A comparison of text and shape matching for retrieval of online 3D models

附录A 英文文献Speaker RecognitionBy Judith A. Markowitz, J. Markowitz ConsultantsSpeaker recognition uses features of a person‟s voice to identify or verify that person. It is a well-established biometric with commercial systems that are more than 10 years old and deployed non-commercial systems that are more than 20 years old. This paper describes how speaker recognition systems work and how they are used in applications.1. IntroductionSpeaker recognition (also called voice ID and voice biometrics) is the only human-biometric technology in commercial use today that extracts information from sound patterns. It is also one of the most well-established biometrics, with deployed commercial applications that are more than 10 years old and non-commercial systems that are more than 20 years old.2. How do Speaker-Recognition Systems WorkSpeaker-recognition systems use features of a person‟s voice and speaking style to:●attach an identity to the voice of an unknown speaker●verify that a person is who she/ he claims to be●separate one person‟s voice from other voices in a multi-speakerenvironmentThe first operation is called speak identification or speaker recognition; the second has many names, including speaker verification, speaker authentication, voice verification, and voice recognition; the third is speaker separation or, in some situations, speaker classification. This papers focuses on speaker verification, the most highly commercialized of these technologies.2.1 Overview of the ProcessSpeaker verification is a biometric technology used for determining whether the person is who she or he claims to be. It should not be confused with speech recognition, a non-biometric technology used for identifying what a person is saying. Speech recognition products are not designed to determine who is speaking.Speaker verification begins with a claim of identity (see Figure A1). Usually, the claim entails manual entry of a personal identification number (PIN), but a growing number of products allow spoken entry of the PIN and use speech recognition to identify the numeric code. Some applications replace manual or spoken PIN entry with bank cards, smartcards, or the number of the telephone being used. PINS are also eliminated when a speaker-verification system contacts the user, an approach typical of systems used to monitor home-incarcerated criminals.Figure A1.Once the identity claim has been made, the system retrieves the stored voice sample (called a voiceprint) for the claimed identity and requests spoken input from the person making the claim. Usually, the requested input is a password. The newly input speech is compared with the stored voiceprint and the results of that comparison are measured against an acceptance/rejection threshold. Finally, the system accepts the speaker as the authorized user, rejects the speaker as an impostor, or takes another action determined by the application. Some systems report a confidence level or other score indicating how confident it about its decision.If the verification is successful the system may update the acoustic information in the stored voiceprint. This process is called adaptation. Adaptation is an unobtrusive solution for keeping voiceprints current and is used by many commercial speaker verification systems.2.2 The Speech SampleAs with all biometrics, before verification (or identification) can be performed the person must provide a sample of speech (called enrolment). The sample is used to create the stored voiceprint.Systems differ in the type and amount of speech needed for enrolment and verification. The basic divisions among these systems are●text dependent●text independent●text prompted2.2.1 Text DependentMost commercial systems are text dependent.Text-dependent systems expect the speaker to say a pre-determined phrase, password, or ID. By controlling the words that are spoken the system can look for a close match with the stored voiceprint. Typically, each person selects a private password, although some administrators prefer to assign passwords. Passwords offer extra security, requiring an impostor to know the correct PIN and password and to have a matching voice. Some systems further enhance security by not storing a human-readable representation of the password.A global phrase may also be used. In its 1996 pilot of speaker verification Chase Manhattan Bank used …Verification by Chemical Bank‟. Global phrases avoid the problem of forgotten passwords, but lack the added protection offered by private passwords.2.2.2 Text IndependentText-independent systems ask the person to talk. What the person says is different every time. It is extremely difficult to accurately compare utterances that are totally different from each other - particularly in noisy environments or over poor telephone connections. Consequently, commercial deployment of text-independentverification has been limited.2.2.3 Text PromptedText-prompted systems (also called challenge response) ask speakers to repeat one or more randomly selected numbers or words (e.g. “43516”, “27,46”, or “Friday, c omputer”). Text prompting adds time to enrolment and verification, but it enhances security against tape recordings. Since the items to be repeated cannot be predicted, it is extremely difficult to play a recording. Furthermore, there is no problem of forgetting a password, even though the PIN, if used, may still be forgotten.2.3 Anti-speaker ModellingMost systems compare the new speech sample with the stored voiceprint for the claimed identity. Other systems also compare the newly input speech with the voices of other people. Such techniques are called anti-speaker modelling. The underlying philosophy of anti-speaker modelling is that under any conditions a voice sample from a particular speaker will be more like other samples from that person than voice samples from other speakers. If, for example, the speaker is using a bad telephone connection and the match with the speaker‟s voiceprint is poor, it is likely that the scores for the cohorts (or world model) will be even worse.The most common anti-speaker techniques are●discriminate training●cohort modeling●world modelsDiscriminate training builds the comparisons into the voiceprint of the new speaker using the voices of the other speakers in the system. Cohort modelling selects a small set of speakers whose voices are similar to that of the person being enrolled. Cohorts are, for example, always the same sex as the speaker. When the speaker attempts verification, the incoming speech is compared with his/her stored voiceprint and with the voiceprints of each of the cohort speakers. World models (also called background models or composite models) contain a cross-section of voices. The same world model is used for all speakers.2.4 Physical and Behavioural BiometricsSpeaker recognition is often characterized as a behavioural biometric. This description is set in contrast with physical biometrics, such as fingerprinting and iris scanning. Unfortunately, its classification as a behavioural biometric promotes the misunderstanding that speaker recognition is entirely (or almost entirely) behavioural. If that were the case, good mimics would have no difficulty defeating speaker-recognition systems. Early studies determined this was not the case and identified mimic-resistant factors. Those factors reflect the size and shape of a speaker‟s speaking mechanism (called the vocal tract).The physical/behavioural classification also implies that performance of physical biometrics is not heavily influenced by behaviour. This misconception has led to the design of biometric systems that are unnecessarily vulnerable to careless and resistant users. This is unfortunate because it has delayed good human-factors design for those biometrics.3. How is Speaker Verification Used?Speaker verification is well-established as a means of providing biometric-based security for:●telephone networks●site access●data and data networksand monitoring of:●criminal offenders in community release programmes●outbound calls by incarcerated felons●time and attendance3.1 Telephone NetworksToll fraud (theft of long-distance telephone services) is a growing problem that costs telecommunications services providers, government, and private industry US$3-5 billion annually in the United States alone. The major types of toll fraud include the following:●Hacking CPE●Calling card fraud●Call forwarding●Prisoner toll fraud●Hacking 800 numbers●Call sell operations●900 number fraud●Switch/network hits●Social engineering●Subscriber fraud●Cloning wireless telephonesAmong the most damaging are theft of services from customer premises equipment (CPE), such as PBXs, and cloning of wireless telephones. Cloning involves stealing the ID of a telephone and programming other phones with it. Subscriber fraud, a growing problem in Europe, involves enrolling for services, usually under an alias, with no intention of paying for them.Speaker verification has two features that make it ideal for telephone and telephone network security: it uses voice input and it is not bound to proprietary hardware. Unlike most other biometrics that need specialized input devices, speaker verification operates with standard wireline and/or wireless telephones over existing telephone networks. Reliance on input devices created by other manufacturers for a purpose other than speaker verification also means that speaker verification cannot expect the consistency and quality offered by a proprietary input device. Speaker verification must overcome differences in input quality and the way in which speech frequencies are processed. This variability is produced by differences in network type (e.g. wireline v wireless), unpredictable noise levels on the line and in the background, transmission inconsistency, and differences in the microphone in telephone handset. Sensitivity to such variability is reduced through techniques such as speech enhancement and noise modelling, but products still need to be tested under expected conditions of use.Applications of speaker verification on wireline networks include secure calling cards, interactive voice response (IVR) systems, and integration with security forproprietary network systems. Such applications have been deployed by organizations as diverse as the University of Maryland, the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, and AMOCO. Wireless applications focus on preventing cloning but are being extended to subscriber fraud. The European Union is also actively applying speaker verification to telephony in various projects, including Caller Verification in Banking and Telecommunications, COST250, and Picasso.3.2 Site accessThe first deployment of speaker verification more than 20 years ago was for site access control. Since then, speaker verification has been used to control access to office buildings, factories, laboratories, bank vaults, homes, pharmacy departments in hospitals, and even access to the US and Canada. Since April 1997, the US Department of Immigration and Naturalization (INS) and other US and Canadian agencies have been using speaker verification to control after-hours border crossings at the Scobey, Montana port-of-entry. The INS is now testing a combination of speaker verification and face recognition in the commuter lane of other ports-of-entry.3.3 Data and Data NetworksGrowing threats of unauthorized penetration of computing networks, concerns about security of the Internet, and increases in off-site employees with data access needs have produced an upsurge in the application of speaker verification to data and network security.The financial services industry has been a leader in using speaker verification to protect proprietary data networks, electronic funds transfer between banks, access to customer accounts for telephone banking, and employee access to sensitive financial information. The Illinois Department of Revenue, for example, uses speaker verification to allow secure access to tax data by its off-site auditors.3.4 CorrectionsIn 1993, there were 4.8 million adults under correctional supervision in the United States and that number continues to increase. Community release programmes, such as parole and home detention, are the fastest growing segments of this industry. It is no longer possible for corrections officers to provide adequate monitoring ofthose people.In the US, corrections agencies have turned to electronic monitoring systems. Since the late 1980s speaker verification has been one of those electronic monitoring tools. Today, several products are used by corrections agencies, including an alcohol breathalyzer with speaker verification for people convicted of driving while intoxicated and a system that calls offenders on home detention at random times during the day.Speaker verification also controls telephone calls made by incarcerated felons. Inmates place a lot of calls. In 1994, US telecommunications services providers made $1.5 billion on outbound calls from inmates. Most inmates have restrictions on whom they can call. Speaker verification ensures that an inmate is not using another inmate‟s PIN to make a forbidden contact.3.5 Time and AttendanceTime and attendance applications are a small but growing segment of the speaker-verification market. SOC Credit Union in Michigan has used speaker verification for time and attendance monitoring of part-time employees for several years. Like many others, SOC Credit Union first deployed speaker verification for security and later extended it to time and attendance monitoring for part-time employees.4. StandardsThis paper concludes with a short discussion of application programming interface (API) standards. An API contains the function calls that enable programmers to use speaker-verification to create a product or application. Until April 1997, when the Speaker Verification API (SV API) standard was introduced, all available APIs for biometric products were proprietary. SV API remains the only API standard covering a specific biometric. It is now being incorporated into proposed generic biometric API standards. SV API was developed by a cross-section of speaker-recognition vendors, consultants, and end-user organizations to address a spectrum of needs and to support a broad range of product features. Because it supports both high level functions (e.g. calls to enrol) and low level functions (e.g. choices of audio input features) itfacilitates development of different types of applications by both novice and experienced developers.Why is it important to support API standards? Developers using a product with a proprietary API face difficult choices if the vendor of that product goes out of business, fails to support its product, or does not keep pace with technological advances. One of those choices is to rebuild the application from scratch using a different product. Given the same events, developers using a SV API-compliant product can select another compliant vendor and need perform far fewer modifications. Consequently, SV API makes development with speaker verification less risky and less costly. The advent of generic biometric API standards further facilitates integration of speaker verification with other biometrics. All of this helps speaker-verification vendors because it fosters growth in the marketplace. In the final analysis active support of API standards by developers and vendors benefits everyone.附录B 中文翻译说话人识别作者：Judith A. Markowitz, J. Markowitz Consultants 说话人识别是用一个人的语音特征来辨认或确认这个人。

