中国科学院——英语2001年博士研究生入学考试试题

博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。

首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。

中国科学院大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2012年12月-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------考生须知:一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE) 和试卷二(PAPER TWO) 两部分组成。

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时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I词汇15分钟10分I I完型填空15分钟15分I I I阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：I V英译汉30分钟15分V写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORPh.D PROGRAMDecember 2012PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with asingle bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerSheet.1. John made ________ keys for the house: one for his wife and one for himself.A. facilitatedB. sophisticatedC. duplicateD. intricate2. It's difficult to be great without being ________: a doctor should never belittle a patient's concerns, regardless of how trivial they may seem to the doctor.A. patheticB. compassionateC. fussyD. sentimental3. Marriage is based upon the complete willingness of the two parties. Neither party shall use ________ and no third party is allowed to interfere.A. collisionB. compensationC. compulsionD. collaboration4. They would be ________ buying a product if it had not been tested on animals.A. deterred fromB. derived fromC. dismissed fromD. deserted from5. As long as students can form a sound personality and ________ future well-being, the university has served its purpose.A. persevere inB. convert intoC. live throughD. strive for6. This is a ________ misconception in many people’s minds--that love like merchandise can be “stolen.”A. populatedB. prevalentC. plaguedD. pretentious7. Language may be ________ of as a process which arises from social interaction.A. comprisedB. conceivedC. disposedD. deprived8. Some companies are making ________ efforts to increase the proportion of women at all levels of employment.A. solitaryB. statisticalC. susceptibleD. strenuous9. ________, Mr. Hall admits that he pushed too hard, and ultimately his efforts failed.A. In retrospectB. In due courseC. In vainD. In essence10. The final ________ cry comes when he complains about her selling their story toa newspaper; she was endangering his future and freedom.A. patientB. patrioticC. patheticD. prominent11. When a failing plant began to ________, she believed it was her good work that somehow brought about good results.A. perishB. shootC. witherD. thrive12. As rumor is ungrounded, it can 't spread ________; a person is speechless when justice is not on his side.A. by and largeB. far and wideC. back and forthD. hot and cool13. Japanese firms in the late 1980s used shady accounting practices to ________ financial problems.A．conclude B. compromiseC. concealD. contaminate14. Most earthquakes are in remote areas; but every now and then a quake may ________ volcanic eruptions or drown the coastlines with tsunamis, death-dealing tidal waves.A. yieldB. triggerC. transmitD. evolve15. However, very interesting dynamics regarding the competition and market structure are ________.A. seeing the lightB. shedding lightC. bringing to lightD. coming to light16. The politicians also ________ a mixture of tactics in a campaign to defend the Prime Minister.A. employedB. mobilizedC. endeavoredD. experienced17．Cancers are described as being more or less ________ in proportion to their more or less rapidly growing and being invasive.A. mischievousB. miscellaneousC. maliciousD. malignant18. Some manufacturers have tried to partially ________ the pain to buyers through straightforward price increases.A. put outB. hold upC. pass onD. hand over19. The company has had a lot of problems in the past, but it has always managed to ________.A. turn overB. hold upC. set upD. bounce back20. Public interest in and support for film festivals have grown throughout the US, giving new filmmakers broad ________.A. exposureB. horizonC. reputationD. revelationPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choicewith a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Kevin Davies sent a sample of his saliva to a genetic testing laboratory in Iceland to learn about his health risks. When he received his results, Mr. Davies learned that, __21__ his genetic makeup, he had an above-average risk of __22__ prostate cancer.Out of __23__, he checked back three months later and found that the company, called deCODE, had changed its assessment: His risk was now __24__ average.DeCODE had recalculated its algorithm, based on new data. Davies, who is himself a geneticist by training, wasn't too __25__ by this about-face: "The information that these companies can give you can change and evolve __26__ time," he says.That isn't the only way today's genetic tests offer __27__ conclusions. Accordingto a US government study, results often vary __28__ among genetic-testing companies, largely because __29__ has its own way of choosing and analyzing data.When the project to __30__ human DNA was finally completed in 2003, many predicted a revolution. Drugs could be chosen to match individual patients with maximum therapeutic effect and minimum side effects, the __31__ of so-called personalized medicine.__32__ a summer downpour of troubling stumbles for genetic-testing companies and programs shows just how long and twisting the road can be __33__ advances in basic scientific research and their application.It also has __34__ the question of how medicine will be practiced in an era __35__ anyone can research ailments and treatments on the Internet, sometimes becoming more familiar with new therapies and tests than their physicians.21. A. despite B. based on C. in line with D. in contrast to22. A. contracting B. affecting C. intervening D. associating23. A. excitement B. pleasure C. curiosity D. irritation24. A. above B. below C. on D. off25. A. satisfied B. captivated C. encouraged D. surprised26. A. on B. in C. over D. by27. A. slippery B. positive C. complicated D. convincing28. A. gradually B. intensely C. highly D. widely29. A. that B. each C. it D. such30. A. remove B. transplant C. calculate D. map31. A. advent B. censorship C. cultivation D. methodology32. A. But B. For C. Thus D. Though33. A. at B. with C. between D. on34. A. enlightened B. spotlighted C. provoked D. modified35. A. that B. which C. where D. whenPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and thenselect the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracketson your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneThe Super Bowl and the Oscars are the moon and sun of American communal rituals. Together, more Americans watch them than attend church or vote in presidential elections.Like it or not, they are America’s preeminent means of announcing itself to the world; we can share our ideals with hundreds of millions of our friends (and enemies) around the planet.Of the two events, one emphasizes the spirit of collective effort, by gathering anonymous men in identical uniforms to sacrifice themselves for the shared ideals of the tribe. The other glorifies the exceptional individual, who is celebrated for the very beauty and talent that sets him or her apart from lesser members of the species. Virtually anywhere there is a television—in Afghanistan, in Uruguay—these grand pageants are watched.The Super Bowl offers us a model of the kind of moral clarity that can be elusive on the playing fields of our lives. Its scores are settled on neutral territory, and its teams are governed by inflexible rules. There is little room for favoritism or sentimentality or emotional nuance. Football knows right from wrong. The Super Bowl shows us a world we all can agree on—one in which, far removed from the messiness of everyday life, strength and skill and practical intelligence prevail. Its champions earn their trip to Disneyland, because they prove themselves to be rulers of a magical kingdom.The Oscars, on the other hand, restore us to the commotion of the social world. They allow charm, money, fame and influence to matter. Sex and youth count above all, which is why, to the Oscars’ disgrace, women over 40 are rarely on display. Like Greek gods, the stars of the show are magnifications of the best and worst in all of us. No matter that they arrive bedecked with jewels or with a supermodel on their arm or with a complexion whose glow is suspiciously youthful, at the Oscars they are stripped to their most vulnerable selves, utterly at the mercy of the unpredictable. The Oscars give us unfiltered human spectacle, in which one is either called to the stage to meet with approval or forced to sit and contend with feelings of neglect and disappointment.36. The author holds that the Super Bowl and the Oscars are ________.A. two key events that draw most of the world’s attention to AmericaB. the moon and the sun to Americans as well as to the rest of the worldC. the rituals that are much more important than presidential electionsD. two important occasions for the realization of American dreams37. The Super Bowl and the Oscars are similar in ________.A. giving recognition of many personal sacrificesB. conferring an honor on certain achievementsC. encouraging an endeavor for national gloryD. placing a high priority on individual talent38. The kind of moral clarity showed in the Super Bowl most probably refers to a sense of ________.A. fair playB. social responsibilityC. self-disciplineD. collective identity39. According to the author, what we all agree on about the world shown by the Super Bowl is ________.A. the possibility that everyone can winB. the types of award to the championsC. the ways of showing one’s strengthD. the criteria for judging success40. The author emphasizes that the stars at the Oscars are ________.A. a symbol of human dignityB. images of Greek godsC. a mirror of ourselvesD. ideals of social elite41. According to the author, the Oscars offer us a human scene that shows a contrast between ________.A. trust and suspicionB. justice and injusticeC. wealth and povertyD. delight and dismayPassage TwoMore than 50 years ago, the psychologist Carl Rogers suggested that simply loving our children wasn’t enough. We have to love them unconditionally—for whothey are, not for what they do.As a father, I know this is a tall order, but it becomes even more challenging now that so much of the advice we are given amounts to exactly the opposite. In effect, we’re given tips in conditional parenting, which comes in two flavors: turn up the affection when they’re good, withhold affection when they’re not.Conditional parenting isn’t limited to old-school authoritarians. Some people who wouldn’t dream of spanking choose instead to discipline their young children by forcibly isolating them, a tactic we call “time out.” Conversely, “positive reinforcement” teaches children that they are loved only when they do whatever we decide is a “good job.” The primary message o f all types of conditional parenting is that children must earn a parent’s love.The child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim, who readily acknowledged that the version of negative conditional parenting known as time-out can cause “deep feelings of anxiety,” nevertheless endorsed it for that very reason. “When our words are not enough,” he said, “the threat of the withdrawal of our love and affection is the only sound method to impress on him that he had better conform to our request.”But research suggests tha t love withdrawal isn’t particularly effective at getting compliance, much less at promoting moral development. Even if we did succeed in making children obey us, is obedience worth the possible long-term psychological harm? Should parental love be used as a tool for controlling children?Albert Bandura, the father of the branch of psychology known as social learning theory, declared that unconditional love “would make children directionless and quite unlovable”—an assertion entirely unsupported by empirical studies. The idea that children accepted for who they are would lack direction or appeal is most informative for what it tells us about the dark view of human nature held by those who issue such warnings.In practice, unconditional acceptance should be accompanied by actively imagining how things look from the child’s point of view. Most of us would protest that of course we love our children without any strings attached. But what counts is how things look from the perspective of the children—whether they feel just as loved when they mess up or fall short.42. The author thinks what Carl Rogers suggested is ________.A. hard to practice todayB. unlikely to workC. harmful to childrenD. unpopular among parents43. In conditional parenting, when childr en don’t behave themselves, parents will ________.A. warn them of the consequencesB. give them a physical punishmentC. hold back their love of themD. stress their good behavior44. Bettelheim believes that time-out ________.A. is a useful means in some casesB. causes psychological disorderC. is an unconditional parenting styleD. causes children’s disobedience45. According to research, love withdrawal would ________.A. help children build a sense of independenceB. improve a long-term parent-child relationC. do little for fostering children’s ethical valuesD. cause children to develop an aggressive tendency46. In Albert Bandura’s opinion, children accepted for who they are would ________.A. disrespect their parentsB. lack a sense of responsibilityC. be inconsiderate of othersD. be disliked