UNIT2 City Design （P6）
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Read the text．Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．When I?m being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center，I couldn't help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots. The world?s cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.
In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism. In just a few years, many cities banned the parking of cars on side walks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-base rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods．The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.
Now government planners everywhere are experimenting，seeking ways to design cities for people not cars. Cars promise mobility. But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city. After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.
Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car. Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people，not for cars. A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted - all mechanism and no human. In order to avoid this disaster, we?d better start designing sustainable cities.
当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。
针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。
现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之问的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。
基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的——全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。
1．What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?
1．( He takes) a bus.
2．According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars?
2．Cars not only do harm to people?s health but also cause heavy traffic jam.
3．What does the last sentence“the vision of a city designed for people”in paragraph 2 mean?
3．Design cities for people not (for) cars.
4．Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas?
4．Because people depend largely on cars.
5．How would a city look like if cars were everywhere?
5．There would be a11 cars (mechanism) no human．
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1.随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。
1.The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.
2.生态城市(eco-city)将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。
2.The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.
3.预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车(fuel-cell vehicles)投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。
3. One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to l0,000 by 2012.
4.如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。
4.These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.
5.全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市、所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。
5.It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world?s population is now city-dwellers(is now living in cities).
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
Once at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags. The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn?t biodegradable. Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport. so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic. It got me thinking further. Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times, or until they start falling apart. you have really done a good thing. You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.
有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢?如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。
UNIT3 Population (P9)
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Read the text．Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．
A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.
So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control”. You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control”. “Death Control” is something rather difierent. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that “include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases．we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.
If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begain to see the problem. If every on the planet had an equal share of land, We would each have about 50,000 square meters. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we exanine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the world?s land cannot produce food.
Obviously, with so little land to support us. we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its “capital”– its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils. groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.
在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。
那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢?这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。
如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3／5的土地都不能生产粮食。
显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想疗设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做!反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。
1．What can be learnt about the population growth at present?
1. It continues to increase/grow at its present rate.
2．According to the article，what contributes to the population increase?
2. Death Control
3．What is the doctors?job according to paragraph 2?
3. They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.
4．Why isn?t there enough land to support human beings?
4. Because the world?s land has already been taken up/occupied by the ever-increasing population.
5．In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as .
5. nonrenewable
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29％。
1. Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world?s land area.
2．人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。
2．The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.
3．我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。
3. We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.
4．我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。
4. I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.
5．中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。
5. The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational (mobility) and population mobility,
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
A report, based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations, suggests that by mid-century, humanity?s demand on nature will be twice the biosphere?s productive capacity. At this level of ecological deficit, exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real.
Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now. Population size changes slowly, and human-made capital –homes, cars, roads, factories, or power plants - can last for many decades. This implies that po1icy and investment decisions made today will continue to determine resource demand throughout much of the 21st century.
一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。
向可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类创造的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所作的政策和投资决策将决定我们在2l世纪的大部分时间里对资源的持续需求。
UNIT1 How to be Happy (P2)
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Read the text．Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.
In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman,where H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+C(the conditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient．
Step 1：Peace and quiet
Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book，The Happiness Hypothesis，notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses(the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day．If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council．Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud，wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours，which will make you and them feel good．
Step 2：Relationships
This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient．Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships，the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship
by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.
Step 3：Share
If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing，remember to share them with friends. Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.
【课文参考译文】P178
过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H(幸福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
第一步：平和宁静
乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应(另一种是对于坠落的恐惧)，如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。
第二步：人际关系
这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是真面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。
第三步：分享
如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。
1.What?s the happiness formula according to the passage?
1.The formula refers to H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+C(the conditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make).
2.Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution?
2.Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.
3.How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?
3.If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors．
4.Where does the unhappiness come from?
4.Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others．
5.What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship?
5.What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.
A．Translate the following sentences into English.
1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。
1．Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset．
2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(un-wretchedness)。2 A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses US creates untold wretchedness．
3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。
3．We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships，which inevitably damage
our wellbeing．
4．如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。
4．If this bad mood stays inside our mind，it will lead US to an unresolved
destructive depression．
5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。
5．We should not avoid these problems but face them instead．
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
There are many benefits to being happy．Happier people tend to be healthier，live longer and earn more. They also tend to volunteer more，be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne” or genuine smiles. What is 1ess well understood is why happiness is contagious.
According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specifically, they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life.
Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections．Alas, for some reason this doesn?t translate to the workplace.
So，why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example，by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.
幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。
全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯·福勒和尼古拉斯·克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25％。
具有同样效果的还有同居配偶(幸福感提升8％)、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14％)和邻居(34％)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度(与地域邻近相关)，而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。
那么，为什么幸福能够传染?一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气(例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊)。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
UNIT4 Earthquake(P12)
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Read the text. Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.
Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most devastating force known to men; since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in milllons and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation. The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due to collapse of buildings and effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.
The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas. One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses. The other extends from the East Indians to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas, Iran, Turkey and the Alpine regions. They may happen anywhere at any time.
This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be possible. By analyzing changes in animal behavior, patterns of movements in the earth?s crust, variations in the force of gravity and the earth?s magnetic field and the frequency with which minor earth tremors are observed, scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike. As a result, worldwide eathquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected.
It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructiveness altogether. but as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs.
地震是人类所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计由地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。地震造成的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引发的建筑物倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。
大多数地震发生作两个独特的地理位置。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯
山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔卑斯地区。那里随时随地都可能发生地震。
几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐惧性。但近几年来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。通过分析动物行为的变化，地壳运动的方式，地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及监测到的轻微地震的频率，科学家在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。因此，世界性地震预警网络已经运转，而且已经帮助人们对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也可能是完全不能预料的。
人类是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破坏力还未可知。但是，随着我们对地震发生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震发生之前，我们就能更好地应对可能造成的破坏。
1．What are the causes of the great part of the damage and loss of life?
1．Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides，floods，fire，disease and other phenomena from earthquakes.
2．Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world?
2．The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses, East Indians to the Atlas Mountains.
3．What fact does “element of the unknown” in paragraph 3 refer to?
3．It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time.
4．What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity?
4．a) analyzing changes in animal behavior.
b) pattern s of movements in the earth?s crust.
c) variations in the force of gravity and the earth?s magnetic field.
d) observation of the frequency of minor earth tremors.
5．What is the author?s attitude toward the possibility of earthquake predictions?
5．Earthquake prediction is beconaing more and more possible.
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．会议的准备工作正在顺利地进行着。
1．Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly.
2．科技发展在解决老问题的同时也带来一些新问题。
2．As technological advancement solves old problems, it also creates new ones.
3．1976 年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。
3．The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disasters in history.
4．近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。
4．In recent years, China, Japan and the U.S have made certain progress in forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur.
5．地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。
5．Earthquakes cause severe casualties and destroy constructions like buildings, dams and bridges.
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
Our weather surely is getting strange. There seem to be more tornadoes than in living memory, longer droughts，bigger downpours and record floods. Unprecedented fires are burning in some areas. Scientists tell us that for every one degree increase in temperature, lightning strikes will go up another 10％. And it is lightning, after all, that is principally responsible for ligniting the conflagration in some areas today.
