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高中英语语法总结-非谓语动词

高中英语语法总结-非谓语动词
高中英语语法总结-非谓语动词

非谓语动词

在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)

不定式

一、不定式的作用

1、作主语不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。如:

Ittookus two hoursto finish the job.

It is impossible for usto get there on time.

It is very kind ofyou to help us.

注意:(1)其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。

(2)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is…to…的句型。试比较:Itis tonegate my ownidea to believe him.(错)

To believe himis to negatemyown idea .(对)

(3)It is+ adj.of /for sb. todosth. 结构中,当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时,用of, 否则用for.

2、作宾语

(1)动词+不定式。如:

He managedto escape fromthe fire.

I find it hard to getalongwithhim.(it 作形式宾语)

注:下列动词通常用不定式作宾语:want,try, hope, wish,need, forget,know,promise, ref

use, help, decide,begin,start,learn,agree,choose, get等

(2)动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语。如:

I don’tknow what to do next/ howtodo it next.

I can’tdecide whentogo there.

注意:不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式

宾语。如:I findit necessary tolearn a foreign language.

3、作宾语补足语

(1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do )。如:

He warnedmeto becareful.

I want you to speak toTom.

Whatmakes you think so?(不带to的不定式)

注:可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有:ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise,invite,allo w,help,wish,warn, expect, prefer,encourage

(2)表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+to be 的不定式结构。如:

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in ourclass.

The bookis believed to be useful.(被动语态)

(3) There +不定式。如:

We didn’texpect there tobe so manypeople there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意:(1)有些动词需用as短语作补语,像regard, think, believe,take,consider。如:

We regardTom asour bestteacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

Marytook himasher father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

(2)在动词feel(一感),hear,listen to(二听),have,let, make(三让),notice,see, watch, observe, look at(五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。如:

Theysaw theboy fall off thetree. The boywasseen to fall off thetree.

(3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.

I often help him(to)clean the room.

I helpedhim (to) find histhings.

4、作定语

不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如:

I havea lot of workto do.(动宾关系)

Heis looking for a roomto livein.(动状关系)

He isthe firstpersonto think of the idea.(主谓关系)

Hehas got achance to goabroad.(同位关系)

注意:1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动。如:

Doyou haveanything elseto say?

2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如:

I need a pen to write with .(I willwirte withthe pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字)

I have a littlebaby to lookafter.(I must look afterthe little baby )(我有一个婴儿要照看)

作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语,如inorder to, so as to,so…asto,such…asto, ….enough to, too…to等。

(1)做目的状语,to, only to (仅仅为了),in order to, so as to, so(such)….asto…(如此···以便···)如:

Heran sofastasto catchthe first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

He cametothe school to see his son.

(2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。如:

He hurried tothe post office only to findit wasclosed.

Hesearchedthe room only tofind nothing.

(3)做原因状语。如:

We were very excitedto hear the news.

I’m glad to seeyou.

(4)做条件状语。如:Toturntothe left,youcould find a post office.

5、作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面,构成表语。如:

The question is how to put it into practice.

My question is whento leave.

His dreamis tobe a doctor.

Herwork is to look after the babies.

注意:1.不定式在句中作表语时,对应的谓语动词用单数。

2.当助于是不定式时,表语不能用Ving形式,可用不定式。

如:To see istobelieve. (眼见为实)

6、独立结构。如:

To tell you the truth, I don’t agree withyou.

Tomakematters worse, it beganto rain.

二、不定式的时态和语态

1、不定式的时态

(1)现在时:有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如:

He seems to know this.I hope tosee you again.

(2)完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:

I’m sorry to have givenyou somuch trouble.

Heseemsto havecaughta cold.

(3)进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:

He seems to be eating something.

(4)完成进行时:表示动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并有可能持续下去。如:

She is known to havebeen working on the problemfor many years.

2、不定式的语态

当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时,就用被动式。如:

He was seen toenter thehall. He asked to be sent towork in Tibet.

三、省to 的动词不定式

1、情态动词(除ought外,ought to)

2、Wouldrather, had better.

3、感官动词see, watch, look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补,省略t

o.

注意:在被动语态中to 不能省略掉。如:

I sawhimdance. He was seento dance.The boss made themwork thewho

le night.

Theywere madeto work thewholenight.

4、使役动词let,have,make.

5、由and,or 和than 连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去。如:Hewants to moveto France and

marry thegirl.