by others47. According to the passage, in practicing unconditional acceptance it is essential for parents to ________.A. show respect for children’s ideasB. set a moral example for childrenC. consider environmental factorsD. watch for children’s frustrationsPassage ThreeIt’s a Monday night at MIT, just a few weeks before final exams. Grad students Tegin Teich and Todd Schenk could be studying or relaxing. Instead, they’re hustling through a maze of basement hallways in search of notorious energy hogs: vending machines. The average soda dispenser consumes 3,500 kilowatts a year—more than four times the juice for a home refrigerator. To conserve electricity, MIT’s administrators have been installing devices called Vending Misers, which use motion detectors to turn off a machine’s lights and cooling systems when people aren’t nearby, cutting energy consumption by 50%. Trouble is, MIT isn’t exactly sure whereall its vending machines are located, or which ones already have the devices installed. So tonight it’s enlisted the MIT Energy Club to help figure it out.It’s just one event on the club’s very busy calendar. With 750 students, the four-year-old group is MIT’s fastest-growing extracurricular organization. Many of its members aim to build careers in “green tech” fields, and club events offer a chance to network and learn about the challenges and opportunities in emerging energy fields. In recent weeks, members had lunch with the U.S. Energy Secretary and toured a nuclear reactor. Others discussed national biofuel policy as part of a biweekly discussion held over beer and pizza at a local pub. Club members say the group exposes them to people and ideas from other disciplines; as a result, M.B.A. types become better versed in the science of climate change, while science geeks get comfortable reading business plans and understanding concepts like return on investment. In contrast to left-leaning campus environmentalists of a decade ago, who might have joi ned Greenpeace after school, “most of our members really believe in the power of the tools of capitalism to solve the problem,” says founder Dave Danielson, who earned a Ph.D. in material sciences last fall.Down in the basement at MIT, Teich and Schenk have found a group of eight vending machines. Four of them are hooked up to Vending Misers, but only one is functioning. “This is like wiring a stereo,” Schenk says, untangling wires to make the devices work. Teich climbs on top of a different machine to pick off layers of masking tape left over from a paint job that had rendered the gizmo’s sensor inoperable. “We probably just saved MIT $100” in reduced electricity bills, Teich says. It won’t save the planet—but every bit counts.48. Tegin Teich and Todd Schenk are ________.A. fourth-year students at MITB. members of the MIT Energy ClubC. good at machine maintenanceD. environmental engineering majors49. What does the passage say about Vending Misers?A. They failed to function well as expected.B. They were designed by the MIT Energy Club.C. They can detect the presence of people.D. They keep soda dispensers working consistently.50. Many members join club’s events for ________.A. career preparationsB. leisure enjoymentsC. answering Greenpeace’s callD. opposing nuclear energy51. The club has enabled its members to ________.A. help the government with decision-makingB. become brave enough to challenge the authoritiesC. decide to invest in biofuel in the futureD. acquire much interdisciplinary knowledge52. It is implied that Greenpeace ________.A. suffered some business lossesB. prefers to recruit science studentsC. is suspicious of capitalismD. was founded by Dave Danielson53. What does the last paragraph imply about “a paint job”?A. It caused a problem to the Vending Miser.B. It was needed for repairing the Vending Miser.C. It improved the Vending Miser’s efficiency.D. It was part of what the Vending Miser did.Passage FourNo doll outshines Barbie’s celebrity. If all the Bar bies and her family members—Skipper, Francie and the rest—sold since 1959 were placed head to toe, they would circle the Earth more than seven times. And sales boomed in 2009, when the fashion doll celebrated her 50th birthday on March 9th.Barbie starred at an array of global events honouring her milestone, including a glamorous affair at New York’s Fashion Week in February. On her birthday, Mattel, the company that makes her, launched a souvenir doll honouring the original Barbie in her black-and-white striped swimsuit and perfect ponytail. It was available for purchase only that one day. Another Golden Anniversary doll targets collectors. Barbie fans planned hundreds of events, including the National Barbie Doll Collectors Convention in Washington, DC, which was sold out.When Ruth Handler created Barbie in 1959, a post-war culture and economy thrived but girls still played with baby dolls. These toys limited the imagination; so Handler introduced Barbie the Teen-Age Fashion Model, named after her daughter, Barbara. Jackie Kennedy soon walked onto the world stage and Barbie already had a wardrobe fit for a first lady. Barbie bestowed on girls the opportunity to dream beyond suburbia, even if Ken (Barbie’s fictional boyfriend) at times tagged along.Barbie entranced Europe in 1961 and now sells in 150 countries. Every second three Barbies are sold around the world. Her careers are myriad—model, astronaut, Olympic swimmer, palaeontologist and rock star, along with 100 others, includingpresident. Like any political candidate, controversy hit Barbie in 1992 when Teen Talk Barbie said “Math class is tough” and girls’ education became a national issue. She has been banned (in Saudi Arabia), tortured (by pre-teen girls, according to researchers at the University of Bath’s School of Management) and fattened (in 1997).Feminists continue to batter Barbie, claiming that her beauty and curves treat women as objects. But others see her as a pioneer trendsetter, crashing the glass ceiling long before Hillary Clinton cracked it.High-tech entertainment now attracts girls and Barbie also faces fierce competition from various copycats including the more fashionable, but less charming, Bratz dolls. The Bratz suffered a setback in 2008. Mattel sued MGA Entertainment, Bratz’s producer, for copyright infringement. A judge awarded Mattel $100m in damages.54. According to Paragraph One, Barbie ________.A. was born earlier than the dolls of any other brandsB. has long been number one in the world of dollsC. has beaten other dolls in sales 7 times since 1959D. was once taken aboard a spaceship circling the earth55. To celebrate Barbie’s 50th birthday, ________.A. a Barbie fan club was set up in Washington, DCB. the original Barbie was displayed in New YorkC. fashion shows were held worldwide on March 9thD. Barbies based on its original design appeared on the market56. Ruth Handler created Barbie in the hope that it would ________.A. dress as attractively as Jackie Kennedy didB. encourage girls to become fashion modelsC. help girls generate new ideas and wishesD. become her daughter’s constant companion57. We can infer from Paragraph 4 that Barbie used to ________.A. cause a debate in the U.S. about girls learning mathB. act as a role model in more than 100 occupationsC. face denial by the parents of many pre-teen girlsD. become fatter to cater to the overweight girls58. Feminists hate Barbie mostly because it symbolizes women’s ________.A. material comfortsB. sexual attractionC. political powerD. multiple talents59. According to the passage, MGA Entertainment ________.A. lost a fortune by losing a lawsuitB. sold a toy cat to compete with BarbieC. beat traditional Barbie with hi-techD. filed a lawsuit against MattelPassage FiveAs he has done frequently over the last 18 months, Andy Roost drove his blue diesel Peugeot 205 onto a farm, where signs pointed one way for “eggs” and another for “oil.”He unscrewed the gas cap and chatted casually as Colin Friedlos, the proprietor, poured three large jugs of used cooking oil—tinted green to indicate environmental benefit—i nto the Peugeot’s gas tank.Mr. Friedlos operates one of hundreds of small plants in Britain that are processing, and often selling to private motorists, used cooking oil, which can be poured directly into unmodified diesel cars, from Fords to Mercedes.The global recession and the steep drop in oil prices have now killed many of those large refining ventures. But smaller, simpler ones like Mr. Friedlos’s are moving in to fill the void with their direct-to-tank product, with a flood of offers of free oil from restaurants.Used cooking oil has attracted growing attention in recent years as a cleaner, less expensive alternative to fossil fuels for vehicles. In many countries, including the United States, the oil is collected by companies and refined into a form of diesel. Some cities use it in specially modified municipal buses or vans. And the occasional environmentalist has experimented with individually filtering the oil and using it as fuel.Peder Jensen, a transport specialist at the European Environment Agency, said that cooking oil fuel was “feasible” for diesel engines—Rudolf Diesel predicted that his engine, patented in the 1890s, would run on it—and that it was, “from an environmental point of view, a good idea, taking this waste and making it useful.”Others disagree. Stuart Johnson, manager of engineering and environment at V olkswagen of America, called putting raw vegetable oil in cars “a bad idea” and said, “We don’t recommend it.” The inconsistent quality of cookin g oil fuel, he said, means that “it may contain impurities and it may be too viscous,” especially for newer, more complex diesel engines with injection systems.None of that seems to stir concern in Mr. Nicholson, the Welsh entrepreneur. He said. “There is a lot of resistance,” he said, “to putting something into your preciouscar that you brewed in the kitchen sink.”60. What is true about Andy Roost with respect to using cooking oil fuel for his diesel Peugeot?A. He’s been relying on it.B. He’s just started to try it.C. He’s keen on its green color.D. He’s curious about its effect.61. Unlike those large refining ventures, Mr. Friedlos’s plant ________.A. has been enjoying an economic revivalB. operates for protecting the environmentC. produces its product at a very low costD. has switched to serve private motorists62. As to the advantage of used cooking oil over fossil fuels, the former is ________.A. based on greater sources of raw materialB. more easily processed into a form of fuelC. purer so that it is better for diesel enginesD. used more widely in the world as car fuel63. According to the passage, Rudolf Diesel was ________.A. an environmentalistB. a car ownerC. an engine designerD. a car producer64. Some people oppose the use of cooking oil fuel because it may ________.A. give little help to environmental protectionB. pose a threat to some fossil fuel businessesC. do damage to some kinds of diesel enginesD. contain things harmful to the user’s health65. Mr. Nicholson thinks that the negative opinions about the use of used cooking oil are ________.A. understandableB. unimaginableC. unreasonableD. unacceptableSection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction:In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed fromthe original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does notfit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneIn a survey last year the bosses of small businesses overwhelmingly came out in favour of hard work and a strong character over formal qualifications. Two thirds rated character and attitude as very important, whereas only 3 per cent considered university degrees to be a real asset. 66) ________Historically, it can be summarised like this: on the one hand the self-educated leaders of small businesses have viewed graduates as time-wasting and costly upstarts, while graduates have sneered at the provincial mindset and paltry pay of the non-corporate office.But according to David Bishop, of the Federation of Small Businesses, it has got more to do with practical issues. “Because of th eir size, small businesses look for generalists with broader responsibilities rather than specialists,” he says. “They are not like a major employer with hundreds of employees each assigned a specific role.”Take IT, for example. 67) ________Certainly, there is resistance within the SME (small and medium-sized enterprises) community to employing graduates. The most frequently cited reasons reported by owner managers are: perceived high costs, worries about recruitment, retention and the graduate’s commitm ent, and concern about the high risk of recruiting graduates who are seen as inexperienced and often too academic.68) ________“Recruitment is a challenge in terms of competition and costs when you can’t offer the package of an international bank, but gra duates are valuable because they are on top of innovative research and development.”69) ________Afzal Akram, chairman of Business Link for London, says that small businesses are beginning to realise the potential employee resources found in universities.“In today’s business environment, people are the real differentiator, so getting the best is crucial. Tapping the graduate recruitment market allows small businesses to access candidates with excellent skills, training and education, who are hungry and mo tivated.”70) ________They undertake projects that benefit the host business, ranging from website design, marketing and accounting system implementation to product development.。

