩、珍贵的教科书、鸟的天堂、伟大的祖国、有趣的情节、优雅的环境、可疑的情况、团结友爱的集体、他的妈妈、可爱的花儿、谁的橡皮、清清的河水...... “地”后面跟的都是表示动作的词或词语，如：高声地喊、愉快地唱、拼命地逃、疯狂地咒骂、严密地注视、一次又一次地握手、迅速地包围、沙沙地直响、斩钉截铁地说、从容不迫地申述、用力地踢、仔细地看、开心地笑笑......” “得”前面多数是表示动作的词或词语，少数是形容词；后面跟的都是形容事物状态的词或词语，表示怎么怎么样的，如：走得很快、踩得稀烂、疼得直叫唤、瘦得皮包骨头、红得发紫、气得双脚直跳、理解得十分深刻、乐得合不拢嘴、惊讶得目瞪口呆、大得很、扫得真干净、笑得多甜啊...... 二、的、地、得用法补充说明： 1、如果“de”的后面是“很、真、太”等这些词，十有八九用“得”。 2、有一种情况，如“他高兴得一蹦三尺高”这句话里，后面的“一蹦三尺高”虽然是表示动作的，但是它是来形容“高兴”的程度的，所以也应该用“得”。
三、的、地、得用法总结： 1、“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物，说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为：修饰、限制的词语+的+名词。 2、“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作，说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为：修饰、限制的词语+地+动词。 3、“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样，结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+补充、说明的词语。 四、的、地、得用法例句： 1. 蔚蓝色的海洋，波涛汹涌，无边无际。 2. 向日葵在微风中向我们轻轻地点头微笑。 3. 小明在海安儿童公园玩得很开心。 五、“的、地、得”的读音： “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都各自有着各自的不同的读音，但当他们附着在词，短语，句子的前面或后面，表示结构关系或某些附加意义的时候都读轻声“de”，没有语音上的区别。 但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字，这样可以区分他们在书面语用法上的不同。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。
动名词的用法及练习 你听过英文语法有动词(verb)、名词(noun)；但你听过有动名词(gerund)吗 1. The girl is singing a song. 2. The girl singing now is my sister. 3. Singing is one of her hobbies(爱好). 一、名词性的动名词(Nominal Gerund) Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠词(Definite article，如the)或不定冠词(Indefinite article，如a, an)，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my, this, some, any, all, no 等等。举例如下： 1. The mellow(愉快地) singing of the birds announces the coming of spring. (singing前加定冠词the及形容词mellow；coming 前加the) 2. We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling(沙沙声) in the bushes. (rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词faint) 从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过，有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔，如：saying, writing, opening, painting, cutting, heading, feeling, being,saving, surrounding, crossing, misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数的喔，方法就是在它们的后面加个s，如：paintings。 二、动词性的动名词(Verbal Gerund) 看看下面的句子： Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher. 上面的句子里的writing是动名词，但前面有副词carelessly（粗心地），后面又有受词(Object) essays。因此writing就有动词的特征。 注意：Verbal Gerund 这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词(the, a, an ...)喔。 动名词的功能与用法 一、在句子中用作主语(Subject)或主语的补语(Subject Complement): 作主语 1. Listening to music gives me pleasure. (主语Listening ） 2. Running is good exercise. （主语running) 3. Walking to school is a good idea. (主语walking) 作主语的补语 1. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (补语sleeping) 2. Seeing is believing. (主语seeing, 补语believing) 主语置于句尾用It + be + ... +v-ing 句型 1. It is fun speaking English. 2. It is of great importance fighting against pollution(污染). 用It is 后接no use. no good, fun 等的句型 1. It is no use learning theory without practice. 2. It is no fun being lost in rain. 用It is 后接useless, nice, good, interesting, worthwhile 等的句型 1. It is worthwhile taking this into consideration. 用There + be + no + v-ing 的句型 1. There is no joking about such matters. 2. There is no getting along with him. (简直无法与他相处) 二、动名词也可以作宾语（Object) 作动词/动词短语的宾语(置于动词或动词短语的后面） 1. I cannot help laughing. （我禁不住笑了起来）（宾语laughing) 2. You should avoid quarrelling with your sister. (宾语quarrelling) 3. You should practice speaking English more. (宾语speaking) 注意：上面三个句子中的动词:help, avoid, practice 只能用动名词作宾语。这类动词还有：dislike 厌恶admit 接受repent 后悔acknowledge 承认
本技术属于智能空调技术领域，尤其涉及一种智能空调控制系统，包括：用户端，用于采集用户的体征数据；控制端，用于输入温度值；还用于输入温度值后，用预设的模型对输入的温度值和用户的体征数据进行分析，当分析结果为输入的温度值对用户存在致病风险时，对输入的温度值进行修正，得到修正温度值；还用于得到修正温度值后控制空调送风。使用本系统，当用户的主观判断温度存在问题时，控制端能够对其输入的温度进行修正后，再控制空调送风。与现有技术相比，能够尽量避免出现用户因为主观判断的温度不当而导致生病的情况发生。 技术要求 1.一种智能空调控制系统，其特征在于，包括： 用户端，用于采集用户的体征数据； 控制端，用于输入温度值；还用于输入温度值后，用预设的模型对输入的温度值和用户 的体征数据进行分析，当分析结果为输入的温度值对用户存在致病风险时，对输入的温 度值进行修正，得到修正温度值；还用于得到修正温度值后控制空调送风。 2.根据权利要求1所述的智能空调控制系统，其特征在于：控制端还用于当分析结果为输入的温度值对用户存在致病风险时，发出提醒，提醒的内容包括温度提醒及健康提醒。 3.根据权利要求2所述的智能空调控制系统，其特征在于：控制器还用于选择模式，模式包括正常模式和睡眠模式；睡眠模式时，用户端还用于每隔N分钟采集一次用户体征数据并发送给控制端，控制端还用于基于预设的调节模型，根据用户最新的体征数据对当前 温度进行调节。 4.根据权利要求3所述的智能空调控制系统，其特征在于：用户端有多个，当多个用户端同时给同一控制端发送用户的体征数据时，控制端分别根据每组体征数据得到预估调节 温度值后，选择数值最大的调节温度值作为实际调节值进行温度调节。 5.根据权利要求4所述的智能空调控制系统，其特征在于：控制端还用于分析用户的体征数据。
英语情态动词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择情态动词 1．--- Difficulties always go with me! --- Cheer up! If God closes door in front of you, there be a window opened for you. A．must B．would C．could D．can 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查情态动词辨析。句意：——困难总是伴随着我！——高兴点! 如果上帝在你面前关上了门，一定有一扇窗户为你打开。A. must必须；B. would将要；C. could能，会；D. can能，会。must表示对现在的状态推测时，意为“一定”，表示可能性很大的推测。符合语境。故选A。 【点睛】 1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。 2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。 3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。 4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接完成进行式。 5) 否定推测用can't。 本句中的。must表示对现在的状态推测时，意为一定，表示可能性很大的推测。符合第2点用法。 2．Paul did a great job in the speech contest. He many times last week. A．need have practised B．might practise C．must have practised D．could practise 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查情态动词。句意：保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上星期一定练习了很多次。must have done是对过去发生的动作最有把握的猜测，意思是“一定”。故C选项正确。 3．He is a bad-tempered fellow, but he ________ be quite charming when he wishes. A．shall B．should C．can D．must 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查情态动词辨析。句意：他是个脾气不好的家伙，但当他希望自己有魅力的时候，他可