Part 1A A band of= a herd of=a flock of 一群A range of=an array of= a list of= a collection of=a series of=a set of一系列Accelerate=speed up加速Accomplishment=achievement 成就，完成Accomplish=achieve （V）完成，达成，成就Attend=participate in 参加Achieve=obtain=gain=access to sth 得到、获得Adapt to=integrate into使适应、融为一体=objective=goal 目的Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调An array of=a list of =a set of=a series of 一系列Attempt to do=try to do=intend to do尝试作，想要作Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约Appreciation=interest 欣赏As a result=consequently=as a consequence=hence因此、从而As well as=and和As well=too也Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联Attach to=connect to=link to=serve与……相连接、附着在……上At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地Automatically ensure=guarantee确保B Be similar to=closely resembled =have something in common 相似Be used to=be devoted to专门用于Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊Briskly =rapidly=swiftly快速地C Calculate=measure 衡量Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐Chief=major=dominant=principle主要的Chronic=long term 慢性病的Complain=illness 病症Concern n. =focus关心的问题Concern v. =about 与……有关Concept =conception=notion=idea=understanding概念、理解Condition=regulate 调节Confront=encounter=in the face of面临Concern = care关心Consist of=comprise由什么组成Concur with sb=agree with sb 同意某人Contaminate=pollute=poison 污染Contend=assert=cliam断言Contribute to=result in=lead to=link to=responsible for导致Cooperate with=work with 与……协作Convert to=turn into 转为、转变为Crop up=crop out=come up 出现D Degenerated=underdeveloped退化Distract from= can not concentrate 使精力分散Deadly=fateful 致命的Diminish=decrease=shrink 减少Distort reality=far from reality=dishonest不真实的Distinction=difference=nuance 不同之处Distinct=distinguish=different=unique不同的Distinct variety of =different kind of=separate kind of不同的Distinguish=tell辨别Due to=because of由于Drawback=defect=ill缺点E Eat=feed 喂食，进食Endanger=threaten 威胁Engage in=participate in=join in 参与Establish=set up建立Establish=find out=figure out=work out查明Evolvement=development=progress发展、发育Emphasize=stress 强调（v）Embark upon=start=launch开始Enlighten=illuminate=instruct=educate启蒙、给予知识Entire=whole 全部Exceptional=extremely 特别（特别好）F Fail to do=failure to do=can not do没有能够做Far from=not at all根本不Fault=flaw=defect错误Form=shape=mould形成Foundation=basis基础Finance=sponsor=fund 提供赞助（金钱）Free=release=set free释放Frequently=often 经常GGreat milestone=impact=effect=influence对……具有很重要的影响力Grant=give授予Gas=petrol石油H Hold=harbor=embrace拥有Halt=stop=hamper(v.) 阻止、使停滞Hurdle=barrier(n.) 阻碍I Identical=the same一模一样Imitate=impersonate模仿Incline to do=tend to do倾向于做某事Indicate=show=suggest=signify=identify表明Identify=recognize鉴别In reaction to=respond to 对……起反应Interpret=illustrate解释Introduce to=import to引入K Key (a.)=important=significant=crucial=essential=play avital/ an important part/role in重要的，关键的Key (n.)=approach=means=method=technique方法LLikelihood=possibility可能性Link-up=connection 联系M Master=grasp 掌握Match sth to=assign sth to把……和……搭配起来Misconception=misunderstanding=mistaken view错误的理解Modify=change=alter修改、改变Manifestation=demonstration 显示、表明N Nature=character=characteristics本质、特点Non-toxic= less poisonous=safe 无毒的、安全的Novel a.=fresh=new=up to date 新潮的、创新的Numerous= a number of 许多O Owing to=thanks to =contribute to多亏……，有赖于……P Pattern=format形式，模式Pattern=design图案Pore over=study 研究Poisonous=toxic 有毒的Portray=describe描写塑造(v.)Portrait=description描写塑造(n.)Preserve=store 储存Prevailing=popular=prevalent 盛行的Present day=modern society 现代社会、现在时代Prodigious effort=enormous effort重大的努力Produce=trigger=generate=spawn=bringabout=result=breed=spawn激发、产生Provide=offer 提供Protect A from B =shelter A from B 使A不受B的侵害Q Questionnaire=survey 问卷调查R Readily=easily=accessible 容易地Reflect=consider考虑Relate to=understand=appreciate理解Rely on=depend on 依靠……Remarkable=extraordinary 特别突出的（好的事物）Replace=take the place of 取代Residue=remains=relics=relicts=ruins剩余物、废墟Resemble=like=as像S Show=reflect表现Significance=importance 重要性State=Situation=circumstance 状况,状态,情形Striking=noticeable值得注意地Struggle for=strive for 努力地争取Substantial=considerable 想当可观的Success=achievement=great outcome=great progress=huge development成功、成就Surprising=unexpectedly uncommon令人吃惊的T Take to=be used to=get used to 对……习惯Tale=story=fairytale 故事Talent=gift 天赋Tuition=formal teaching正式的学校教育Turn to=consult 寻求帮助、求助于Toxic=poisonous 有毒的U Unbiased=without prejudice 无立场、不带任何偏见的Up to=depend on/upon=rely on 由……决定Universal=popular普遍V Virtue=advantage=strength 优点好处W Work out=figure out=reckon 计算出、作出Part 21解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative, essential9认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10保护：Protect, conserve, preserve11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13要求：Request, demand, needs, requisition14消除：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to 19 保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20急剧的：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23发生：Happen, occur, take place24原因：Reason, factor, cause25发展：Development, advance, progress26有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous27影响：Influence, impact, effect28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly 34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another anglePart 31. Concern with = relate to 与有关2. grow= increase= riseconcentrate on = focus on3. Under the title=name achievement =success4. tend to do sth = plane to do sth/ want to do sth5. be associated with = be connected with = be linked to 与……有关联6. approach = method = way = key intensely= extremely = very7. establish= found = set up establishment = organization8. offer sb sth =supply sb with sth =provide sb with sth= grant9. argument= disagreementwork = materpiece 著作10. contract = agreement合同，合约no= without = have no 没有11. chaos = mess 混乱monument= landmark里程碑12. help sb with = assist sb in doing sth=reach a hand to sb 帮助某人作某事13. draw from = take fromleading = outstanding14. competitor= rival recognize as = look/assume asPart 41. dislike=distaste2. test = examine3. effect= impact=influencefrom…to = range from…to…4. ignore = neglectas per=according to5. unfold= carry on be reluctant to do=reject=refuse6. before = prior to7. predict = estimate =anticipateobey= abide by = comply with8. account for= explain= elucidate=illustrate in essence = in fact=indeed9. discrepancy=difference=shade forgo=give up10. context =environment=sircumstance=situation11. radical different=extremely different put another way=in other words12. sort out= find out= figure out plausible = reasonable12. fear=worrypollute = contaminate13. predict= anticipate=forecastoverstate = exaggerate14. in great number of = in _____ number ofactually=indeed15. disappear= extinct灭绝seem to do =assume to do16. solve = cope with=deal with解决accelerate = speed up17. impact = effect =influenceresponse to = react to18. opinion poll= survey reason = factor 原因、因素19. entitle= name overwhelming=dominant20. field =domain 学科领域oppose=against21. for example=such as=for instance=sayaltruistic=non-selfish22. lead to=result in 导致 extremely=seriously 严重地23. perception = view 观点、看法 association=society协会24. encounter with = face=confront面对postpone to=delay25. pressing=urgent紧急、急迫measure=solution=method解决方法26. key=crucial =significant=importmant关键、重要27. but=yet enormous importance=great/significant28. launch=startderive from = get from29. revert to= get back todistinction=identity30. immense =greatin the domain of=in the field of31. couple with = along withamass dollar=accumulate dollar32. essential feature = principleseize=grasp33. innovative=fresh drab=dull/single34. entirely=totallybe restricted to=be limited to35. needs=demand36. dub=call=name reflex=reaction/response37. result from=originate frombe critical for = be important to38. demanding=difficultretune=adjust39. seek for =search foroutlook=view40. figure out = find outtrack=follow41. in response to=respond to = react to42. prominence=importance revolution=invention43. in relation to= in association withsociety = association44. treatise=workfeature=characteristics45. commercial exploitation =commercializedo with=dueto=because of46. objective = impersonal=impartialfoster=develop47.account=explanation=illustrationsubstantial=consider=eno ugh48. be acknowledged=be realizedpilot program=trial program49. configuration=structurephenomenal=surprising50. make stride=make progressregardless of=despite of51. perpetuate=keep=maintainaccess to sth=get sth52. vital importance=extremely important53. rest=depositartificial=manmade54. make a comeback=return=re-enterbig=popular55. ignite=trigger a field of=a domain of56. encompass=unifyimply=indicate57. breakthrough=milestonearound the corner=is coming58. materialize=realizetide=trend59. agency=organizationreckon=deem60. approach=methodspot=find out61. boost=promoteprospect=future62. feature=portray elusive=pessimistic63. match up to sth=equal with impressive=great64. impact=effect=influencefragile=vulnerable65. indigenous people=native peopletend to=look after66. undermine=destroy=damageinevitable=unavoidable67. renaissance=revive for instance=for example68. operate=run69. failure=incidentrare=unusually70. tension=pressurecompression=pressure71. prime=get ready to doinclusion=impurity72. occur=happenanalyze=closely examine73. detect=examine74. trigger=produceinduce=encourage75. regardless=in spite of considerable=substantial76. important =crucial77. opinon=perspective, standpoint78. fame=prestige79. relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)80. force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel81. enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)82. Lonely=solitary(if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her83. small=minuscule(very small), minute84. praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)85. hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly86. difficult=arduous(if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)87. show=demonstrate(to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)88. avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it89. fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to givea fair opinion or decision on something.)90. always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always)91. forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will neverchange or be changed)92. quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)93. expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)94. respect=esteem95. worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)96. cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)97. dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)98. nowadays=currently99. stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)100. part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)101. difficult=formidable102. strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)103. rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)104. approximately将近-nearly, almost105. dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)106. scholarship=fellowship107. attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive),absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal) 108. diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)109. rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)110. despite=not withstanding(FORMAL)111. best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)112. sharp=acute(severe and intense)113. unbelievable=inconceivable(if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen114. famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)115. ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)116. possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)117. of=necessary to118. without=free from119. about=concerning=related to120. 在…方面:in …ways=in …aspects/respects/perspectives 121. 用…方法：in…ways=in…fashion=in …manner122. rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 123. poor = needy = impoverished124. good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous125. bad = detrimental = baneful =undesirable126. healthy = robust = sound = wholesome127. surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 128. energetic = dynamic = vigourous =animated129. 难的：difficult=troublesome=burdensome=thorny130. 不可或缺的：necessary=indispensable=inevitable=irreplaceable=unavoidabl e131. 重要的：important=crucial, critical, essential, vital 132. =be importance=be of cruciality=be of criticality= be of essentiality=be of vitality133. 巨大的：large=enormous, tremendous, considerable, appreciable134. 正确的（correct）=仔细的(careful)=arduous=assiduous 135. 有道理的：reasonable=rational and plausible136. 吸引人的：attractive=inviting and appealing137. 足够的：adequate and sufficient138. 日常：daily = day-to-day = everyday139. improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize140. solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 141. destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate142. develop = cultivate = foster = nurture143. encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur144. complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve145. destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize146. influence= impact147. danger = perils =hazards148. human beings= mankind = humane race149. old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens150. teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers151. education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing 152. young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents153. responsibility = obligation = duty = liability154. 因素：cause, reason=factor, determinant155. 联系：relationship(relate A to B) =connection(connect A to B ) =association(associate A to B)156. 优点：advantage=benefit=superiority=merit = favorable aspects/respects/perspectives=undesirableaspects/respects/perspectives157.disadvantage=detriment=inferiority=defect=deficiency=unfavo rable aspects/respects/perspectives=undesirable aspects/respects/perspectives158. enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment159. children = offspring = descendant = kidPart 51. 充满了：be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with2. 努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for3. 从事： embark on = take up = set about = go in for4. 在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5. a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amountof6. 对…有益处：be good for.=do good to=be beneficial to=be advantageous to=be conducive to7. 对…有害处：be harmful/bad for =be detrimental to =be disadvantageous to =be pernicious to8. 集中精力于：focus on= concentrate on= concentrate/ fix/ focus one’s attention ondevote oneself todedicate oneself tocommit oneself toengage oneself inemploy oneself in9. 认为：think = argue, assert, contend, claim, maintain, note hold the viewpoint thathold the standpoint thathold the perspective thatharbour an idea/opinion thatembrace a view that10. 反对：be against=reject, object, oppose =be opposed to=become hostile to11. 支持：support=take sides with =advocate =lend support to=sing high praise of12. 导致：lead to=trigger =result in, bring about, contributeto=give rise to, give birth to, be responsible for13. (归咎于：be ascribed to=be attributed to)14. 发展(develop)，提高(increase)，改善(improve)=A 及物动词组promote, advance, enhance, reinforce名词 promotion, advancement, enhancement, reinforcement=B 不及物动词rocket, boom, flourish, prosper15. 有：负面含义：suffer, run high risk of正面含义：boast, embrace16. 中性含义：face=be faced with=be possessed of面临，面对：be faced with=be encountered with=be poised on the brink of17. 破坏：destroy, damage=A decompose, destruct=B endanger, threaten=C impair, decimate, deteriorate=D exercise/practice/perform damage/danger…upon18. 阻碍：limit=A restrict, restrain, constrict, constrain =B obstacle, barricade=C smother, curb=D hinder, impede19. 下结论：make a conclusion= draw a conclusion that= reacha conclusion that= arrive at a conclusion that= hammer a conclusion that= crystallize a conclusion that20. 使用：use=employ, apply, adopt,=resort to21. innovate/ invent22. attend to/ take care of23. balanced/ equitable24. virtual (love)/ simulate25. small-scale小范围/ marginal边缘处的26. dialect方言 accent腔调27. look like/ resemble28. chronic长期的,慢性的 long-term长期的29. on-line /net/ cyber30. solely/ merely/ only31. deplete开采完，耗尽/ exhaust32. category-categorize/ class-classify?。

Multi-modal retrieval of trademark images using globalsimilarityS.Ravela R.ManmathaMultimedia Indexing and Retrieval GroupCenter for Intelligent Information RetrievalUniversity of Massachusetts,Amherst,MA01003Email:ravela,manmatha@AbstractIn this paper a system for multi-modal retrieval of trademark images is presented.Images are characterized and retrieved using associated text and visual appearance.A user initiates retrieval forsimilar trademarks by typing a text query.Subsequent searches can be performed by visual appearanceor using both appearance and text information.Textual information associated with trademarks issearched using the INQUERY search engine.Images are searched visually using a method for globalimage similarity by appearance developed in this paper.Images arefiltered with Gaussian derivativesand geometric features are computed from thefiltered images.The geometric features used here arecurvature and phase.Two images may be said to be similar if they have similar distributions of suchfeatures.Global similarity may,therefore,be deduced by comparing histograms of these features.This allows for rapid retrieval.The system’s performance on a database of2000trademark images isshown.A trademark database obtained from the US Patent and Trademark Office containing63000design only trademark images and text is used to demonstrate scalability of the image search methodand multi-modal retrieval.1IntroductionRetrieval of similar trademarks is an interesting application for multimedia information retrieval.Con-sider the following example.The US Patent and Trademark Office has a repository that has to be searchedfor conflicting(similar)trademarks before one can be awarded to a company or individual.There are several issues that make this task attractive for multi-modal information retrieval techniques.First,current searches are labour intensive.The number of trademarks stored is enormous and examiners have to leaf through large number of trademarks before making a decision.Second,there is a distinct notion of visual similarity used to compare trademarks.This is usually a decisive factor in an award decision.Third,there is readily available text information describing and categorizing a trademark.A system that automates these functions and helps the examiner decide faster would be immensely valuable.Clearly trademarks need to be searched both by text and image content.Text retrieval is a better understood problem,and there are several search engines that are applicable.However,the indexing and retrieval of images using their content is a difficult problem.A person using an image retrieval system usually seeks tofind semantically relevant information.For example,a person may be looking for a picture of a leopard from a certain viewpoint.Or alternatively,the user may require a picture of Abraham Lincoln from a particular viewpoint.Since the automatic segmentation of an image into objects is a difficult and unsolved problem in computer vision,inferring semantic information from image content is difficult to do.However,many image attributes like color,texture,shape and “appearance”are often directly correlated with the semantics of the problem.For example,logos or product packages(e.g.,a box of Tide)have the same color wherever they are found.The coat of a leopard has a unique texture while Abraham Lincoln’s appearance is uniquely defined.These image attributes can often be used to index and retrieve images.In this paper,a system for multi-modal retrieval combining textual information and visual appearance is presented.The system combines text search using INQUERY[2]and image search.The image search was originally developed for general(heterogeneous)grey-level image collections[18].Here,it is applied to trademark images.Trademark images are large binary images rather than grey-level images.Trademark images may consist of geometric designs,more realistic pictures(for example,animals and people)as well as abstract images making them a challenging domain.Trademark images are also an example of a domain where there is an actual user need tofind“similar”trademarks to avoid conflicts.Trademarks for this paper were obtained from the US Patent and Trademark office.The63000design trademarks used here contain images of trademarks and associated text describing the trademark.Multi-modal retrieval begins with a user requesting trademarks that match a text query.The INQUERY search engine is used tofind trademarks whose associated text match the query.The images associated with these trademarks are then displayed.Once an initial query is processed subsequent searches can be carried out by selecting the returned images and submitting them for retrieval by visual appearance or a combination of visual appearance and associated text.INQUERY is a well known search engine for retrieving text which is based on a probabilistic retrievalmodel called an inference net The reader is referred to[2]for details about the INQUERY engine.The current paper focuses on visual appearance representation,its quantitative evaluation with respect to trade-marks,scalability to a large collection,and feasibility to multi-modal retrieval.The visual appearance of an image is characterized here using the shape of the intensity surface.The images arefiltered with Gaussian derivatives and geometric features are computed from thefiltered im-ages.The geometric features used here are the image shape index(which is a ratio of curvatures of the three dimensional intensity surface)and the local orientation of the gradient.Two images are said to be similar if they have similar distributions of such features.The images are,therefore,ranked by compar-ing histograms of these features.Recall/Precision results with this method is tabulated with a database of about2000trademark images.Then multi-modal retrieval is demonstrated on a collection of63000 trademark images.