Section ⅣGrammar
动词-ing形式作主语和宾语
1．(教材P10)Since then, finding(find) ways to grow more rice has been his life goal.
2．(教材P10)As a young man, he saw the great need for increasing(increase) the rice output.
3．(教材P10)Yuan Longping searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding(expand) the area of the fields.
4．(教材P10)He enjoys listening(listen) to violin music, playing(play) mah-jong, swimming(swim) and reading(read)．
5．(教材P10)He awoke from his dream with the hope of producing(produce) a kind of rice that could feed more people.
6．It is no use arguing(argue) with him about such a matter.
概念：动词-ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。
动词-ing形式的时态和语态：
语态
主动语态被动语态
时态
一般式doing being done
完成式having done having been done
句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。
动词-ing形式作主语
1．动词-ing形式作主语时，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。
◆Saying is one thing, and doing is another.
说是一回事，而做是另一回事。
◆Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.
大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。
(1)不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作。
◆To lie to her is wrong.
对她撒谎不对。
(2)动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
◆Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.
对于老人来说爬山确实困难。
【即时演练1】——单句语法填空
①(2019·天津卷)Learning(learn) to think critically(批判性地) is an important skill today’s children will need for the future.
②Attending(attend) the party last night made Alice very excited.
③Mary’s being(be) late for class this morning made the teacher angry.
2．形式主语it代替动词-ing形式作主语。
此类句式常见的有：
It is a waste of time doing...做……是浪费时间的。
It is no good/use doing... 做……是没用的。
It is worthwhile doing... 做……是值得的。
It is useless doing... 做……没有用。
It is no fun doing... 做……没有乐趣。
◆It is no good/use regretting for the past.
悔恨过去是没用的。
◆It is a waste of time arguing with him about the matter.
同他争辩这件事真是浪费时间。
【即时演练2】——单句语法填空
①It is a waste of time trying(try) to persuade him to give up playing computer games.
②It is worthwhile reading(read) such a wonderful novel.
③It’s no use complaining(complain) without taking action.
动词-ing形式作宾语
1．作动词的宾语
常接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词可用下面的口诀帮助记忆：
避免错过少延期(avoid, miss, postpone)
建议完成多练习(advise/suggest, finish, practise)
喜欢想象禁不住(enjoy, imagine, can’t help)
承认否定与嫉妒(admit, deny, envy)
逃避冒险莫原谅(escape, risk, excuse)
忍受保持不介意(stand, keep, mind)
◆Would you mind opening the window?
你介意打开窗子吗？
◆I don’t like watching television but I enjoy listening to the radio.
我不喜欢看电视，但是喜欢听收音机。
◆He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
2．作动词短语的宾语
常见的跟动词-ing形式作宾语的动词短语有：insist on, object to, be good at, be fond of, lead to, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, devote to, get/be used to, pay attention to, be worth等。
◆He insisted on doing it in his own way.
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
【即时演练3】——单句语法填空/完成句子
①I will be careful to avoid making(make) the same mistakes in my study.
②While going shopping, people sometimes can’t help being__persuaded(persuade) into buying something they don’t need.
③The boy was lucky to escape being__punished(punish)．
④We don’t allow diving(dive) in the pool.
⑤这对于正在试图戒烟的人来说很有用。
It is very useful for someone who is trying to give__up__smoking．
⑥我从未梦想过要参观那个地方。
I have never dreamed__of__visiting__that__place．
3．在有些动词的后面，如start, begin, continue等，既可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，两者意义区别不大。
◆They continued working/to work as if nothing had happened.
他们继续工作，好像什么也没发生过。
4．在love, hate, prefer, like等动词后接动词-ing形式作宾语指经常性的动作，用不定式作宾语指具体的动作。
◆He preferred staying at home when it rained.
下雨时他宁愿待在家里。(用动词-ing形式作宾语，指每逢天下雨都待在家里。)
◆I prefer to stay at home this afternoon.