天气的确越来越反常。在人们记忆中，龙卷风似乎更加频繁、旱灾持续更久、暴雨更大、洪灾也创下纪录、在一些地区火灾史无前例。科学家告知我们，气温每升高一度，闪电数量就会增加10％。毕竟，在一些地区闪电至今仍然是引起特大火灾的主要原因。
UNIT 5 The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill(P15)
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Read the text．Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．In the aftermath ofthe BP oil spill, President Obama voiced the concerns of countless scientists, environmentalists, and Gulf Coast residents when he declared, “We're dealing with a massive and potentially unprecedented enviro nmental disaster.” The sheer size of the oil spill - 210,000 gallons a day contaminating the Gulf of Mexico - has many people worried about the short and long-term environmental harm it is causing.
The oil spill could severely damage fragile ecosystems for years, possibly decades. Beaches fouled by oil spills are very difficult to clean up. To make matters worse, the spill threatens beaches just as shorebirds are nesting and sea turtles are coming ashore to lay their eggs.
Even worse is the effect the oil spill could have on sensitive salt marshes and mangrove coastlines, which would be
practically impossible to clean and that some fear might be permanently destroyed. These wetlands are considered the nurseries for the fishing and seafood industry and are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife. Because they cover much more land area than beaches, the risk oftheir exposure to damage is greatly increased.
Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish harvested in the Gulf of Mexico depend on estuaries, which are coastal waters where freshwater from rivers and streams mix with sea water. Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains. Many species depend on wetlands for food, shelter and breeding.
The waters of the Gulf of Mexico are homes to hundreds of species of aquatic life. The longer the oil fouls the water, the more polluted the food chain becomes, which could result in large fish kills and seafood too contaminated for consumption.
英国石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奥巴马总统的一次公开讲话表达出了无数科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在讲话中提到，“我们正在应对的是一场巨大的、史无前例的环境灾难”。每天足足有2l万加仑的原油泄漏并污染着墨西哥湾，这使得很多人为这次事件对环境所造成的短期和长期的危害感到担忧。
这次原油泄漏事件对脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会持续很多年，甚至数十年。被石油污染的海滩很难被清理干净。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油对海滩造成污染的时间正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上孵蛋的季节。
还有更糟的事情，石油污染还可能影响敏感的湿地和红树林海岸，而这将是几乎不可能被清理干净的，有些人甚至担心这将是永久性的毁坏。这些湿地是捕鱼业和水产品工业的摇篮，也是多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。由于这些湿地面积远远大于海滩的面积，所以它们面临破坏的风险就大大增加了。
在墨西哥湾捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有98％依靠河口生存，这些河口就是江河与海水汇合的地方。而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水产品供应链提供基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、栖息和繁殖的场所。
墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物的家园。石油对海水造成污染的时间越长，水产品食物链被污染的程度就会越大，这最终会造成大量的鱼类死亡以及水产品被严重污染而无法食用。
1．In the first sentence “President Obama voiced the concerns of countless scientists…??what does the word “voice” mean?
1．V oice here means “to express an idea of…”
2．How long could the damage to the ecosystem last?
2．The damage to the ecosystem could last decades.
3．How important are the wetlands to the wildlife?
3．The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.
4．Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands?
4．Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.
5．How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico?
5．Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption．
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．如何尽快处理墨西哥湾的原油泄漏是BP公司最为关注的问题。
1．How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains the biggest concern for BP.
2．这起事故使环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。
2．This accident has many environmentalists concerned about the damage it does to the ecosystem.
3．原油泄漏不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来很大的威胁。
3．Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean, to make things worse, they pose great threat to many species of aquatic life as well.
4．所有小动物都要依靠妈妈给它们提供食物和保护。
4．All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection.
5．南极洲是多种企鹅的家。
5．Antarctica is the natural habitat for many species of penguins.
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
An oil spill is the accidental petroleum release into the environment. on land, oil spills are usually localized and thus their impact can be eliminated. Relatively easily. In contrast, marine oil spills may result in oil pollution over large areas and present serious environmental hazards. The primary source of accidental oil input into seas is associated with oil transportation by tankers and pipelines (about 70％), whereas the contribution of offshore drilling and production activities is minimal (less than 1％). Large and catastrophic spills releasing more than 30,000 tons of oil are relatively rare events and their frequency in recent decades has decreased perceptibly. Yet, such episodes have the potential to cause the most serious ecological risk (primarily for sea birds and mammals) and result in long-term environmental disturbances (mainly in coastal zones) and economic impact on coastal activities (especially on fisheries and mariculture海洋生物养殖).
Public concern over marine oil spills has been clearly augmented since l967. More recently, the highly publicized l989 spill of the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska caused unprecedented damage to the fragile Arctic system. Since then, impressive technical, political and legal experience in managing the problem has been gained in many countries and at the international level, mainly through a number of Conventions initiated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
原油泄漏是指由于事故导致石油泄漏到环境中的事件。在陆地上，由于原油泄漏发生在局部地区，因此其造成的影响相对来说容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄漏会造成大范围的石油污染并带来严重的环境危害。约有70％的海上原油泄漏事故的主要原因与油轮和原油运输管道有关，而海上钻井和采油活动引发的原油泄漏事件则占很小的比例(在1％以下)。泄漏三万吨以上的重大灾难性原油泄漏事故并不多见，而且近几十年来这些重大事故也在逐步减少。尽管如此，这类事故的发生依然会对生态系统，尤其是海鸟和哺乳动物，造成最严重的危害，并且导致海岸地区长期环境失调，对海岸商业活动(如捕鱼业和海洋生物养殖业)带来经济损失。
公众对于海上原油泄漏事件的关注从1967年开始明显上升。较近的一次原油泄漏事故，即众所周知的1989年埃克森公司“瓦尔德斯”号油轮在阿拉斯加州威廉王子湾搁浅事件。这次事故对脆弱的北冰洋生态系统造成了有史以来最为严重的破坏。从那之后，国际海事组织召开了众多会议，帮助很多国家以及国际社会在处理这一问题上获得了很好的技术、政治和法律上的经验。
UNIT6 Green Computers(P18)
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Read the text, Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．Computer manufacturers, chipmakers and software companies are developing "greener" products for environmentally conscious consumers. While some tech companies are developing more energy-efficient product lines, others are releasing software to make existing computers consume less. And electronics manufacturers are expanding ways to make new computers out of recycled materials, as well as encourage customers to recycle old machines. Consumers may pay a slight premium for some eco-friendly electronics, but many prices will be comparable with traditional offerings.
Several factors are pushing companies to be greener. Many want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to garner favor with green investors. And with energy prices high, they are trying to appeal to people who are looking for ways to chip away at expenses.