DX-9100 数字控制器面板操作说明 1. 请仔细阅读“操作说明”后，参照“操作说明”结合“自控调试表” 操作，非专业人员禁止操作。 2. 所有通讯地址、接线非专业人员禁止操作。 3. 控制程序与之相对应的送风机连锁。 4、控制程序与消防连锁。 一、面板布置 二、启动模式 三、下载模式 四、时间调度模式 五、时间调度事件编程 六、实时时钟日历 七、模拟输入显示模式 八、模式滚动模式 九、数字输入显示模式 十、输出模块显示模式 十一、数字计数器显示模式 十二、可编程功能模块显示模式 十三、模拟/ 数字常量显示模式
一、面板布置 本空调机组中采用美国江森DX-9100-8154 控制器（2 型），控制器内的 工作参数和值可以通过前面板显示出来并修改。前面板的布置由七个功能块组成，这些功能块包括用来完成许多种任务的发光二极管、数码管和操作键。 A C B E2 D2 G F Service Module Socket 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R D TD AL XT X D K X Y Z D A/M Y XT 0 1 1 0 Z A 0 K A/M E ESC emdxtb60 图：DX-9100-8454(2 型) 的前面板布置图 1. 功能块的功能 1）功能块A：两个七段绿色数码管显示所选项目的索引号。 2）功能块B：四个七段红色数码管监视、显示并更新所选项目的值： ·模拟输入、输出和常数以数字表示。 ·数字输入、输出和常数以“ON”或“OFF”表示。 ·数字输入的计数器及其他合计值以数字表示，交替显示“个”位和“千”位数。 3) 功能块C：八个红色发光二极管指示DX（或为在功能块A中选中的XT）的数 字输入的状态，在时间调度模式下为定时模块中的星期日期以及在实时时钟模式下的当前星期日期。 4）功能块D2：上方的两个红色发光二极管分别指示，在N2总线（91 总线）上接收数据时RD灯点亮，DX-9100控制器经N2总线（91 总线）发送数据时TD
用户手册 ZHT-AC02D 空调智能切换控制器
目录 第一章产品概述 (1) 一．产品简介 (1) 二．产品功能特性和技术参数 (1) 1.主要功能特性 (1) 2.技术参数 (2) 三．安装环境 (2) 第二章安装指引 (3) 一．前面板 (3) 二．前面板指示说明 (3) 三．接口面板 (4) 四．后面板接口说明 (4) 五．智能控制启动系统定装与连接 (5) 1.安装步骤 (5) 2.实物联接图 (5) 3.控制器接线说明 (6) 第三章面板按键操作说明 (8) 一．操作流程图 (8) 二．系统设置说明 (9) 1.part setting(参与设置) (9) https://www.doczj.com/doc/0f9464700.html,bin setting（组合设置） (9) 3.switch setting（切换设置） (9) 4.single setting(单独设置) (10) 5.sysclk setting(系统时间设置) (11) 6.system resrt(系统复位) (11) 7.learn code(学习红外码) (11) 8.detece vol(电压检测) (11) 9.temp mode(温度检测模式) (11) 第四章故障及排除 (13) 注意 本手册仅供用户查阅参考，不提供任何形式的担保，产品规格型号如有修正或更改不再另行通告。
第一章产品概述 一．产品简介 ZHT-AC02D型空调切换控制器是一种豪华型智能空调启动控制系统，支持2台空调机。实现单独或组合打包控制并监测空调机的运行状态，按照预先设置好的程序控制空调机的运行、停机及组合运行等。实现市电断电再来电自动启动空调，智能控制空调机的切换运行，且支持联机使用上位机软件管理配置。大大的提高了机房管理的效率，延长了空调的使用寿命。适用于民用、商用、中小型机房、通信基站、UPS机房的各种品牌柜式、分体壁挂、吸顶式空调机等各种机型。 该系统具有报警和自动撤消报警功能，当空调处于报警状态时，如果空调恢复了正常状态，则取消报警。 ZHT-AC02D型空调切换控制系统功能齐全、性能优越、安装设置方便快捷，最经济的方式解决空调来电启动和智能切换实际问题，是您节省电力资源和人力资源成本的最佳选择。 二．产品功能特性和技术参数 1.主要功能特性 壁挂式设计，LCD面板显示；按键操控面板，设置简便，LED灯显示运行状态 RS-485协议，通过PC连接上位机配置空调切换系统 最多支持2台空调，实现组合打包控制、定时切换、温控切换、故障切换 时间段定时开启功能、周期定时开启功能 远程实时获取空调开、关状态，远程实时获取机房环境温度功能 按用户配置温度，自动开启、关闭空调功能 供电恢复后，延时30秒启动空调 带断电记忆功能，该设备掉电后能保存之前设置的信息。 带电流监测功能，保证可靠开机，防止空调非断电情况下异常关机，可自动开机 具备记忆功能，供电恢复开起空调并达到停机前的模式、状态 具有断电来电或异常停机自启动功能：当空调机出现故障或停电时，空调机停机； 故障消除或重新来电后，控制空调机按设定的规则重新启动，不需要人工干预。独特优点：所有的逻辑开机动作，可开启至用户需要的温度及制冷模式 安装和维护简单，不需要拆开空调修改电路，，即插即用；不影响空调的其它功能 具备报警输出功能，连续3次开启空调不成功，输出报警信号 可与动力环境监控系统联网，空调启动失败时，输出报警开关量信号。（可选配我公司其它配件组成声光报警或拨打电话报警）
