中国科学院——英语2001年博士研究生入学考试试题
中科院2001年博士英语入学试题
中国科学院
博士学位研究生入学考试
英语试题
2001年3月
考生须知：
一、本次考试题卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。试卷一为90道客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用另一答题纸。
二、请一律用HB或2B铅笔涂写标准化机读答题纸，修改时请用橡皮擦干净。若误用其它笔种而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
三、请按答题注意事项要求逐项填涂标准化机读答题纸。涂写不得过细或过短。
四、请保持标准化机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。切忌折叠。
五、本考卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。分值及时间分布如下：
试卷一：
听力
1 5 分
20分钟
结构词汇
1 5 分
25分钟
综合填空
1 5 分
15分钟
阅读
3 0 分
60分钟
小计
7 5 分
120分钟
试卷二：
汉译英
1 0 分
2 5分钟
写作
1 5 分
3 5分钟
小计
2 5 分
60分钟
The Chinese Academy of Sciences
English Entrance Examination-For Doctoral Candidates
March 2001
PAPER ONE
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 15 po ints)
（略）
PART II STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (25 minutes, 15 po ints)
Section A (0.5 po int each)
Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
16. He gave me a lot of help in my work, so I have to my success to him.
A. grant
B. ascribe
C. commit
D. submit
17.It is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business, while the fo llowing people may obtain the successful fruits.
A. practitioners
B. amateurs
C. forerunners
D. managers
18. The honest journalist has kept investigating that high rank official for
a long time, and he felt very happy when that fellow's corrupt scandal at last.
A. got to light
B. stood in light
C. came to light
D. looked in light
19. The Minister's answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.
A. impressive
B. evasive
C. intensive
D. amusive
20. The o ld gentleman to be an old friend of his grandfather's.
A. turned in
B. turned over
C. turned up
D. turned out
21. The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not for re-electio n.
A. admirable
B. eligible
C. reliable
D. capable
22. I feel very sad that the young man's energetic initiative with nothing in the experiment, for he met a lot of interference from the powerful authority.
A. burned up
B. tuned up
C. pushed up
D. ended up
23. We were politely an armed guard and warned not to take pictures.
A. assigned
B. allowed
C. accepted
D. assisted
24.The recovery and of the country's economy has also bee n accompanied by increasing demands for high quality industrial sites in attractive locatio ns.
A. renewal
B. revival
C. recession
D. relief
25. In fact the purchasing power of a single person's pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the Singapore pensio n.
A. equivalent
B. similar
C. consistent
D. identical
26. It seems a reasonable rule of thumb that any genuine offer of help and support from people or organizations will be accompanied by a name and address, and a willingness to be as to their motive in making contact.
A. seen through
B. checked out
C. touched on
D. accounted to
27. According to *** boxing reporter Mike Costello, just as there is worldwide with boxing, so there is worldwide oppositio n.
A. passion
B. attraction
C. emotion
D. fascination
28. Although there are several variations o n the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their aspects.
A. potential
B. social
C. essential
D. partial
29. any advice which you can get from the interviewer and follow up suggestions for improving your presentation and qualifications.
A. T ake the most of
B. Keep the most of
C. Have the most of
D. Make the most of '
30. There is a loss of self-confidence, a sense of personal failure, great anger and a feeling of being utterly .
A. let alo ne
B. let out
C. let down
D. let on
31. Japan remains tied to the Western camp partly because the relationship has become to her economy and po litics over forty years' association.
A. integral
B. unilateral
C. rational
D. hierarchical
32. With most online recruitment services, jobseekers must choose their words carefully the search engine will never make the correct match. A. because B. whereas
C. provided
D. otherwise
33. The child should always the same basic procedure: seeing the who le word--hearing and pronouncing--writing from memory.
A. go through
B. take over
C. respond to
D. carry off'
34. That MGM Grand Youth Center is open to children 3-12 years old what hotel they are staying in.
A. regardless in
B. regardless of
C. regardless on
D. regardless from
35. Ever since Geoffrey sent a sizeable cheque to a well-known charity he's been with requests for money from all sides.
A. devastated
B. smashed
C. bombarded
D. cracked
Section B (0.5 po int each)
Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which Of the four parts is incorrectly used. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
36. The opinio n polls were showing(A) 76 percent of the responders( more concerned about the shambles of American education(C) than about any other problem on(D) the po litical agenda.
37. Kenny G is not a musician(A) I really had much of ( an opinion about him(C) until recently(D).
38. I was twenty-five years old, and I'd just been laid down(A) from my job as division( manager at(C) a mortgage banking(D) firm.
39. We knew so little(A) about equipments( , disposal(C) techniques, the whole thing(D).
40. It was so disgusted(A), and somewhat hazardous( , not to mention(C)
a huge hassle and monetary expense(D).
41. Of course, I am aware of(A) what he has played since( , the success he has had(C), and the controversy(D) has surrounded him among musicians and serious listeners.
42. That抯 not saying(A) it's easy, though( . There are definitely(C) jobs that wore on(D) you.
43. Perhaps not surprisingly(A), the co lleagues whom I thought less high( , and whom I portrayed less admiringly(C), did not share my view(D).