The computer industry has been working on improving energy consumption for years. The newer focus has been on toxins and recycling. For example, Lenovo Group Ltd. uses 10％to 25％recycled plastics harvested from water bottles. Last month, Intel Corp. introduced new chips that it says will speed up computing performance without sucking up additional power. The company also developed technology, called Remote Wake, to keep computers in a low-energy mode until users need them for retrieving files over the Internet. Hewlett-Packard Co．has developed a new feature called Auto-On/Auto-Off that puts inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once they are used again. This feature has been added to HP?s personal desktop laser printers in 2009. Attention to manufacturing materials is a priority HP introduced an ink-jet printer that is made of 83％recycled plastics.
Experts say that keeping your old computer out of the landfill is better for the environment than buying a new one.
目前，电脑生产商、芯片制造者和软件公司都纷纷开发“绿色”产品来满足那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需求。一些科技公司开发了更节能的生产线，还有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。电子制造企业不断扩展工艺利用循环材料生产新电脑，并鼓励消费者循环利用旧电脑。某些环保类电子产品可能需要消费者多花些钱，但仍有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑差不多。
有几大因素推动着电脑公司更注重环保。许多企业希望走在环保法规的前面，赢得环保投资者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正尝试吸引那些设法节省费用的消费者。
计算机工业多年来一直致力于减少能源消耗，新焦点已经放到了毒性和循环利用上来了。例如，联想集团使用的塑料中有10％至25％是用回收的水瓶制造的。上个月，英特尔集团将新款芯片投放市场，据称这些芯片不用耗费更多的能量就可以加快计算的速度。该公司还开发了一种叫做“远程唤醒”的技术，可以使计算机在使用者不需要通过网络检索文件的时候保持低耗能的模式。惠普开发了一个叫做自动开关的新功能，可以不在工作状态的打印机进入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又会很快地恢复到工作模式。惠普2009年生产的个人桌面激光打印机就已经安装了这项功能。惠普公司还将注意力优先放在了制造材料上，他们生产的一款喷墨打印机就是由83％的回收塑料制造的。
专家表示，就对环境的影响而言，对旧电脑再利用，让其避免流入垃圾场填埋比买台新电脑更好。
1．Why are computer manufacturers considering developing greener products?
1．Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers
2．Compared to the old computer, the price of the greener machine is .
2．A little/slightly/a little bit more expensive.
3．From the three examples, Lenovo, Intel and HP, we can know that .
3．Companies want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to get good impression from (garner favor with) green investors. On the other hand they are trying to appeal to people who want to save their expenses because of high energy price(或With energy prices high，they are trying to appeal to people who are looking for ways to chip away at expenses).
4．What is the function of Auto-On/Auto-Off ?
4．It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again.
5．What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean?
5．Don?t throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean.
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．许多政府机构继续执行鼓励使用绿色电脑的标准和规定。
1．Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing.
2．绿色设计是指设计节能和对环境无害的零件。
2．Green design means designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components.
3．今年该公司将实行(carry out)公司范围内的成本消减计划。
3．The company will carry out (embark on) its company-wide cost-cutting plan this year.
4．环保、慈善(philanthropy)和良好的员工关系是该公司成长壮大的重要因素。
4．Environmentalism，philanthropy and good employee relations have been important factors (tenets) during the growth of the company.
5．绿色使用是指减少计算机和其它信息系统的能源消耗，并尽量以环保的(environmentally sound)方式来使用。5．Green use means reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound (harmless) manner.
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
Over the last few decades, with their fast development western civilizations have busily sown the seeds of their own destruction. Our modem way of life, with its reliance on technology, has unwittingly exposed us to an extraordinary danger：plasma balls spewed from the surface of the sun could wipe out our power grids，with catastrophic consequences. The projections of just how catastrophic make chilling reading. It is hard to conceive of the sun wiping out a large amount of our hard-earned progress. Nevertheless, it is possible. The surface of the sun is a roiling mass of plasma - charged high energy particles - some of which escape the surface and travel through space as the solar wind. From time to time, that wind carries a billion-ton glob of plasma. If one should hit the Earth?s magnetic shield, the result could be truly devastating.
在过去的几十年里，西方文明在迅速发展的同时也埋下了毁灭的种子。现代的生活方式以及所依赖的科学技术悄然把人们推向极其危险的境地——来自太阳表面喷射的等离子球将摧毁我们的电网，造成毁灭性的后果。单单想想这一大灾难就令人毛骨悚然。很难想象太阳就这么抹杀了我们含辛茹苦创造出来的大量成果。但是，这是很可能发生的。太阳表面释放着大量的等离子体——高能量粒子，一些从太阳表面逃逸，以太阳风的形式存太空中穿梭。有时太阳风携带着10亿吨的等离子球，即使一颗进入地球磁场，结果就可能是毁灭性的。
UNIT 7 Cell Phones(P21)
Text
Read the text,Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.
What would life look like without cell phones? Today?s hottest selling mobile phones are now loaded with features such as MP3 music players, TV, music and wireless photo printing. Cell phones have changed so much in the past few years that with every new product launch comes another big dilemma for the cellular manufacturers. How do you create the next big hit? How does the manufacturer separate the hits from the gimmicks, while trying to decipher what cell phone users really want or need in the near future? Industry insiders say the most popular phones will have advanced functions that are simple to customize for individual tastes.
Manufacturers believe that the success of the cell phone lies in the building and development of high-speed networks to deliver services like video, music and high speed Intemet. While these networks are now in operation, the industry insiders are considering radical redesigns to phones, displays and services to ensure the new features are simple to use. Such developments, combined with software that allows users to customize their cell phone browser for services such as sports scores or news, could replace PDAs and other gadgets. Cellular companies are also betting consumers will soon use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams. Developers should now concentrate on designing exciting new looks for phones,
since few things have more direct influence over a consumer's fickle buying behavior than the emotional response that the shape, color or look of a phone evokes.
没有手机的生活会变得怎么样呢?今天畅销的手机都有MP3播放器、电视、音乐、无线相片打印等功能。手机在过去几年里的变化非常大，随着每次新产品的问世，手机制造商们都会再次陷入苦恼之中。该怎么创造下一代人气商品呢?制造商该怎样做才能了解手机使用者们不久的将来真正想要的东西，并且区分畅销与滞销的产品呢?业内人士指出最受欢迎的手机是具有能够简单地迎合顾客个人喜好的尖端功能的手机。
制造商相信手机的成功取决于高速网络的构建和开发以提供如影像或视频、音乐、高速互联网的服务。在这些网络运营的同时，业内人士正在考虑将电话、显示屏以及服务进行彻底的重新设计，使其新的功能使用简化。这些开发产品结合了一种让使用者可以在手机浏览器上定制体育比赛得分或新闻等服务的软件，可以代替PDA(掌上电脑)和其它装置。手机制造商确信，在不久的将来，消费者将用手机完成一切事务，从看电视到学习和学校考试。开发商们现在应当集中精力设计外形更吸引人的新手机，因为除了手机的外形、颜色或款式所引起的情绪反应外，还几乎没有别的东西对消费者多变的购买行为起到更直接的影响。
1．What are the features of today?s mobile phones?
1．They are loaded with (features such as) MP3 music players, TV, music and wireless photo printing.