目录 摘要.......................................................................................................... II Abstract ................................................................................................. I V 目录............................................................................................................ I 前言.. (1) 1绪论 (2) 1.1空调的概述 (2) 1.2空调的发展历史 (2) 1.3空调的发展趋势 (4) 1.4系统总体方案及硬件设计 (5) 2系统硬件的选择及其功能特性 (6) 2.1 AT89C51单片机的结构及其功能 (6) 2.1.1 AT89C51单片机的结构 (6) 2.1.2AT89C51单片机的引脚及其功能 (7) 2.1.3时钟震荡器 (10) 2.1.4闲散节电模式 (11) 2.1.5掉电模式 (12) 2.1.6程序存储器的加密 (13) 2.2 DS18B20温度传感器 (13) 2.2.1 DS18B20概述 (13) 2.2.2 DS18B20测温操作 (14) 2.2.3报警操作信号 (15) 2.3 LED数码管 (16) 3硬件电路的设计 (18)
3.1时钟电路 (18) 3.2显示电路的设计 (19) 3.3按键电路设计 (20) 3.4温度传感器电路 (21) 3.5复位电路的设计 (22) 3.6系统总电路 (22) 4软件系统设计 (24) 4.1概述 (24) 4.2主程序流程图 (24) 4.3程序源代码 (25) 总结 (34) 致谢 (35) 参考文献 (36) 摘要 随着时代的进步和发展，空调已经普及到我们生活、工作，极大地改善了人们的生活品质。本文主要介绍了一个基于A T89C51单片机的温度检测、调节、控制的空调系统，详细描述了利用数字温度传感器DS18B20开发测温系统的过程，重点对传感器在单片机下的硬件连接，软件编程以及各模块系统流程进行了详尽分析，特别是数字温度传感器DS18B20的数据采集过程。对各部分的电路也一一进行了设计。 该系统可以方便的实现实现温度采集和显示，并可根据需要任意设定上下限在通过单片机控制温度，它使用起来相当方便，具有精度高、量程宽、灵敏度高、体积小、功耗低等优点，适合于我们日常生
标点符号用法 一、标点符号 标点符号：辅助文字记录语言的符号，是书面语的有机组成部分，用来表示语句的停顿、语气以及标示某些成分（主要是词语）的特定性质和作用。 句子：前后都有较大停顿、带有一定的语气和语调、表达相对完整意义的语言单位。 复句：由两个或多个在意义上有密切关系的分句组成的语言单位，包括简单复句（内部只有一层语义关系）和多重复句（内部包含多层语义关系）。 分句：复句内两个或多个前后有停顿、表达相对完整意义、不带有句末语气和语调、有的前面可添加关联词语的语言单位。 陈述句：用来说明事实的句子。 祈使句：用来要求听话人做某件事情的句子。 疑问句：用来提出问题的句子。 感叹句：用来抒发某种强烈感情的句子。 词语：词和短语（词组）。词，即最小的能独立运用的语言单位。短语，即由两个或两个以上的词按一定的语法规则组成的表达一定意义的语言单位，也叫词组。 二、分类 标点符号分为点号和标号两大类。
点号的作用是点断，主要表示说话时的停顿和语气。点号又分为句末点号和句内点号。 句末点号用在句末，表示句末停顿和句子的语气，包括句号、问号、叹号。 句内点号用在句内，表示句内各种不同性质的停顿，有逗号、顿号、分号、冒号。 标号的作用是标明，主要标示某些成分（主要是词语）的特定性质和作用。包括引号、括号、破折号、省略号、着重号、连接号、间隔号、书名号、专名号、分隔号。 （一）句号 1.用于句子末尾，表示陈述语气。使用句号主要根据语段前后有较大停顿、带有陈述语气和语调，并不取决于句子的长短。 2.有时也可表示较缓和的祈使语气和感叹语气。 请您稍等一下。 我不由地感到，这些普通劳动者也是同样值得尊敬的。 （二）问号 主要表示句子的疑问语气。形式是“？”。 1.用于句子末尾，表示疑问语气（包括反问、设问等疑问类型）。使用问号主要根据语段前后有较大停顿、带有疑问语气和语调，并不取决于句子的长短。 2.选择问句中，通常只在最后一个选项的末尾用问号，各个选项之间一般用逗号隔开。当选项较短且选项之间几乎没有停顿时，选项之间可不用逗号。当选项较多或较长，或有意突出每个选项的独立性时，也可每个选项之后都用问号。 3.问号也有标号的用法，即用于句内，表示存疑或不详。 马致远（1250？―1321）。 使用问号应以句子表示疑问语气为依据，而并不根据句子中包含有疑问词。当含有疑问词的语段充当某种句子成分，而句子并不表示疑问语气时，句末不用问号。
disappointed的用法小结 今天给大家整理了disappointed的用法，快来一起学习吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 disappointed用法 disappointed的解释 a. 失望的 disappointed的例句 The condition or feeling of being disappointed. 失望，扫兴失望的状态或沮丧的感觉 If you were expecting our life in the country to be the New Jerusalem, youre going to be very disappointed. 如果你期望我们在乡下的生活会像天堂那样美丽，那你是会非常失望的。 失望别再只说disappointed，这些才是老外最常用的表达
我们竭尽全力，希望都与人友好相处。不幸的是，大家并非总能如此，因此我们会有表达失望之情的需要，对自己或对别人失望。 对于这些情况，记住表达失望情绪的正确方式就很重要了。 换句话说，我们谈话的对象是谁?彼此是什么关系?我们会根据自己是在交友或工作的场合来使用不同的短语。 对自己感到失望： I wish I (我希望自己)+ Past Simple (一般过去时)= Present Disappointments 表达现在的失望情绪 将I wish(我希望)与一般过去时连用，以表达你对现在发生的某件事感到失望。这与使用非真实条件句来表达假想中的事相类似。 I wish I had a better job. 我希望能找到更好的工作。 I wish I had more time for my family. 我希望自己能有更多的时间陪伴家人。 I wish I spoke Italian. 我希望自己会说意大利语。