中科院2001-2007年生化与分子生物学历年真题机密第1页2013-3-28中科院2001生化B卷一.是非题(1X10)1. 所有a氨基酸中的a碳原子都是一个不对称的碳原子( )2. 蛋白质的四级结构可以定义为一些特定的三级结构的肽链通过共价键形成的大分子体系的组合( )3. 根据凝胶过滤层析的原理,分子量愈小的物质,因为愈容易通过,所以最先被洗脱出来( )4. 两个或几个二级结构单元被连接多肽连接在一起,组成有特殊的几何排列的局部空间结构,这样的结构称为超二级结构,有称为模体(MOTIF)( )5. 抑制剂不与底物竞争酶结合部位,则不会表现为竞争性抑制( )6. 酶反应最适PH不仅取决于酶分子的解离情况,同时也取决于底物分子的解离情况( )7. 寡聚酶一般是指由多个相同亚基组成的酶分子( )8. 糖异生途径是由相同的一批酶催化的糖酵解途径的逆转( )9. 线粒体内膜ADP-ATP载体蛋白在促进ADP由细胞质进入完整线粒体基质的同时ATP由完整线粒体基质进入细胞质的过程是需要能量的( )10. 脂质体的直径可以小到150 ?( )11. 质膜上糖蛋白的糖基都位于膜的外侧( )12. 雄性激素在机体内可变为雌性激素( )13. CoA,NAD和FAD等辅酶中都含有腺苷酸部分( )14. 黄嘌呤氧化酶的底物是黄嘌呤,也可以是次黄嘌呤( )15. RNA连接酶和DNA连接酶的催化连接反应都需要模板( )16. DNA聚合酶和RNA聚合酶的催化反应都需要引物( )17. 真核生物m RNA两端都含有3'-OH.( )18. 在细菌中RNA聚合酶和核糖体蛋白质的合成由共同的调节系统( )19. 所有氨酰-t RNA合成酶的作用都是把氨基酸连接在Trna末端核糖的3'-羟基上( )20. 核小体中的核心组蛋白在细胞活动过程中都不会被化学修饰( )二.选择题(1x25)1. 绒毛膜促性激素是一种_____________A. 甾醇类激素B. 脂肪酸衍生物激素C. 含氮激素2,溴化氰(CNBr)作用于____________A. 甲硫氨酰-XB. 精氨酰-XC. X-色氨酸D. X-组氨酸3.肌球蛋白分子具有下述哪一种酶的活力____________A. ATP酶B. 蛋白质激酶C. 蛋白水解酶4.神经生长因子(NGF)的活性分子由下列肽链组成________A. ααB. ββC. α2βγ25.胰岛素原是由一条"连接肽"通过碱性氨基酸残基连接其他二条链的C端和N端,这条"连接肽"称为_________A. A链B. B链C. C肽6.米氏方程双到数作图的总轴截距所对应的动力学常数为___________A. KmB. VmaxC. Km/VmaxD. Vmax/Km7.磷酸化酶激酶催化磷酸化酶的磷酸化,导致该酶__________________A. 由低活性形式变为高活性形式B. 由高活性形式变为低活性形式C. 活性不受影响8.底物引进一个基团以后,引起酶与底物结合能增加,此时酶催化反应速度增大,是由于______A. 结合能增大B. 增加的结合能被用来降低反应活化能C. 增加的结合能被用来降低KmD. 增加的结合能被用来增大Km9.TGFβ受体具有下列哪一种酶的活性___________A. 酪氨酸激酶B. 酪氨酸磷酸酯酶C. 丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶D. 腺苷酸环化酶10.2000年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖予下列哪一个领域的重大贡献有关:_______________A. 结构生理学B. 发育生理学C. 神经生物学D. 免疫学11.苍术钳是一种抑制剂,它的作用位点在_______________A. 钠钾ATP酶B. 线粒体ADP-ATP载体C. 蛋白激酶CD. 线粒体呼吸链还原辅酶Q-细胞色素c氧化还原酶12.膜固有蛋白与膜脂的相互作用主要通过__________A. 离子键B. 疏水键C. 氢键D. Van der Waal氏力13.生物膜的基本结构是___________A. 磷脂双层两侧各附着不同蛋白质B. 磷脂形成片层结构,蛋白质位于各个片层之间C. 蛋白质为骨架,二层林脂分别附着与蛋白质的两侧D. 磷脂双层为骨架,蛋白质附着与表面或插入磷脂双层中14.辅酶Q是____________A. NADH脱氢酶的辅基B. 电子传递链的载体C. 琥珀酸脱氢酶的辅基D. 脱羧酶的辅酶15.完整线粒体在状态4下的跨膜电位可达_____________A. 1mvB. 10mvC. 100mvD. 200mv16.基因有两条链,与mRNA序列相同(T代替U)的链叫做___________A. 有义链B. 反义链C. 重链D. cDNA链17.一段寡聚合糖核苷酸TψCGm1Acmm5CC,其中含有几个修饰碱基(非修饰核苷):A. 3个B. 4C. 5D. 618.已知有的真核内含子能编码RNA,这类RNA是___________A. 核小分子RNA(sn RNA)B. 核仁小分子RNA(sno RNA)C. 核不均一RNA(hnRNA)19.别嘌呤醇可用于治疗痛风症,因为它是____________A. 鸟嘌呤脱氨酶的抑制剂,减少尿酸的生成B. 黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制剂,减少尿酸的生成C. 尿酸氧化酶的激活剂,加速尿酸的降解20.α-鹅膏覃碱能强烈抑制___________A. 细菌RNA聚合酶B. 真核RNA聚合酶C. 细菌DNA聚合酶D. 真核DNA聚合酶21. 在核糖体上进行蛋白质合成,除了肽链形成本身以外的每一个步骤都与什么有关?A. ATP的水解B. GTP的水解C. Camp的水解D. 烟酰胺核苷酸参与22. 基因重组就是DNA分子之间的:A. 共价连接B. 氢键连接C. 离子键连接23. DNA复制过程中双链的解开,主要靠什么作用__________A. 引物合成酶B. Dnase IC. 限制性内切酶D. 拓扑异构酶24. 包括中国在内,有很多国家科学家参与的人类基因组计划,到目前为止的进展情况如何?A. 仅完成23对染色体的遗传图谱和物理图谱B. 仅测定了7,10合22号染色体的核苷酸序列C. 测定了人基因组3X10^9碱基的全序列,但只是一部"天书",无法知道它的全部意义D. 测定了人基因组全序列,分析了他们代表的遗传信息,已经了解大部分基因的功能25. 催化转氨作用的转氨酶所含的辅基是:________A. 磷酸吡哆醛B. 泛酸C. 烟酰胺D. 硫氨素三填空题(每空一分)1. 胰岛素最初合成的单链多肽称为__________________然后是胰岛素的前体,称为_________2. 原胶原蛋白分子的二级结构是一种三股螺旋,这是一种___________结构,其中每一股又是一种特殊的_____________结构.3. 有一类不可逆抑制剂具有被酶激活的性质,被称为_________型不可逆抑制剂,又可被称作酶的_____________4. "蛋白质组"是指____________________5. 蛋白激酶A的专一活化因子是Camp,蛋白激酶C的专一活化因子是__________,此外还有某类型的蛋白激酶可以由_______作为专一激活因子6. 已阐明原子分辨率三维结构的膜固有蛋白有______________,__________________等(仅写两个)7. 霍乱毒素的受体是一种____________化合物8. 线粒体内膜催化氧化磷酸化合成ATP的F1F0酶的F1部分的亚基组成的结构是__________9. 除了膜脂脂肪酰链的长度外,影响膜脂流动性的主要因素是_____________--10. 左旋的Z-DNA与右旋的B-DNA相比,前者的每对核苷酸之间的轴向距离_________于后者;前者的直径__________于后者11. 已知二类核糖体失活蛋白(RIP)都是通过破坏核糖体大亚基RNA而使核糖体失活,这二类蛋白质分别具有___________和____________活性12. 5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸PRPP)除了参与嘌呤和嘧啶核苷酸生物合成外,还与___________和_____________氨基酸代谢有关.13. 大肠杆菌的启动子序列包含有___________-,_______________及____________等信息.14. 逆转录病毒含有单链RNA,感染细胞后转变成双链DNA,这种DNA必须__________,才能发生病毒的复制.15. 真核RNA聚合酶I主要位于细胞__________中,合成大分子核糖体RNA前体四.问答题(5X6)1. 蛋白质化学测序法的原则和程序可归纳为哪5个阶段?(仅需写出阶段名称)2. 在酶的醇化过程中必须考虑尽量减少酶活性的损失,因此操作过程通常要求在低温下进行.如果醇化一个热稳定(耐温)的酶,是否不需要在低温条件下操作?请简述你的见解.3. 由一个抑制剂抑制完整线粒体β-羟基丁酸或琥珀酸的氧化,但不抑制(维生素C+四甲基对苯二胺)的氧化,这个抑制剂的抑制部位应该在电子传递链的什么部位?为什么?4. 简述RNA剪接和蛋白质剪接5. 酵母细胞利用半乳糖的几种酶基因GAL7-GAL10-GAL1,它们的转录是如何受调控因子GAL4和GAL80调节的?中国科学院2002年研究生入学试题《生物化学与分子生物学》一、是非题：15题，每题1分，共15分。