今天下午我宁愿留在家里。(用动词不定式作宾语，表示“今天下午留在家里”这一具体的动作。)
【即时演练4】——单句语法填空
He likes swimming but he doesn’t like to__swim this afternoon. (swim)
5．有些动词(短语)后跟不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语均可，但含义不同。常见的有：
请记着代我向你的家人问好。
◆I still remember visiting the museum for the first time.
我仍记得第一次参观博物馆的情景。
【即时演练5】——单句语法填空
①I mean to__change(change) it for another one.
②(安徽卷)I remembered to__lock(lock) the door before I left the office, but forgot to__turn(turn) off the lights.
③I regret to__tell(tell) you that my sister regrets making(make) you her date. You are not the kind of person she wants.
6．下列动词可接动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。
need/want/require/deserve doing
＝need/want/require/deserve to be done
◆The bike needs repairing/to be repaired.
这辆自行车需要修一下。
【即时演练6】——一句多译
①这个问题值得讨论。
→The__question__deserves__discussing.
→The__question__deserves__to__be__discussed.
②这个窗户需要清扫了。
→The__window__needs/requires/wants__cleaning.
→The__window__needs/requires/wants__to__be__cleaned.
动词-ing形式的否定形式
动词-ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not，带有逻辑主语时not应放在逻辑主语和动词-ing形式之间。
◆You have no excuse for not going.
你没有理由不去。
◆He was punished for not having finished his homework.
他因未完成作业而受到惩罚。
【即时演练7】——完成句子
①Excuse me for my__not__coming__on__time(我没能按时来)．
②I’m sorry for not__having__kept__my__promise(没有遵守我的承诺)．
动词-ing形式的复合结构
动词-ing形式的复合结构实际上是给动词-ing形式加了一个逻辑主语。动词-ing形式的复合结构有四种形式：
(1)形容词性物主代词＋动词-ing
(2)名词’s＋动词-ing
(3)代词宾格＋动词-ing
(4)名词＋动词-ing
◆Her coming to help encouraged all of us.
她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。
◆The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.
这个婴儿被突然的关门声吵醒了。
◆Can you imagine him/Jack cooking at home?
你能想象他/杰克在家做饭的样子吗？
(1)动词-ing形式的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用(3)(4)两种形式。
(2)无生命名词无论是作主语还是作宾语都不能用第(2)种形式。
◆Tom’s winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot.
汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深刻。
◆Do you mind my/me/Jack’s/Jack leaving now?
你介意我/杰克现在离开吗？
【即时演练8】——用动词-ing形式的复合结构完成句子
①他父亲病了，使他很担心。
His__father’s__being__ill made him worried.
②你正确未必就意味着我错了。
Your__being__right doesn’t necessarily mean my being wrong.
③我们盼望着周杰伦来给我们举办一场演唱会。
We are looking forward to Jay__Chou’s/Jay__Chou__coming to give us a vocal concert.
Ⅰ单句语法填空
1．Dana admitted feeling(feel) hurt by what I had said.
2．The teacher was quite angry for your being(be) late this morning.
3．I gave up trying(try) to persuade him to continue with his studies.
4．Joan suggested asking(ask) her father for his opinion on the matter.
5．When the boss came in, everyone stopped talking(talk) and looked at him.
6．I want to avoid speaking(speak) to him until I’ve got more details.
7．She imagined herself sitting(sit) in her favourite armchair back home.
8．Knowing(know) basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
9．Hearing(hear) how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
10．Laura dislikes being(be) with children so she doesn’t plan to be a primary school teacher.
Ⅱ对比填空
1．(1)I remember seeing(see) her before, but I can’t remember when it was.
(2)You must remember to__tell(tell) Jackson the news tonight.
2．(1)Don’t forget to__turn(turn) off all the lights when you leave the classroom.
(2)I will never forget finding(find) that rare coin in my garden last year.
3．(1)I didn’t mean to__visit(visit) him yesterday afternoon.
(2)Giving up your plan means losing(lose) a large amount of money.