ADDC智能空调节能控制器最新说明书 ADDC是一个面向楼宇和大型中央空调系统集中监控的直接数字控制器。可以对楼宇中的冷冻站、热交换设备、空调系统、通风系统、给排水系统、等等设备进行监测和控制。可以十分方便的组网，实现分散控制，集中管理。ADDC有6DI、8AI、8DO、4AO共26个物理点，带扩展功能，支持标准Modbus协议，带联网功能。与同类产品相比具有以下特点： ●既可以通过外部编程来开发应用，也可以依靠本机按键设置组态。 ●支持在线调试和编程，极大的方便了自动工程师二次开发。 ●利用ADDC的按键组态功能，就可以实现顺序控制，空调设备的恒温恒湿控制，连 锁控制及报警等常规楼宇应用。极大了方便用户，缩短工厂周期，降低了成本。 15.1型号说明 ADDC M : 主控制器 E : 扩展模块 安科瑞智能空调节能控制器 15.2技术参数 主要技术参数主控制器模块（ADDC-M）扩展模块（ADDC-E）工作电压AC/DC24V±10% 频率50/60Hz 功耗5VA 通用输入温度 传感器PT1000/NTC 通道数：4 Pt1000输入范围：0..150℃，精度：5‰ NTC(标称值可为1kΩ、10kΩ)输入范围：0-100℃,精度±3℃，采用三线制接法，最大连线距离（￠≥0.6mm）300m 模拟量输入通道数：4 测量范围：DC0-10V，0-20mA精度5‰,电压输入时内阻R：≥100K，最大连线距离（￠≥0.6mm）300m 开关量输入通道数：6 信号类型：无源触点，最大连线距离（￠≥0.6mm）300m 模拟量输出通道数：4 范围：DC0-10V，精度：5‰ 开关量输出通道数：8 触点容量：5A/30VDC，5A/250VAC 温度系数300ppm/℃绝缘电阻≥100MΩ 控制参数范围 温度：-35～+150℃相对湿度0..100% 绝对焓湿量0..20g/kg
定语从句用法分析 定语从句在整个句子中担任定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 eg. The boys who are planting trees on the hill are middle school students 先行词定语从句 #1 关系词： 关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as (句子中缺主要成份:主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补语)， 关系副词：when, where, why （句子中缺次要成份：状语）。 #2 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词引导定语从句，代替先行词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等主要成分。 1）who, whom, that 指代人，在从句中作主语、宾语。 eg. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语） ^ He is the man who/whom/ that I saw yesterday.（who/whom/that在从句中作宾语） ^ 2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。eg. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. = the cover of which/of which the cover is green. 3）which, that指代物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。 eg. The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. ^ （which / that在从句中作宾语,可省略） 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 eg. Is he the man who want s to see you? #3.关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句，代替先行词（时间、地点或理由），并在从句中作状语。 eg. Two years ago, I was taken to the village where I was born. Do you know the day when they arrived? The reason why he refused is that he was too busy. 注意： 1）关系副词常常和"介词+ which"结构互换 eg. There are occasions when （on which）one must yield (屈服). Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born. Is this the reason why （for which）he refused our offer? * 2）在非正式文体中，that代替关系副词或"介词+ which"，放在时间、地点、理由的名词，在口语中that常被省略。 eg. His father died the year （that / when / in which）he was born. He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago.