中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2000年3月）THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2000PAPER ONEPART ⅡSTRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.16. Much I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her for thoroughness, whatever the job.A. whenB. moreC. fartherD. as17. To support the general statement in the first sentence, each sentence in the paragraph provides adifferent example.A. relevantB. subsequentC. coherentD. antecedent18. A hefty 50% of those from ages 18 to 34 told the pollsters in the TIME/CNN survey that they“feminist” values.A. shareB. regardC. attachD. dominate19. I was not alone in my knowledge; the woman had also seen my father’s eyes gleaming withpride.A. contractedB. contestedC. contentedD. contrasted20. the writer’s craft through a consideration of rhetorical patterns is a useful way to study writing.A. ExploringB. ExploitingC. EmployingD. Embodying21. The first two assumptions made about the of TV were dead wrong: that it would bury radio and itwould be threat to movies.A. recessionB. adventC. diversityD. bias22. An education should enable a student to get a better job than be would be able to find or fill.A. consequentlyB. neverthelessC. otherwiseD. anyhow23. In addition to being physically sick, may dad was in the midst of a nervous , through none of us knew tocall it that at the time.A. breakupB. breakdownC. breakthroughD. breakout24. Although they are very succinct-that is why they caught on-cliches are wasted words because they are expression rather than fresh ones.A. staleB. stainlessC. stableD. spotted25. Though Americans do not currently abortions directly, costs are carried by other Americans through higher insurance premiums.A. implementB. terminateC. prohibitD. subsidize26. There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in completein a single country for long periods.A. successB. revengeC. harmonyD. conscience27. In the last century and a half, scientific development has been breathtaking, but the understanding of thisprogress has changed.A. incidentallyB. dramaticallyC. rigorouslyD. temporarily28. It is always useful to have savings to .A. come out inB. live up toC. make a fuss ofD. fall back on29. We seek a society that has a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. at its endB. at its handC. at its coreD. at its best30. Modern man is careless when disposing his garbage.A. ofB. toC. atD. about31. Negro slavery, many claimed, was good for all .A. concernedB. is concernedC. to concernD. that concerns32. To cry over spilled milk is to cry .A. in a vainB. in the vainC. in vainD. in no vain33. “Do you want to see my driver’s license or my passport?”“Oh, ”.A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine34. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over35. A 50-ft, wave travels at speeds 20 m.p.h., and anyone who’s too slow at the approach risks beingsmashed.A. in excess ofB. in the reach ofC. in exchange forD. in relation toSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.36. Applicants will be considered provided that their files are complete due to theA B C Ddeadline.37. Elizabeth B. Browning, who has remembered for her love poems, published herA B Cfirst work at the age of twelve.D38.O n l y i f t e n m o r e s t u d e n t s r e g i s t e r t h i s a f t e r n o o n w i l l a n o t h e r p r o n u n c i a t i o nA B Csection be opening.D39.T h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s a c t u a l l y g i v e a m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e o fA BA individuals are questioned by some eminent.C D40. Track lighting is one of the most popular types, if not the most popular type, ofA B Clighting on market todary.D41. In fact, there is perhaps only one human being in a thousand who are passionatelyA Binterested in his job for the job’s sake.C D42. Watching films of what hate turned those people into made me choose to reject it,A Bto deal with people individual and not to spot all whites with the same obscene images.C D43. After a grueling review session, some confusing students asked the teaching assistant forA B Cstill more help.D44. Flourish in the thirteenth century, traveling musicians, called minstrels, played anA B Cimportant part in the cultural life of the time.D45.T h e r e w a s h a r d l y s o me b o d y i n t h e r o o m w h o p a i d a n y a t t e n t i o n t o h i m e v e nA B Cthough everyone knew who he was.C DPART ⅢCLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 . For centuries the progress of civilization has been 47 by the rigid growth of cities. Now the world is 48 to pass a milestone: more people will live in urban areas than in the countryside.Explosive population growth 49 a torrent of migration from the countryside are creating cities that dwarf the great capitals of the past. By the 50 of the century, there will be fifty-one “megacities” with populations of ten million or more. Of these, eighteen will be in 51 countries, including some of the poorest nations in the world. Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, the swiftest 54of urbanization ever recorded.Is the trend good or bad? Can the cities cope? No one know 55 . Without question, urbanization has produced 56 so ghastly that they are difficult to comprehend. In Cairo, children who 57 might be in kindergarten can be found digging through clots of ox waste, looking for 58 kernels of corn to eat. Young, homeless thieves in Papua New Moresby may not 59 their last names or the names of the villages where they were born. In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.46. A. way B. life C. area D. people47. A. defined B. estimated C. created D. expected48. A. about B. up C. like D. already49. A. of B. like C. and D. or50. A. change B. wake C. beginning D. turn51. A. developing B. developed C. develop D. development52. A. makes B. has C. comes D. lives53. A. none B. few C. any D. some54. A. event B. work C. level D. rate55. A for good B. with clarity C. for sure D. in doubt56. A. miracles B. miseries C. mysteries D. misunderstandings57. A. elsewhere B. anywhere C. somewhere D. nowhere58. A. unrefined B. undigested C. unpolished D. unspoiled59. A. ask B. find C. have D. know60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D. dropsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneG ordon Shaw the physicist, 66, and colleagues have discovered what’s known as the “Mozart effect”, the ability of a Mozart sonata, under the right circumstances, to improve the listener’s mathematical and reasoning abilities. But the findings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions about using music to make kids smarter. The hype, he warns, has gotten out of hand.But first, the essence: Is there something about the brain cells work to explain the effect? In 1978 the neuroscientist Ver non Mountcastle devised a model of the neural structure of the brain’s gray matter. Looking like a thick band of colorful bead work, it represents the firing patterns of groups of neurons. Building on Mountcastle, Shaw and his team constructed a model of t heir own. On a lark, Xiaodan Leng, who was Shaw’s colleague at the time, used a synthesizer to translate these patterns into music. What came out of the speakers wasn’t exactly toe-tapping, but it was music. Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of patterns.“Gordon is a contrarian in his thinking”, says his longtime friend, Nobel Prize-winning Stanford physicist Martin Perl. “That’s important. In new areas of science, such as brain research, nobody knows how to do it.”What do neuroscientists and psychologists think of Shaw’s findings? They haven’t condemned it, but neither have they confirmed it. Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt, but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues are intriguing. In March a team led by Shaw announced that young children who had listened to the Mozart sonata and studied the piano over a period of months improved their scores by 27% on a test of ratios and proportions. The control group against which they were measured received compatible enrichment courses-minus the music. The Mozart-trained kids are now doing math three grade levels ahead of their peers, Shaw claims.Proof of all this, of course, is necessarily elusive because it can be difficult to do a double-blind experiment of educational techniques. In a double-blind trial of an arthritis drug, neither the study subjects nor the experts evaluating them know which ones got the test treatment and which a dummy pill. How do you keep the participants from knowing it’s Mozart on the CD?61. In the first paragraph Gordon Shaw’s concern is shown overA.the open hostility by the media towards his findings.B.his strength to keep trying out the “Mozart effect”.C.a widespread misunderstanding of his findings.D.the sharp disagreement about his discovery.62. Shaw and Leng’s experiment on the model of their own seems to be based on the hypothesis thatA.listening to Mozart could change the brain’s hardware.B.brain-waves could be invariably translated into music.C.listening to music could stimulate brain development.D.Toe-tapping could be very close to something musical.63. The remarks made by Martin Perl in Paragraph 3 about Gordon Shaw could be taken asA.neuroscientists and psychologists.B. Shaw and his colleagues.C. Shaw and his colleagues.D. the experiments by Shaw and his teamE. Shaw’s findings.66. According to the author, proof of what Shaw claims is difficult becauseA.the control group will also enjoy the same kind of Mozart.B.some educational techniques need re-evaluation.C.the double-blind experiment is not reliable and thus rejected by Shaw.D.participants cannot be kept from knowing what is used in the test.Passage TwoSometimes opponents of capital punishment horrify with tales of lingering death on the gallows, of faulty electric chairs, or of agony in the gas chamber. Partly in response to such protests, several states such as North Carolina and Texas switched to execution by lethal injection. The condemned person is put to death painlessly, without ropes, voltage, bullets, or gas. Did this answer the objections of death penalty opponents? Of course not. On June 22, 1984, The New York Times published an editorial that sarcastically attacked the new “hygienic” method of death by injection, and stated that “execution can never be made humane through science”. So it's not the method that really troubles opponents. It’s the death itself they consider barbaric.Admittedly, capital punishment is not a pleasant topic. However, one does not have to like the death penalty in order to support it any more than one must like radical surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in order to find necessary these attempts at curing cancer. Ultimately we may learn how to cure cancer with a simple pill. Unfortunately, that day has not yet arrived. Today we are faced with the choice of letting the cancer spread or trying to cure it with the methods available, method that one day will almost certainly and would certainly delay the discovery of an eventual cure. We may not like the death penalty, but it must be available to punish crimes of cold-blooded murder, cases in which any other form of punishment would be inadequate and, therefore, unjust. If we create a society in which injustice is not tolerated, incidents of murder-the most flagrant form of justice-will diminish.67. How did Texas respond to the protests mentiond in Paragraph 1?A.No one was ever executed there later on.B.The criminal there was put to death in the gas chamber instead.C.Life of the condemned person there was terminated with a shot of drug.D.The murderer there was punished with life imprisonment instead.68. What is the main idea of Paragraph?A.The objections of death penalty have become less severe.B.The death itself is considered inhumane and unacceptable.C.Death penalty opponents only care about how one is put to death.D.The “hygienic” was of execution is even more barbaric.69. It