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.Section2provides some background on the image retrieval area as well as on the appearance matching framework used in this paper.Section3surveys related work in the literature.In section4,the notion of appearance is developed further and characterized using Gaussian derivativefilters and the derived global representation is discussed.Section5shows how the representation may be scaled for multi-modal retrieval from a database of about63,000trademark images.A discussion and conclusion follows in Section6.2Motivation and BackgroundThe different image attributes like color,texture,shape and appearance have all been used in a variety of systems for retrieving images similar to a query image(see3for a review).Systems like QBIC[6]and Virage[5]allow users to combine color,texture and shape to retrieve a database of general images.One weakness of such a system is that attributes like color do not have direct semantic correlates when applied to a database of general images.For example,say a picture of a red and green parrot is used to retrieve images based on their similarity in color with it.The retrievals may include other parrots and birds as well as redflowers with green stems and other images.While this is a reasonable result when viewed as a matching problem,clearly it is not a reasonable result for a retrieval system.The problem arises because color does not have a good correlation with semantics when used with general images.However,if the domain or set of images is restricted to sayflowers,then color has a direct semantic correlate and is useful for retrieval(see[3]for an example).Some attempts have been made to retrieve objects using their shape[6,22].For example,the QBIC system[6],developed by IBM,matches binary shapes.It requires that the database be segmented into objects.Since automatic segmentation is an unsolved problem,this requires the user to manually outline the objects in the database.Clearly this is not desirable or practical.Except for certain special domains,all methods based on shape are likely to have the same problem. An object’s appearance depends not only on its three dimensional shape,but also on the object’s albedo, the viewpoint from which it is imaged and a number of other factors.It is non-trivial to separate the different factors constituting an object’s appearance and it is usually not possible to separate an object’s three dimensional shape from the other factors.For example,the face of a person has a unique appearance that cannot just be characterized by the geometric shape of the’component parts’.In this paper a char-acterization of the shape of the intensity surface of imaged objects is used for retrieval.The experiments conducted show that retrieved objects have similar visual appearance,and henceforth an association is made between’appearance’and the shape of the intensity surface.Similarity can be computed using either local or global methods.In local similarity,a part of the query is used to match a part of a database image or images.One approach to computing local similarity[18]is to have the user outline the salient portions of the query(eg.the wheels of a car or the face of a person) and match the outlined portion of the query with parts of images in the database.Although,the technique works well in extracting relevant portions of objects embedded against backgrounds it is slow.The slow speed stems from the fact that the system must not only answer the question”is this image similar”but also the question”which part of the image is relevant”.This paper focuses on a representation for computing global similarity.That is,the task is tofind images that,as a whole,appear visually similar.The utility of global similarity retrieval is evident,for example, infinding similar scenes or similar faces in a face database.Global similarity also works well when the object in question constitutes a significant portion of the image.2.1Appearance based retrievalThe image intensity surface is robustly characterized using features obtained from responses to multi-scale Gaussian derivativefilters.Koenderink[14]and others[7]have argued that the local structure of an image can be represented by the outputs of a set of Gaussian derivativefilters applied to an image.That is, images arefiltered with Gaussian derivatives at several scales and the resulting response vector locally de-scribes the structure of the intensity surface.By computing features derived from the local response vector and accumulating them over the image,robust representations appropriate to querying images as a whole (global similarity)can be generated.One such representation uses histograms of features derived from the multi-scale Gaussian derivatives.Histograms form a global representation because they capture the distribution of local features(A histogram is one of the simplest ways of estimating a non parametric dis-tribution).This global representation can be efficiently used for global similarity retrieval by appearance and retrieval is very fast.The choice of features often determines how well the image retrieval system performs.Here,the task is to robustly characterize the3-dimensional intensity surface.A3-dimensional surface is uniquely de-termined if the local curvatures everywhere are known.Thus,it is appropriate that one of the features be local curvature.The principal curvatures of the intensity surface are invariant to image plane rotations, monotonic intensity variations and further,their ratios are in principle insensitive to scale variations of the entire image.However,spatial orientation information is lost when constructing histograms of curvature (or ratios thereof)alone.Therefore we augment the local curvature with local phase,and the representation uses histograms of local curvature and phase.Local principal curvatures and phase are computed at several scales from responses to multi-scale Gaus-sian derivativefilters.Then histograms of the curvature ratios[13,4]and phase are generated.Thus,the image is represented by a single vector(multi-scale histograms).During run-time the user presents an example image as a query and the query histograms are compared with the ones stored,and the images are then ranked and displayed in order to the user.2.2The choice of domainThere are two issues in building a content based image retrieval system.Thefirst issue is technological, that is,the development of new techniques for searching images based on their content.The second issue is user or task related,in the sense of whether the system satisfies a user need.While a number of content based retrieval systems have been built([6,5]),it is unclear what the purpose of such systems is and whether people would actually search in the fashion described.In this paper we describe how the techniques described here may be scaled to retrieve images from a database of about63000trademark images provided by the US Patent and Trademark Office.This database consists of all(at the time the database was provided)the registered trademarks in the United States which consist only of designs(i.e.there are no words in them).Trademark images are a good domain with which to test image retrieval.First,there is an existing user need:trademark examiners do have to check for trademark conflicts based on visual appearance.That is,at some stage they are required to look at the images and check whether the trademark is similar to an existing one.Second,trademark images may consist of simple geometric designs,pictures of animals or even complicated designs.Thus, they provide a test-bed for image retrieval algorithms.Third,there is text associated with every trademark and the associated text maybe used in a number of ways.One of the problems with many image retrieval systems is that it is unclear where the example or query image will come from.In this paper,the associated text is used to provide an example or query image.In addition associated text can also be combined with image ing trademark images does have some limitations.First,we are restricted to binary images(albeit large ones).As shown later in the paper,this does not create any problems for the algorithms described here.Second,in some cases the use of abstract images makes the task more difficult.Others have attempted to get around it by restricting the trademark images to geometric designs[9].3Related WorkSeveral authors have tried to characterize the appearance of an object via a description of the intensity surface.In the context of object recognition[21]represent the appearance of an object using a parametric eigen space description.This space is constructed by treating the image as afixed length vector,and then computing the principal components across the entire database.The images therefore have to be size and intensity normalized,segmented and trained.Similarly,using principal component representations described in[11]face recognition is performed in[26].In[24]the traditional eigen representation is augmented by using most discriminant features and is applied to image retrieval.The authors apply eigen representation to retrieval of several classes of objects.The issue,however,is that these classes are manually determined and training must be performed on each.The approach presented in this paper is different from all the above because eigen decompositions are not used at all to characterize appearance. Further,the method presented uses no learning and,does not require constant sized images.It should be noted that although learning significantly helps in such applications as face recognition,however,it may not be feasible in many instances where sufficient examples are not available.This system is designed to be applied to a wide class of images and there is no restriction per se.In earlier work we showed that local features computed using Gaussian derivativefilters can be used for local similarity,i.e.to retrieve parts of images[18].Here we argue that global similarity can be determined by computing local features and comparing distributions of these features.This technique gives good results,and is reasonably tolerant to view variations.Schiele and Crowley[23]used such a technique for recognizing objects using grey-level images.Their technique used the outputs of Gaussian derivatives as local features.A multi-dimensional histogram of these local features is then computed.Two images are considered to be of the same object if they had similar histograms.The difference between this approach and the one presented by Schiele and Crowley is that here we use1D histograms(as opposed to multi-dimensional)and further use the principal curvatures as the primary feature.The use of Gaussian derivativefilters to represent appearance is motivated by their use in describing the spatial structure[14]and its uniqueness in representing the scale space of a function[15,12,28, 25]The invariance properties of the principal curvatures are well documented in[7].Nastar[20],has independently used the image shape index to compute similarity between images.However,in his work curvatures were computed only at a single scale.This is insufficient.In the context of global similarity retrieval it should be noted that representations using moment in-variants have been well studied[19].In these methods global representation of appearance may involve computing a few numbers over the entire image.Two images are then considered similar if these num-bers are close to each other(say using an L2norm).We argue that such representations are not able to really capture the“appearance”of an image,particularly in the context of trademark retrieval where mo-ment invariants are widely used.In other work[18]we compared moment invariants with the technique presented here and found that moment invariants work best for a single binary shape without holes in it, and,in general,fare worse than the method presented here.Jain and Vailaya[10]used edge angles and invariant moments to prune trademark collections and then use template matching tofind similarity within the pruned set.Their database was limited to1100images.Texture based image retrieval is also related to the appearance based work presented in this ing Wold modeling,in[16]the authors try to classify the entire Brodatz texture and in[8]attempt to classify scenes,such as city and country.Of particular interest is work by[17]who use Gaborfilters to retrieve texture similar images.The earliest general image retrieval systems were designed by[6,22].In[6]the shape queries require prior manual segmentation of the database which is undesirable and not practical for most applications. 