6、Help可带to ,也可不带to, help sb.(to)do sth.

7、Why…/Why not…

8、But 和except 前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。试比较:

He wants to donothing butgoout.

Hewants to believe anythingbutto take the medicine.

9、通常在discover, imagine,suppose, think,understand 等词后,可以省去to be.如:

He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。

——I usually go thereby train.

——Why not ______by boat for a change?

Ato try goingB trying togoCtotryand goD try going

Paul doesn’t have to be made ______. Healwaysworks hard.

A learn

B to learn

C learned

D learning

四、动词不定式的否定式。如:Tell him not toshut the window.She pretendednot to see mewhenI passed by.

Mrs.Smith warnedher daughter ______after drinking.

Anever to drive B to neverdrive C never drivingDnever drive

The boywanted to ride his bicycle in the street,buthis mothertoldhim______.

Anotto B not todo C not doit D do not do

Thepatient waswarned ______food before the operation.

A toeat no

B eating not

C not to eat

D noteating

动名词(动名词具有动词和名词的特征,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语)

一、动名词的作用

1、作主语

谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语,常用于如下结构:

It’snogood/usedoing···如:Seeing is believing.

Playing withfire is dangerous.

It’s no good waiting here.

2、作宾语

I enjoy listeningto music.

He often practices playing the pianointhe evening.

He isfondof playing basketball.

Hehasgiven upsmoking.

Wouldyou mindturning down yourradio a little,please?

(1)只能接动名词作宾语的动词:

admit,advise建议,risk,appreciate,envy嫉妒,avoid避免,

consider考虑,delay延迟,deny否认,dislike不喜欢,enjoy,escape逃避,excuse原谅、宽恕,

finish完成,forgive原谅,understand理解,give up放弃,imagine想象,keep保持,mind介意、在乎,m iss未达到,practise训练,put off推迟,resist抵抗,suggest建议、暗示

can’t help 禁不住,can’t stand无法忍受,devoteto(to为介词)致力于···,look forwardto 期望、盼望,stick to坚持,beused to习惯于,object to反对,be busy忙于···,fee like想要···

be surprised at 对……感到惊讶beproud of以……为骄傲succeedin在某方面成功

be afraid of害怕give up 放弃

(2)只能接不定式作宾语的动词:

happen碰巧,offer 主动提出,promise 答应,agree 同意,refuse拒绝,decide 决定,

determine 决定、决心,pretend 假装,fail未能够,learn,wish希望,hope,expect,afford 负担得起。

(3)接动名词、不定式均可,意义相同的动词:like,love,dislike,hate,begin,star,continue,prefer,

can’tbear/endure 无法忍受,cease停止

(4)下列词接动名词和不定式均可,但意义不同的动词:forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等

Stopto do停下来去做stop doing停止做

Forget to do忘记要做forget doing忘记做过

Remember to do 记得要做rememberdoing 记得做过

Regret todo 遗憾要做regret doing后悔做过

Try todo企图做,尽力做try doing 试着做

Go ontodo 继续做(另一件事)go ondoing继续做(同一件事)

Meantodo 打算做meandoing意味做

In someparts of London, missing a bus means_______foranotherhour.

A waiting Bto waitingCwait D tobe waiting

(5)Need,require,want作“需要”讲,其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,beworth也有类似用法。如:

Theflowers needwatering/tobe watered.

The problemis worthdiscussing.

3、作表语

此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如:

My hobby iscollectingstamps.

Herjob iswashing,cleaning and taking careof thechild

4、作定语

动名词作定语,一般表示用途。如:

a waiting room,adiving board,a reading room,adining hall

there are a lot of swimming pools inthe city.

注:(1)现在分词作定语表动作,它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,可改写成一个定语从句。

如果为单词,放在被修饰n之前,为短语,放在被修饰n之后。

如:asleeping boy=a boywho issleeping

a developing country =a country whichis developing

(2)动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质,可改写成一个for的短语,两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

如:a washing machine= amachinefor washing

aswimmingpool = a poolfor swimming

二、动名词的时态和语态

动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常要用完成式,否则都用一般式。如:

We are interested in playing chess.

He was praised for having finished thework ahead of time.

I’m sorry for nothavingkeptmy promise.

若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象,动名词用被动语态。如:

We must do somethingtoprevent water from being polluted.

