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1.《绪言、走进化学世界、我们周围的空气》综合练习

1.《绪言、走进化学世界、我们周围的空气》综合练习
1.《绪言、走进化学世界、我们周围的空气》综合练习

《绪言、走进化学世界、我们周围的空气》综合练习

姓名记分

可能用到的相对原子质量:H—1 O—16

一、选择题(每小题只有一个选项符合题意)

1.下列变化过程中发生物理变化的是()

A.光合作用

B.食物消化

C.瓷碗破碎

D.木材燃烧

2.下列物质的性质属于化学性质的是()

A.颜色、状态

B.溶解性

C.密度、硬度

D.可燃性

3.诗词是民族灿烂文化中的瑰宝。下列著名诗句中隐含有化学变化的是()

①千里冰封,万里雪飘。②白玉为床,金做马。③野火烧不尽,春风吹又生。④粉身碎骨浑不怕,要留清白在人间。⑤夜来风雨声,花落知多少。⑥春蚕到死丝方尽,蜡烛成灰泪始干。

A.①③⑤

B.②④⑥

C.①③④⑤

D.③④⑥

4.党的十八大报告中把“生态文明建设”首次提升到更高的战略层面,要求加大自然生态系统和环境保护力度。下列做法不符合这一要求的是()

A.合理开发洁净能源

B.全面关停化工企业

C.改进汽车尾气净化技术

D.研发易降解的生物农药和塑料

5.下列有关物质变化的说法错误的是()

A.粉笔写字的过程中是物理变化

B.在化学变化中,分子可以变成其他分子

C.在化学变化中,原子可以变成其他原子

D.在化学变化中伴随着能量变化

6.配制一定溶质质量分数的氯化钠溶液,下列操作错误的是()

7.下列物质中,属于纯净物的是()

A.食用醋

B.合金

C.冰和水的混合物

D.洁净的空气

8.新修订的《环境空气质量标准》增设了PM2.5平均浓度限值,PM2.5是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物,主要要来源于直接排放的工业污染和汽车尾气等,是形成灰霾天气的最大元凶。下列说法不合理的是()

A.举行“地球一小时”熄灯活动

B.灰霾天出门戴N95专业口罩(过滤孔径在0.1微米左右)

C.香烟烟雾颗粒的直径大多在0.1至1.0微米,提倡不吸或少吸烟

D.为了减少PM2.5对环境的影响,禁止家庭使用私家车

9.固体碘受热升华,下列关于此过程的说法正确的是()

A.碘分子质量变大

B.碘分子间的间隔变大

C.碘分子体积变大

D.碘分子运动速率不变

10.下列物质既是空气的成分,又属于氧化物的是()

A.氧化铝

B.氧气

C.二氧化碳

D.稀有气体

11.分析推理是化学常用的一种学习方法。下列推理正确的是()

A.分子、原子是不带电的粒子,但不带电的粒子不一定是分子、原子

B.碱能使酚酞试液变红色,所以使酚酞试液变红的一定是碱

C.酸能使紫色石蕊试液变红色,CO2也能使紫色石蕊试液变红色,所以CO2是酸

D.燃烧需要同时满足三个条件才能发生,所以灭火也一定要同时控制这三个条件

12.化学家创造出一种物质“干水”,其每个颗粒含水95%,外层是SiO2,干水吸收二氧化碳的能力比普通清水高三倍。下列有关说法正确的是()

A.干水和干冰是同一种物质

B.干水中的水分子不再运动

C.用干水吸收CO2助于减缓温室效应

D.干水吸收CO2的过程只发生物理变化

13.下列物质中,含有氧分子的是()

A.O2

B.MnO2

C.CO2

D.H2O2

14.化学实验过程中要规范操作,注意实验安全。下列做法中正确的是()

A.用嘴吹灭酒精灯的火焰

B.加热后的试管立即用水冲洗

C.实验药液溅进眼睛立即用纸巾探拭

D.洒在实验台上的酒精失火立即用湿布覆盖

O2)在催化剂二氧化锰的作用下,

15.如图所示,过氧化氢(H

迅速分解放出大量氧气。下列现象正确的是()

A.气球胀大,红墨水左移

B.气球缩小,红墨水右移

C.气球胀大,红墨水右移

D.气球缩小,戏墨水左移

二、填空题

16、用右图所示装置测定空气中氧气的含量:

?写出红磷燃烧的化学方程式:,

红磷燃烧时会产生大量的白烟,白烟的主要成分是;

?该实验中红磷要过量的原因是;

?反应结束后,打开弹簧夹,水会进入集气瓶的原因是

17.加强对空气质量的监测是保护环境的一项重要措施,下表是达州市一年四季空气质量监

?对达州市空气质量影响最大的指标是。

?空气质量最差的季节是。

?你认为造成这种情况的原因是。(答一点即可)?可采取的有效防治措施是。(答一点即可)18.2011年11月28日到12月11日,联合国气候变化框架公约第17次缔约方会议在南非德班召开,会议讨论了二氧化碳的减排问题。