——45个基本介词的用法 1、about [prep] （1）在…到处，在…各处here and there eg: We wandered about the town for an hour or so. He looked about the room. （2）在…附近next to a place eg. She lives about the office. （3）关于in connection with eg: a book about English study I don’t know what you are talking about. [adv] （1）大约close to eg: We left there about 10 o’clock. It costs about 500 dollars. （2）到处，各处 eg: The children were rushing about in the garden. （3）在附近 eg : There is no food about. 【常见搭配】 作介词时的搭配: 一.动词+(about+名词) （1）arrange (about sth)安排关于某事（2）argue (about sth)讨论某事（3）ask (about sth) 询问关于某事（4）boast (about sb/sth) 吹嘘... （5）care (about sb/sth)关心…,对…感兴趣 （6）chat(about sth) 谈论某事（7）complain(about sb/sth) 抱怨…（8）dream (about sb/sth)梦见某人/某物 （9）go (about sth)着手做...；从事... （10）hear (about sth) 听说... （11）know(about sth) 了解...（12）learn (about sth) 得知某事（13）put (about sth)散布（谣言等）（14）quarrel (about sth)为...争吵 （15）see (about sth)负责处理... （16）talk(about sth) 谈论... （17）think (about sth) 考虑.. （18）warn sb (about sth) 告诫某人关 于某事 （19）wonder(about sb/sth) 对.. 好奇 （20）worry(about sb/sth) 对...担心 二、名词+(about+名词) （1）concern (about sb/sth) 对…的关心/关怀 （2）curiosity (about sb/sth) 对… 的好奇 （3）doubt (about sb/sth) 对…的怀疑 （4）ethusiasm (about sth) 对…的热情 （5）information (about sb/sth) 关于…的信息 （6）remark (about sth) 对…的评论 （7）opinion (about sth) 对…的意见 （8）view (about sb/sth) 对...的观 点 三、be+adj+(about+名词) （1）be angry (about sth) 为…而生气 （2）be anxious(about sth) 为…忧虑 （3）be careful(about sth) 当心… （4）be cautious (about sth) 谨 防...；对...持谨慎态度 （5）be certain (about sth) 确信关于某事 （6）be curious (about sth) 对…感到好奇 （7）be disappointed (about sth) 对…感到失望 （8）be excited (about sth) 对…感到兴奋 （9）be glad/happy (about sth) 对…感到高兴 （10）be hopeful (about sth) 对…抱有希望 （11）be crazy/mad/wild (about sth) 对…痴狂；酷爱某事 （12）be nervous (about sth) 为…感到不安/因...感到紧张 （13）be optimistic/positive (about sth) 对...是积极乐观的 （14）be particular (about sb/sth) 对... 讲究，挑剔 （15）be sad (about sth) 为…而难 过 （16）be serious (about sth) 对…认真 （17）be sorry (about sth) 对...抱歉 作副词时的搭配: 名词+动词+about （1）sth come about某事发生 （2）sth get about某事（尤指消息 等）传开 （3）sb turn about某人转身 （4）sb wander about某人徘徊，游 荡 （5）sb walk about某人走来走去 2、above 【原始含义】 a-b-over“A在B上方” 【引申含义】prep. （1）在…上方at or to a higher place than sth/sb eg: The sun rose above the horizon. （2）数目大于…/重量超过…/价格（能力、