2．What will manuthctures face if they produce a new product?
2．They will face a big dilemma.
3．What should the most popular phones have?
3．The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customize for individual tastes.
4．What will people do with cell phones in the future?
4．People will use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams.
5．Why does the writer mention "the emotional response" in the last sentence?
5．Because he thinks that it affects customers? buying behavior.
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．如今不管男女老少几乎都拥有手机。
1．Today almost everyone, men and women, old and young has a cell phone.
2．这种新的网络连接形式能使大量的数据得以快速地传输。
2．The new type of Internet connection could carry much data at a very high speed.
3．电子邮件正在取代(edge out)传真、电话、快速邮递。它缩短了科学合作者(scientific collaborators)之间的距离。
3．E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, express mail, which shrinks distance between scientific collaborators.
4．手机从发明到现在已有很长的历史，而且在技术方面有了长足的(by leaps and bounds)进步。
4．Mobile phones have come a long way since their invention and have advanced by leaps and bounds in regard to technology.
5．快速的数据传输速度可以帮助解决网络传输量巨大增长的问题。
5．The high speed of data transmission can help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous growth in the Intemet. B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
A group of scientists looked for many health threats from mobile phones. They found that radio waves may affect biological cells but this may not necessarily lead to any particular harm to the adult mobile user. This can?t be said for small children though. Because their skulls and cells are still growing, it is easier for radio waves from mobile phone to enter their heads and their skin tends to absorb more radiation compared to adults．
The hands-free phone has many benefits including the decrease in strength of radio wave radiation due to the increase in distance of your head to the handset. Rather than holding your mobile phone against your ear, which increases your exposure to radio waves, you can now place it on your lap and still talk to someone with an ear-piece cable.
科学家们发现了手机对健康的多种危害。他们发现电磁波可以影响细胞，但是未必会对使用手机的成年人带来特别严重的危害，然而对小孩却并非如此。因为他们的头骨和细胞还在生长，手机的电磁波较容易进入他们的头颅，他们的皮肤比成年人更容易吸收辐射。
免提式手机有很多好处，因为它使话机和头之间的距离更远，降低了电磁波的辐射强度。你不用把手机放到耳朵上通话，避免增加与电磁波的接触，只需要把手机放在膝盖上通过耳机就能与对方通话。
UNIT 8 Touch Tech (P24)
Text
Read the text, Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.
For mobile touch technology, it's only the beginning Apple lnc．'s phone revolutionized the mobile phone with easy-to-use
touch-screen technology that allows users to surf the Web, tap out messages or control any number of inventive applications.
Developers are working on new applications for “multi-touch” screens. These screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger, which broadens the possibilities for application. Other developers are working on advances in “haptic” feedback - vibrations and other physical sensations that are now used, for instance, to let a gamer know she?s reached a new level, but that can also be used to communicate emotions and may soon give a touch-screen keyboard the feel of a physical keyboard. And for those who still prefer to work with keys on their phones, even some traditional keyboards will perform certain functions in response to touch commands.
Software developers set to work on multi-touch applications. Some, for instance, allow users to play virtual musical instruments on the phone. But multi-touch developers have largely focused on games.
Haptic technology already has many non-mobile applications. In videogames, for instance, it can give gamers the sensation of actually steering a car they're controlling on the screen. In medical training, it can make procedures like endoscopy performed on a simulator feel real, so that medical personnel can develop a better sense of how to perform them．The use of haptics in mobile phones is still in its infancy. but the wider deployment of haptic enabled phones will open the door to new applications.
For now, at least many mobile users prefer the accuracy of a physical keyboard rather than a touch screen. A new technology is being designed to allow the best of both worlds: a keyboard that can also respond to touch commands.
就移动触摸技术而言，现在只是刚刚开始。苹果公司的电活产品使移动电话行业产生了突破性变革，其便利的触摸屏技术可以便于用户浏览网络、发送短信或者掌控许多新颖应用软件。
开发人员正致力于新“多触点”屏幕的应用研究。这些屏幕可以处理用户用多手指同时给出的指令，这也增加了这项技术被应用的可能性。其他开发人员正在研究“触觉”反馈的升级技术——即现在所应用的震动和其它物理感知技术，它们不但可用来提醒游戏玩家已经过关，也可以用来进行情感交流，并且有可能很快就能使触摸屏具有真实键盘的触觉。对于那些更喜欢使用手机键盘的人来说，即便传统的键盘也将能发挥与触摸指令相对应的功能。
软件开发人员开始研发多触点应用软件。例如，有些软件可以使用户在电话上弹奏虚拟乐器。但是多触点开发人员主要以开发游戏为主。
触觉技术已经在非移动领域得到了广泛应用。例如，在视频游戏中，它可以让游戏玩家感到自己好像真的在驾驶他们所控制的荧屏赛车。在医疗培训中，它可以让在模拟器上操作的内窥镜检测法等程序感觉异常真实，从而使医疗人员能更自如地操作这些仪器。触觉技术在手机方面的使用仍然处于初创阶段，但是触觉技术手机的广泛运用将为这项技术得以更多、更新的应用开辟新的途径。
目前看来，至少还有许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，他们对触摸屏并不十分感兴趣。开发人员正在设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：即可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。
1．.Why do we say Apple?s iPhone is a revolution?
1．Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen.
2．What is the advantage of multi-touch screen?
2．The scteens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger,
3．What is the haptic feedback technology?
3 It is vibrations and physical sensations.
4．What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames?
4．The gamers feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games.
5．Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays?
5 Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard.
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．这项技术使移动通讯行业产生了突破性变革。
1．This technology revolutionized mobile communication.
2．多触摸功能是其最大的卖点之一(eye-catching feature)。
2．The multi-touch capability is among its most eye-catching features．
3．戴尔是一家跨国技术公司，总部设在德克萨斯州。
3．Dell Inc．based in Texas, is a multinational company.
4．制造商经常在用户购买新电脑的时候提供免费更换服务。
4．Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.
5．很多多点触控界面(interfaces)的产品已经出现，而且正在广泛地应用。
5．Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied.
B．Read the paragraph and translate it into Chinese．
The keyboard, being developed by the researchers, responds normally when a letter or number is pressed. But a user could scroll down a Web page by running a finger lightly across the key board; pressing a little harder might be the command to scroll taster or zoom in on a page. The technology is expected to start being employed in mobile phones in 2010 or 2011.
研究人员在研制这样一种键盘，当用户按下一个字母或者数字的时候，它可以作出正常反应。用户可以通过手指轻轻地上下触摸键盘来滑动网页：如果用力稍重一点，则表明滑动得更快或者放大页面的指令。这项技术有望于2010年或者2011年运用在手机上。
UNIT 9 Fossil Fuels and Our Life(P27)
Text
Read the text, Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese.
Oil and natural gas are an important part of our everyday life. Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity. Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.
In the United States，97％of the energy that drives the transportation sector (cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.) comes from fuels made from oil.
Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternate fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol. However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas. The hydrogen needed for fuel cells could also be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products. Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.