44. The Times, financially(A) successful it may be( , is a powerful but(C), at this moment, not very healthy institution(D).
45. Having imposed temporary sentences(A) of unprecedented( severity on the five defendants who pleaded guilt(C), the judge told them that their actual sentences might depend on their cooperation with(D) subsequent investigations.
PART III CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 po ints)
Directions: For each blank in the fo llowing passage, choose the best answer from the four cho ices given in the opposite co lumn. Mark the corresponding letter of your cho ice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
When we think about addiction to drags or alcoho l, we frequently focus on negative aspects, ignoring the pleasures that accompany drinking or drug-taking. 46 the essence of any serious addiction is a pursuit of pleasure, a search for a "high" that normal life does not 47 . It is only the inability to functio n 48 the addictive substance that is dismaying, the dependence of the organism upon a certain experience and a .49 inability to functio n normally without it. Thus a person will take two or three 50 at the end of the day not merely for the pleasure drinking provides, but also because he "doesn't feel 51 without them..
52 does not merely pursue a pleasurable experience and need to 53 it in order to functio n normally. He needs to repeat it again and again. Something about that particular experience makes life without it 54 complete. Other potentially pleasurable experiences are no longe r possible, 55 under the spell of the addictive experience, his life is peculiarly 56. The addict craves an experience and yet he is never really satisfied. The organism may be 57 _sated, but soon it begins to crave again.
Finally a serious addiction is58 a harmless pursuit of pleasure by Its distinctly destructive elements. A hero in addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for hero in in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
60 an alcoho lic's life is narrowed and dehumanized by his dependence on alcoho l.
46. A. Hence B. Because
C. And yet
D. Moreover
47. A. supply B. resume
C. accept
D. prevent
48. A. except B. without
C. with
D. besides
49. A. frustrating B. surprising
C. unchanging
D. increasing
50. A. drags B. drinks
C. doses
D. draughts
51. A. normal B. content
C. delighted
D. spirited
52. A. A drugtaker B. The addicted
C. An addict
D. The drugger
53. A. perform B. make
C. experience
D. initiate
54. A. other than B. rather than
C. more than
D. less than
55. A. while B. thus
C. even if
D. for
56. A. distorted B. rectified
C. exaggerated
D. improved
57. A. eventually B. temporarily
C. accordingly
D. subsequently
58. A. identical with B. consistent with
C. separated from
D. distinguished from
59. A. destructive B. Dissatisfied
C. damaged
D. derivative
60. A. Similarly B. Conversely
C. Naturally
D. Generally
PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 po ints)
Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questio ns or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.
Passage 1
It took no time at all for the native Americans who first greeted Christopher Columbus to be all but erased from the face of the earth. For about a thousand years the peaceful people known as the T aino had thrived in modem-day Cuba and many other islands. But less than 30 years after Columbus' arrival, the T aino would be destroyed by Spanish weaponry, forced labor and European diseases. Unlike their distant cousins, the Inca, Aztecs and Maya, the T aino left no pyramids or temples-no obvious signs that they had ever existed.
But it is a mistake to assume-as many scho lars have until quite recently that the absence of abundant artifacts meant the T aino were necessarily more primitive than the grander civilizations of Central and South America. They simply used less durable materials: the T aino relied on wood for building and most craftwork, and much of what they made has disintegrated over the centuries. However, thanks largely to two remarkable digs undertaken recently, archaeo logists will be able to enrich their knowledge of the Taino.
In a village on the northern coast of Cuba, a Canadian-Cuban team discovered the nearly intact remains of a T aino dwelling buried in the dirt.
This site may have been one of the T aino's major centers. Meanwhile, deep in the forests of the Dominican Republic, a U.S.-Dominican team has also made an important discovery: a 240-ft.-deep T aino cenote, or ceremonial well, where hundreds of objects .thrown in as offerings have been preserved in the oxygen-poor Water.
It will take a much lo nger time to understand the T aino fully, but they have been rescued from the ignoble status of footnotes in the chapter of history that began with the arrival of Columbus.
61. The main idea of Paragraph 1 is
A. Christopher Co lumbus returned the T aino's greeting with cruelty.
B. The Europeans' coming brought an end to the existence of the T aino.
C. The Taino once prosperous in modem-day Cuba now has no trace on earth.
D. Spanish weaponry would have crashed the T aino but for Columbus' arrival.
62. It is assumed the T aino had a comparatively low civilization mostly because
A. the Taino had produced no written records.
B. the T aino had built no pyramids mid temples.
C. there has been little wooden structure the T aino relied on.
D. there has been few remains showing the life of the Taino's.
63. Which statement is true concerning the T aino?
A. They were enslaved by foreign invaders.
B. They were more warlike than other Indians.
C. They were the most short-lived of all the civilizations.
D. They were buried deep in the dirt or oxygen-poor water.
64. What does the italicized word "ignoble" (in the last sentence) probably mean?
A. unfortunate
B. unsuccessful
C. unpromising
D. unworthy
Passage 2
Already lasers can obliterate skin blemishes, topically applied drugs can smooth facial lines and injected agents can remove deep wrinkles. Future products will be faster, borer and longer lasting. "New substances will be developed by entrepreneurs," says Brian Mayou, an aesthetic plastic surgeon, "that will be more successful than liquid silicone that we use today to eradicate wrinkles." The next major breakthrough, says Mel Brahmn, plastic surgeon and chief executive of the Harley Medical Group, will be laser treatment that needs no recovery period.