can be safely inferred that the authorA.supports capital punishment.B.Is trying to learn how to cure cancer.C.Fears that someone might be punished by mistake.D.Likes radical surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.70. The author’s analogy between cancer and murder is made in order to showA.the lack of perfect solution to the present problems.B.the new discovery of modern science.C.the necessity of doing nothing till an ultimate cure is available.D.the availability of adequate punishment.71. Which of the following stands for the author’s attitude?A.Letting the injustice spread if we don't want to be barbarous.B.Minimizing incidents of murder by means of death penalty.C.Being tolerant of people’s choice of not having any medical treatment.D.Looking for a better form of punishment than death penalty.72. What type of writing is mostly adopted in this passage?A.Narration.B.Classification.C.Exemplification.D.Persuasion.Passage ThreeShyness is a nearly universal human trait. Almost everyone has bouts of it, and half of those surveyed describe themselves as shy. Perhaps because it’s so widespread, and because it suggests vulnerability, shyness is often an endearing trait: Princess Dian a, for example, won millions of admirers with her “Shy Di” manner. The human species might not even exist if not for an instinctive wariness of other creatures. In fact, the ability to sense a threat and a desire to flee are lodged in the most primitive regions of the brain.But at some life juncture, roughly 1 out of every 8 people becomes so timid that encounters with others turn into a source of overwhelming dread. The heart races, palms sweat, mouth grows dry, words vanish, thoughts become cluttered, an d an urge to escape takes over. This is the face of social phobia (also known as “social anxiety disorder”), the third most common mental disorder in the United States, behind depression and alcoholism. Some social phobics can hardly utter a sentence without obsession over the impression they are making. Others refuse to use public restrooms or talk on the telephone. Sometimes they go mute in front of the boss or a member of the opposite sex. At the extreme, they built a hermitic life, avoiding contact with others.Though social anxiety’s symptoms have been noted since the time of Hippocrates, the disorder was a nameless affliction until the late 1960s and didn’t make it way into psychiatry manuals until 1980. As it became better known, patients previously thought to suffer panic disorder were recognized as being anxious only in social settings. A decade ago, 40 percent of people said they were shy, but in today’s “nation of strangers” – in which computers and ATMs make face-to-face relations less and less common – that often favored by those who fear human interaction, greases the slope from shyness to social anxiety. If people were slightly shy to begin with, they can now interact less and less, and that will make the shyness much worse.73. According to Paragraph One, shyness isA.against human nature.B. completely an endearing trait.C. so widespread that a problem may arise.D. essential to the survival of the human species.74. The author suggests that our ability to sense a threat and desire to fleeA.are connected with types of shyness.B.make us more timid and less successfulC.distinguish humans from other creatures.D.are the results of the influence of our environment.75. Which is NOT mentioned as a sign of social anxiety disorder?A.Speechl ess in front of one’s supervisor.B.Unwilling to go to the public toilets.C.Getting drunk in social settings.D.The heart pumping fast.76. The term “social anxiety disorder” was coinedA. at the time of ancient meditation.B. in the 1960s.C. in 1980.D. a decade ago.77. It is shown that the most common mental disorder in the U.S. isA. depression.B. alcoholism.C. social phobia.D. panic disorder.78. What is the cited attitude of some psychologists towards the Internet culture?A.It is the main cause of social phobia.B.It is destructive and thus should be kept away from the youth.C.It encourages peple who are rather inhibited to communicate more freely.D.It helps accelerate the degradation from shyness to social phobia.Passage FourBenjamin Day was only 22 years old when he developed the idea of a newspaper for the masses and launched his New York Sun in 1833, which would profoundly alter journalism by his new approach. Yet, several conditions had to exist before a mass press could come into existence. It was impossible to launch a mass-appeal newspaper without invention of a printing press able to produce extremely cheap newspaper affordable almost to everyone. The second element that led to the growth of the mass newspaper was the increased level of literacy in the population. The then increased emphasis on education led to a concurrent growth of literacy as many people in the middle and lower economic groups acquired reading skills. The trend toward “democratization” of business and politics fostered the creation of a mass audience responsive to a mass press.Having seen others fail in their attempts to market a mass-appeal newspaper, he forged ahead with his New York Sun, which would be a daily and sell for a penny, as compared to the other dailies that went for six cents a copy. Local happenings, sex, violence, features, and human-interest stories would constitute his content. Conspicuously absent were the dull political debates t hat still characterized many of the six-cent papers. Within six months the Sun achieved a circulation approximately 8,000 issues, far ahead of its nearest competitor. Day’s gamble had paid off, and the penny press was launched.James Gordon Bennett, perhaps the most significant and certainly the most colorful of the individuals imitating Day’s paper, launched his New York Herald in 1835, even more of a rapid success than the Sun. Part of Bennett’s success can be attributed to his skillful reporting of crime news, the institution of a financial page, sports reporting, and an aggressive editorial policy. He looked upon himself a reformer, and wrote in one of his editorials: “I go for a general reformation of morals. … I mean to begin a new movement in the progress of civilization.”Horace Greeley was another important pioneer of the era. He launched his New York Tribune in 1841 and would rank third behind the Sun and Herald in daily circulation, but his weekly edition was circulated nationally and proved to be a great success. Greeley’s Tribune was not as sensational as its competitors. He used his editorial page for crusades and causes. He opposed capital punishment, alcohol, gambling and tobacco. Greeley also favored women’s rights. Greeley never talked down to the mass audience and attracted his readers by appealing to their intellect more than to their emotions.The last of the major newspapers of the penny-press era began in 1851. The New York Times,edited by Henry Raymond, promised to be less sensational than the Sun or Herald and less impassioned than Greeley. The paper soon established a reputation for objective and reasoned journalism. Raymond stressed the gathering of foreign news and served as foreign correspondent himself in 1859. The Times circulation reached more than 40,000 before the Civil war.79. Which is NOT mentioned as the contributing element in the launch of the mass press?A.The upgraded educational level of the masses.B.The increased wealth of the population as a whole.C.The democratic background and drive of the general publicD.The lowered cost of newspaper production.80. The New York Sun rarely featuredA.business newsB.women’s pages.C.lengthy discussion about politics.D.local shipment information.81. Which of the following papers issued a nationally circulated edition?A. The New York Tribune.B.The New York Sun.C.The New York Herald.D.The New York Times.82. Which of the following papers is viewed as the most dispassionate one?A The New York Tribune.B. The New York Sun.C. The New York Herald.D. The New York Times.83. The penny-press approach was pioneered byA.Henry Raymond.B. James Gordon Bennett.C. Benjamin day.D. Joseph Pulitzer84. It can be inferred thatA.the New York Times had the largest daily circulation at that time.B.the papers before the penny-press era only appealed to a small circle of readers.C.the success of the four papers lies in their endeavor to improve peple’s literacy.D.the paper’s being sensational was not favored by a majority of American readers.85. The main purpose of the passage is toA.give a brief introduction to the growth of the mass newspaper.B.trace the cause of the failures of the six-cent papers.C.find out which was the most significant newspaper of that time.D.show how a mass-appeal newspaper made a great fortune.Passage FiveInstead of advancing the public discussion of biotechnology, David Shenk succeeds merely in displaying his general ignorance and unfounded fears in his recent article “Biocapitalism”. His claim that “no living creature has ever before been able to upgrade its own operating system” ignores transduction (the act or process of transferring genetic material or characteristics from one bacterial cell to another) and bacterial conjugation (the temporary union of two bacterial cells), which are ways organisms have “upgraded” their own genomes with novel DNA f or hundreds of millions of years. A first-year biology major could have told him that. For Shenk to suggest that his daughter may someday use a before-birth genetic test for “quick-wittedness” is extremely dull-witted, ignoring the complexity of polygenetic traits while embracing a shallow genetic determinism. Nurture-utterly absent from his discussion-really does matter.Finally, worrying about the effects on the gene pool of a “culture in which millions choose the same desirable genes” is worse than point less. The United Nations projects an approximate human population of eight billion by the year 2020. Even if Shenk’s worst fears are realized, and the wealthy parents of 100 million children can and do select for a polygenetic trait-say, blue eyes-this would represent only a modest shift in the gene pool of 1 in 80, or 1.25 percent, assuming that none of those children would otherwise have been born with blue eyes. But what truly matters for the gene pool in the 1,000-year-long run is the capacity of this trait to grant reproductive success in subsequent generations. Whatever advantage blue eyes currently grant in acquiring a mate presumably derives in part from the trait’s relative scarcity. Elementary economics shows that if you flood the market with an asset, you diminish the relative value of that asset: more blue eyes will make blue eyes less sexy. Is it really too much to expect familiarity with either biology or economics from an essay entitled “Biocapitalism”?86. The purpose of David Shenk’s writing is most probably toA.draw the public’s attention to “biocapitalism”.B.cover his general ignorance about “biocapitalism”.C.show his approval of the advancement in biotechnology.D.Report his success in biotechnological research.87. According to the author, Dav id Shenk’s claim about the upgrading of living creaturesA.is obviously a fault.B. is comprehensible to college students.C. is identical to his own argument.D. will be testified by his daughter.88. What does David Shenk worry about?A.The capacity of the gene pool.B.The nurture of subsequent generations.C.The dramatic increase of world population.D.The consequences of excessive genetic shifts.89. The author’s explanation of people’s preference to blue eyes is thatA.blue eyes are purely inherited.B.few people have blue eyes.C.blue eyes are less sexy.D.people with blue eyes are usually wealthy.90. The tone of this passage is mainlyA. humorous.B. matter-of-fact.C. bitter and ruthless.D. emotional.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (10 points, 25 minutes)Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.世界先进水平的一流大学应该是培养和造就高素质创造性人才的摇篮，应该是认识世界、探求客观真理、为人类解决面临的重大课题提供科学依据的前沿，应该是知识创新、推动科学技术成果向现实生产力转化的重要力量，应该是民族优秀文化与世界先进文明成果交流借鉴的桥梁。