In areas of the world that are still developing. businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products. World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations. Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand. Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57％of total world oil consumption by 2020.
World population is currently around 6 billion people, but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020. That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.
石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。它们不仅使我们出行方便，它们还可以使我们的住所冬暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成的，如塑料、治病救人的药品、服装、化妆品等等。
在美国，交通运输系统(私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、火车、飞机等)的运行所依赖的能源中有97％来自石油炼制的燃料。虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用像电、氢气和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，但是，汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然气。燃料电池所需要的氧气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。
在全世界的发展中地区，不论企业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便还是为销售公司的产品，对交通出行的需求都大大增加。据预测世界汽车保有量将由1999年的每千人122辆增加至2020年的每千人144辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展中国家。同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不断增长。在可预测的将来，石油仍将是越界各地交通的主要能源，预计到2020年交通燃料将占全世界石油消耗总量的57％。
目前世界人口为60亿，但是到2020年将会增至约76亿。这将意味着人们对石油和天气制成的交通燃料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加。
1．According to the text，how important is oil to our life?
1．Oil and gas give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity. They can also be made into many products that we use every day.
2．What is a disadvantage of electric batteries used in automobiles?
2．They must be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.
3．Can alternate energy completely replace oil and gas in the foreseeable future?Why?
3．No，it can?t. Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.
4．Where in the world can we see the big increase in car ownership?
4．In the developing world.
5．What will the increase of world population indicate?
5．That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．大多数替代能源不仅可以给我们带来清洁空气，它们还是可再生的。
1．Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air, they are renewable as well.
2．许多生活日用品都是由石油制成的。
2．Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.
3．尽管许多国家在研发并开始使用不同的替代能源，在未来很长的一段时间化石燃料仍将是占据主导地位的能源。
3．Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alternative energy, fossil fuels will remain crucially important for a long time in the future.
4．专家预计：北京的汽车占有量将超过每干人200辆。
4．It is estimated (projected) that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.
5．在未来几十年，世界人口仍将持续增长。这意味着能源需求将进一步增加。
5．World population will continue to grow in the next few decades．This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy. B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
Energy is available in many forms. Some are renewable such as gravity, which can be converted to hydroelectricity. Another renewable, such as solar energy, can be used directly to heat water and dwellings or be converted into electricity by photovoltaic methods (direct conversion) or by the production of steam using a system of mirrors. Solar energy can also be employed indirectly through the force of the wind and waves (an example is the tidal-power station on the Rance in France) or by utilizing the difierence in temperature between the surface and bottom of the oceans or between any two points on the Earth?s crust.The latter is known as geothermal energy.
Other forms of energy are nonrenewable. These include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, oil sands, oil shale and natural gas. These fuets can in fact be considered to be the product of the work of solar energy during millions of years and represent a kind of stored solar energy.
能源的形式多种多样。有些能源可再生，如重力势能可转化为水电。另一种可再生能源，如太阳能可直接用于加热水和给住房供暖，也可通过光电方法(直接转化)或者利用一组反射镜系统产生蒸汽而转化成电力。太阳能也可借助风和波浪(例如法国兰斯的潮汐发电站)，或者利用海底和海面或地壳任意两点之间的温差而被间接利用。后者又被称作地热能。
其它形式的能源是不可再生的，包括化石燃料如煤、石油、油砂、油页岩和天然气。这些燃料其实可看作是经过几百万年太阳能作用的产物，是一种储存的太阳能。
UNIT 10 Carbon Emissions(P30)
Text
Read the text, Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．The task- in which carbon emissions are pumped into underground reservoir rather than released - is challenging for any fuel source, but particularly so for coal. which produces more carbon dioxide than oil or natural gas.
Under optimal current conditions, coal produces more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit of electricity as natural gas, the second most common fuel used for electricity generation. In the developing world, where even new coal plants use lower grade coal and less efficient machinery, the equation is even worse.
Without carbon capture and storage, coal cannot be green. But solving that problem will take global coordination and billions of dollars in investment. which no one country or company seems inclined to spend.
There are a few dozen small demonstration projects in Europe and in the United States, most in the early stages. But progress has not been promising.
The European Union had pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture projects for Europe. Many have likened carbon capture's road from the demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available reality as a challenge equivalent to putting a man on the moon. Norway, which is investing heavily to test the technology, calls carbon capture its “moon landing”.
Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide. which is at some level an inherently local issue. Geologists have to determine if there is a suitable underground site. calculate how much carbon dioxide it can hold and then equip it in a way that prevents leaks and ensures safety. A large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.
将燃料燃烧排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对于任何一种燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。尤其对于煤炭来说，这项任务就更为困难，因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。
在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭而产生的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。在发展中国家，情况则更糟，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档次的。
如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能源。但是解决这一问题不仅需要全球的共同努力，也需要化费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。
虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。
欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设12个试验性碳捕获项目。很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实验室转化为安全、低价的实际应用，但他们都把这项任务比作把人送往月球那么难。挪威正在对此大量投资做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为“月球登陆计划”。
碳捕获之后面临的问题就是碳封存。碳封存从某种程度上来说则属于地域问题。地质学家们需要确定地下是否有合适的地点，计算其对二氧化碳的存储量，然后再配备设施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以确保安全。地下二氧化碳一旦发生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一样危险。
1．In paragraph 1，what does the underlined word“so”refer to?
1．The word“so”refers to“challenging”.
2．What can be learned about carbon emissions in the coal plants in developing countries?
2．The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient. As a result, produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity,
3．How can the use of coal become “green” ?
3．Coal can become “green” through carbon capture and storage.
4．According to the text，what has Norway been doing?
4．Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology．
5．What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at an underground site?
5．The carbon stored at an underground site could leak．and a large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．在很多以煤为主要能源的发展中国家，减少碳排放是一件极具挑战的工作。
1．Reducing carbon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where
coal is a major source of energy．
2．20世纪末的世界人口是20世纪六十年代的两倍。
2．The world population by the end of the 20…century was twice as much as
that ofthe 1960s．
3．如果没有先进的技术，环境污染无法得以改善。
3 Without advanced technology，environmental pollution could not be
improved
4．过量饮食对人体带来的危害与过量饮酒带给人体的伤害一样严重。
4 Excessive eating could be as harmful tO health as excessive drinking．
5．该公司正在就如何有效减少二氧化碳排放做一项实验性研究。
5．The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort tO cut carbon
emission efficiently
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
Many chemical compounds found in the Earth?s atmosphere act as“greenhouse gases.” These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth's surface, some of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Over time, the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth?s surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth's surface roughly constant.
Many gases exhibit these “greenhouse” properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human-made.
Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago. During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels.
World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 1.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025. Much of the
increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies, such as China and India, fuel their economic development with fossil energy. Developing countries' emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025.