4．(1)Sorry, I can’t help (to)__paint(paint) the wall this weekend.
(2)All the kids couldn’t help laughing(laugh) at the joke.
5．(1)The little boy stopped crying(cry) when he saw the new toy car and began to play with it happily.
(2)She felt thirsty, so she stopped to__get(get) a drink of water.
Ⅲ单句改错
1．Mr.Zhang devotes himself to help those poor children continue with their education.help→helping
2．Little Alice looked forward to stay with her grandparents in the countryside in summer.stay→staying
3．I think it is no pleasure watch the football match at home alone.watch→watching
4．In Chinese culture, point at others with a finger is considered to be impolite.point→pointing 5．Every time she thought of the past days, she couldn’t help smile.smile→smiling
Ⅳ语法与写作
1．拥有朋友意味着你有谈话的人，所以你不会感到孤独和沮丧。
Having__friends__means__that__you__can__have__someone__to__talk__to so that you don’t feel lonely and depressed.
2．很多人都建议制定更多的规则以保护动物权益。
Many people have suggested setting__up__more__rules to protect animal rights.
3．在海边度假很有趣。
It’s fun spending__the__holiday at the beach.
4．我们正忙着为即将到来的考试做准备。
We are busy preparing__for__the__coming__exam．
5．那两个违反校规的学生很幸运没有受到惩罚。
The two students who had broken the school rules were lucky enough to escape__being__punished．
Ⅰ单句语法填空
1．Talking(talk) with your kid heart to heart is very important.
2．Swimming(swim) is not only good exercise but also a very useful skill.
3．It is no pleasure staying(stay) at home doing homework all day.
4．My father suggested reading(read) more books in my spare time.
5．To avoid being__seen(see) by the teacher, Tony stole into the classroom by the back door.
6．The girl stopped running(run) and picked up a wallet from the ground.
7．Mr. Lee devoted many years to improving(improve) the system.
8．Some of the children are shy and they have some difficulty in making(make) friends.
9．To__get(get) the position, she devoted herself to managing to complete mountains of extra work.
10．The couple were glad to have the opportunity to visit Montreal and didn’t regret taking(take)
the trip.
11．The employee who had a high fever finally agreed to__ask(ask) permission for a half day’s leave to have a good rest.
12．I still remember being__invited(invite) to dinner in Ki tty’s house when I was only five years old.
Ⅱ阅读理解
The oldest desert(沙漠) in the world is in Namibia (a country in Africa). The
desert is called the Namib Desert. This desert is believed to be nearly 40 million
years old! It is truly an ancient desert.
The Namib Desert has some of the world’s biggest sand dunes(沙丘). The
dunes tower high into the sky. One dune, called “Big Daddy”，is almost 1，200 feet (365 meters) high! This means “Big Daddy”is bigger than a 100-story building! People can climb “Big Daddy”. One man climbed to the dune’s crest, or top. Near the crest, the man had to climb on all fours! He had to use his hands to prevent himself from sliding down.
The Namib Desert’s ancient dunes vary in color. When something varies, it changes and becomes different. The Namib Desert dunes vary from orange to red.
During the day, the surface temperature of the sand dunes heats up. The surface temperature can heat up to 54℃. What does one lizard(蜥蜴) do to keep its feet cool? It stands on only two feet at a time! It jumps from pair to pair! This allows the feet in the air to cool off. When this isn’t enough, the lizard dives into the sand. It digs down to where the sand is cooler.
Little water falls on the dunes. Often there is less than half an inch (1.3 centimeters) of rain a year. What does one dune plant do for water? It uses the morning fog(雾)! The fog comes from the Atlantic Ocean nearby. It rolls across the dunes. The plant’s leaves are filled with empty spaces. The empty spaces take in droplets(小水珠) of the water. The plant can survive years without rain by taking in the fog droplets.
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上最古老的沙漠——纳米布沙漠。
1．What is the Namib Desert most famous for?
A．Its old age.B．Its big size.