中国科学院研究生院2001年硕士研究生入学考试科目名称：生物化学与分子生物学（无答案）一.是非题（1X10）1. 所有a氨基酸中的a碳原子都是一个不对称的碳原子（）2. 蛋白质的四级结构可以定义为一些特定的三级结构的肽链通过共价键形成的大分子体系的组合（）3. 根据凝胶过滤层析的原理，分子量愈小的物质，因为愈容易通过，所以最先被洗脱出来（）4. 两个或几个二级结构单元被连接多肽连接在一起，组成有特殊的几何排列的局部空间结构，这样的结构称为超二级结构，有称为模体（MOTIF）（）5. 抑制剂不与底物竞争酶结合部位，则不会表现为竞争性抑制（）6. 酶反应最适PH不仅取决于酶分子的解离情况，同时也取决于底物分子的解离情况（）7. 寡聚酶一般是指由多个相同亚基组成的酶分子（）8. 糖异生途径是由相同的一批酶催化的糖酵解途径的逆转（）9. 线粒体内膜ADP-A TP载体蛋白在促进ADP由细胞质进入完整线粒体基质的同时A TP由完整线粒体基质进入细胞质的过程是需要能量的（）10. 脂质体的直径可以小到150 ？（）11. 质膜上糖蛋白的糖基都位于膜的外侧（）12. 雄性激素在机体内可变为雌性激素（）13. CoA，NAD和FAD等辅酶中都含有腺苷酸部分（）14. 黄嘌呤氧化酶的底物是黄嘌呤，也可以是次黄嘌呤（）15. RNA连接酶和DNA连接酶的催化连接反应都需要模板（）16. DNA聚合酶和RNA聚合酶的催化反应都需要引物（）17. 真核生物m RNA两端都含有3'-OH.（）18. 在细菌中RNA聚合酶和核糖体蛋白质的合成由共同的调节系统（）19. 所有氨酰-t RNA合成酶的作用都是把氨基酸连接在Trna末端核糖的3'-羟基上（）20. 核小体中的核心组蛋白在细胞活动过程中都不会被化学修饰（）二.选择题（1x25）1. 绒毛膜促性激素是一种_____________A. 甾醇类激素B. 脂肪酸衍生物激素C. 含氮激素2，溴化氰（CNBr）作用于____________A. 甲硫氨酰-XB. 精氨酰-XC. X-色氨酸D. X-组氨酸3.肌球蛋白分子具有下述哪一种酶的活力____________A. ATP酶B. 蛋白质激酶C. 蛋白水解酶4.神经生长因子（NGF）的活性分子由下列肽链组成________A. ααB. ββC. α2βγ25.胰岛素原是由一条“连接肽”通过碱性氨基酸残基连接其他二条链的C端和N端，这条“连接肽”称为_________A. A链B. B链C. C肽6.米氏方程双到数作图的总轴截距所对应的动力学常数为___________A. KmB. VmaxC. Km/VmaxD. Vmax/Km7.磷酸化酶激酶催化磷酸化酶的磷酸化，导致该酶__________________A. 由低活性形式变为高活性形式B. 由高活性形式变为低活性形式C. 活性不受影响8.底物引进一个基团以后，引起酶与底物结合能增加，此时酶催化反应速度增大，是由于______A. 结合能增大B. 增加的结合能被用来降低反应活化能C. 增加的结合能被用来降低KmD. 增加的结合能被用来增大Km9.TGFβ受体具有下列哪一种酶的活性___________A. 酪氨酸激酶B. 酪氨酸磷酸酯酶C. 丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶D. 腺苷酸环化酶10.2000年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖予下列哪一个领域的重大贡献有关：_______________A. 结构生理学B. 发育生理学C. 神经生物学D. 免疫学11.苍术钳是一种抑制剂，它的作用位点在_______________A. 钠钾A TP酶B. 线粒体ADP-A TP载体C. 蛋白激酶CD. 线粒体呼吸链还原辅酶Q-细胞色素c氧化还原酶12.膜固有蛋白与膜脂的相互作用主要通过__________A. 离子键B. 疏水键C. 氢键D. V an der Waal氏力13.生物膜的基本结构是___________A. 磷脂双层两侧各附着不同蛋白质B. 磷脂形成片层结构，蛋白质位于各个片层之间C. 蛋白质为骨架，二层磷脂分别附着与蛋白质的两侧D. 磷脂双层为骨架，蛋白质附着于表面或插入磷脂双层中14.辅酶Q是____________A. NADH脱氢酶的辅基B. 电子传递链的载体C. 琥珀酸脱氢酶的辅基D. 脱羧酶的辅酶15.完整线粒体在状态4下的跨膜电位可达_____________A. 1mvB. 10mvC. 100mvD. 200mv16.基因有两条链，与mRNA序列相同（T代替U）的链叫做___________A. 有义链B. 反义链C. 重链D. cDNA链17.一段寡聚合糖核苷酸TψCGm1Acmm5CC，其中含有几个修饰碱基（非修饰核苷）：A. 3个B. 4C. 5D. 618.已知有的真核内含子能编码RNA，这类RNA是___________A. 核小分子RNA（sn RNA）B. 核仁小分子RNA（sno RNA）C. 核不均一RNA（hnRNA）19.别嘌呤醇可用于治疗痛风症，因为它是____________A. 鸟嘌呤脱氨酶的抑制剂，减少尿酸的生成B. 黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制剂，减少尿酸的生成C. 尿酸氧化酶的激活剂，加速尿酸的降解20.α-鹅膏覃碱能强烈抑制___________A. 细菌RNA聚合酶B. 真核RNA聚合酶C. 细菌DNA聚合酶D. 真核DNA聚合酶21. 在核糖体上进行蛋白质合成，除了肽链形成本身以外的每一个步骤都与什么有关？A. ATP的水解B. GTP的水解C. Camp的水解D. 烟酰胺核苷酸参与22. 基因重组就是DNA分子之间的：A. 共价连接B. 氢键连接C. 离子键连接23. DNA复制过程中双链的解开，主要靠什么作用__________A. 引物合成酶B. Dnase IC. 限制性内切酶D. 拓扑异构酶24. 包括中国在内，有很多国家科学家参与的人类基因组计划，到目前为止的进展情况如何？A. 仅完成23对染色体的遗传图谱和物理图谱B. 仅测定了7、10和22号染色体的核苷酸序列C. 测定了人基因组3X10^9碱基的全序列，但只是一部“天书”，无法知道它的全部意义D. 测定了人基因组全序列，分析了他们代表的遗传信息，已经了解大部分基因的功能25. 催化转氨作用的转氨酶所含的辅基是：________A. 磷酸吡哆醛B. 泛酸C. 烟酰胺D. 硫氨素三.填空题（每空一分）1. 胰岛素最初合成的单链多肽称为________，然后是胰岛素的前体，称为_________。