地球大气中的很多化合物都具有“温室气体”效果。这些气体可使太阳的光线没有任何阻碍地进入到大气中。阳光到达地球表面时，其中的一部分会变为红外线辐射(即热量)被反射同太空。温室气体吸收这些红外辐射并把热量圈在大气当中。日复一日，从太阳发射到地球表面的能量与反射同太空的能量应是相等的，这样即可使地球表面的温度基本保持恒定。
许多气体都具备这些“温室气体”的特征。这种气体就存存于自然界中，如水蒸气、二氧化碳、甲烷和氮氧化物，而其它的“温室气体”则完全是人类制造的。
150年前开始的大规模工业化使主要温室气体的数量增加了25％。在过去的20年中，由人类活动排放的二氧化碳约75％都是由燃烧化石燃料造成的。
人们预测2001年至2025年全球二氧化碳排放将会以1.9％的年增长率增加。这其中大部分的增长将会发生在以燃烧化石能源促进经济发展的新兴经济体中，例如中国印度。2001年至2025年这些发展中国家的碳排放将会以平均每年2.7％的比例增长，这个数字大大超过了世界的年平均增长率。
UNIT 11 Marine Pollution(P33)
Text
Read the text, Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world?s population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas.
One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea.
Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources (including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources and radioactive discharges).
Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous "blooms" of algae in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water, this led, in some areas,to "creeping dead zones".
Radioactive pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations. Radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.
Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some sea foods unfit for human consumption.
到2050年，估计世界人口可能会增加到120亿。其中大约有60％的人口居住在距离海洋60公里的范围内。为养活这些人口而进行的农业和工业活动将会加大富饶的沿海地区已面临的巨大压力。
人类活动产生的一个重大影响是海洋污染。最显而易见和为人熟知的是油轮事故和在海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。
虽然这些影响有一定的规模、且显而易见，但是，与其它直接和间接的海洋污染源(包括民用污水、工业排放物、废料堆泄漏、都市和工业污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋倾泄垃圾的行为、石油生产、采矿、农业肥料和杀虫剂、热源废料和放射性排放物)相比，一系列油轮发生灾难性油泄漏而造成的海洋污染物质总量还是显得很少。
污水排放物和农业生产所造成的肥料污染使海岸水域里的藻类开出难看而且可能危险的花朵。这些花朵死亡和腐烂将耗尽水里的氧气，使这些地区变成了“逐渐蔓延的死亡区”。
放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常运转的核电站。远在格陵兰岛西部海岸的海草里都能发现核燃料再处理所产生的放射性元索。
金属采矿、生产和加工所造成的微量金属污染会损害海洋植物和动物的健康，使一些海产品不再适合人类食用。
1．Why is it difficult to support the population on fertile coastal areas by the year 2050?
1．Because 60％of the world?s population will live with in 60km of the sea.
2．How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned in the passage?What are they?
2．There are four：marine pollution, nutrient, pollution, radioactive pollution, trace metal pollution.
3．What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution?
3．Oil pollution.
4．Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of .
4．Oxygen.
5．The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by ．
5．Radioactive elements.
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．一些污染源已经通过立法得到控制。
1．Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation.
2．用电动车来取代汽油和柴油车可减少城市污染。
2．Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars can free our cities from pollution.
3．要从源头(at Source)来规范危险化学品的生产和使用。
3．The production and use of dangerous chemicals should be regulated at source．
4．最近所发生的一切除了会造成明显可见的短期影响外，也会导致严重的长期问题。
4．In addition to the visible short-term impacts. what has happened recently can also cause／result in severe long-term problems.
5．污染的海岸水域引发的死亡和疾病每年要耗费全球经济128亿美元。
5．Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US$12.8 billion a year.
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
In addition to the sewage，cities produce many tons of trash and junk each day. Bottles, garbage, plastic bags, waste paper, cans and even junked cars make up much of this waste. Solid waste is an increasing problem. If it is dumped on land. it breeds rats, flies and mosquitoes and produces odors. One way to handle it is to make sanitary landfills. Here the trash is crushed and covered with soil.
除了污水外，城市每天还要产生很多吨的垃圾及废弃物。垃圾堆里大部分东西是瓶子、残羹剩饭、塑料袋、废纸、罐头盒，甚至还有报废的汽车。固体垃圾的问题越来越大。随地倒垃圾会滋生老鼠、苍蝇和蚊子并产生臭味。有一种处理垃圾的方法就是进行卫生填埋，将垃圾压碎之后用土盖上。
UNIT 12 China’s Growth and the Clean Energy Tech(P36)
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Read the text, Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．China's unprecedented growth in recent years has come at a terrible price. Two-thirds of its rivers and lakes are too polluted for industrial use, let alone agriculture or drinking. Just 1 in 100 of China's nearly 600 million city dwellers breathes air that would be considered safe in Europe. At a time when arable land is in short supply, poisoned floodwaters have ruined many productive fields.
The immensity of these troubles has produced a result that may surprise many outside China：The nation has emerged as an incubator for clean technology, vaulting to the forefront in several categoies. Among all countries, China is now the largest producer of photovoltaic solar panels, thanks to such homegrown manufacturers as Suntech Power. The country is the world?s second largest market for wind turbines．In car-making, China?s BYD Auto has leapfrogged global giants, launching the first mass-produced hybrid that plugs into an electrical outlet.
Understanding they are in a global race, China's leaders are supporting businesses with policies and incentives. Beijing recently hiked China's auto mileage standards to a level the U.S. is not expected to reach until 2020. Beijing also says it will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23％by 2020, from 16％today, on par with similar targets in Europe. Beijing's green intentions will soon be put to the test. China is in the midst of the biggest building boom in history. A study estimates that over 350 million people will migrate from the countryside into cities by 2025. Five million buildings will be added, including 50,000 skyscrapers-equal to 10 New York Cities. And as new offices and houses multiply, they are filled with energy-hungry computers, TVs, air conditioners, and the like, sharply increasing demand for electricity, which comes mainly from coal-powered plants．
中国近年来史无前例的经济增长是以可怕的代价换来的。中国2/3的河流湖泊污染严重，无法用于工业，更别说农业或饮用了。中国近6亿城市人只有l％的人呼吸着按欧洲标准堪称安全的空气。在可耕地紧缺之际，受到污染的洪水又毁坏了大量良田。
诸如此类的众多问题却产生了一个令很多国外人士感到惊讶的结果：中国逐渐成为清洁技术的培育基地，在若干领域走到了前列。凭借尚德太阳能电力有限公司等本土厂商，中国现在是世界上最大的光电太阳能电池板生产国。中国也是全
球第二大风电机组市场。在汽车制造方面，中国的比亚迪汽车有限公司已超过全球汽车巨头，推出了第一款可大批量生产的充电式混合动力车。
中国领导人认识到了他们正处于一场全球竞赛中，于是以各种政策和激励措施对企业予以扶持。北京前不久将中国的汽乍里程标准大幅提高到美国估计要到2020年才能达到的水平。北京还表示，到2020年，中国的可再生性资源发电量所占比例将从目前的16％上升到23％，与欧洲的类似指标不相上下。北京的绿色环保意向很快将受到考验。中国正处于有史以来最大的建筑热潮中。一项研究估计，到2025年，中国将有超过3.5亿人从农村迁入城市。中国将新增500万幢建筑，包括5万幢摩天大楼，相当于10座纽约市的规模。随着新建办公室和房屋的成倍增长，那些耗费能源的计算机、电视、空调等设备也要装备到这些建筑中，这就大量增加了电力的需求，而大部分电力是来自以煤做燃料的发电厂。
1．What are some of the downsides to China?s growth?