Nicho las Lowe, clinical professor of dermatology at the University of Los Angeles, adds: "There will be more efficient anti-oxidants to help reduce sun damage and aging. There will also be substances that increase the production of new collagen and elastic tissue to maintain the elasticity of youthful skin."
Lee Shreider, a research cosmetic chemist, says that we may be able to look better without any kind of operation as semi-permanent make-up gets better.
"Crooked noses will be improved by effectively sealing on shaded colors that either enhance or subdue areas of the face. We will be able to straighten eyebrows and lips making the face more symmetrical-which remains one of the keys to beauty~and even close blocked pores with permanent, custom-designed foundation."
The development of the safe sun tan is a potential gold mine. Being researched at the University of Arizona, but a lo ng way from reality, is the injectable tan. Professor Lowe is optimistic: "There will almost certainly be a safe way of develo ping a sunless tan that protects against sun damage. In animal research, we've applied creams to guinea pigs that can actually 'turn on' some of the genes that produce pigmentation without any sunlight exposure."
65. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. Inventio ns in cosmetology.
B. New discovery in face-filling.
C. A bright future for facial make-up.
D. The development of beauty culture.
66. According to the passage, what has been used to remove deep wrinkles?
A. Applied drugs.
B. Liquid silicone.
C. Laser treatment.
D. Anti-oxidant.
67. Paragraph 4 suggests that one could improve effectively one's appearance concerning the nose, eyebrows, lips, etc.
A. by applying certain lotions.
B. by having a beauty operatio n.
C. by changing the face shape.
D. by blocking several pores.
68. As implied in the last paragraph, the injectable tan is being researched to meet the demand of the people who
A. refuse to be exposed to the sun.
B. refuse to apply suntan creams.
C. want to get a tan for beauty.
D. want to try gene pigmentatio n.
Passage 3
There are faults which age releases us from, and there are virtues, which turn to vices with the lapse of years. The worst of these is thrift, which m early and middle life is wisdom and duty to practice for a provision
against destitution. As time goes on this virtue is apt to turn into the ugliest, cruelest, shabbiest of the vices. Then the victim of it finds himself storing past all probable need of saving for himself or those next him, to the deprivation of the remoter kin of the race. In the earlier time when gain was symbolized by gold or silver, the miser had a sensual joy in the touch, of his riches, m hearing the coins clink In their fall through his fingers, and m gloating upon their increase sensible to the hand and eye. Then the miser had his place among the great figures of misdoing; he was of a dramatic effect, like a murderer or a robber; and something of this bad distinctio n clung to him even when his coins had changed to paper currency, the clean, white notes of the only English bank, or the greenbacks of our innumerable banks of issue; but when the sense of fiches had been transmuted to the balance in his favor at his banker's, or the bonds in his drawer at the safety-deposit vault, all splendor had gone out of his ~ice. His bad eminence was gone, but he clung to the lust of gain which had ranked trim with the picturesque wrong-doers, and which only ruin from without could save him from, unless he gave his remnant of strength to saving himself from it. Most aging men are sensible of all this, but few have the frankness of that aging man who once said that he who died rich died disgraced, and died the other day in the comparative poverty of fifty millio ns.
69. This short passage is mainly to tell that
A. man becomes increasingly greedy when getting old.
B. a miser can be honest if he does no wrong act.
C. age can help convert some virtue into a vice.
D. misers all started from trying to be thrifty.
70. According to the passage, one is thought vicious when he
A. gathers up money at the sacrifice of all his family members.
B. practices endless thrifty to guard his people from poverty.
C. stores continuously for his own and his relatives' needs.
D. saves too much but wouldn't spend it for the necessary.
71. The italicized expression "gloating upon" probably means
A. thinking with slight guilt.
B. seeing with much satisfaction.
C. touching with great awe.
D. hearing with little delight.
72. The passage implies that what could stop a miser from lusting for money might be
A. his frankness.
B. his eminence.
C. his death.
D. his glory.
73. The words "in the comparative poverty of fifty millio ns" at the end of the passage suggests a notion that
A. stinginess may cause a very rich man to die very pitiful.
B. rich people may still take 50 million as comparatively little.
C. one remains discontent with all he's gained until his death.
D. the rich are inconsiderate of the majority that live in poverty. Passage 4
If a mother pushes her small son in a swing, giving only a light force each time he returns, eventually he will be swinging quite high. The child can do this for himself by using his legs to increase the motion, but both the mother's push and the child's leg movements must occur at the proper moment, or the extent of the swing will not increase. In physics, increasing the swing is increasing the amplitude; the length of the rope on the swing determines its natural oscillation period. This ability of an object to move periodically or to vibrate when stimulated by a force operating in its natural period is called resonance.