?二氧化碳过量排放会导致(填序号)。

A.温室效应

B.酸雨

C.白色污染

D.臭氧层空洞

?为了增加对二氧化碳的吸收,可以将二氧化碳与氢气在催化条件下反应生成甲醇。反应的化学方程式为:CO2+3H2=X+H2O,则X(甲醇)的化学式。

19.有下列物质:①氮气;②净化后的空气;③四氧化三铁;④矿泉水;⑤红磷;⑥蒸馏水;

⑦二氧化碳;⑧洁净的海水;⑨铁粉;⑩液氧。其中属于混合物的是(填序

号),属于纯净物的是。

20.图示4种途径都可以得到氧气:

?写出实验室中通过甲、乙两种途径制取氧气的

化学方程式:

甲_____________________________;

乙_____________________________。

?“绿色化学”是21世纪化学科学发展的重要

方向之一。你认为在中学化学实验中,甲、乙、丙三种制取氧气的途径中,___________(填“甲”、“乙”或“丙”)途径更体现化学实验的绿色化追求。

三、简答题

21、下面是一些同学在做氧气的制取及性质实验的过程中遇到的问题,分析可能造成这些后果的原因。

?分别用排水法和向上排空气法收集氧气,结果两瓶氧气中都混入了少量空气。

?木炭在氧气瓶中燃烧很快就熄灭。

22.如右图所示,取三根粗细、长度均相同的光亮细铁丝,将其中两根分别盘成螺旋状,在每根铁丝一端绑上粗铜丝,另一端系一火柴,点燃火柴,

待快燃尽时,分别插入充满氧气的集气瓶中(预先放入

一些水)。观察到:Ⅰ、Ⅱ中铁丝都剧烈燃烧,且Ⅱ中

铁丝燃烧比Ⅰ中的更剧烈;Ⅲ中铁丝没有燃烧。

?为什么Ⅲ中铁丝不能燃烧?

?分析Ⅱ中铁丝燃烧比Ⅰ中的更剧烈的原因。

四、实验与探究题

23.蜡烛是由石蜡和棉线组成的。

?石蜡放入水中,浮在水面上,说明石蜡的密度比水的密度(填“大”或“小”)。?点燃蜡烛在其燃烧过程中,属于物理变化的是。

?取一火柴梗,拿住一端迅速平放入火焰中约1秒后取出,可观察到两端变黑,中间无明显变化。说明火焰的(填“外焰”“内焰”或“焰心”)部分温度最高。

?轻轻一吹即可使蜡烛熄灭,原因是(填序号)。

A.降低石蜡的着火点

B.隔绝了空气

C.温度降到了着火点以下

24.下图是某同学正在绘制的实验室制取氧气的装置图。请回答下列问题:

?仪器A的名称;

?将实验装置图补充完整;

?写出用该装置制取氧气的化学方程式:;

?写出硫在氧气中燃烧的实验现象:。

五、计算题

25.实验室用过氧化氢溶液与二氧化锰混合制氧气。现将1.0g二氧化锰放入盛有20.0g过氧化氢溶液的锥形瓶中,立即塞紧带导管的橡胶塞,反应结束,共收集到559mL气体。计算:(结果保留1位小数)

?反应结束后,过滤,滤渣的质量为g。

?反应产生的氧气的质量为g。(标准状况下氧气的密度约为1.43g/L)

?过氧化氢溶液中溶质的质量分数是多少?

《绪言、走进化学世界、我们周围的空气》综合练习

参考答案

二、填空题

16、?、4P+5O22P2O5;五氧化二磷(P2O5);?、将瓶内的氧气耗尽;

?、红磷燃烧耗尽了瓶内的氧气,瓶内的压强减小。

17、?、可吸入颗粒物(TSP);?、冬季;?、冬季天气较冷,取暖所用煤的量增大;

?、使用清洁燃料(或大量植树造林)。

18、?、A;?、CH3OH(或CH4O);

19、②④⑧;①③⑤⑥⑦⑨⑩。

20、?、甲:2H2O22H2O+O2↑;乙:2KClO32KCl+3O2↑;?、甲。

三、简答题

21、?、排水法:集气瓶内水未装满;向上排空气法:导气管未伸到集气瓶的底部;

?、木炭伸入集气瓶内的速度过快。

22、?、实验Ⅲ中火柴在铁丝的上方,用其内焰对铁丝加热,内焰的温度低,没有对铁丝充分预热,因此不能达到铁丝的着火点。

?、实验Ⅱ中的铁丝绕成螺旋状,与氧气的接触面积增大,反应更充分、更剧烈。

四、实验与探究题

23、?、小;?、蜡烛熔化;?、外焰;?、C。

24、?、集气瓶;?略;?2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑;?发出蓝紫色火焰,产生有刺激性气味的气体,放热。

五、计算题

25、?、1.0;?、0.8;?、8.5%。

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