4Global representation of appearanceThree steps are involved in order to computing global similarity.First,local derivatives are computed at several scales.Second,derivative responses are combined to generate local features,namely,the principal curvatures and phase and,their histograms are generated.Third,the1D curvature and phase histograms generated at several scales are matched.These steps are described next.puting local derivatives:Computing derivatives usingfinite differences does not guarantee stability of derivatives.In order to compute derivatives stably,the image must be regularized,or smoothed or band-limited.A Gaussianfiltered image obtained by convolving the image I with a normalized Gaussian is a band-limited function.Its high frequency components are eliminated and derivatives will be stable.In fact,it has been argued by Koenderink and van Doorn[14]and others [7]that the local structure of an image I at a given scale can be represented byfiltering it with Gaussian derivativefilters(in the sense of a Taylor expansion),and they term it the N-jet.However,the shape of the smoothed intensity surface depends on the scale at which it is observed.For example,at a small scale the texture of an ape’s coat will be visible.At a large enough scale,the ape’s coat will appear homogeneous.A description at just one scale is likely to give rise to many accidental mis-matches.Thus it is desirable to provide a description of the image over a number of scales,that is,a scale space description of the image.It has been shown by several authors[15,12,28,25,7],that under certain general constraints,the Gaussianfilter forms a unique choice for generating scale-space.Thus local spatial derivatives are computed at several scales.B.Feature Histograms:The normal and tangential curvatures of a3-D surface(X,Y,Intensity)are de-fined as[7]:Where and are the local derivatives of Image I around point using Gaussian derivative at scale.Similarly,,and are the corresponding second derivatives.The normal curvature and tangential curvature are then combined[13]to generate a shape index as follows:when and is undefined when either and are both zero,and is, therefore,not computed.This is interesting because veryflat portions of an image(or ones with constant ramp)are eliminated.For example in Figure1,the background in most of these images does not contribute to the curvature histogram.The curvature index or shape index is rescaled and shifted to the rangeas is done in[4].A histogram is then computed of the valid index values over an entire image.The second feature used is phase.The phase is simply defined as. Note that is defined only at those locations where is and ignored elsewhere.As with the curvature index is rescaled and shifted to lie between the interval.At different scales different local structures are observed and,therefore,multi-scale histograms are a more robust representation.Consequently,a feature vector is defined for an image as the vectorwhere and are the curvature and phase histograms respectively.We found that using5scales gives good results and the scales are in steps of half an octave.C.Matching feature histograms:Two feature vectors are compared using normalized cross-covariance defined aswhere.Retrieval is carried out as follows.A query image is selected and the query histogram vector is correlated with the database histogram vectors using the above formula.Then the images are ranked by their correlation score and displayed to the user.In this implementation,and for evaluation purposes,the ranks are computed in advance,since every query image is also a database image.4.1ExperimentsThe curvature-phase method is evaluated on a small database of2048images obtained from the US Patent and Trademark Office(PTO).The images obtained from the PTO are large,binary and are converted to gray-level and reduced for the experiments.This smaller set is used because relevance judgments can be obtained relatively easily.In the following experiments an image is selected and submitted as a query.The objective of this query is stated and the relevant images are decided in advance.Then the retrieval instances are gauged against the stated objective.In general,objectives of the form’extract images similar in appearance to the query’will be posed to the retrieval algorithm.A measure of the performance of the retrieval engine can be obtained by examining the recall/precision table for several queries.Briefly,recall is the proportion of the relevant material actually retrieved and precision is the proportion of retrieved material that is relevant[27].It is a standard widely used in the information retrieval community and is one that is adopted here.Figure1:Trademark retrieval using Curvature and PhaseQueries were submitted for the purpose of computing recall/precision.The judgment of relevance is qualitative.For each query in both databases the relevant images were decided in advance.These were restricted to48.The top48ranks were then examined to check the proportion of retrieved images that were relevant.All images not retrieved within48were assigned a rank equal to the size of the database.Table1:Precision at standard recall points for six QueriesRecall1030507090 Precision(trademark)%93.285.274.545.59.0Precision(assorted)%92.688.386.865.912.061.1%66.3%That is,they are not considered retrieved.These ranks were used to interpolate and extrapolate precision at all recall points.In the case of assorted images relevance is easier to determine and more similar for different people.However in the trademark case it can be quite difficult and therefore the recall-precision can be subject to some error.The recall/precision results are summarized in Table1and both databases are individually discussed below.Figure1shows the performance of the algorithm on the trademark images.Each strip depicts the top 8retrievals,given the leftmost as the query.Most of the shapes have roughly the same structure as the query.Note that,outline and solidfigures are treated similarly(see rows one and two in Figure1).Six queries were submitted for the purpose of computing recall-precision in Table1.Tests were also carried out with an assorted collection of1561grey-level images.These results are discussed elsewhere[1],and the recall/precision table is shown in Table1.While the queries presented here are not“optimal”with respect to the design constraints of global similarity retrieval,they are however,realistic queries that can be posed to the system.Mismatches can and do occur.Thefirst is the case where the global appearance is very different.Second,mismatches can occur at the algorithmic level.Histograms coarsely represent spatial information and therefore will admit images with non-trivial deformations.The recall/precision presented here compares well with text retrieval.The time per retrieval is of the order of milli-seconds.In the next section we discuss the application of the presented technique to a database of63000images.5Trademark RetrievalThe system indexes63,718trademarks from the US Patent and Trademark office in the design only category.These trademarks are binary images.In addition,associated text consists of a design code that designates the type of trademark,the goods and services associated with the trademark,a serial number and a short descriptive text.The system for browsing and retrieving trademarks is illustrated in Figure2.The netscape/Java user interface has two search-able parts.On the left a panel is included to initiate search using text.Any or all of thefields can be used to enter a query.In this example,the text“Merriam Webster’is entered.All images associated with it are retrieved using the INQUERY[2]text search engine.The user can then use any of the example pictures to search for images that are similar visually or restrict it to images withTable2:Fields supporting the text query FieldThe business this trademark is used inAll are of type DESIGN ONLYAn assigned code categorySerial number assigned to trademarkDate trademark application wasfiledNumber assigned to trademarkDate trademark was registeredOwner of the trademarkA textual description of the trademark. Section44Type of markRegisterAffidavit textLive/dead(1,4,8).A histogram descriptor of the image is obtained by concatenating all the individual histograms across scales and regions.These two steps are conducted off-line.Execution:The image search server begins by loading all the histograms into memory.Then it waits on a port for a query.A CGI client transmits the query to the server.Its histograms are matched with the ones in the database.The match scores are ranked and the top requested retrievals are returned.5.1ExamplesFigure2:Retrieval in response to a“Merriam Webster”queryIn Figure2,the user typed in Merriam Webster in the text window.The system searches for trade-marks which have either Merriam or Webster in th associated text and displays them.Here,thefirst two trademarks(first two images in the left window)belong to Merriam Webster.In this example,the user has chosen to’click’the second image and search for images of similar trademarks.This search is based entirely on the image and the results are displayed in the right window in rank order.Retrieval takes a few seconds and is done by comparing histograms of all63,718trademarks on thefly.。

Unit OneLiving in HarmonyEnhance Your Language AwarenessWords in Action▆Working with Words and Expressions1.In the boxes below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the followingsentences with them. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:1)bunch2)amazed3)shift4)bundle5)drop6)capacity7)participating8)style9)commerce10)rob11)symbol12)appreciated13)displayed14)slip15)conquer16)roast17)figured2.In the box below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you understand theirmeanings? Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:1)in rich contrast to2)are exposed to3)risked his life4)rely on5)at knife-point6)stands out7)runs contrary to8)flag down9)picks/picked up10)took a gamble on11)pulled away12)pulled over▆Increasing Your Word Power1. CollocationsLook at the adverbs listed in the box below, and decide which adverb is needed to collocate with the verb in each sentence. Fill the correct adverb into the blank in the sentence. The same word may be used in more than one sentence. Consult a dictionary if necessary.▆ Answers:1) out2) over3) back4) down5) over6) up7) out8) back9) down10) out11) up12) over13) back14) out15) down16) over2.Study the different meanings of the word “than” in the following sentences.▆ Answers for Reference:1)Action speaks louder than words.2)Production here needs temperatures lower than 25 degrees Celsius.3)I like to keep things rather than throw them away.4)There is nobody here other than me.5)She’d rather leave her job than (be forced to) work for that boss.3. Word BuildingNow choose the Chinese meaning from Column B that matches each italicized word in Column A. You may consult a dictionary if necessary.▆ Answers:1) d.2) k3) n4) j5) a6) g7) f8) b9) o10) m11) p12) e13) c14) h15) i16) lGrammar in Context1.The –ing form and the infinitive form of the verbTask: Choose either the infinitive form or the –ing form of the verb in the brackets to complete each of the following sentences.▆ Answers:1) preparing2) to thank3) repairing / to be repaired4) to get5) studying6) being treated7) missing8) to reduce9) to leave10) worrying2. The –ed form and the –ing form of the verbStudy the following sentences that appear in this unit, paying special attention to the –ed form and –ing form of the verb. Reflect on its grammatical function in each sentence.Task：Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese in the brackets into English, paying attention to the use of the -ing form and the -ed form of verbs.▆ Answers:1) kept nodding, rather confused2) Fallen leaves3) surprised, hiding4) Deeply moved5) following6) Being, interested7) located8) readingCloze▆Complete the following passage with words chosen from Text A. The initial letter of each is given.▆ Answers:1) relying2) intrigued3) penny4) for5) covered6) treated7) amazed8) contrary9) generally10) whatever11) invited12) attentive13) whereTranslation▆ Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in brackets.▆ Answers for Reference:1)The rumor about his divorce is just a ploy to gain publicity for his new film.2)He took a gamble on starting a factory with all the money his parents had left him.3)After winning the important game they hoisted their captain to their shoulders in shouting triumph.4)In the rush to go for globalization, we should watch out for collision of cultures.5)In the circumstances it was not surprising that there was trouble.6)The baby is the very picture of health.7)People have realized the dangers of exposing children to violence and sex on TV.8)We always had in mind for whom we were making the film.Theme-Related Writing▆ Choose one of the following writing tasks and complete it after class.1) Write an essay (of about 250 words) about a memorable experience in which you helped a stranger or were helped by him or her.2) Write an essay (of about 150 words) about human relationships in our society. The following hints mightserve as a guide:a. The problems existing in the relationships between people in our society.b. The negative results such problems may bring about to our society.c. What can you do to help establish a harmonious society as a student?▆Sample Essay for Task 1:One weekend morning, while walking on a bustling street with a light heart, I was suddenly overtaken by a startling moan. Turning around, I discovered the sound was coming from a black mass in a corner. “What’s that?” My heart po unded heavily. I went up and saw a human being, alive but in a dreadful state. He was crouching on the ground with deformed hands and legs, mumbling something. He had obviously lost the normal ability to move and work. A dirty plate was placed in front the miserable-looking man, in which there were some coins and small notes.As my eyes were drifting away from him, his eyes caught mine suddenly. What eyes they were! Filled with misery and expectation, they were looking straight at me. He was unable to speak, but I seemed to hearhis pleading voice and read his despairing mind. His look seemed to be telling me about his hard life and his longing for help. For a while, I was at a loss what to do. Should I drop some coins in the plate like some other passers-by or turn away in indifference? I recalled news reports about men pretending to be beggars, who were actually healthy and able to work. Could this be another one of those scams? But the beggar was there, groaning and living. Then something seemed to hit me hard. I drew a five-yuan note from my pocket, droppedit in his dirty plate and walked away quickly in silence.“No good deed is too small.” Maybe we need to bear this saying in mind.▆Sample Essay for Task 2:We are living in a world of distrust. We live behind cold security bars; we do not talk to strangers, let alone go out of our way to help them; we live in fear of fake products. In short, fear and feelings of insecurity fill the environment we live in.All this greatly harms our society. Growing up in such an environment, we tend to feel isolated and care only about ourselves. If things go on like this, ‘trust’, ‘teamwork’, and ‘harmony’ will eventually become terms unheard of.In my opinion, trusting others and being trustworthy are the two basic principles that we should follow if wewant to improve human relationships. We may not be in a position to change others, but we can change the way others see us by winning their trust in us. Mutual understanding and love are the pillars that support a harmonious society.Optimism and Positive ThinkingEnhance Your Language AwarenessWords in Action▆Working with Words and Expressions3.In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentenceswith them. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:18)positive19)startled20)perspective21)harden22)shape23)address24)crises25)curse26)incredible27)conversely28)issue29)response30)prior31)rare32)accomplish4. In the box below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you understand theirmeanings? Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:1)get the hang of2)have lived through3)makes a difference4)have no idea5)concerned with6)slipped over7)ran into8)in reverse9)mull over▆Increasing Your Word Power1.Decide whether “do”, “make” or “take” is needed to complete each of the following sentences.Change the verb form where necessary.1)does2)make3)take4)do5)make6)Take7)done8)taken9)making10)t ook2. In each of the following sentences you are given two confusable words or expressions in brackets.Choose the appropriate one to fill in the blank. You may consult a dictionary if necessary.▆ Answers:1)concerned2)Concerning3)reject4)declined5)unconscious6)subconscious7)former8)preceding9)raise10)r ise3.Now match each of the English word in Column A with its Chinese equivalent in Column B. You mayconsult a dictionary if necessary.▆Answers:1)d2)j3)k4)a5)b6)h7) c8)f9)l10)e11)g12)iGRAMMAR IN CONTEXTTask 1: When it is used as a conjunction, “as” can mean “when / while”, “though / although”, “since / because”, “in the way / manner tha t”, etc., and it can also be used in a comparative structure. Study the following sentences and explain the meaning of “as” in each sentence.▆ Answers for reference:1)in the way /manner that2)though / although3)when4)since5)used in a comparison6)though7)while8)in the way thatTask 2: Complete the following sentences after the example by translating the Chinese into English, using “as” as a relative pronoun.▆ Answers for reference:1)as you describe / have described / described2)as concern every one of us3)As is well known4)As we all can see5)as you show / as you have shown for your teacher6)As is reported / announced in today’s papersClozeComplete the following passage with words chosen from this unit. The initial letter of each is given.▆ Answers:1)p erspective2)d espair3)necessity4)p erform5)C onversely6)prophecy7)w here8)a s9)a chieve10)recognize11)d ealt w ith12)a ttitude13)channels14)c oncernedTranslationTranslate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given in brackets.▆ Answers for reference:1)Only those who have lived through a similar experience can fully appreciate this. / The only people who canfully appreciate this are those who have lived through a similar experience.2)Scientists have been hard pressed to figure out how these particles form/ are formed and interact (with oneanother).3)Those who have got the hang of Rubik’s Cube (Magic Cube) can return each face to consisting of one colourin no time.4)The individual success of the employees in a team environment results in success for the company.5)The war, although successful in military terms, left the economy almost in ruins.6)He decided to channel his energies into something useful, instead of being glued to / sitting in front ofthe TV set all day long.7)There’s a difference between strength and courage. It takes strength to survive. It takes courage to live.8)She was by nature a very affectionate person, always ready to give a helping hand to others. Theme-Related WritingDo either of the following two writing tasks. You may draw on some useful ideas and expressions from a variety of sources, such as the two texts in this unit or the Internet.1) Having read the two passages in this unit, you may have come to a better understanding of life and thetimes when pessimistic and optimistic thoughts take turns to affect your behaviour. Write a letter of encouragement (of about 150 words) to one of your high school friends who failed in the college entrance examination. Tell him or her about your new understanding of the need to remain optimistic.2) The writers of the two texts in this unit convey to us the message that we need to look at the positive side ofanything that comes to us and that we need to take an optimistic and positive attitude toward life. Write an essay (of about 150 words) to share your ideas with your classmates. The following hints may be of some help:a. What is meant by “thinking positively”?b. What is the connection between success and optimism?c. How can we keep an optimistic and positive attitude?