Resonance is observed many times without conscio usly thinking about it; for example, one may find an annoying vibration or shimmy in an
automobile, caused by a loose engine mount vibrating with increasing amplitude because of an out-of-round tire. The bulge on the tire slaps the pavement with each revolution; at the natural resonance po int~ of the engine mount, it will begin to vibrate. Such vibrations can result in considerable damage if allowed to persist. Anther destructive example of resonance is the shattering of a crystal goblet by the production of a musical tone at the natural resonant point of the goblet. The energy of the sound waves causes vibration in the glass; as its amplitude increases, the motion in the glass exceeds the elasticity of the goblet, and it shatters.
An instrument called a tachometer makes use of the principle of resonance. It consists of many tiny bars, loosely fastened together and arranged so that each bar can slide independently of the others. Movement of the bars causes changes in a dial. When placed next to a rotating motor or engine, the tachometer picks up slight vibratio ns which are transferred to the resonant bars. These bars begin to move, and the resulting dial may be read to find the revolutions per minute of the motor very quickly.
74. An object, if moving rhythmically when stimulated in a natural period, is said to
A. vibrate.
B. resonate.
C. swing.
D. oscillate.
75. The distance a swing moves from its resting position is called its
A. revo lutio n.
B. movement.
C. frequency.
D. amplitude.
76. A tachometer is an instrument that uses resonance to determine
A. the speed of a motor in revolutions.
B. the frequency at which a motor vibrates.
C. the amplitude of an engine that oscillates.
D. the changes in a dial within a car engine.
77. An annoying vibration can be caused at the natural resonance of the car's engine mount
A. if the engine moves too fast.
B. if the engine's amplitude increases.
C. if a tire gets out of balance.
D. if a damage occurs in the engine.
78. In which of the following cases is it useful to consider the relatio nship between the length of an oscillating object and its natural perio d?
A. Adjusting the speed of a car.
B. Adjusting a clock pendulum.
C. Adjusting tire balance.
D. Adjusting engine mounts.
Passage 5
I was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivatio n is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral. Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to
make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideo logy will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they purs ue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners' first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?
Some approaches to literacy instructio n represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and represented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out lo ud to the group. T o identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of "sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings". Literacy pedagogy that matches the animator ideo logy works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millio ns of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education textbooks on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?
79. A literacy animator is one who
A. struggles for a more meaningful life.
B. frees people from poverty and illiteracy.
C. is committed to marginalize the illiterate.
D. is concerned with what is behind illiteracy.
80. The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way
A. promote students' home languages.
B. force students to accept their culture.
C. teach nothing but reading and writing.
D. consider literacy as of non-neutral nature.
81. Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to
A. teach American customs and ideology.
B. make a cho ice of culture to be fostered.
C. reject the values of the dominant class.
D. help maintain Nigerian language and culture.
82. According to the author, "choral reading" may represent
A. individualism.
B. co llectivism.
C. competition.
D. immersion.
83. Animator ideo logy emphasizes more
A. the social function of literacy.
B. students?performance in tests.
C. the dominant group's language.
D. the attainment of life skills.
84. It is implied by the author that, because of the kind of teacher education in the US, teachers there tend to ignore
A. constant development of new teaching approaches.
B. using their own wisdom in problem-so lving.
C. talented performances of minority students.
D. community-based literacy enhancement.
Passage 6
Scientists have known for more than two, decades that cancer is a disease of the genes. Something scrambles the DNA inside a nucleus, and suddenly, instead of dividing in a measured fashion, a cell begins to copy itself furiously. Unlike an ordinary cell, it never stops. But describing the process isn't the same as figuring it out. Cancer cells are so radically different from normal ones that it's almost impossible to untangle the sequence of events that made them that way. So for years researchers have been attacking the problem by taking normal cells and trying to determine what changes will turn them cancerous-always without success.
According to a report in the current issue of Nature, a team of scientists based at M.I.T.'s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research has finally managed to make human cells malignant---a feat they accomplished with two different cell types by inserting just three altered genes into their DNA. While these manipulations were done only in lab dishes and won't lead to any immediate treatment, they appear to be a crucial step in understanding the disease. This is a "landmark paper," wrote Jonathan Weitzman and Moshe Yaniv of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, in an accompanying commentary.
The dramatic new result traces back to a breakthrough in 1983, when the Whitehead's Robert Weinberg and colleagues showed that mouse cells would become cancerous when subjected to two altered genes. But when they tried such alterations on human cells, they didn't work. Since then, scientists have learned that mouse cells differ from human cells in an important respect: they have higher levels of an enzyme called telomerase. That enzyme keeps caplike structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division. Such shortening is part of a cell's aging process, and since cancer cells keep dividing forever, the Whitehead group reasoned that making human cells more mouselike might also make them cancerous. The strategy worked. The scientists took connective-tissue and kidney cells and introduce three altered genes---one that makes cells divide rapidly; another that disables two substances meant to rein in excessive division; and a third that promotes the production of telomerase, which made the cells essentially immortal. They'd created a tumor in a test tube. "Some people believed that telomerase wasn't that important," says the Whitehead's William Hahn, the study's lead author. "This allows us to say with some certainty that it is."