C．Its location. D．Its animals.
A【解析】细节理解题。由第一段中的oldest和ancient可知，纳米布沙漠是世界上最古老的沙漠，因此它以其年代久远闻名于世。
2．Why does the author mention the man climber?
A．To show it is fun to climb dunes.
B．To show the popularity of “Big Daddy”．
C．To show “Big Daddy”is the highest dune.
D．To show the difficulty of climbing “Big Daddy”．
D【解析】推理判断题。由第二段中的the man had to climb on all fours! He had to use his hands to prevent himself from sliding down可知，攀爬“大老爹”沙丘还是具有挑战性的。
3．How does a lizard in the Namib Desert deal with the heat?
A．It touches the sand with as little of its body as possible.
B．It keeps jumping from one cool place to another.
C．It jumps as high as possible into the air.
D．It stays inside the sand the whole day.
A【解析】细节理解题。由第四段中的It stands on only two feet at a time! It jumps from pair to pair! This allows the feet in the air to cool off.可知，蜥蜴一次只有两只脚着地，这样轮换着来让脚凉快点。
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．The dune plant lives on the rain.
B．It rains often in the Namib Desert.
C．The Namib Desert is a coastal desert.
D．Plants can seldom be seen on most dunes.
C【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段中的The fog comes from the Atlantic Ocean nearby.可知，纳米布沙漠是一个海滨沙漠。
Ⅲ完形填空
People are often encouraged to make friends with their enemy(敌人), but the high school student Xavier Staubs did more than that. He __1__ the other’s life. At a swimming game, the 15-year-old boy rescued a __2__ under water.
It was a regular swimming game. Xavier was __3__ because he had practiced for a long time. As expected, he __4__ his part with ease in the 200-meter relay(接力比赛). When he was resting, he heard some people __5__ anxiously. Xavier turned back and noticed that a boy in the neighboring lane(泳道) was __6__. Seeing this, having no __7__ to consider more, Xavier dived back into the pool immediately and __8__ the boy out to the safety zone. __9__，the boy had nothing serious and started breathing on his own.
Xavier’s __10__ got the attention of Representative John Moolenaar. He wanted to reward Xavier with recognition(表彰) that would be kept on record in the Library of Congress. At lunchtime on Tuesday, Xavier __11__ Moolenaar was coming to meet him. “We’ve heard the story. I think we really should__12__ what he did，”Moolenaar told CNN. “We often hear about tragedies and __13__ situations，”Moolenaar said, “but this was such a powerful __14__ of one student helping another __15__ the two boys were competitors.”
However, Xavier’s mother, Jillian Staubs, said she was not __16__. Jillian said she had been
trying to __17__ her children like what her parents did. Her parents always told her and her sisters not to become people who just __18__ themselves. And Xavier performed such a __19__ act, which actually was something she was used to hearing about.
Xavier is not only a great __20__ but also a dancer, band member and a straight-A student. And now, a hero.