中科院博士学位英语考试
中科院博士学位英语考试主要考察学生的英语综合能力，包括阅读理解、写作、翻译和听力等方面。

具体考试内容可能会因不同的专业领域而有所差异，但总体上都是以英语的实际运用能力为主要考察点。

一般来说，中科院博士学位英语考试的难度较大，要求考生具备较强的英语阅读、写作和翻译能力，同时还需要具备较高的学术素养和专业知识。

因此，考生需要充分准备，以提高自己的英语水平和学术素养。

对于中科院博士学位英语考试的备考，建议考生可以从以下几个方面入手：
1.注重英语基础知识的积累，包括词汇、语法和语音等方面。

2.多进行英语阅读和写作的训练，提高阅读理解和写作表达能力。

3.进行英语听力和翻译的训练，提高听力理解和翻译能力。

4.熟悉考试形式和题型，了解考试要求和评分标准。

5.参加模拟考试，熟悉考试流程和时间管理。

总的来说，中科院博士学位英语考试是一项全面考察学生英语实际运用能力的考试，考生需要充分准备，提高自己的英语水平和学术素养，以应对考试的挑战。

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中国科学院大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲考试对象报考中国科学院大学各单位（具体指中国科学院所属各研究院、所、中心、园、台、站及校部各直属院系）相关专业拟攻读博士学位的考生。