▆Sample Letter for Task 1:Dear Weihua,I know you are still feeling upset about your results in the college entrance examination. I’ve just read an article about how pessimistic and optimistic thoughts can affect our behaviour and I’m now sending you a copy, hoping that it will help you step out of the shadows.Naturally, failing the college entrance examination can be very depressing, yet if you continue to dwell on the past, you will never be able to pick yourself up and focus on what is more important for now and the future. Life is full of trials and anyone may suffer setbacks. We must take an optimistic attitude towards the things we have to deal with. Optimism and positive thinking are powerful forces. Good things do come true if we picture them often. Please do have confidence in your potential. Just work hard and prepare for another chance.You will make it.Yours,Janet(152 words)▇ Answers for Reference:1.A2. B3. D4. C▆ Answers:1.Though Michael Jordan is a great player, he still has to cooperate well with his team members to win agame. Because every member of his team has a very specific role, every member of the team is vital to the success of the team.2.In the workplace, it is important to be regarded as a team player, for no one person can build a railroad ormanage an airline. Success in school can also rely on teamwork.3.Being social creatures, we can’t escape having to be team players.Script:Be a Team PlayerIf you really wish to succeed in life, it is very important to be a team player. For example, in a basketball game, Michael Jordan is a great player, but he still has to cooperate well with his team members to win a game, because every member of his team has a very specific role and every member of the team is vital to the success of the team. If one player does not play well, the team will lose the game.Of course, the concept of teamwork applies to more than just sports. In the workplace and in school, working together is also an important element for success. In the workplace, it is important to be thought of as a team player, for no one person can build a railroad or manage an airline. In today’s world most companies are using team concepts to run their business.Success in college can also depend on teamwork. Lab work and group projects are just some of the experiences requiring good cooperation with others.Human beings are social creatures. Like it or not, we are all team players.Unit ThreeThe Road to SuccessEnhance Your Language AwarenessWords in ActionWorking with Words and Expressions5.In the box below are some of the words you have learnt in this unit. Complete the following sentences withthem. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:a)favourableb)discouragedc)consentedd)neglecte)creptf)sufficientg)tracedh)somewhati)refreshj)worthyk)prospectsl)resolvedm)remarkedn)undergoo)rewarded6.In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Do you know how to use them in theproper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary.▆ Answers:33)pack up34)many a35)stays the course36)put to the test37)flooding in38)came across39)come up with40)plunged ... into▆Increasing Your Word Power1.Listed in the box below are some unit nouns. Discuss their meanings and then complete the following tableby filling in the appropriate unit noun. The same unit noun may be used for more than once. Consult a dictionary if necessary.2.Words such as respectful, respectable and respective may cause confusion because they are similar eitherin meaning or in spelling. To communicate effectively, we need to pay special attention to such confusable words.▆ Answers:1)neglected2)neglectful3)colourful4)coloured5)rough6)tough7)worth8)worthy9)favourable10)favourite11)respectful12)respectable13)respective14)considerate15)considerable3.Word BuildingMatch each of the English word in Column A with its Chinese meaning in Column B.You may consult adictionary if necessary.▆ Answers:1) d. 2) i 3) l 4) a 5) k 6) o 7) p 8) b9)m 10) n 11) e 12) c 13) f 14) g 15) h 16) jGrammar in context1.Study the following sentences that appear in this unit, paying special attention to the subordinateclauses and connectives. Reflect on their grammatical function and then do the task that follows.Task: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences by choosing proper connectives from the box below. ▆ Answers for reference:1) what 2) whether 3) whose 4) whoever 5) what6) where 7) how 8) which 9) that 10) that2．Study the following sentences that appear in this unit, paying special attention to“the preposition + relative pronoun” structure. Reflect on their uses and then do the following task.Task: Complete the following sentences using a preposition and a relative pronoun.▆ Answers for reference:1） of which 2) for which 3) in which 4) in whom5) of which 6) to which 7) for which 8) at whichClozeComplete the following passage with words and phrases chosen from Text A. The initial letter of each targetword is given.▆ Answers:1) for 2) aware 3) affair 4) prospects 5) storage 6) matter 7) plunged 8) break9) offered 10) dancing 11) cleared 12) welled 13) stick 14) sacrifices 15) publishedTranslation1. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given in brackets.▆ Answers for reference:1)Rumour has it that his new book is based on a true story about a family in a small Tennessee town.2)He teaches in a middle school, but he does some translation work on the side to bring in extra cash /money.3)It’s good to be confident(about yourself), but there’s a difference between(self-)confidence andconceit.4)Only those who stick it out can achieve success. Those who give up halfway will never realize theirdreams.5) A true hero possesses / has courage, a noble purpose and a willingness to make sacrifices.6)Anyone who picks up this novel and reads the first paragraph will be hard pressed to put it down.7)In a sense, life is like swimming; if you keep holding on to the sides of the pool, you (will) never learn.8)The future of a nation depends in a large measure upon the quality of education and training.Theme-Related Writing1) Write a narrative essay (of about 150 words) about your pursuit of a dream or someone’s experiences inmaking his / her dream come true.Sample essayLi Hui, my friend in high school, was born into a worker’s family. She began to dream of becoming a cartoon artist from her childhood. To her disappointment, her parents strongly opposed her career choice, because the cost of her education would be too high for the poor family, and they were worried about the job opportunities for a cartoon artist. However, Li Hui would not change her mind. She worked hard to perfect her skills and searched persistently for ways to realise her dream. Just before she finished high school, the chance came: a famous art school was holding a cartoon drawing competition. The first three winners would be given a scholarship to study cartoon drawing at the school. Li Hui told herself not to let the chance slip through her fingers. She readily participated and won the second place. She is now studying there and I feel certain that her dream will come true. (156 words)2) People may have different opinions about the key factors for success. Write a short essay (of about 150words) and share your opinions with your classmates.Sample essay:In my opinion, before a person becomes successful, he or she should fully understand the basic elements of success: competence, determination and optimism.For a person to succeed, he or she has to face great competition and excel in his or her chosen career. The person needs to demonstrate and prove his or her competence in dealing with problems. Without competence, the person can neither stand out among the crowd nor attract the attention of those who hold the keys to the doors of opportunity and advancement.Yet ability alone cannot guarantee success. Often enough, things do not go the way we have planned and failure is unavoidable no matter how intelligent or capable we may be. In such cases one needs to remain firm and optimistic, always believing that hard work will eventually pay off. If the person gives up halfway, success will never knock at the door. (149 words)Enhance Your Language AwarenessWords in Action▇Working with Words and Expressions1. In the boxes below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with the words given. Change the form where necessary.■Answers:1) objective2) current3) adopt4) exhibit5) capture6) integrated7) outstanding8) strategies9) convince10) striving/strive11) diagnosed12) side13) spaced14) thick15) painful16) eventually17) fascinating18) confidence19)label20) creations2.In the boxes below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you understand their meanings? Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary.■Answers:1) at rest2) dropped out3) drying out4) drop in5) dawned on6) falls away7) drowned out8) on the sidelines9) falling out10) start over11) lose faith12) sign off▆ Increasing Your Word PowerFill in each blank in the following sentences with a proper preposition given in the box.▆ Answers:1) with2) to3) with4) on5) at6) with7) from8) beyond9) from10) on11) for12）to1. Study the use of but in different contexts and then do the task that follows.▆ Answers for reference:1) What can we do but sit and wait for a passing car to bring us to a city nearby?2)He lied to the court not just once, but on several occasions.3)“Gone with the Wind” was/is a great movie, but it was/is a little long.4) I had/have no choice but to accept the challenge.5) The situation looked/looks desperate, but they didn’t/don’t want to give up.6） But for these interruptions, the meeting would have finished earlier.7） Who else but John would have played a trick like that?8） She was the best singer in China at that time. I could not but admire her.9） The machines we bought were cheap, but they went quite well.10）Because he had/has a sore throat he was/is unable to swallow anything but liquids.2. Word BuildingMatch each of the English words in Column A with its Chinese meaning in Column B.You may consult a dictionary if necessary.▆ Answers:1) j2) k3) g4) h5) i6) b7) n8) l9) f10) c11) m12) d13) a14) eGrammar in ContextTask 1: Fill in each blank in the following sentences with the proper form of the verb given in brackets, paying special attention to the use of the active voice and the passive voice.▆ Answers:1) be done away with2) is / gets punished3) being erected4) Having been ignored5) believing6) to have sent7) be looked up8) speak / speaking9) being interviewed10) takenTask 2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying special attention to the differences in the choice of the verb voice.▆ Answers for Reference:1）杰克，有你的电话。

Unit 1 Art教学设计I.单元教学目标：1．Talk about art and galleries2．Talk about likes and preferences3．Learn words in families4．Use the subjunctive mood5．Write a letter to give suggestionsII. 目标语言1．功能句式..Talk about likes and preference:I’d prefer…/ I’d rather…/ I’d like…/ which would you prefer…./ I really prefer…/ would you rather…/ would you like…or…2. 词汇abstract; sculpture; gallery; consequently; belief; consequent;convince; shadow; ridiculous; controversial; nowadays; attempt;predict; aggressive ; scholar…3. 语法: the subjunctive moodif I were you…./ I wish I could…4. 重点句子1.there are so many different styles of western art it wouldbe impossible to describe all of them in a short text.2.people became focused more on human and less on religion.3.if the rules of perspective had not been discovered; peoplewould not have been able to paint such realistic pictures.4.at the time they were created; the impressionists’ paintingwere controversial but today they are accepted as thebeginning of what we now call “modern art”.5.it is amazing that so many great works of art from late-19thcentury to 21st century could be contained in the same museum. III. 教材分析本单元以ART 为主题;主要介绍了西方绘画简史;描写了曼哈顿最好的艺术长廊..帮助学生了解更多的有关美术的背景知识;分析中西艺术史上各大流派的特点;指出其代表性的画家和作品;并对中西方的绘画艺术进行比较..1.Warming up 部分要求学生运用相关目标语言对自己喜欢的艺术形式和流派展开讨论;并说明喜欢的原因..2．Pre-reading 让学生讨论有关画展或书中的艺术作品以及西方不同时期的着名画家..3．Reading 介绍了西方绘画监视;不同的艺术流派;艺术特点及其代表性的画家和作品..4．Comprehending要求学生在理解课文的基础上;写出三件有关西方艺术史的事并西方艺术分割变化大的原因..5．Using language 是由reading; listening; discussing and writing 四部分组成;要求学生在了解艺术长廊相关知识的基础上;为当地举办的一场画展提出合理化的建议..IV．课型设计与课时安排1st periodWarming up and reading2nd period Language study3rd period Grammar4th period Listening and talking5th period Using language6th period Reading;speaking and writing分课时教案The First Period Warming up ReadingTeaching goals：1.To enable the students to have a knowledge ofthe short historyof Western painting.2.To improve the students’ reading ability.Teaching important & difficult pointsEnable the Ss to talk about the short history of Western painting Teaching methodsSkimming and scanning; individual; pair or group work; discussion Teaching aidsA computer; a tape recorder and a projector.Teaching procedures & waysStep I Lead-inTo lead in such a topic by mentioning the sculptures or paintings around the students; for example; sculptures on the campus; famous paintings hanging on the walls of the corridor of the school building; etc. Ask Ss to figure out their functions and the general term to call them---the works of artStep II Warming-upShow some famous paintings and ask :Do you know the following famous paintings and paintersMona Lisa Smile → Leonardo Da Vinci Italian; 1452-1519 Sunflowers & starry night → Vincent van Gogh Dutch; 1853-1890 Water Lilies → Claude Monet French; 1840-1926Dream & Seated woman → Pablo Picasso Spanish; 1881-1973Ask: Can you tell the ages of the paintingsSay : Today we’ll learn about the short history of western painting. Step IIIReading1. Comparison: Make a comparison of Western and Chinese painting and ask: Which do you think has a greater change Why2. ScanningRead Para. 1; and answer the question.Scan Para2-5; and find the representative artists and the featuresRead the text carefully and find some detailed information.The Middle AgesFeatures:1.theme: religion2.Artists were not interested in showing nature and people as…butinterested in creating respect and love for God.The RenaissanceMasaccio：the first person to use perspective in painting1.Focused more on humansand less on religion.2.Two developments: a. Drawing things in perspectivesb. Oil painting.Impressionism1.What changes led to the change in painting styles2.Look at these paintings; what did they paint3.Why did the impressionist have to paint quicklyModern artAsk the students to read the passage again and deal with Exercises. Step V Homework1.Underline the useful expressions and the time expressions in thereading passage.2.Retell the passage with the help of the chart about the text.The Second Period Language StudyTeaching goals:To enable the students to learn the useful expressions.To help the students lean how to judge the parts of speech according to the suffixes and determine theirfunctions in the sentences. Teaching important & difficult points:Get the Ss to learn word formation by adding suffixesTeaching methods:Explanation and practiceTeaching aids:A computer and a projector; a blackboardTeaching procedures & ways:Step I RevisionCheck the students’ homework and let one read their work.1.Ask Ss to speak out the time expressions they underlined as homework2.Ask a student to retell the short history of western painting3.Ask Ss to discuss the questions in Exercises 3 on page 3 in groupsof 4.Art is influenced by beliefs of the people; the way of life and so on.StepII Language points1.Painting is silent poetry; and poetry is a speaking picture.画是无言的诗; 诗是有声的画..2. Good painting is like good cooking; it can be tasted; but notexplained好的画犹如佳肴;可以品其美味;却无法解释..3. would rather宁愿;宁可I would rather walk than take a bus.She would rather die than lose her child.would rather do sth.would rather not do sth.would rather do sth. rather than do sth.prefer sth. to sth.prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.I always prefer starting early; rather than leaving everything to thelast minute.4. 认为;看待Consider+n. + adj./ n. + to be/ n. + as /+that-clause/ it + adj. / + n.+ to do sth.We consider that you are not to blame.Do you consider it wise to interfereI consider you to be honest.5. 比较suit; fit ;matchsuit多指合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等fit多指大小、形状合适;引申为“吻合;协调”match多指大小、色调;形状、性质等方面的搭配1 No dish suits all tastes. 没有人人合口味的菜..2 Try the new key and see if it fitsthe keyhole.试试新配的钥匙;看看与锁眼是否吻合..3 The people’s Great Hall and the HistoricalMuseummatch the Tian AnMen beautifully.人民大会堂和历史博物馆与天安门陪衬得极为优美..6. attemptv.试图;企图;尝试The prisoner attempted an escape / to escape.She will attempt to beat the world record.n.They made no attempt to escape.比较 attempt: 表示未知结果的尝试或失败的尝试manage: 表示成功的尝试7.painting 油、水彩画drawing素描图sketch草图 portrait肖像illustration 插图A painting of sb A painting by sb某人的画某人画的画8. abstract adj . n . Van abstract painting 抽象画in the abstract 抽象地abstract …from…从…中提取9.detailed adj./n. detailed information in detail 详细地Reading10. belief 相信;看法It’s my belief that he will win.It was once a common belief that the earth is flat.Their beliefs in God are very firm. 