I remember having been told a story.

He was afraidofbeing scolded by the teacher.

分词(分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。)

现在分词和过去分词的区别:

在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义;

在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。

如:fallingleaves正在下落的树叶fallenleaves 已经落在地上的树叶

一、分词的作用

1、作定语

(1)单个分词作定语,分词前置。如:

Thesleepingboy ismy son.

Theexcited peoplerushed into the building.

A lostopportunity never returns.

He isa retiredworker.

(2)分词短语作定语,分词后置;分词修饰不定代词something等要后置;个别分词如give,left等作定语也后置。如:

The girlstanding under thetree is my niece.

The building built last year is ourlibrary.

This is the question given.

There is nothing interesting.

(3)过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如:

Mostofthepeople invited tothepartywere famousscientists

Thefirst textbook______for teaching English as a foreign language cameout

inthe16th century.

Ahave written B to be written C being writtenD written

What’sthe language ______ in Germany?

A speaking

B spoken

C bespoken

D tospeak

Prices ofdailygoods______ through a computercan be lowerthan store pric

es.

Aare bought Bbought C beenboughtDbuying.

When I got backhome I sawa messagepinned to the door ______ “Sorry to miss you; w

ill calllater.”

A read

B reads Cto read D reading

2、作状语

现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。

Not receiving any letter from him,I gave him a call.

AsIdidn’treceive any letter from him, I gave him a call.

Given more attention,the treescould havegrown better.

If moreattention wasgiven, thetrees couldhave grown better.(条件)

Walking alongthe street, Iranacross my old friend.

Bitten by a snake,he was taken to hospital(原因).

Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart.(让步)

Helay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随)

Hecame running to tellme the goodnews.(方式)

______some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

AFollowed BFollowedby C Beingfollowed DHaving been followed答案:B

There was a terrible noise______ thesudden burst oflight.

A followed

B following

C to be followed

D being followed

答案:B

______ , liquids can be changed intogases.

A Heating

B Tobe heated

C Heated

D Heat

答案:C

注意:

(1)选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出,分词就用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。试比较:

(Being)Usedfor a long time,the book looks old.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。

Using thebook,I find it useful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。

(2)分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致,如果不一致,就用独立主格结构,即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语,一般不用作定语。

When______, themuseumwill beopentothe publicnext year.

A completed BcompletingCbeing completed Dto be completed

______ such heavy pollution already, it may nowbe too lateto clean up the river.

AHavingsuffered B Suffering C To suffer D Suffered

3、作表语

现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征,过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如:

Thefilm istouching.

The glass isbroken.

She looked tired withcooking.

He remainedstanding beside the table.

—I’m very______with my own cooking.It looks nice andsmells delicious.

—Mm, itdoeshave a______ smell.

Apleasant;pleased B pleased;pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant

4、作宾语补足语

分词和不定式一样,在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如:

I smell something burning.

I heard himsinging the song.

Iheardmy name called.

Ican’t make myselfunderstood in English.

Ifoundmy car missing.

I’ll have mywatchrepaired.我想把我的手表修一下。

The managers discussedthe plan that they would liketo see______ the next year.

Acarry out Bcarrying out Ccarried outDto carry out

5、作插入语

其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。

generally speaking一般说来talkingof (speakingof) 说到

strictlyspeaking严格地说judgingfrom 从···判断

all thingsconsidered从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来。如: Judging from his face,hemust be ill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。

Generally speaking,dogscanrun faster than pigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。

一、分词的时态

1、与主语动词同时。如:

Arrivingthere, they found theboydead.刚一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。

The secretary workedlate into the night,______alongspeech for the president.

A to prepare

B preparing

C prepared Dwas preparing

2、先于主语动词

分词作时间状语,如果先于主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用havingdone。如:

Havingfinished hishomework, he went out for a walk.

After he had finishedhis homework,he went out forawalk.

做完作业,他出去散步。

______ a reply,hedecided to writeagain.

A Not receiving

B Receiving not

C Not havingreceived DHaving not received

二、分词的语态

1、通常情况下,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。如:

He is theman giving you/whogave you the book他就是给你书的那个人

She is thegirlstoppedby/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。

2、不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像:gone,fallen, retired, grown-up,escaped, faded, retu

rned等词。如:

a retiredperson 一个退休的人 a fallenball 一个落下来的球a burnt-out match 烧完

了的火柴

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