85. The problem that has been annoying cancer researchers for years is the difficulty in telling
A. how cancer cells are formed.
B. why cancer cells never stop dividing.
C. why normal cells can mm into cancer cells.
D. how different normal cells are from cancer cells.
86. Whitehead's scientists have succeeded in
A. developing malignant cells in human bodies.
B. making normal human cells cancerous.
C. contro lling the change of human cells.
D. changing the genes of cancer cells.
87. In the 1983 experiment, human cells didn't work the way mouse cells did because the former
A. were easier to become aged.
B. checked telomerase in dividing.
C. had short ends of chromosomes.
D. lacked telomeres for cell divisio n.
88. T o make human cells more mouselike scientists tried
A. to subject them to two more genes.
B. to keep the division from slowing down.
C. to promote the production of telomerase.
D. to prevent excessive cells copying.
89. One key factor in creating tumor with human cells is
A. lengthening the ends of chromosomes.
词汇（无） 完型（网络上找到的原文，试题没有这么长，压缩了。划线部分为虫友考后忆起的待选空及答案） In the last post, we discussed why fabrication and falsification are harmful to scientific knowledge-building. The short version is that if you’re trying to build a body of reliable knowledge about the world, making stuff up (rather than, say, making careful observations of that world and reporting those observations accurately) tends not to get you closer to that goal. Along with fabrication and falsification, plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why it’s harmful generally make it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. For example, Donald E. Buzzelli (1999) writes: [P]lagiarism is an instance of robbing a scientific worker of the credit for his or her work, not a matter of corrupting the record. (p. 278) Kenneth D, Pimple (2002) writes: One ideal of science, identified by Robert Merton as ―disinterestedness,‖ holds that what matters is the finding, not who makes the finding. Under this norm, scientists do not judge each other’s work by reference to the race, religion, gender, prestige, or any other incidental characteristic of the researcher; the work is judged by the work, not the worker. No harm would be done to the Theory of Relativity if we discovered Einstein had plagiarized it… [P]lagiarism … is an offense against the community of scientists, rather than against science itself. Who makes a particular finding will not matter to science in one hundred years, but today it matters deeply to the community of scientists. Plagiarism is a way of stealing credit, of gaining credit where credit is not due, and credit, typically in the form of authorship, is the coin of the realm in science. An offense against scientists qua scientists is an offense against science, and in its way plagiarism is as deep an offense against scientists as falsification and fabrication are offenses against science. (p. 196) Pimple is claiming that plagiarism is not an offense that undermines(zqc2849) the knowledge-building project of science per se. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are due for participating in this knowledge-building project. In other words, Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it is unfair. While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science besides honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to one’s fellow scientists, I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important way(whj19890715) in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods, or results can undermine the knowledge-building project of science. On the surface, plagiarism, while potentially nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific community’s evaluation(zqc2849) of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and comparing a number of different observation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon. But this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of the
1995年博士生(地学分析入学试题 一、简答题(40分 1. 遥感地学评价标准。 2. LandsatTM数据特征。 3. 我国风云一号气象卫星主要通道及特征。 4. 遥感信息处长合分析。 二、问答题(任选二题,60分 1. 评述我国遥感应用的发展特点。 2. 遥感在自然资源调查中的应用。 3. 举例说明遥感在地学研究中应用与作用。 4. 遥感监测在全球变化研究中的作用。1996年博士生入学试题(遥感地学分析 (任选四题,每题25分 1. 遥感地学分析及其意义 2. 遥感在资源调查中的应用特点 3. 论述遥感在全球变化研究中作用 4. 遥感信息增强方法 5. 专题遥感信息提取的方法与应用 2000年中科院博士入学考试(RS
一、简答与名词解释: 1. 混合像元(98 2. 高光谱(98 3. 监督与非监督分类(97 4. 最大似然法(97 5. 纹理特征用于信息提取 (98 6. 主成分分析(99 7. TM的七个波段(97 8. 高光谱遥感(99 9. 遥感影象的特征(99 二、论述 1. 最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。(98 2. 结合工作,谈遥感的应用与发展前景。(99 3. 遥感地学评价基础。(97 一、简答题(10分/题 1、ETM影像的各波段特征 2、监督分类的过程 3、高光谱遥感及其特点 4、植被指数及其计算方法