信仰;信条The rumor is beyond belief. beyond belief难以置信n---v: belief--- believe life --- live proof--- prove safe--- save thief --- thieve11. whileSome people respect him; while others look down upon him . 表对比12.influence v. n.The weather in summer influences the rice crops .He has no influence over his children .搭配：Have an influence on /upon …对…有影响Under the influence of …受….的影响 ;被…左右Influential adj. 有影响的; 有势力的The Middle Ages 5th to …13.aim n. v. What is your aim in life He aimed the gun ata bird .搭配：:achieve one’s aim达到目的 miss one’s aim未击中目标without aim 无目的的14.take the place of = replace“ please take your place ; everyone ;” said John Smith .”From now on I will take the place of Mr.George as chairman of the meeting .15.focus vt. Vi .focus on 集中于 All eyes were focused on thespeaker .16. possession n.所有;占有; pl 所有物;财产personal possessions Compare:in possession of 主动 / in the possession of 被动v. possess n . possessor17.convince vt 使确信;使信服I managed to convince them that the story was true.搭配：convince sb of sth = convince sb that … 使… 相信be convinced of sth = be convinced that …相信…Translation :我怎样才能让你相信她的诚实呢 How can I convince you of her honesty 她说的话使我认识的我错了..What she said convinced me that I was mistaken .Impressionism late 19th to…18. 修饰不可数名词：a great /good deal of / a great amount of修饰可数名词: a large /great number of ;large/great numbers of ;a great /good manydozens of / scores of修饰不可数名词或不可数名词: a lot of / lots of ; a large quantity of /large quantities ofplenty of19.mostly adv . =mainly ; largely 大部分的;主要的They are mostly students.most pron . adj . advThis is the most I can do for you.Peter made the most mistakes of all the class.What interested you most 最Most students say that it is a most interesting book; but it isn’t the most interesting theyhaveread ; and that they read such books mostly onweekends.20.lead toThe heavy rain leads to serious floods.Lead to / lie inHard work leads to success and failure often lies in laziness. result in / result from21.shadow n.The willow’s shadow falls on the lake .shadow 阴影、影子---指一个平面shade 树阴、阴影---指一个立体空间Stay in the shade ------it’s cooler . 阴凉处The shadows of the trees grew longer as the afternoon went on.随着下午时光的延续;树影会越来越长..Step IIISuffixationLet Ss learn some uses of suffixesAsk Ss what suffix is A suffix is a particle; which is added to theend of a root.Suffixes usually do not change the meaning of the root; but can change its part of speech. For example: lead v.---leadership n.; illadj.---illnessn. But sometime; some suffixes add new meaning to the newly formed words. For example: meaning---meaningless; think--- thinkerThen practice Exercises 2; 3 &4 on page 42.Step V HomeworkPrepare to learn the grammar of the subjunctive mood.Period 3 GrammarTeaching aims1. To enable the students to use the Subjunctive mood correctly indifferentsituations.Teaching important and difficult pointsTo enable the students to use the correct form o f of the subjunctive mood.Teaching methodsSummarizing; comparative method; practicing activitiesTeaching procedures:Step I PresentationAt first; give the students an example to present what the subjunctive mood is and in what situation we should use the subjunctive mood. Then; show them the sentence structure of the subjunctive mood.Ask Ss to listen to the following example:Suppose I’m a basketball fan. Yao Ming is coming here to play a basketball game this evening. But unfortunately; I haven’t’ got a ticket for it. I feel sorry about that and what should I say in this situation I will say: I wish I watched the basketball game. / If I had got a ticket; I would go to watch the basketball game. Have you ever heard such kind of sentencesThey use subjunctive mood. The subjunctive mood is used when we want to express a wish; request; recommendation or report of a command. Also the subjunctive mood is used to express something that is contrary to the fact; highly unlikely or doubtful.We can use the following tow sentence structures to express our regretting.过去：过去完成时将来：过去时3. as if /though + Clause 虚拟从句动作与主句动作同时发生用过去时从句动作先于主句动作发生用过去完成时4.It’s about/high time +that…过去时 /should +V.Should不可省略5.表示要求;命令;建议的虚拟语气宾语从句..常见动词：一个坚持;两个命令;三个建议;四个要求..即:1. insist 2. order; command 3. advise; suggest; propose 4. demand ; require; request; desire这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气..即从句中的动词使用should + 动词原形;或者将should省略..6.without和but for 构成虚拟. but for要不是7. If only …要是就好了If only I knew his nameIf only we had followed your adviceIf only I could see him again8. It’s necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that-Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟;即should+动词原形9. 某些简单句的固定句型：Heaven help himGod bless youMay you succeedLong live the People’s Republic of China三：虚拟语气假设条件句型注意点：假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致;这种条件句叫做混合条件句..主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而定..“各归各” 的原则If the weather had been finer; the crops would be growing better. If you had followed the teacher’s advice; you wouldn’t be in the hospital.2. 虚拟条件句倒装..条件从句中有should; were; had三个助动词可以把if省略;并将这三个词提至句首..Step IIPracticeExercises for the Subjunctive mood.Step III ConsolidationAsk the Ss to do Exercise 1 & 2 in Discovering useful structures on page 4 and Exercises 1-4 on page 43.Then check the answers.Step Ⅵ4 HomeworkPrepare for the Listening and Talking on page 41.The Fourth Period Listening and TalkingTeaching goals：1. To help the students improve listening skills.2. To enable the Ss to express their likes and preference. Teaching procedures:Step I Listeningⅰ.Do some listening practice on page 41.1. Pre-listeningQuestion: Can you name the objects in the picture What are theyA book; a vase; wall hangings and paints and brushes.2. ListeningAt first; ask the Ss to listen to the tape for the first time to get the general idea and answer the question: What present will the students getLet the students to listen again and get some detailed information and answer the questions in Exercise 3.At last; check the answers with the whole class.ⅱ.Do some listening practice on page 44. Skip it if it is too difficult for your studentsBefore listening; ask the Ss to look at the paintings and discuss in what period of Chinese history they were created. Then; listen to the tape the first time and number the pictures. Next; listen to it again to write the names of historical periods they were painted. At last; listen again and list the features.Step II TalkingAsk the Ss to discuss the questions in Talking in pairs.“So far; we have learned a lot about the art. Today let’s talk about our favourite artists and forms of art. Please discuss the questions on page 41 in pairs and make up a dialogue. Now the following sentence structures may help you.Show the following on the screen.I’d prefer…I’d rather…I’d like…Which would you prefer…I really prefer…Would you rather…Would you like…orAfter a few minutes; ask Ss to present their dialogues.Step III Homework1.Ask Ss to introduce the galleries the have ever been to.2.Prepare for Using Language on Page5 and 6; and finish the exercisesfrom Page 6 to 7.The Fifth Period Using LanguageTeaching goals:1. To read about the best of Manhattan’s art galleries and develop the students’ interest in art.2. To help the students improve listening skills.3. To enable the students to talk about art galleries and write a letter giving suggestions.Teaching procedures:Step I Lead-inShow pictures of some famous art galleries around the world: Chinese Art Gallery; The Frick Collection; Guggenheim Museum; Metropolitan Museum Of Art; British Museum; Louvre Museum in Franceand so on. Step II Reading1. Fast reading:Ask Ss to read the passage about art galleries on page 5; and answer the question: How many galleries mentioned in this text What are they What can you see there2. Careful reading:Detailed reading to check Exercises 1& 2 belowAfter that; ask the Ss to listen to the recording and answer the questions in Part 3.Play the tape for the students to follow and after that; check the answers.3.Post-readingAnswer the following questions:1.What do you think the purpose of this text isTo give people information about various art galleries in New York and to show them where they are.2.Who do you think the text was written forTourists; art gallery visitors.3. Where might you see such a textPossibly in guide book.Step III Discussing and listening P7ⅰ.Suppose you were staying in a hotel in Manhattan with Gao Yan; Susan and John. Now if you have a chance to visit art galleries; which galleries do you prefer WhyAsk the students to tell the group members which galleries introduced they prefer in groups of 4.ⅱ.Ask the Ss to do some listening practice on page7At first; ask them to listen to the tape for the first time and number the galleries.Next; listen again and answer the questions.At last; check the answers with the whole class.Step IV WritingFirst; ask the Ss to discuss the questions in Exercise 1 on page 8 in groups of 4; giving their own suggestions and reasons and then write a letter to give their opinions.StepⅥ Homework:1.Finish the writing task.2.Prepare for the Reading task on page 45.The Sixth Period Reading; speaking and writingTeaching goals:1. To enable the Ss to talk about environment.2. To help the Ss to write a letter to ask for permissions. Teaching procedures:StepⅠReading TaskHere is a letter on page 45 from a group of students who would like to make their school more attractive.1.Fast reading1Why do they become worried2What do they hope the headmaster will do for their project2. Careful reading: suppose you were the president of the high school council and you received the letter. prepare to make notes for a report about the letter; filling the blanks on page 46Some tips about how to make notesJust write down some key wordsUse words or phrasesOmit the small words like prepositionsLetter from____________________________Asking for______________and____________Reason ______________________________Their plan:1___________________________2___________________________3___________________________Work will be done by :___________________StepⅡSpeaking taskAsk the Ss to discuss how to improve the environment of our school in fours; then speak out.A: planting more trees; grass and flowers; a beautiful garden;not pick the flowers and stamp the grassB: not throw litter;pick the rubbish; throw it into a dustbin;collect waste paper and bottles for recycling.C: keep the schoolyard or classroom clean; not draw pictures on walls; not carve names on the trees or desks and chairsD: make our school a non-smoking placeIn all;if everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment;the world will become much more beautiful.If all Chinese care about the environment;I ’m sure China will become one of the most beautifulcountries in the worldStepⅢWriting taskWrite a letter to the headmaster of the school asking for permission to improve the environment of the school. While writing;refer to the instructions in WRITING TASK.Step IV Summing upSum up what the students have learnt in this unit.Step V Learning TipGo through the learning tip with the students about how to get a general idea of a text.StepⅥ Homework:Revise the whole unit and finish all the exercises in this unit.。

attach importance to 重视act as 充当break one's word 食言，失信beware of 注意，留心bear sth in mind 记住behave oneself 守规矩bring home to sth 使人深刻认识到bring sth under control 控制住burst into laughter 放声大笑break into tears 放声大哭bring sth to mind 回忆起bring sth to an end 使结束bring sth into use 采用catch fire 着火catch a glimpse of 瞥见catch hold of 抓住catch sight of 看见catch one's breath 喘一口气come in sight 出现come to an end 结束come in for criticism/blame 挨批评/责备come into being 开始形成，产生come to terms with 屈服come to oneself 苏醒，恢复知觉come true 实现，成为现实cut short 中断come to a conclusion 得出结论count as 看成，视为deny sth. to sb./deny sb.sth. 拒绝给某人某物deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物draw closer 临近draw sb.'s attention 使某人注意drive home to 使人理解到do damage to 损坏do one good 对人有益draw/reach a conclusion 得出结论entitle sb. to sth. 给某人权利/资格/所有权equate sth with…把…与…等同起来fall in love with 开始爱上fall ill 病倒fall into step 步调一致fall victim to 成为…的受害者/牺牲品fall short of 缺乏不符合find fault with 挑剔fill in for sb. 替代某人的工作flash a smile 笑容一闪fool sb. into doing 哄骗某人干…follow sb.'s example/lead 以某人为榜样fill an appointment 践约gain access to 取得使用/接触…机会greet. sth. with 对某事作出某种反应go out of business 停业get/run/slip into debt 负债get along with 与…相处get out of hand 无法控制get rid of 摆脱，去掉gain experience in 获得经验gain/have an advantage over 胜过, 优于get in touch with 与…联系get in the way of 妨碍，阻碍give birth to 引起，使产生give sb credit for sth因…赞扬/尊重某人give an account of 叙述，说明give rise to sth引起give way to 让位于give a hand to sb给某人帮助go out of one's way to do 特地，不怕麻烦go too far 做过头，做过分go without saying 不言而喻have a mind to do 很想做have a fancy for 热衷于hail sb./sth. as 热情赞扬某人/ 某事have a capacity for 有…的能力have sth in common with在…有共同之处have/take interest in 对…有兴趣have no alternative but to do 除了…别无选择have no choice but do 除了…别无选择have nothing do with 与…无关have something to do with 与…有关have no option but 除…别无他法have sth. at heart 关心某事hit on an idea of 偶然想起主意hold…in high regard 对…极为重视hold true 适用，有效keep in mind 记住keep an eye on 照看，注视keep in touch with 保持接触keep sb. company 与某人做伴keep in order 保持整齐keep pace with 与…保持一致keep sth to oneself 对…秘而不宣keep tabs on 密切注意keep to the point 切题keep diary 记日记keep track of 了解…的情况kill time 消磨时间keep record of 记录keep watch over 监视lay stress on 注意，重视lay the blame on sb. for sth. 因某事责怪某人leave alone 不管，别惹lend a hand 帮忙let go of…松手，放弃look to sb. for 指望、仰仗某人lose heart 扫兴，灰心lose one's mind 精神错乱lose one's sense 昏过去lose one's temper 发脾气lose touch with 与…失去联系lose track of 与…失去联络make room for 为…腾出地方make up one's mind 下决心make acquaintance with 结识make a fortune 发财meet demands 满足要求make a thing of 认为…重要make a point of doing 坚持做，一定要做make sense 有意义，…是明智的make light of 不把……当回事make sure 确信make a habit of 形成/养成…习惯measure…against 拿…与…比make an attempt 试图make friends with 与…交朋友make fun of 取笑make use of 利用make mention of 提到，说到make do with 勉强对付make no difference 没有关系make peace with 与…讲和miss the point 没有抓住要领make a /some difference 有/有些作用或影响make inquiries about 询问，打听match…against 使…与…较量make a/the case that 提出理由、事实证明make one's way 前进，进行make reference to 谈及make the most of 尽量利用name…after 照…命名owe it to sb. to do 认为自己有必要为某人做pay a visit to 访问pay attention to 注意pay one's respects 表示敬意pay duty on 付关税perceive…as 把…看作persuade sb. of 使某人相信play a part in 参与，起作用play a trick/joke on 捉弄，开…的玩笑pride oneself on 以…为自豪put emphasis on 重视，强调pull oneself together 振作起来put an end to sth结束put…into effect 实行，使生效put into use 使用，利用put right 恢复正常，纠错regard…as 把……看作rise to one's feet 站起来range from…to…从…到…reduce…to 使…简化成refer to…as 把……称作restrict…to 把…限制在…之内remind sb. of 使某人想起rest assured that 请放心reach an agreement 取得一致意见run short of 缺少，快用完see…as 把……看作seek/take shelter from 寻找庇护set…apart from 使…与…不同stand a chance of doing 有可能做stand to reason 合乎情理strike sb. as 在某人看来似乎……see to it that [+从句] 确保[+分句]take into consideration 考虑take /run risks 冒险take effect 奏效take pains to do 费尽力气做take advantage of 利用take…for granted 认为…理所当然take care of 照顾take charge of 掌管，负责take delight in （特别）喜欢take possession of 占有take pity on 怜悯take the liberty of 擅自take measures 采取措施take notice of 注意，留心take into account 考虑take part in 参加take precedence over 比…重要take steps 采取步骤take the place of 代替take pride in 以…为自豪take a short cut 走捷径take offense 被…惹祸take sb. to court 把某人告上法庭take sth. seriously 认真对待某事take revenge on sb. 报复某人take the initiative 采取主动take too far 做得过火take heart 受到鼓励，树立信心take account of 考虑，重视take pleasure in 以…为乐take…to heart 对…深为感动take root 确定，建立take shape 成形take a chance（on sth.）冒险，投机，碰运气turn sb. against sb. else 使某人转而反对某人watch one's step 严谨行事wave good-bye to sb 向某人告别weigh sth. against sth.. 掂量某事，权衡某事2.