1．Rivers, lake and air are seriously polluted. Water and agricultural land have been poisoned.
2．According to the passage，how many people in China breathe safe air?
2．6 million.
3．What can be learned about Suntech Power?
3．1t is a domestic (homegrown) manufacturer of photovoltaic solar panels.
4．What are Beijing?s green intentions?
4．Beijing will boost the country?s share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23％by 2020.
5．What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China?
5．City population．
A．Translate the following sentences into English．
1．环境污染和自然灾害是经济发展应付出的代价。
1．Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.
2．化石能源的紧缺促使很多能源公司去开发替代能源。
2．The shortaage of fossil fuels has made many energy companies develop alternative energy sources.
3．丰田汽车公司已经开始大规模生产其混合动力车Prius，这在很大程度上超过了其它汽车制造大企业。
3．Toyota Auto has begun mass-producing its hybrid model Prius, which has leapfrogged other auto giants.
4．政府通过政策激励来促使国有企业节能减排。
4．Governments are boosting (promoting) energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.
5．随着人口的成倍增长(multiply)，世界将会对能源有如饥似渴般的需求。
5．As population multiplies, the world will become energy-hungry.
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
China?s investments in renewable energy in 2009 exceeded those made by the United States for the first time. With its investments growing 50 percent in 2009, China committed $34.6 billion to wind power, solar energy and other forms of renewable energy, making it the world?s biggest investor in such projects. China invested nearly double the United States? $18.6 billion. while the United Kingdom, which has a much smaller population, was the third largest investor with $11.2 billion in 2009. The study of investments by G-20 nations also found that China?s installed renewable energy capacity surged to 52.5 gigawatts, putting it just behind the United States. which had 53.4 gigawatts of capacity in 2009.
China is emerging as the world?s clean energy powerhouse. Having built a strong manufacturing base and export markets, China is working now to meet domestic demand by installing substantial new clean energy-generating capacity to meet ambitious renewable energy targets. Over the past six months alone, China has signed deals with American solar companies to build solar power plants that would generate 4,000 megawatts ofelectricity.
2009年中国在可再生能源上的投资首次超过了美国。2009年中国政府为开发风电、太阳能和其它可再生资源共投资346亿美元，同比增长了50％，这也使得中国成为世界上最大的可再生能源的投资者。中国的这项投资几乎相当于美国186亿美元投资的两倍，而英国，虽然人口数量要比中国和美国小很多，但在可再生能源上的投资却排在世界第三位，他们2009年的投资额为112亿美元。20国集团(G-20)对可再生能源投资所做的研究还表明，目前中国已安装完善的可再生能源发电总量已飞速发展到525亿瓦特，仅次于美国2009年的534亿瓦特发电总量。
中国已成为世界新兴的清洁能源发电站。拥有强大的生产基地和庞大的出口市场，中国目前正致力于大批安装清洁能源发电设施以满足国内对可再生能源不断增加的需求。仅仅在过去的六个月中，中国就已经和一些美国的太阳能公司签署了建造拥有4000兆瓦发电能力的太阳能发电站的协议。
UNIT 13 Market Economy(P39)
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Read the text, Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．There are pros and cons for command and market economies.
Let's look at the command economy first. The foundation of it is that it is directed and controlled by a centralized government.
A command economy means that the government is involved in every step. There are other downsides to a command economy. Often factories don?t meet quotas, needs are underestimated, and a product could sell too quickly, and so on. Basically things have to be adusted. Production and prices might have to be increased or decreased; there might be restrictions on the number of items a person could buy.
Now let's look at the market economy. That means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions. Here's how it works. We'll use the example of clothing. Maybe somebody - say Jack - decides to open a company making clothes. He designs and makes them fashionable so people will want to buy and wear them. If the clothes become popular then Jack can increase the price and keep increasing it. By doing this Jack can make more profit and or expand his business to make even more money. At the same time other people will have noticed how well he is doing and will start up new businesses in competition. This way prices will level off or even come down because people will buy the thing costing less. The companies will have to cut costs, and perhaps do with less profit to stay in business. In this case the market economy is the way to go.
With a command economy the government runs everything and everybody, but with a market economy the government supposedly provides assistance only to correct problems that can't be solved by the market. With a command economy come chronic shortages, inefficiencies. On the other hand, the market economy offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progress and prosperity.
计划经济和市场经济各有利弊。首先我们来看一下计划经济。计划经济的基础是由中央集权的政府指导和控制。计划经济意味着政府涉足经济生活的每一步。计划经济还有其它的负面影响。工厂经常会达不到配额，市场的需求会被低估，一种产品可能会很快销售一空等等。总的来说必须做出调整：产品和价格可能不得不或升或降；也可能会限制人们购买产品的数量等等。
现在我们来看一下市场经济。这意味着企业私有制而政府并不能为它们做任何决定。我们用服装行业的例子来说明它的运行方式。假如某人，我们就叫他杰克，决定开一家服装制造公司。他设计和制造时尚的服装，使人们愿意购买和穿着。如果服装受欢迎，杰克会提高价格，并维持价格的攀升。通过这种方式，杰克可获取更大的利润。或者通过扩展业务，创造更多的财富。与此同时，别人将注意到他做的很优秀，于是这些人将创办新的企业与杰克竞争。这样价格将稳定下来，甚至可能降低，因为人们都愿意买更便宜的农服。各家公司将不得不降低成本、减少利润，使自己在行业内得以生存。在这种情况下，市场经济才是正确的方向。
在计划经济下，政府掌管每件事和每个人；而在市场经济下，政府提供帮助来解决市场不能解决的问题。计划经济逐渐导致长期物质短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市场经济能够更大程度地带来经济增长、技术进步和社会繁荣的良机。
1．What is the role of government in the command economy?
1．The economy is directed, controlled by the centralized government.
2．What might be restricted in the command economy?
2．How much of an item a person can buy.
3．What is the market economy?
3．Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.
4．Who is Jack according to the text?
4．Jack is a virtual person who owns a company that makes clothes.
5．What does the market economy provide?
5．The market economy provides/offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progress and prosperity. A．Translate the following paragraph into English．
当今，经济学在商业方面起着越来越大的作用。商人们清楚地认识到研究工作的重要性，他们需要通过研究来发现什么样的条件有助于出售他们的商品，对他们的商品有什么需求，以及能够得到什么样的国际市场等等。
Economics plays an increasingly important part in business today. Businessmen see clearly the necessity for research. They need research to discover what sort of conditions will help them sell their goods, what demand there will be for their goods, what foreign markets will be available and so on.
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
Globalization is a fact of life. But we have underestimated its fragility. The problem is this. The spread of markets grow faster than the ability of societies and their political systems to adjust to them, let alone to guide the course they take. History teaches us
that such an imbalance between the economic, social and political realms can never be sustained for very long.