5、干涉雷达遥感 二、论述题(25分/题 1、遥感信息融合的方法及它们比较 2、遥感图像分类的方法 3、遥感分辨率及其地学意义 一、简答每个10分共5个 1.几何校正的主要方法 2.光谱成像仪的成像机理 3.监督分类及其优缺点 4.水体的光谱特征 5.图像融合有哪些技术方法 二、论述体 3选2 1.遥感信息地学评价的标准及应用意义 2.微波技术的发展现状及趋势 3.光学影像的分类方法及特点 2008年中科院地理所博士考题 总分:100分时间:180分钟 一、名词解释(2*5 10分 1.波谱反射率
gain . Furthermore federal regulations designed to promote the New Town idea do not consider social need s as the European New Town plans do. In fact, our regulations specify virtual y all the ingredients of the typical suburban community, with a bit of political rhetoric thrown in. A workable American New Town formula should be established as firmly here as the national formula was in Britain. All possible social and governme ntal innovations as well as financial fac tors s hould be thoroughly considered and accommodated in this policy. Its objectives should be clearly stated, and both incentives and penalties should be provided to ensure that the objectives are pursued. If s uch a poli cy is developed, then the New Town approach can pla y an important role in alleviating American's urban problems. 36. As revealed in Para 1, the author considers the American New Town approach_____ A. atypical B. irrelevant C. impractical D.unprecedented 37. According to the author, the present New Town plan will _____ A. fail t o bring about the i ntended re sults B. produce genuinely needed New Towns C. bridge the gap between the poor and the rich – D. help resolve the spreading urban problems 38. The author believes that the New Town projects will lead to _____ A. m ore brisk co mmercial activities in th e cities B. more l ow-income people living in the s uburbs C. higher incidence of tax avoidance by industries D. heavier tax burdens on the remaining citi zens 39. In the author's o pinion. the European New Town plans are superior to the America's in their concern for A. the typical suburban community B. the interests of the promoters C . the welfare of the general public D. the government's political achievement
中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总 中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士） 注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。一、名次解释：（20分） 二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。（12分） 三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分） 四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。（12分） 五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。（12分） 六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。（12分） 七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分） 八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分） 中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士） 2000年博士研究生入学考试 生物化学试题 1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。（20分） 2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分） 3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。（20分） 4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。（15分） 5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分） 6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分） 以下两题中任选一题（10分） 7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、
中国科学院大学2015考博英语复习“四大策略”攻破低分城墙 考博英语复习是一个长期慢慢积累提高的过程，只有脑海中有大量的英语词汇才能做到阅读速度快给接下来答题的争取更多的时间，出来积累一定量的词汇外就是加强语法的学习。海量的词汇、语法、完美的结合，平常在注意培养下语感，离高分的步伐会越来越近。下面育明考博的考博英语辅导老师给大家说下几个注意问题：联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。电话：四零零六六八六九七八 一、梳理基础，积累海量词汇 考博英语词汇是一个水滴石穿的过程，需要时间的积累，同时，词汇也是完成各种题型的基础，如果没有词汇量的积累，想要拿高分更是难上建难。暑期，考生都比较有充裕的时间，所以，考生可以借助这段时间将英语基础打牢。词汇是考博英语的基石，词汇量积累的多少非常影响考生在做题时的信心、心态、做题速度以及准确率。因此熟练掌握考博大纲单词尤为重要。 复习词汇的有效办法：避免枯燥乏味的记忆，从词形、词义和词法的角度把握词汇，这涉及眼、口、手、耳、脑并用，充分调动自己学习词汇的主观积极性。这一阶段对词汇的学习是复习和巩固，所以节奏上需要有所加快，遇到一个单词，扫一眼，快速朗读一遍，之后动手默写一遍，在大脑留下印记。如果能够下载词汇书的音频，可以在复习完当天的单词之后，再听听词汇音频，听的时候可以努力回忆词汇的拼写、发音、含义和用法。通过这种方式，全方位地调动自己的感官，达到良好的学习效果。 我在前一段的复习过程中单词已经背的差不多了，现在还再复习单词是不是有点浪费时间。对于已经把大纲上所列单词背的比较熟练得同学来说，在现阶段的首要任务就是把它们放到试题中去，放到活生生的语境中去，认真体会其引申含义和感情色彩。同时也应注意，有些同学的确已经将考博词
A 1. adapt adept adopt adapt vt.使适应；使适合 He adapted himself to the cold weather. When he moved to Canada, the children adapted to the change very well. adept adj.（与at, in 连用）熟练的；精通的n. 行；老手 She was adept at the fine art of irritating people. adopt vt.收养;采取;采用 They adopted our methods. 正式通过；采纳 The resolution was adopted by a vote of 180 in favour to 10 against it. 2.adopted adoptive adopted adj.被收养的，被采纳的 an adopted child/an adopted advice adoptive adj.收养（孩子）的 an adoptive mother 3.averse adverse averse adj.（常与to 连用）嫌恶的 I am not averse to a dance party and a good mean after a week's hard work. The minister is averse to/from flattery. adverse adj.不利的；相反的 an adverse decision Adverse circumstances compelled him to close his business. 4 affection affectation affection n.友爱, 爱情, 影响, 疾病, 倾向 affectation n.假装, 虚饰, 做作 5.altitude attitude aptitude latitude longitude multitude altitude （海拔）高度-At high altitudes of Tibet it is difficult to breathe.