考试目的检验考生是否具有进入攻读博士学位阶段的英语水平和能力。

考试类型、考试内容及考试结构本考试共有五个部分：词汇（占10%）、完形填空（占15%）、阅读理解（占40%）、英译汉（占15%），写作（占20%）。

试卷分为：试卷一（Paper One）客观试题，包括前三个部分，共75题，顺序排号；试卷二（Paper Two）主观试题，包括英译汉和写作两个部分。

一、词汇主要测试考生是否具备一定的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。

词和词组的测试范围基本以本考试大纲词汇表为参照依据。

共20题。

每题为一个留有空白的英文句子。

要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组。

二、完形填空主要测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力以及对词汇表达方式和结构掌握的程度。

考生应具有借助于词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。

要求考生就所给篇章中15处空白所需的词或短语分别从四个选项中选出最佳答案。

三、阅读理解本部分共分两节。

要求考生能：1）掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节；2）进行相关的判断和推理；3）准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义；4）领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。

A节：主要测试考生在规定时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。

考生须完成1800-2000词的阅读量并就题目从四个选项中选出最佳答案。

B节：主要测试考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。

考生须完成700－900词的阅读量（2篇短文），并根据每篇文章（约400词）的内容，从文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

四、英译汉要求考生将一篇近400词的英语短文中有下划线的5个句子翻译成汉语。

主要测试考生是否能从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来。

中科院细胞真题2021年《细胞生物学》历年考研真题 1――――安雨（整理）中国科学院2001年攻读硕土学位研究生入学试卷《细胞生物学》A一.名词解释(2/20)1.受体2.细胞培养3.信号转导4.细胞学说5.应力纤维6.磷脂转换蛋白7.ES细胞8.嵌合体9.交叉 10.Hayflick界限二.是非题(1/20)1.亚显微结构就是超微结构.( )2.光学显微镜和电子显微镜的差别在于后者的放大倍数远远大于前者,所以能看到更小的细胞结构.( ）3.细胞外基质的作用是为细胞提供支持的框架.( )4.细胞与细胞间的粘连是由粘连蛋白介导的.粘连蛋白有的依赖Ca++,有的不依赖Ca++.( ) 5.粘连分子的受体是整合素.( )6.细胞间的通讯就是通过细胞间形成缝隙连接,是细胞质相互沟通而实现的.( )7.细胞分裂时内质网要经历解体与重建的过程.( )8.正常细胞发生癌变时游离的核糖体增多,而附着的核糖体和内质网的数目相应减少.( ) 9.a-肌动蛋白见于所有肌肉细胞和非肌肉细胞胞质中.( )10.从细胞内提取的分泌蛋白的分子量一般与分泌到细胞外的相应蛋白的分子量相同.( ) 11.真核基因的转录是从第一个ATG开始的.( )12.癌基因是有害的基因,因为它们的表达会导致肿瘤或癌.( ) 13.转录因子是一类具有RNA聚合酶活性的蛋白质.( )14.正常细胞在有丝分裂中期时,每条染色体的动粒均已分别结合来自纺锤体两极的微管.( ) 15.端粒酶以端粒DNA为模板夫指出更多的端粒重复单元,以保证染色体末端的稳定性.( ) 16.哺乳动物受精卵在发生卵裂到16细胞前,所有细胞都是全能细胞.( ) 17.体内的多能干细胞是不会衰老的.( )18.分化程度高的细胞由于细胞分裂能力的下降,发生改变的可能小于分化程度低的细胞.( ) 19.细胞分化就是细胞内组织专一性基因或者奢侈基因选择性的表达的结果.( ) 20.单细胞生物不存在细胞分化的现象.( ) 三.选择题(1/20)1.原核细胞与真核细胞虽有许多不同,但都有: A核仁 B核糖体 C线粒体 D内质网2.Wilson根据光学显微镜下所见,绘制的细胞模式图上能见到_______. A内质网 B核糖体 C吞饮泡 D核仁3.要探知细胞内某一蛋白质的表达水平,可以通过_______实现. A.Southern blotB.Northern blotC.Western blotD.原位分子杂交 4.细胞变形足运动的本质是_______.1A细胞膜迅速扩张是细胞局部伸长 B胞内微管迅速解聚使细胞变形 C胞内微丝迅速重组装使细胞变形 D胞2021年《细胞生物学》历年考研真题 2――――安雨（整理）内中等纤维重聚合使细胞变形5.ATP合酶(F0-F1ATPase)是______氧化磷酸化复合物.A线粒体内膜上的 B细菌胞质中的 C叶绿体中的 D细胞膜内侧的6.小肠上皮吸收葡萄糖以及各种氨基酸时,通过_______达到逆浓度梯度运输. A与Na+相伴运输 B与K+相伴运输 C与Ca++相伴运输 D载体蛋白利用ATP能量7.溶酶体的H+浓度比细胞质中高______倍. A 5 B 10 C 50 D 100以上8.膜蛋白高度糖基化的是__________. A内质网膜 B质膜 C高尔基体膜 D溶酶体膜9.参与纤毛运动的蛋白质是________.A驱动蛋白 B动力蛋白 C tau蛋白 D微管结合蛋白2 10.成分最复杂的中间纤维蛋白是_________.A角蛋白 B波形纤维蛋白 C结蛋白 D胶质纤维酸性蛋白 11.细胞通过限制点时,_______.A DNA开始复制B RNA开始转录 C蛋白质开始合成 D都不对 12.裂殖酵母中的cdc2基因在芽殖酵母中的同源物是_______. A.cdc2 B.cdc25 C.cdc28 D.cdc2013.用胸腺嘧啶核苷酸处理增殖中的细胞可使其阻滞在_______期. A.G1 B.S C.G2D.M14.灯刷染色体主要存在于________.A鱼类卵母细胞 B昆虫卵母细胞 C哺乳类卵母细胞 D两栖类卵母细胞 15.内含子的剪接位点具有________的特征.A5' -GU, 3' -AG B 5' -AG, 3' -GU C 5' -GA, 3' -UG D 5' -UG, 3' -GA 16.前病毒是_______.A RNA病毒 B逆转录RNA病毒C整合到宿主DNA中的逆转录DNA D整合到宿主DNA中的DNA病毒 17.下列那一种蛋白质或酶最不可能是癌基因________. A GTP酶 B蛋白质磷酸激酶 C蛋白质磷酸酶 D转录因子18.一把不认为________是细胞分化中基因表达调控的一个普遍机制.A DNA重排B DNA甲基化 C组织特异基因的表达 D一些非特异基因表达被抑制 19.分化程度高的细胞比分化程度低的细胞对于外界因子的反应能力_________. A一样 B下降 C上升 D前三者都有可能20.受精卵能发育成一个完整的个体,这种能使后代细胞形成完整个体的潜能为______. A单能性 B多能性 C全能性 D发育性四.问答题(40)1.为什么在生理状态下,细胞膜内外的离子及电荷是不均等分布的?此不均等分布为什么是必须的? 2.高尔基体在形态结构上至少有互相联系的三部分组成,请简述各部分的主要功能. 3.试为高等生物中广泛存在基因家族的现象就其生物学意义提供解释.2021年《细胞生物学》历年考研真题 3――――安雨（整理）4.细胞分化是被选定的不同特异基因表达的结果,请举例说明分化时特异基因的表达调控方式.中国科学院2001年攻读硕土学位研究生入学试卷《细胞生物学》B选择名解是非题同上问答题1.如果你想知道某一基因在肿瘤和正常细胞中的活动情况,你将采用什么手段来了解?2.为什么说中间纤维蛋白是肿瘤鉴别诊断的有用工具?3.试描述真核细胞保证遗传稳定性的要素及其作用.4.试述干细胞,终端分化细胞,永生细胞和癌细胞的生长与分化特点.2021年《细胞生物学》历年考研真题 4――――安雨（整理）中国科学院2002年攻读硕土学位研究生入学试卷《细胞生物学》B考试科目：细胞生物学(B) 报考单位：中科字上海生命科学院报考方向：神经生物学1．以上各项除试卷密呈外必须填写清楚。