介词短语【充当状语、表语或定语】(1) at短语at all costs 不惜任何代价at/behind the wheel 在驾驶at a disadvantage 处于不利地位at a profit 获利at ease 不拘束，自在at fault 有毛病at great length 长久地,详细地at a loss 不知所措at hand 就在手边，附近at heart 本质上，实际上at one's expense of 以…为代价at the moment 此刻；那时at the point of 就要…at intervals 时时at one's expense 由某人付费at one's request 应某人请求at one's best 处于最佳状态at one's wits' end 不知所措at once 立刻at one's service 听候某人吩咐at random 任意，随意at sight of 一看见at short notice 一接到通知就…at the bottom of 在…根底上at the rate of 以…的速度at the cost of 以…为代价at the risk of 冒…的危险at the first opportunity 尽快at the hands of 出自…之手at times 有时候at will 随意，任意at the mercy of 完全受…支配(2) by短语：by accident 偶然by aid of 借助于by and large 总的说来by appearance 从外表by chance 偶然,碰巧by day/night 白天/黑夜by far [+adj] …得多；最by mistake 弄错by and by 不久以后by all means 毫无疑问，当然by means of 用，依靠by name of 名字叫by nature 生性by no means 决不by oneself 单独by surprise 突然by virtue of 靠，由于by request 应邀by turns 轮流by way of 经由by the way 顺便说(3) for短语：for a change 改变一下for ages 很久for anything 无论如何for certain/sure 肯定地for fear of 免得for lack of 缺乏for nothing 免费for one thing 第一，首先for another 第二，其实for short 简称for the benefit of 为…利益for the better 好转for the purpose of 为了for want of 缺乏for the most part 多半，通常for the moment 暂时for the present 暂时for the sake of 为…缘故for the time being 暂时(4) in短语in a happy mood 心情愉快in a way 在某种程度上in advance 事先in a good/bad light 从好/坏的角度in accord with 与…一致in action 在活动，在运行中in addition to 除…外in all probability 很可能，十之八九in an attempt to do 企图做in any event 无论如何in answer to 作为对…的回答in a manner of speaking 可以说in a flash 迅速，立即in authority 有权in bloom 开着花in good condition 情况良好in bulk 大量in circles 毫无进展in case of 万一in comparison with 比较in conclusion 总之，最后in connection with 与…有关in contact with 接触，联系in disrepute 声名狼藉in due course 适当时候in effect 实际上in fact 事实上in favor of 赞同，支持in full accord 一致的in large supply 大量in itself 本身in that 既然，因为in line with 与…一致in nature 在本质上in need of 需要in no way 决不，一点也不in one's name 以某人的名义in one's opinion 在某人看来in particular 尤其in place 在原处in public 公开in place of 代替in private 私下in proportion 成比例in preference to 优先in question 所谈论的；质疑in respect of 关于；涉及in stock 存货in support of 支持，拥护in the event of 万一in the right 有理in time 及时in honor of 为纪念in possession of 占有in other words 换句话说in reality 事实上in response to 响应in retrospect 回想起来，事后看来in return 回报in session 在开会in shape 处于良好的健康状况in short 总之in sb's own right 凭自己的条件/能力in spite of 尽管in succession 接连的in terms of 按照；用…的术语in the interest of 为…利益in the meantime 与此同时in turn 依次in the hope that 希望能in the company of 与…一起in the first place 首先in the final/last analysis 说到底，归根结底in the light of 鉴于，由于in the long run 从长远来看in the presence of sb 当着某人in view of 由于，考虑到(5) on短语on a [+adj] basis 以某种方式[方法] on a [+adj] scale 以[+形容词]规模on average 平均on bad/good terms with 与…关系不好/友好on behalf of 代表on business 因公on credit 以赊账的方式on demand 一经请求on fire 着火on guard 警戒on leave 在休假on no account 决不on one's own 独自on one's own initiative 主动地，自发地on purpose 故意的on schedule 准时on the basis of 根据on the brink of 在…边缘on the contrary 相反on the increase 正增长on occasion 偶尔on second thought 仔细考虑on the decline 在下降on the grounds of 根据，以…为理由on the move 在移动中，在奔波中on the occasion of 在…之际on the spot 当场，立即on short notice 一接到通知就…on the strength of 根据，凭借on the threshold of 在…的开始/初期on that account 由于那个缘故on the whole 总的看来(6) of和out of 组成的短语：of one's own choice 自己选择of one's own accord 出于自愿地，主动地out of breath 上气不接下气out of balance 失去平衡out of harmony with 与…不直协调out of stock 脱销out of date 过时out of hand 失去控制out of order 出了故障out of patience 不耐烦out of pity 出于怜悯out of proportion to 与…不相称out of control 失去控制out of business 破产out of practice 久不练习,荒疏out of style 过时，不时髦out of work 失业out of step 与他人不协调out of the ordinary 不寻常的(7) to短语to and fro 前后，回来to the best of one's knowledge 就某人所知to a certain extent/degree 在某种程度上to one's satisfaction 使某人满意to one's credit 值得赞扬to one's belief 令某人相信的是…to one's benefit 对某人有益的to one's delight 令某人高兴的是…to one's disappointment 使某人失望的是…to one's liking 合某人的胃口to one's surprise 使某人惊讶的是…to one's relief 使某人欣慰的是…to one's shock 令某人震惊的是…to one's taste 合某人胃口to the good 有好处to the point 切题to the best of one's potential 尽其所能to the utmost 尽力(8) under短语under age 未成年under arrest 逮捕under sb's signature 经某人签名under control 被控制under consideration 在考虑中under discussion 在讨论中under a false name 用假名under the circumstances 在…情况下under the color of 以…的借口under on circumstances 决不，任何情况不都不under the impression 记得under the influence of 在…影响下under the pressure of 在…压力不under the sun 世界上；究竟under the weather 有病under way 进行着under the care of 由…照看under treatment 在治疗under repair 在修理中(9) with, within 和 without 组成的短语with certainty 确定无疑地with a firm hand 坚决地with a light heart 心情愉快地within bounds 在允许范围内with a view to 为了；由于with a will 热情地with an eye to 着眼于with all one's heart 真心诚意地with one accord 一致地within call 在附近with reserve 有保留地with the exception of 除…外with regard to sth关于with open arms 热情地with limits 在一定范围内within one's rights 有权with reach of 在附近within the law 合法地without end 无穷尽地without exception 毫无例外地without limit 无限制地without loss of time 立即without rest 立即without reserve 无保留地without hesitation 毫不犹豫地3.不同词类混合搭配all at once 一下子as a matter of fact 事实上all manners of 各种各样的as yet 到现在为止as it happens 恰好碰巧all but 几乎，差不多all the same 尽管如此，仍然as it is 事实上as far as sth is concerned 就…而言 a labor of love 心甘情愿做的事a touch of 少许，一点 a battery of 一连串的a host of 大量，许多 a great many 很多all the way 完完全全all of a sudden 突然a good deal 非常，极其，大量 a stream of 一连串，一系列的a batch of 一批as a matter of course 作为理所当然的事better off 生活较优裕body and soul 全心全意地far from 远远不，完全不是judging from 根据…判断as a last resort 作为最后手段many a [+单数名词] 许多much less 更谈不上may well do sth很可能做might as well do倒不如做no more…than…不比…更多no doubt 肯定地now that 既然not in the least 一点也不not to mention 更不用说once and for all 彻底地other than 除了prior to 在…之前once in a while 偶尔right away 立刻side effect 副作用so much so that 到如此的地步以至于so to speak 可以这么说speaking of sth说到scores of 大量，许多the scheme of things 事物的格局time and again 一次又一次the breath of life 生活中不可缺的东西thanks to 由于，幸亏walk of life 行业，职业，社会阶层when it come to …说到，一旦涉及Where sth is concerned，就…来说。

Uint2II. Basic Listening Practice1.ScriptW: Did you hear? Helen got modeling jib! She’s going to be sashaying down the catwalk.M: Wow, that’s great! All that walking practice really paid off. And foe once she won’t be complaining about being so tall.Q: Why did Helen get modeling job?2.ScriptM: Julia, come and see the Miss America contest on TV. All those beautiful girls are walking around in bathing suits, so the judges can decide who has the best figure. W: Bah! That’s the worst kind of exploitation. They are treating women like toys for people to enjoy. I would never take part in this kind of contest.Q: What do the man and the woman think about the beautify contest?3. ScriptW: What shall I do? I’m fat. I want to be slim and beauty, but I’m fat. I’ve tried all the new ideas, high carb and low carb, but nothing works.M: Those diets are just fads, popular for a while and then forgotten. Just follow the usual diet with fruits, vegetables, fish, water, and get plenty of exercise. Before long you’ll see results.Q: What has the woman tried?4. ScriptW1: I think Lily is really attractive. She’s half Spanish and has this really sultry look about her.W2: That explains why she tans so well. I’ve always been jealous of her skin color in the summer.Q: Which of following is true of Lily?5. ScriptM: Trust me, it was tight there on the Internet: “Plastic Surgery Increasing at a Faster Rate Among Men”. Apparently more and more men are trying to improve their appearance.W: I saw it too on the news. Face-lifts, nose jobs, and box to hide wrinkle are now very popular with men. Men say it’s for business reasons, but we know it’ｓvanity. Q: What does the woman think the real reason is that men have plastic surgery?Keys: 1.B 2.A 3. C 4D 5BIII. Listening InTask 1: A Friendly StylistStylist: Morning, sir. This chair, please. What can I do for you?Nick: A simple haircut: short on the back and sides.Stylist: Very good. I can, of course, do something fashionable for only $60.Nick: 60 dollars! That’s highway robbery—twice what I ordinarily pay.Stylist: Perhaps, sir. But your haircuts haven’t been in harmony with your character.Your hair is at war with your soul.Nick: I’ve never heard of such a thing.Stylist: If I may say, I’m an expert at matching hairstyle to personalities. Believe me;you’re suffering a “disjunction”.Nick: A disjunction? What the devil is a disjunction?Stylist: Your hair does not match you.Nick: This is utter nonsense. However, I’d like to hear how you’d solve this so-called problem.Stylist: Your character is artistic, imaginative. But your hair is dull. I can correct that imbalance in seconds.Nick: Okay, let me see what can you do about the…uh…disjunction, as you call it. Stylist: We’re going to use scissors to create peaks, which we’ll keep in place with a liberal helping of gel….This tuft in the back we’ll braid into a pigtail. Now, it’s the new you!Nick: I love it. It’s just like me: imaginative and artistic. Now what are you doing?What’s wrong? Don’t you see harmony in my new hairstyle?s preventing your hairstyle from being a true fashionable Stylist:Something’statement.Nick: For heaven’s sake, tell me what’s missing.Stylist: Streaks. By putting in a few yellow streaks in your hair, it will become a work of art. Streaking will cost you more, but…Nick: Do it. Forget the cost. But, by the way, what is the total getting to be? How much am I paying to avoid disjunction?Stylist: That’s…$135. Sir? Sir, are you all right? Oh, he fainted.1.When the stylist mentions $60, what does the customer say?2.What does the stylist think about the customer’s hairstyle?3.What will the stylist do with the customer’s hair?4.What will streaking do to the man’s hair according to the stylist?5.What is the passage mainly about?Keys: 1C.A 3.D4.B 5.AFor Reference:1.It means there is no match between you and your hair.2.That’s…$135. Sir? Sir, are you all right? Oh, he fainted.Task 2: The Voice LiftScriptAfter the face-lift, the forehead tightened, and the (S1) nose job, something still might be revealing your age: your (S2) voice.For patients who think their trembly, hoarse words don’t (S3) match their newly face and figure, there’s a procedure that claims to make them (S4)sound younger too: the voice lift.There are two general kinds of voice lifts. In some cases, implants (S5) inserted through an incision in the (S6)neck bring the vocal cords closer together. Doctors also use injections of (S7) fat or other substances to plump up the cords, so that the voice sounds younger.(S8) The voice lift is becoming more widely known among an aging population, who try to make themselves sound younger.“I speak in a great deal, or I was shouting, on a particular day, at the end of the day, I would feel exhausted,”said Robert Brown, 75, (S9) a retired construction engineer who underwent the voice lift several years ago, “I don’t know if I sound younger, but”the hoarseness is gone, which is such a great improvement.(S10)Voice lift can also benefit people like performers, lawyers, teachers, and telephone operators who need to have a strong voice and hope to shave years off the sound of their voice.Task3: A View of HappinessScriptMen are turning to plastic surgery and cosmetic procedures to brighten up their appearances at a faster rate than women, according to a survey released on Wednesday.Men’s use of fat injections to soften deep wrinkles leaped 47 percent last year from the previous year. Women’s use of the injections fell 36 percent, according to a survey by the American Academy of Facial and Plastic Reconstructive Surgeons.Men’s use of botox injections to eliminate frown lines rose 88 percent, while women’s botox use fell 8 percent.And for smoothing skin, the use of laser resurfacing among men rose 13percent, the survey showed. Meanwhile, women’s use of laser resurfacing dropped 38 percent during the same time period.The number of men getting nose jobs rose 47 percent, while the number of women doing so rose 5 percent.Typically, men and women visiting plastic surgeons for cosmetic reasons were age 40 to 59.The study said 44 percent of men and 57 percent of women tell their doctor that looking younger is the reason they are choosing cosmetic surgery.By about 18 percent, men are more likely than women to say they want facial cosmetic surgery for work-related reasons.The study was conducted by written questionnaires from January 20 to March 3 among more than 2,600 members of the association, who focus on treatment of the face, head, and neck.By comparison, in the previous year, women’s use of botox rose 60 percent while men’s fell 14 percent; women’s use of laser resurfacing rose 13 percent while men’s fell 19 percent; women’s use of fat injections fell17 percent and men’s fell 54 percent.1.What is true of men and women’s use of fat injections?2.While of the following is true of nose jobs?3.How much greater is the percentage of women choosing cosmetic surgery to lookyounger than the percentage of men?4.What is true of men and women using botox in the previous year?5.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?Keys: 1C 2.C3. B 4.B 5.DIV. Speaking OutMODEL 1 She’s having some cosmetic surgery.Amy: Did you hear Nora’s off to Korea?Bill: why is she going to Korea?Amy:She is having some cosmetic surgery.Bill:I’m floored! I thought she was beautiful already.Amy: I know what you mean. She’s having her nose fixed.Bill: Was it broken?Amy: No, stupid, she’s having it made smaller.Bill: If she wasn’t beautiful already,I could understand getting surgery. But she already has a nice nose.Amy: But not a fashionable one. She’s also having her teeth straighten.She wants to have a perfect smile.Bill: What for?Amy: She believes a better physical appearance will improve her chance of getting a good job.Bill: We won’t even recognize her when she gets back.MODEL2 I think I need a face-lift.ScriptSusan: Hey!Amy: Hi! Don’t you know anyone who’s had cosmetic surgery?Susan:You mean like a liposuction? I don’t think that’s necessary. That’s not the way a woman should stay attractive.Amy: Honestly, I won’t go as far as that. With surgery, I might look gorgeous, but it wouldn’t be the real me.Susan: Yeah, p eople should be happy with the way they are.Amy: I see your point. But I’m worried about the wrinkle around my eyes. I think I need a face-lift. Why can’t we go back to the way things were?Susan: Because…I don’t know! But, Amy, you wouldn’t do that, would you?Amy:Darned right I would! I don’t expect my skin to be baby-smooth, but I should at least be young-looking.Susan: Isn’t makeup enough?Amy: Come on, Susan. Be open-minded! Look at my eyes! They’re puffy. And my lower lids are dark and loose, and full of lines and circles. I really hope surgery can wipe out the tired look.Susan: But what would other people think?Amy: I don’t care other people think.I’m already for a lift.MODEL3 How did you find the plastic surgery there?ScriptSusan: How was your trip to Korea? How did you find the plastic surgery there? Nora:It was all pretty scary at first.Susan: As I see it, they certainly did a beautiful job for you. If I hadn’t recognized your clothes, I wouldn’t have known it was you!Nora: Tanks, but u nderneath this surgery, it’s still the same old me.Susan: Well, why did you want the surgery after all?Nora:If I want to be competitive in the job market, I think this is indispensable. Susan: How can you say that! You don’t need to change your looks to get a good job.Anyway, shall we get some lunch?Nora: I’m not hungry, really I’m not.Susan: Did you already have lunch?Nora:I’m skipping lunch. I want to stay in good shape. I think I’m getting a bit too fat already.Susan:Oh, Nora, don’t be so silly! You’re not fat at all, and you need to eat. If you don’t eat, you’ll get sick and wind up in hospital.Nora: Ok, maybe I could eat a little. I do want to stay healthy.Now Your TurnTask 1SAMPLE DIALOGSally: Hi, John, nice to see you here.John: Hi, sorry, your name escapes me momentarilySally: Oh, I’m Sally. Don’t you recognize me?John: Now I see, you’re Sally! You have changed beyond recognition!Sally: I had cosmetic surgery.John: I’m confuses! I thought you were good-looking before.Sally: My nose was rather flat. The bridge of my nose wasn’t high enough. So I got my nose fixed.John: That’s absolutely unnecessary. I can also see your eyes have changed a lot.Sally: Yeah, my single-folded eyelids have become double-folded.John: What else did you do?Sally: I also have my teeth straightened. I felt uncomfortable about my uneven teeth whenever I smiled. Now I think I have a better smile.John: Why do you have so much surgery?Sally: I believe a better physical appearance will help me land a better job.John:Nonsense. M ost employers are more interested in your practical ability than your looks.V. Let’s TalkScriptGreetings, ladies and gentlemen. I hope you’ll find it interesting how to be fashionable without spending too much money.Sure, some famous stars always look stylish. They have unlimited clothing budgets that put the latest looks at their fingertips! But you can also look amazing without spending lots of money on your wardrobes. Simple try the following suggestions on for size.First, you should make seasonal purchases; that is, you should buy winter coats, leather jackets, bathing suits, ad summer dress at the end of the season. Y ou’ll get major discounts as you stock up for the next year.If you want clothes to wear right now, you can go to discount stores. They may not be the place to buy an expensive evening dress, but they’re perfect for buying things like T-shirtsThere is yet another cheap way of you to buy stylish clothes. Many department stores have a store brand. It means they offer current styles but are much cheaper than big-name brands.To save money, an important principle for you to follow is to not buy “outfits”. With the exception of suits, interchangeable piece are more affordable—buying clothing in separate.Wear-with- anything pieces are always a good buy. For example, you can almost always wear a pair of black trousers and a white dress skirt; you can wear them several times a week, paired with different accessories.If you can’t afford expensive clothes, you can spend money on accessories such as nice shoes and fashionable bags. Such extras make even the simplest outfit look polished.Finally, a great haircut always helps. When you hair looks fabulous, you look more stylish and fashionable.Money-saving Methods Detailed Descriptionseasonal purchases You should buy things at the end of theseason. You’ll get major discounts, andyou’ll be stocked up for the next year. Discount stores They’re perfect for buying things likeT-shirts.A store brand Stores offer current styles that are muchcheaper than big-name brands.Don’t buy outfits Buying separates is much moreaffordable.Wear-with- anything pieces You can almost always wear a pair ofblack trousers a nd a w hite dress skirt; youcan wear them several times a week,paired with different accessories.spend money on accessories Examples are nice shoes and f ashionablebags. Such extras make even the simplestoutfit look polisheda great haircut You look more stylish and fashionablewith a nice haircut.VI. Further Listening and SpeakingTask1: Beauty Contests and Plastic SurgeriesScriptJuliana Borges, who was named “Miss Brazil” early on Tuesday, had plastic surgery four times and underwent 19 smaller operations. She was just one of many competitors who were determined to improve their appearance through surgery. “Plastic surgery make me more beautiful and gave me confidence in myself