2000年中科院遥感所博士入学考试（GIS） 一、名词解释（每个4分，共20分） 1. 空间拓扑关系 2. 地址匹配 3. 元数据 4. 栅格数据结构 5. 空间数据精度 二、简答题（每个10分，共30分） 1. 简述地理信息系统的组成 2. 数字地形模型（DTM）的构建与应用 3. 叠加分析 三、问答题（任选二，每个25分，共50分） 1. 地理信息系统的发展及趋势 2. 时空动态数据结构研究 3. 结合你的专业，论述GIS应用的关键技术问题 2001年中科院遥感所博士入学考试（GIS） 一、名词解释 1. 地址匹配 2. 地图精度 3. 关系数据库 4. 四叉树 二、简答题 1. GIS的特点及应用 2. GIS的结构及功能 3. 空间分析方法及应用 三、论述题 1. GIS的发展趋势 2. GIS与RS、GPS的集成方法 3. GIS空间分析功能的缺陷及改进方法 2002年中科院遥感所博士入学考试（GIS） 一、名词解释 1. 地理空间 2. 行程编码 3. 地址匹配 4. 拓扑关系 5. 空间数据元数据 二、简答 1. 地理信息系统的组成与功能 2. 数字地形模型的建立方法与特点 3. 地理信息系统互操作
三、问答 1. GIS的发展历程 2. 结合你的专业，谈一谈gis的应用与关键点 2003中科院遥感所GIS部分试题（版本一） 一、名词解释 1. GIS 2. 数据挖掘 3. 空间索引 二、简答题： 1、GIS标准化的意义及作用 2、数据质量标准 三、论述 1、关于长江三峡搬迁的，求几个数据。很麻烦。 2、关于温度梯度的 2003年GIS试题（版本二） 一名词解释 DEM、TIN、平移转换、栅格结构 二、简答 1、GIS的组成 2、空间拓扑分析 3、GIS互操作 三、论述（任选二个） 1、GIS的发展简史和趋势 2、WebGIS的核心模型及其应用 3、结合您的专业，谈谈GIS的应用关键和潜在领域 2005年中国科学院遥感所GIS考博试题 一、简答题 1. 传统数据库管理空间数据的缺陷 2. GIS中TIN的生成步骤 3. 空间信息分析的基本方法有哪些 4. GIS标准化的内容 5．地理信息系统的开发策略 6．谈谈GIS与RS的关系 7. 开放式地理信息系统实现技术 8. 电子地图的特征 9. 空间索引有哪些，特点是什么 二、论述题 1. 印度洋海啸造成重大伤亡。请设计一个海啸预警、检测、评估系统的系统方案。
让我感受最深的是，做事一定要制定合理的计划。凡事预则立不预则废，真的太有道理了，绝不能率性而为。我要给学生上课，没那么多时间坐下来看书，所以精确的计划对我尤为重要。中科院最难搞的就是英语了(迄今为止，我所经历的大大小小考试中，这个难度最大,基本上是bt的难度)，花样多、题量大、时间紧，考验人类极限能力的一个科目。备战这个科目，除了要大量记忆词汇、阅读文章、做复习题，还要积极锻炼身体，储备体能(累死到考场上就亏大了)。专业课难度虽然也不小，不过还好，毕竟是本国语言，看得懂在说什么。不过想要吃透，也必须最少看书3-5遍，起码将3级以上知识点全部记牢。鉴于此，我最终制定并执行的方案是： 1、考试之前英语单词量12000以上，每天100词，3个月一个循环，1年之内牢记这12000词。我用的字典是世图的王湘云的那本考博词汇手册，特点是便携、针对性强、精炼。联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。电话：四零零六六八六九七八 2、每天阅读英文原版书籍或期刊杂志。书最好是近几年出版的小说(我看的是哈利波特系列)，期刊就无所谓了，看娱乐八卦都可以，主要是为了增强阅读能力。ps：这个对我帮助很大，对比之下我才知道自己从前的语言逻辑、语句组织其实问题很大。 3、最后4个月吧，集中开始做题。推荐先做清华、北大、复旦等高校题目热热身，最后做中科院的历年真题。数目不一定多，每周2套，大约30套左右吧，重点在于做完后的复盘，这个很管用。 4、专业课书目做到2个月看1遍，记3便笔记。有时间的话，可以看看相关书籍。我的感觉是中科院考题比较活，和实际结合得相当紧密，不怎么考一些死记硬背的东西。师从生活吧，处处留心皆学问。ps：专业考试一样有陷阱，眼神要好(眼睛度数不够的考前抓紧配)，精力要集中。我的专业课，
2018年中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm
真题词汇An ticipati on 希望；预感；先发制人；预支 Architect 建筑师建筑工程师建设师Aesthetic 审美美学的美的 Aspect 方面；方向；形势；外貌 Attach 附加；附属；伴随 Adequate 足够的充足适当 Allusi on 暗示；提及 Assumpti on 假设假定设想 Anti cipati on 预期预料 Authorities 当局，官方 Accountable应负责的负有责任的可以解释的 On acco unt of '由于因为 Count for有价值重要的 Go coun ter to 违反，与。。。背道而驰 Adjustme nt 适应 Assig nment 作业任务Assimilatio n 消化吸收同化Acce nt 口音 Alter改变更改 Allergic 过敏 Approve of 赞成
Bear on 涉及关于对…施加压力；与??有关；对…有影响；瞄准 Bear out 证明证实支持 Be boiled cbwn to 被归结为 Obsession with 着迷 Observation 观察 Obsolete 废弃废除 Obsce ne 淫秽的；猥亵的；可憎的 Obvious 明显的 Oblique 倾斜不正 Oblige 被迫做 裁判 Arbitrate进行仲裁 In terve ning 干涉斡旋 Referee 担任裁判 Mediate 调停调节斡旋居中 Media 传媒 Coordi nate 协调
宣传 Declare 断言宣布 Proclaim宣布赞扬称颂 Publicity 宣传公开 Advertise 通知；为??做广告；使突出Propagandize 宣传；对??进行宣传Claim 要求声称索取夺走 Acclaim欢呼喝彩表扬 Assert 断言声称 Dissemination散播传播传染病毒 Dissem in ate 宣传传播散布 Acclaim 称赞为。。。喝彩 Adm onish 告诫劝告 Address演说发言解决 Assert 律师陈述维护坚持断言主张声称 Aroused 唤醒激发 致以问候称赞 Salute 致意问候称赞 Approve of 赞成 说明 In terpretatio n 解释说明 术语 Glossary 术语（特殊用语）表；词汇表；专业词典 Jargon 行话专门术语术语 Dialect 方言地方话 Idiom 成语习语 沉迷 In dulge nee 沉溺沉迷放纵 Obsessed with入迷的一门心思 Addicted 上瘾
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷构成 试卷一：小计110分钟65分 Ⅰ 词汇15分钟10分Ⅰ 完形填空15分钟15分Ⅰ 阅读80分钟40分 试卷二：小计70分钟35分 Ⅰ 英译汉30分钟15分Ⅰ 写作40分钟20分 2006年3月 PAPER ONE PART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each) 1. The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market. A. anticipation B. perception C. prospect D. expertise 2. Awards provide a(n) for young people to improve their skills. A. incentive B. initiative C. fugitive D. captive 3. The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity. A. in line B. in trade C. at times D. at odds 4. Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures, and is even older, according to most geologists. A. layouts B. reminders C. remains D. leftovers 5. Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years. A. passionate B. involved C. immersed D. obsessed 6. Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times. A. distortions B. discrepancies C. disorders D. distractions 7. It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane, at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden col unconsciousness. A. converging B. culminating C. finalizing D. releasing 8. The 12-year-old civil war had 1.5 million lives. A. declared B. proclaimed C. claimed D. asserted 9. The tribe has agreed to contribute 2 percent of net to charitable activities in the county. A. expenses B. revenues C. budgets D. payments 10. This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents, and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes. A. accountable B. submitted C. subjected D. available 11. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never from the highest standards of honor. A. deviate B. escape C. derive D. refrain 12. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed in the glossary. A. in sum B. in total C. in general D. in full 13. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more. A. scarcity B. command C. hunger D. request 14. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam , surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things. A. at peace B. at leisure C. at rest D. at speed 15. The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools; they can, however, accept some fee-paying pupils. A. equality B. equation C. equivalent D. equity 16. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was_____ revised. A. consecutively B. consequently C. successively D. subsequently 17. He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about. A. confuses B. regards C. strikes D. knocks
中科院博士研究生英语写作分析及范文 1999.3 2000.3 2001.3 2002.3 2002.10 2003.3 2003.10 2004.3 2005.3 题目解析： “如何减少交通事故?”这道作文题目简洁明了，比较容易把握。正确地理解本题最重要的是抓住题眼，也就是“如何”这个词。本题十分明确地要求考生专门讨论解决某一现象或问题的具体措施，而有的考生没能紧紧围绕解决办法多着笔墨，而去分析交通事故这个问题背后的根源，显然无法取得理想的成绩。 范文： With the rapid development of society, more and more people in China can afford to buy a car.As a consequence, traffic accidents gradually become a serious problem and bring great inconveniences to people. In my opinion, this problem can be solved from three aspects. Firstly, our government should take drastic measures and enforce a series of effective traffic rules, which must be well acknowledged and understood by every person. Those who do not obey the rules will be punished according to the actual situation.
司法考试票据法要点详解 备注： 1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。 2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。 二、背书 （一）回头背书： （二）禁止转让背书 （三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。 三、承兑和保证 承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。 保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。 四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。 五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。 票据权利的种类 1.付款请求权 票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。 付款请求权须符合以下条件： （1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。 （2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款； （3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。 （4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。 （5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。这是对票据权利不确切的处置。 2.追索权
中科院考博英语历年真题必背固定搭配 in question讨论中的;谈及的;争论中的 in/with respect of/to关于 in return回报;付给 in search of寻找;搜寻;查究 in secret/private/public私下;暗地/不公开;私下;秘密地/当众;公开地 in short/brief/sum简言之;总之 in spite of虽然;不管;不顾;纵使 in support of维护…;支持…;证实… in that因为 in/under the circumstances在这种情况下;考虑到这种情况 in the course of在…期间;在…的过程中 in the end最后;最终;结果;终归 in the face of面临;不顾(反对等) in the first place起初;首先;早先 (not)in the least/the least bit一点(也不);丝毫(不);(常用于强调否定) in the long/short run结果;最后/暂时：目前 in the name of在…的名下;以…的名义;为…的缘故 in no/good time立刻;马上，一转眼工夫;迅速地;恰好 in vain徒劳;无益 in view of鉴于;考虑到 independent of独立于…之外;不依赖…的;不受…支配的 inform of告诉;报告;通知 insist(on/upon)坚决主张;坚决要求;坚持认为;定要;坚持要 instead of代替;而不是 interfere with干涉;干预;妨碍;干扰;影响 involve in涉及;卷入;陷入;使进入;使连累 join in参加;加入 jump to a conclusion草率决定;贸然断定 keep down控制，限制，;低下;蹲下;躺下;压住;压制;镇压;忍住了呕吐;缩减 keep from隐瞒，瞒住;避开;使免于 keep off驱散;避开;防止，挡住;不接近 keep on继续…;不停地…