【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位高中生挽救了一名同时参加游泳比赛而溺水的对手的故事。
1．A.wasted B．recorded
C．saved D．started
C【解析】根据the 15-year-old boy rescued...及后文的内容可知，Xavier挽救(saved)了溺水的对手的生命。
2．A.partner B．stranger
C．volunteer D．competitor
D【解析】根据文章第一句话及后文的内容可知，本文讲的是对手之间的故事，Xavier救的人是跟他一起参加游泳比赛的竞争者(competitor)。
3．A.afraid B．confident
C．stubborn D．determined
B【解析】根据后文的because he had practiced for a long time及with ease可知，Xavier练习了很久，所以很有信心(confident)。
4．A.forgot B．missed
C．organized D．completed
D【解析】根据后文的When he was resting...可知，Xavier完成了(completed)200米接力赛中他负责的那一部分。
5．A.shouting B．fighting
C．begging D．complaining
A【解析】根据anxiously及后文的内容可知，有人溺水了，Xavier应该是听到人们着急大喊(shouting)。
6．A.rushing B．waiting
C．practicing D．struggling
D【解析】根据语境可知，那个学生溺水了，应该是在水里挣扎(struggling)。
7．A.energy B．time
C．power D．freedom
B【解析】根据Xavier dived back into the pool immediately...可知，情况危急，Xavier没有时间(time)思考，立即跳下水去救人。
8．A.drove B．threw
C．pulled D．pressed
C【解析】根据the boy out to the safety zone可知，Xavier应该是把溺水者从泳池拖(pulled)到安全区域。
9．A.Naturally B．Honestly
C．Seriously D．Fortunately
D【解析】根据the boy had nothing serious and started breathing on his own可知，庆幸的是(Fortunately)，溺水者没有大碍，还能自己呼吸。
10．A.action B．discovery
C．experience D．achievement
A【解析】根据语境可知，Xavier的行为(action)受到了Moolenaar的关注。
11．A.noticed B．learned
C．realized D．admitted
B【解析】根据Moolenaar was coming to meet him可知，Xavier得知(learned) Moolenaar 要来见他。
12．A.judge B．thank
C．praise D．discuss
C【解析】根据上文的He wanted to reward Xavier with recognition(表彰) that would be kept on record in the Library of Congress.可知，Moolenaar认为应该表扬(praise) Xavier的行为。
13．A.unknown B．unsuitable
C．unpleasant D．unavoidable
C【解析】根据We often hear about tragedies...可知，我们经常听到的都是悲剧，都是令人不快的(unpleasant)情况。
14．A.example B．tradition
C．accident D．argument
A【解析】根据one student helping another...可知，与我们经常听到的悲剧故事不同，这是一个强有力的帮助他人的例子(example)。
15．A.as if B．in case
C．now that D．even though
D【解析】尽管(even though)Xavier与另一个男孩互为竞争者，但他还是毫不犹豫地救了对方。
16．A.proud B．curious
C．patient D．surprised
D【解析】根据后文的．..which actually was something she was used to hearing about.可知，Xavier的妈妈Jillian对他这次的行为并不感到惊讶(surprised)，因为她已经习以为常。
17．https://www.doczj.com/doc/067701110.html,cate B．respect
C．criticize D．understand
A【解析】根据后文的Her parents always told her and her sisters...可知，Jillian一直以来教育(educate)自己的孩子就像她的父母教育她和她的姐妹们一样。
18．A.show off B．look after
C．think about D．believe in
C【解析】根据语境可知，Jillian的父母总是告诉她们不能成为只考虑(think about)自己的人，Jillian也是这样教育Xavier，所以Xavier才会有救人的举动。
19．A.wise B．selfless
C．common D．careless
B【解析】根据语境可知，Xavier的救人行为是无私的(selfless)。
20．A.leader B．swimmer
C．trainer D．fighter
B【解析】根据全文内容可知，这里是说Xavier不仅是出色的游泳者(swimmer)，其他方面也很优秀，如今因为救人的举动，更是成为了一名英雄。
Ⅳ用所给词的适当形式填空
If you are planning to come to Poland as a tourist, you will have plenty of interesting places to choose from. People who enjoy 1.hiking(hike) should consider 2.going(go) to the mountains, in the south of Poland. You don’t have to book accommodation(住宿) in advance as you will certainly manage 3.to__find(find) a local person who will offer to put you up at a very reasonable price.
If you love sailing and you don’t mind 4.being__bitten(bite) by mosquitoes, you can go to the lakes in the northeast. You can either choose 5.to__take(take) a ride in a boat or go camping and practise 6.cooking(cook) on an open fire next to a lake.
The coast in Poland is cold but it’s beautiful. If you can’t stand 7.staying(stay) in a crowded seaside town or can’t afford 8.to__pay(pay) for a big hotel, arrange to stay in one of the many small coastal villages. You certainly won’t risk 9.meeting(meet) too many people if you decide 10.to__go(go) for a long walk along the beach.