and the perfect measurement that won me this title,” said the beauty queen in a green dress, who was representing Brazil’s southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul.Borges, 22, had liposuction and had her chin, nose, and ears worked on, as well as, had her breasts enlarged.With the development of plastic surgery, more and more of Brazil’s would-be beauty queen are finding it easier to achieve the ideal measurements. T hese days, younghopefuls from the Amazon jungle to big cities in Brazil’s south are planning surgery.A third of the 27 finalists at the beauty contest went under the scalpel after rules were changed in the 1990s.The new rules permit plastic surgery, colored contact lenses, and hair dye at beauty contests.The organizers of the Miss Brazil contest said, “It’s a war out there, and all of the beauty tools that can be used should be used. Other countries like Venezuela paved the way, and Brazil is going to have to use those tools as well if it wants to compete in Miss University beauty contests.”But Brazil’s love for plastic surgery is not limited to beauty contests. Most young women who undergo surgery want to find a better man or a higher-paying job.1.How many surgical operations did the former Miss Brazil have altogether?2.What change has plastic surgery brought, according to the passage?3.Which of the following is allowed after the rules changed in the1990s??4. Which of the following countries is mentioned as a pioneer in using beauty tools?5. What is the goal of most young Brazilian women who undergo surgery?Keys: 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.ATask 2: Is it true beauty?ScriptJohn:There goes Camilla. She looks gorgeous today, doesn’t she? Her skin is as smooth as a baby’s bottom. Her lips are a perfect Cupid’s bow. She must havedozens of admirers.Becky: I wonder what she looks like without all makeup. She must out it with a spoon.It’s like a mask. I don’t understand what men find so attractive about her. John: Do I detect a hint of jealousy?Becky: She has nothing for me to be jealous about.John: I’ll be you believe in those saying like: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Becky: True beauty comes from within. Natural materials should be enough to bring it out.John: But do you always stick to those rules? When I went past your apartment last night, I saw you in the kitchen with some green substance smeared all yourface.Becky: They were cucumbers. They’re natural healers of the skin. Haven’t you heard people say on TV that they soften the skin, wipe out the roughness, and buildstrength and resilience?John: Yeah, yeah, yeah! They wipe out lines and age signs. Blah, blah, blah! See, I can even recite that advertisement.Becky: You’ve learned a lot, haven’t you?John: Since you can keep your skin so young-looking and maintain your figure so well, you might as well as write a book on beauty secrets.Becky: Don’t pull my leg. Anyway, you’d do well to try the cucumber treatment on yourself. Put some cucumber slice on your head. At least they’ll keep thatbald spot from shining so brightly..Keys: FTFTFTask3: Changing Your Hairstyle to Improve Your AppearanceScriptIf you want to look better, changing your hairstyle can be a simple fix. If y ou’re trying to reach a weight-loss goal, a new hairstyle is a quick and easy way to freshen up your looks—and boost your confidence.According to a popular hair stylist, clients often say, “Ｉwant to cut my hair, but I should lose weight first.” But that’s not the right sequence; it’s the other way around. You should know what hairstyle will flatter you the most, the style that will show off you particular feature to the best advantage even before you begin to lose weight.For example, many may want to follow a tread and wear long hair. But some may look better with shorter hair if they have a round face. “When it’s too long, it can drag your face down and actually bring attention to the features you don’t want to emphasize,” says Guy Riggio, a famous hair stylist in Los Angeles. How short is too short? That depends the length of your neck. Riggio says, “The longer the neck, the shorter you can go.”Some top stylists believe that women should stay clear of bangs. Thick bangs may be fashionable at times, but even thin bangs are hard to wear. “They change the shape ofsays New York hair stylist O’Connor. Instead, you your face, making it seem shorter,”should pull your hair away from your face. It will make your face look longer. Finally, pick a stylist who’s knowledgeable and whose opinion can be trusted. Then have fun with the new style.For Reference:1. It is a quick and easy way to freshen up your looks—and boost your confidence.2. Clients often say, “Ｉwant to cut my hair, but I should lose weight first.” But that’s not the right sequence; it’s the other way around.3. The speaker say if you have a round face, you may look better with short hair.4. That depends the length of your neck. The longer the neck, the shorter you can go.5. They change the shape of your face, making it seem shorterNews ReportMiss WorldScriptThe Miss World title went to first black African contestant ever in its 51-year historyat the Miss World finals in Sun City, South Africa on Friday.Organizers of the pageant said they expected about one billion people to have turned in to watch the beauty queen extravaganza. The event was hosted by American talk show host, Jerry Springer, at a glitzy resort in the heart of South Africa’s bush country.[SOUND BITE]The pageant was created in 1951 by a public relations executive for a small leisure and entertainment company. It was initially intended to be only a one-time event, but was continued after the United States began the rival Miss Universe contest in 1952. In more than half a century, there have been only three Miss World winners from Africa, two of them white South Africa and the third from Egypt.Miss World has until now been dominated by winner from Europe, the Americas, and India, the majority of them being Caucasian.The contestants in this pageant are judges in three different categories: beauty, grace, and charm; talent, poise, and personality; and figure and deportment. After the first round of judging, the original group of 92 contestants w as pared down to only tenfinalists who would go on to compete for the t itle.The second-runner up in this ten year’s pageant was Miss Scotland, 18-year-old Juliet-Jane Horne.[SOUND BITE]The People’s Republic of China was represented for the first time this year by 18-year-od Bing Li.[SOUND BITE]The title of first runner up went to Miss Aruba, 19-year-old Zerelda Lee.[SOUND BITE]The competition was fierce as each of the ten finalists took her turn in the spotlight in front of a live audience.But out of the 92 contestants, it was Miss Nigeria, 18-year-old Agbani Darego, who took home covered title and the $100,000 prize.[SOUND BITE]Before being crowed, Darego took the victory walk wearing a lime-green, body hugging dress and waved to a cheering crowd.The news of her victory sparked rapturous c elebrations all over Nigeria’s biggest city, Lagos.。

attach importance to 重视act as 充当break one's word 食言，失信beware of 注意，留心bear sth in mind 记住behave oneself 守规矩bring home to sth 使人深刻认识到bring sth under control 控制住burst into laughter 放声大笑break into tears 放声大哭bring sth to mind 回忆起bring sth to an end 使结束bring sth into use 采用catch fire 着火catch a glimpse of 瞥见catch hold of 抓住catch sight of 看见catch one's breath 喘一口气come in sight 出现come to an end 结束come in for criticism/blame 挨批评/责备come into being 开始形成，产生come to terms with 屈服come to oneself 苏醒，恢复知觉come true 实现，成为现实cut short 中断come to a conclusion 得出结论count as 看成，视为deny sth. to sb./deny sb.sth. 拒绝给某人某物deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物draw closer 临近draw sb.'s attention 使某人注意drive home to 使人理解到do damage to 损坏do one good 对人有益draw/reach a conclusion 得出结论entitle sb. to sth. 给某人权利/资格/所有权equate sth with…把…与…等同起来fall in love with 开始爱上fall ill 病倒fall into step 步调一致fall victim to 成为…的受害者/牺牲品fall short of 缺乏不符合find fault with 挑剔fill in for sb. 替代某人的工作flash a smile 笑容一闪fool sb. into doing 哄骗某人干…follow sb.'s example/lead 以某人为榜样fill an appointment 践约gain access to 取得使用/接触…机会greet. sth. with 对某事作出某种反应go out of business 停业get/run/slip into debt 负债get along with 与…相处get out of hand 无法控制get rid of 摆脱，去掉gain experience in 获得经验gain/have an advantage over 胜过, 优于get in touch with 与…联系get in the way of 妨碍，阻碍give birth to 引起，使产生give sb credit for sth因…赞扬/尊重某人give an account of 叙述，说明give rise to sth引起give way to 让位于give a hand to sb给某人帮助go out of one's way to do 特地，不怕麻烦go too far 做过头，做过分go without saying 不言而喻have a mind to do 很想做have a fancy for 热衷于hail sb./sth. as 热情赞扬某人/ 某事have a capacity for 有…的能力have sth in common with在…有共同之处have/take interest in 对…有兴趣have no alternative but to do 除了…别无选择have no choice but do 除了…别无选择have nothing do with 与…无关have something to do with 与…有关have no option but 除…别无他法have sth. at heart 关心某事hit on an idea of 偶然想起主意hold…in high regard 对…极为重视hold true 适用，有效keep in mind 记住keep an eye on 照看，注视keep in touch with 保持接触keep sb. company 与某人做伴keep in order 保持整齐keep pace with 与…保持一致keep sth to oneself 对…秘而不宣keep tabs on 密切注意keep to the point 切题keep diary 记日记keep track of 了解…的情况kill time 消磨时间keep record of 记录keep watch over 监视lay stress on 注意，重视lay the blame on sb. for sth. 因某事责怪某人leave alone 不管，别惹lend a hand 帮忙let go of…松手，放弃look to sb. for 指望、仰仗某人lose heart 扫兴，灰心lose one's mind 精神错乱lose one's sense 昏过去lose one's temper 发脾气lose touch with 与…失去联系lose track of 与…失去联络make room for 为…腾出地方make up one's mind 下决心make acquaintance with 结识make a fortune 发财meet demands 满足要求make a thing of 认为…重要make a point of doing 坚持做，一定要做make sense 有意义，…是明智的make light of 不把……当回事make sure 确信make a habit of 形成/养成…习惯measure…against 拿…与…比make an attempt 试图make friends with 与…交朋友make fun of 取笑make use of 利用make mention of 提到，说到make do with 勉强对付make no difference 没有关系make peace with 与…讲和miss the point 没有抓住要领make a /some difference 有/有些作用或影响make inquiries about 询问，打听match…against 使…与…较量make a/the case that 提出理由、事实证明make one's way 前进，进行make reference to 谈及make the most of 尽量利用name…after 照…命名owe it to sb. to do 认为自己有必要为某人做pay a visit to 访问pay attention to 注意pay one's respects 表示敬意pay duty on 付关税perceive…as 把…看作persuade sb. of 使某人相信play a part in 参与，起作用play a trick/joke on 捉弄，开…的玩笑pride oneself on 以…为自豪put emphasis on 重视，强调pull oneself together 振作起来put an end to sth结束put…into effect 实行，使生效put into use 使用，利用put right 恢复正常，纠错regard…as 把……看作rise to one's feet 站起来range from…to…从…到…reduce…to 使…简化成refer to…as 把……称作restrict…to 把…限制在…之内remind sb. of 使某人想起rest assured that 请放心reach an agreement 取得一致意见run short of 缺少，快用完see…as 把……看作seek/take shelter from 寻找庇护set…apart from 使…与…不同stand a chance of doing 有可能做stand to reason 合乎情理strike sb. as 在某人看来似乎……see to it that [+从句] 确保[+分句]take into consideration 考虑take /run risks 冒险take effect 奏效take pains to do 费尽力气做take advantage of 利用take…for granted 认为…理所当然take care of 照顾take charge of 掌管，负责take delight in （特别）喜欢take possession of 占有take pity on 怜悯take the liberty of 擅自take measures 采取措施take notice of 注意，留心take into account 考虑take part in 参加take precedence over 比…重要take steps 采取步骤take the place of 代替take pride in 以…为自豪take a short cut 走捷径take offense 被…惹祸take sb. to court 把某人告上法庭take sth. seriously 认真对待某事take revenge on sb. 报复某人take the initiative 采取主动take too far 做得过火take heart 受到鼓励，树立信心take account of 考虑，重视take pleasure in 以…为乐take…to heart 对…深为感动take root 确定，建立take shape 成形take a chance（on sth.）冒险，投机，碰运气turn sb. against sb. else 使某人转而反对某人watch one's step 严谨行事wave good-bye to sb 向某人告别weigh sth. against sth.. 掂量某事，权衡某事2.介词短语【充当状语、表语或定语】(1) at短语at all costs 不惜任何代价at/behind the wheel 在驾驶at a disadvantage 处于不利地位at a profit 获利at ease 不拘束，自在at fault 有毛病at great length 长久地,详细地at a loss 不知所措at hand 就在手边，附近at heart 本质上，实际上at one's expense of 以…为代价at the moment 此刻；那时at the point of 就要…at intervals 时时at one's expense 由某人付费at one's request 应某人请求at one's best 处于最佳状态at one's wits' end 不知所措at once 立刻at one's service 听候某人吩咐at random 任意，随意at sight of 一看见at short notice 一接到通知就…at the bottom of 在…根底上at the rate of 以…的速度at the cost of 以…为代价at the risk of 冒…的危险at the first opportunity 尽快at the hands of 出自…之手at times 有时候at will 随意，任意at the mercy of 完全受…支配(2) by短语：by accident 偶然by aid of 借助于by and large 总的说来by appearance 从外表by chance 偶然,碰巧by day/night 白天/黑夜by far [+adj] …得多；最by mistake 弄错by and by 不久以后by all means 毫无疑问，当然by means of 用，依靠by name of 名字叫by nature 生性by no means 决不by oneself 单独by surprise 突然by virtue of 靠，由于by request 应邀by turns 轮流by way of 经由by the way 顺便说(3) for短语：for a change 改变一下for ages 很久for anything 无论如何for certain/sure 肯定地for fear of 免得for lack of 缺乏for nothing 免费for one thing 第一，首先for another 第二，其实for short 简称for the benefit of 为…利益for the better 好转for the purpose of 为了for want of 缺乏for the most part 多半，通常for the moment 暂时for the present 暂时for the sake of 为…缘故for the time being 暂时(4) in短语in a happy mood 心情愉快in a way 在某种程度上in advance 事先in a good/bad light 从好/坏的角度in accord with 与…一致in action 在活动，在运行中in addition to 除…外in all probability 很可能，十之八九in an attempt to do 企图做in any event 无论如何in answer to 作为对…的回答in a manner of speaking 可以说in a flash 迅速，立即in authority 有权in bloom 开着花in good condition 情况良好in bulk 大量in circles 毫无进展in case of 万一in comparison with 比较in conclusion 总之，最后in connection with 与…有关in contact with 接触，联系in disrepute 声名狼藉in due course 适当时候in effect 实际上in fact 事实上in favor of 赞同，支持in full accord 一致的in large supply 大量in itself 本身in that 既然，因为in line with 与…一致in nature 在本质上in need of 需要in no way 决不，一点也不in one's name 以某人的名义in one's opinion 在某人看来in particular 尤其in place 在原处in public 公开in place of 代替in private 私下in proportion 成比例in preference to 优先in question 所谈论的；质疑in respect of 关于；涉及in stock 存货in support of 支持，拥护in the event of 万一in the right 有理in time 及时in honor of 为纪念in possession of 占有in other words 换句话说in reality 事实上in response to 响应in retrospect 回想起来，事后看来in return 回报in session 在开会in shape 处于良好的健康状况in short 总之in sb's own right 凭自己的条件/能力in spite of 尽管in succession 接连的in terms of 按照；用…的术语in the interest of 为…利益in the meantime 与此同时in turn 依次in the hope that 希望能in the company of 与…一起in the first place 首先in the final/last analysis 说到底，归根结底in the light of 鉴于，由于in the long run 从长远来看in the presence of sb 当着某人in view of 由于，考虑到(5) on短语on a [+adj] basis 以某种方式[方法] on a [+adj] scale 以[+形容词]规模on average 平均on bad/good terms with 与…关系不好/友好on behalf of 代表on business 因公on credit 以赊账的方式on demand 一经请求on fire 着火on guard 警戒on leave 在休假on no account 决不on one's own 独自on one's own initiative 主动地，自发地on purpose 故意的on schedule 准时on the basis of 根据on the brink of 在…边缘on the contrary 相反on the increase 正增长on occasion 偶尔on second thought 仔细考虑on the decline 在下降on the grounds of 根据，以…为理由on the move 在移动中，在奔波中on the occasion of 在…之际on the spot 当场，立即on short notice 一接到通知就…on the strength of 根据，凭借on the threshold of 在…的开始/初期on that account 由于那个缘故on the whole 总的看来(6) of和out of 组成的短语：of one's own choice 自己选择of one's own accord 出于自愿地，主动地out of breath 上气不接下气out of balance 失去平衡out of harmony with 与…不直协调out of stock 脱销out of date 过时out of hand 失去控制out of order 出了故障out of patience 不耐烦out of pity 出于怜悯out of proportion to 与…不相称out of control 失去控制out of business 破产out of practice 久不练习,荒疏out of style 过时，不时髦out of work 失业out of step 与他人不协调out of the ordinary 不寻常的(7) to短语to and fro 前后，回来to the best of one's knowledge 就某人所知to a certain extent/degree 在某种程度上to one's satisfaction 使某人满意to one's credit 值得赞扬to one's belief 令某人相信的是…to one's benefit 对某人有益的to one's delight 令某人高兴的是…to one's disappointment 使某人失望的是…to one's liking 合某人的胃口to one's surprise 使某人惊讶的是…to one's relief 使某人欣慰的是…to one's shock 令某人震惊的是…to one's taste 合某人胃口to the good 有好处to the point 切题to the best of one's potential 尽其所能to the utmost 尽力(8) under短语under age 未成年under arrest 逮捕under sb's signature 经某人签名under control 被控制under consideration 在考虑中under discussion 在讨论中under a false name 用假名under the circumstances 在…情况下under the color of 以…的借口under on circumstances 决不，任何情况不都不under the impression 记得under the influence of 在…影响下under the pressure of 在…压力不under the sun 世界上；究竟under the weather 有病under way 进行着under the care of 由…照看under treatment 在治疗under repair 在修理中(9) with, within 和 without 组成的短语with certainty 确定无疑地with a firm hand 坚决地with a light heart 心情愉快地within bounds 在允许范围内with a view to 为了；由于with a will 热情地with an eye to 着眼于with all one's heart 真心诚意地with one accord 一致地within call 在附近with reserve 有保留地with the exception of 除…外with regard to sth关于with open arms 热情地with limits 在一定范围内within one's rights 有权with reach of 在附近within the law 合法地without end 无穷尽地without exception 毫无例外地without limit 无限制地without loss of time 立即without rest 立即without reserve 无保留地without hesitation 毫不犹豫地3.不同词类混合搭配all at once 一下子as a matter of fact 事实上all manners of 各种各样的as yet 到现在为止as it happens 恰好碰巧all but 几乎，差不多all the same 尽管如此，仍然as it is 事实上as far as sth is concerned 就…而言 a labor of love 心甘情愿做的事a touch of 少许，一点 a battery of 一连串的a host of 大量，许多 a great many 很多all the way 完完全全all of a sudden 突然a good deal 非常，极其，大量 a stream of 一连串，一系列的a batch of 一批as a matter of course 作为理所当然的事better off 生活较优裕body and soul 全心全意地far from 远远不，完全不是judging from 根据…判断as a last resort 作为最后手段many a [+单数名词] 许多much less 更谈不上may well do sth很可能做might as well do倒不如做no more…than…不比…更多no doubt 肯定地now that 既然not in the least 一点也不not to mention 更不用说once and for all 彻底地other than 除了prior to 在…之前once in a while 偶尔right away 立刻side effect 副作用so much so that 到如此的地步以至于so to speak 可以这么说speaking of sth说到scores of 大量，许多the scheme of things 事物的格局time and again 一次又一次the breath of life 生活中不可缺的东西thanks to 由于，幸亏walk of life 行业，职业，社会阶层when it come to …说到，一旦涉及Where sth is concerned，就…来说。