现在很多小伙伴家里在装修的时候，都安装了中央空调，随之配套的还有中央空调的温控器，很多小伙伴还不知道温控器怎么操作，下面就一起来看看温控器的操作说明吧。 中央空调温控器分爲电子式和机器式两种，按显示不同分爲液晶显示和调理式。中央空调温控器是经过顺序编辑，用顺序来控制并向执行器收回各种信号，从而到达控制空调风机盘管以及电动二通阀的目的。 机器式 机器盘管温控器使用于商业、工业及民用修建物。可对采暖、冷气的中央空调末端风机盘管、水阀停止控制。使所控场所环境温度恒定爲设定温度范围内。温度设定拔盘指针应设定爲所需恒定温度地位。拔动开关功用辨别爲:电源开关(开ON—关OFF);运转形式开关(暖气HEAT—冷气COOL)，FAN风速开关(低速L—中速M—高速H)。可控制设备：三档风机盘管风速，三线电动阀，二线电动阀，也可接电磁阀、开关型风阀或三线型风阀。外型尺寸。
操作办法 1、开关机：把拨动开关拨动到ON地位，温控器开机；把开关拨动到OFF 地位，温控器关机。 2、打工形式设定：把拨动开关拨动到COOL地位，温控器设定爲制冷形式；把拨动开关拨动到HEAF地位，温控器设定爲制热形式。 3、温度设定：机器式温控器，采用旋钮式设定温度，把红点对着面板标明的温度数据即可。 4、风速设定：把开关拨动到LOW地位；温控器设定爲高档风速；把开关拨动到WED地位，温控器设定爲中档风速；把开关拨动到High地位，温控器设定爲高档风速。 快益修以家电、家居生活为主营业务方向，提供小家电、热水器、空调、燃气灶、油烟机、冰箱、洗衣机、电视、开锁换锁、管道疏通、化粪池清理、家具维修、房屋维修、水电维修、家电拆装等保养维修服务。
辽宁工业大学 单片机及接口技术课程设计（论文） 题目：空调控制器的设计 院（系）： 专业班级： 学号： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 教师职称： 起止时间：
课程设计（论文）任务及评语
目录 第1章设计方案论证 (1) 1.1设计的应用意义 (1) 1.2设计方案选择 (2) 1.3 总体设计方案框图及分析 (5) 第2章硬件电路设计 (7) 2.1 温度采集电路 (7) 2.2 信号处理与控制电路 (8) 2.3 温度显示电路 (10) 2.4 温度设置电路 (11) 2.5 控制指示电路 (11) 第3章程序设计 (12) 3.1 主程序流程图 (12) 3.2 系统调试 (14) 3.3 源程序清单 (15) 第4章设计总结 (22) 参考文献 (23) 附录1： (24) 附录2： (25)
第1章设计方案论证 1.1设计的应用意义 温度是生活及生产中最基本的物理量。在很多生产过程中，温度的测量和控制都直接和安全生产、提高生产效率相关。因此，温度的测量与控制在国民经济各个领域中均受到了相当程度的重视。 现代信息技术的三大基础是信息采集控制(即温度控制器技术)、信息传输(通信技术)和信息处理(计算机技术)。温度控制器属于信息技术的前沿尖端产品，尤其是温度控制器被广泛用于工农业生产、科学研究和生活等领域，数量日渐上升。近百年来,温控器的发展大致经历了以下两个阶段：(1)模拟，集成温度控制器；(2)智能数码温控器。目前,国际上新型温控器正从模拟式向数字式，由集成化向智能化，网络化的方向发展。 温度控制器是一种温度控制装置，它根据用户所需温度与设定温度之差值来控制中央空调末端之水阀（风阀）及风机，从而达到改变用户所需温度的目的。实现以上目的的方法理论上有很多，但目前业界主要有机械式温度控制器及智能电子式两大系列。 普通风机盘管空调温控器基本上是一个独立的闭环温度调节系统，主要由温度传感器、双位控制器、温度设定机构、手动三速开关和冷热切换装置组成。其控制原理是空调温控器根据温度传感器测得的室温与设定值的比较结果发生双位控制信号，控制冷热水循环管路电动水阀（两通阀或三通阀）的开关，即用切断和打开盘管内水流循环的方式，调节送风温度（供冷量）。 第一代空调温控器主要是电气式产品，空调温控器的温度传感器采用双金属片或气动温包，通过“给定温度盘”调整预紧力来设定温度，风机三速开关和季节转换开关为泼档式机械开关。这类空调温控器产品普遍存在“温度设定分度值过粗”、“时间常数太大”、“机械开关易损坏”等问题。 第二代空调温控器为电子式产品，温度传感器采用热敏电阻或热电阻，部分产品的温度设定和风速开关通过触摸键和液晶显示屏实现人机交互界面，冷热切换自动完成，运算放大电路和开关电路实现双位调节。这类智能空调温控器产品改善了人机交互界面，解决了“温度设定分度值过粗”等问题，但仍存在“控制精度不高”、“时间常数大”、“操作较复杂”等问题。