The industrialized countries learned that lesson in their bitter and costly encounter with the Great Depression. In order to restore social harmony and political stability. they adopted social safety nets and other measures. That insured possible successive moves towards globalization, which brought about the long-period of expansion.
全球化已成为无法回避的事实。但是我们低估了它的脆弱。问题就在于此，市场的快速扩展已超出了社会及其政治制度适应其发展的能力，更谈不上引导市场发展的进程了。历史经验告诉我们：这种经济、社会和政治领域的不平衡绝不会持续很久。
工业化国家在遭遇经济大萧条时付出了惨重、昂贵的代价，因此而吸取了教训。为了恢复社会和谐、政治稳定，他们采用了社会安全体系和其它一些措施，确保了不断迈向经济全球化而带来的长期市场扩张。
UNIT14 CPI(P41)
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Read the text．Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．If the CPI, Consumer Price Index was 2.1％in a country, what does that mean? In a nutshell, it means that consumers in that country paid 2.1％more than in the previous year for the goods and services included in the CPI basket. Although prices of goods and services rise and fall over time, when prices change too dramatically, they can have negative effects on an economy. In order to tell if an economy is experiencing inflation, deflation or stagflation, we use the CPI as a gauge of the prices of goods and services.
When the Department of Labor?s Bureau of Labor Statistic releases the CPI data monthly, the CPI?s results are widely anticipated and watched. Who would eagerly await the results, you might ask? Well，the CPI plays an important role for many key financial decision makers, including individual investors, the Central Banks and the Federal Reserve in the U.S. The CPI helps central banks forecast the interest-rate policy and other decisions of major banks and corporations.
I mentioned the CPI basket before and now I want to expand on what this basket is and how we get the information. The base-year market basket, which makes up the CPI, comes from detailed expenditure information collected from surveys of thousands of families. The information is not randomly collected, instead, the information is gathered through interviews and diaries kept by participants who have agreed to disclose their buying habits. The basket is divided into eight groups：food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication, and other goods and services, and includes more than 200 categories. Finally, the prices of 80,000 items in the market basket are collected monthly from thousands of retail stores, service establishments, rental units, and doctors? offices.
如果某个国家的消费者物价指数为2. l％，那意味着什么?简单地说，这意味着这个国家的消费者为消费者物价指数篮子里的商品及服务的支出比上一年多了2.1％。虽然商品和服务的价格随时间而上下波动，但是如果价格变动幅度过大，则会给经济带来负面影响。为了说明经济是否正在经历通货膨胀、通货紧缩或者是滞胀，我们把CPI作为衡量商品及服务价格的尺度。
劳工部劳动数据统计局每月公布CPI数据的时候，很多人都期待并关注CPI结果。你或许会问什么人会热切地等待着这些结果?CPI对许多重要的财政决策者来说起着重要的作用，其中包括个人投资者、中央银行和美国联邦贮备银行。CPI 帮助中央银行预测主要银行和企业的利息政策和其它决策。
前面提到过CPI篮子，现在我想进一步说明一下这个篮子是什么，以及我们如何获取信息。组成CPI的基本年度市场篮子是在调查了成千上万户家庭的详细支出信息之后得出的。这些信息不是随机搜集来的，而是通过对那些愿意公开自己购买习惯的消费者所进行采访和记录中得到的信息。基本篮子可分为8个组，包括了200多个种类，食品和饮料、住宅、服装、交通工具、医疗、休闲、教育和通讯以及其它商品的服务。最后，市场篮子中的8万件物品的价格是从成千上万个零售商店、服务部门、租赁店、诊所等的每个月汇总中得求的。
1．What is CPI short for?
1．Consumer Price Index.
2．What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3％in a country this year?
2．Consumers in a country have to pay 3. 3％more than in the previous year for the goods and services.
3．What will happen if prices change a lot?
3．They can have negative effects on an economy.
4．Who are eager to await the results of the CPI? Why?
4．Many key financial decision makers. Because the CPl play?s an important role for them.
5．How is the information of the CPI basket collected?
5．The information is collected through. Interviews and diaries kept by the participants.
A．Translate the following paragraph into English．
20世纪30年代的大萧条(Great Depression)对大部分的美国人产生了巨大的影响。工厂倒闭，工人失业，公司和银行破产，农民不能偿付贷款并失去了他们的农场，他们中的许多人只能离开家乡去寻找工作。20世纪30年代的大萧条不仅影响了美国，它把整个世界都搅乱了。
The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound (serious) effect on most of the population of the United States. Factories closed and workers were out of work; businesses and banks collapsed; farmers could not repay their loans and lost their farms. Many of them had to leave their farms to search for jobs (look for jobs). The Great Depression of the 1930s didn?t only affect the USA alone but turned the whole world upside down.
B．Read the text and translate it into Chinese．
Social assistance is considered a job, which is correct. This sector,accounting for 6 percent of all jobs in this country, is made up of firms and organizations that have goals that go beyond making money. Their goal is to improve the quality and accessibility of their products in addition to increasing the quality of life of their members and employees, by educating and training them.
Many of these companies focus more specifically on helping build basic job skills in the most needy people - young people who may never have worked and older long-term unemployed people. The second group is mostly men who once worked in traditional industries and who find the skills that gave them status are no longer in demand.
社会援助被看作是一个职业，这是正确的。这个领域占该国所有就业机会的6％，是由一些不以盈利为目的的公司和组织构成的。他们的主要目标是通过教育和培训的方式提高他们的成员或雇员的生活质量。此外，还要提升他们的产品质量和可获性。
许多这样的公司把重点专门放在那些最贫困的人群上，即那些从来没有工作过的年轻人和长期失业的年长者，帮助他们培养最基本的工作技能。第二类群体主要是那些曾经在传统行业中工作的人们，他们发现曾经给他们带来一定地位的那些技能已经不再被社会所需要。
UNIT 15 The Internet(P44)
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Read the text．Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese．The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources. The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources. The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication. The network information resources provide us all kinds of information services such as science, education, business, history, law, art, and entertainment,etc.
The most commonly used network service is electronic mail. Mail permits network users to send textual messages to each other. Computers and networks handle delivering the mail, so that communicating mail users do not have to handle details of delivery, and do not have to be present at the same time or place.
Before you can use the Internet，you must choose a way to move data between the Intemet and your PC. This link may be a high-speed data communication circuit, a local area network(LAN)，a telephone line or a radio channel. Most likely, you will use a Modem attached to your telephone line to talk to the Intemet.
Worldwide web (www) is a networked hypertext protocol and user interface. It provides access to multiple services and documents like Gopher does but is more ambitious in its meyhod. A jump to other Internet service can be triggered by a mouse click on a "hotlinked" word, image, or icon on the Web page.
As more and more systems join the Internet, and as more and more forms of information can be converted to digital form, the amount of stuff available to Internet users continues to grow. At some points very soon after the nationwide (and later worldwide) Intemet started to grow, people began to treat the Net as a community.
So we can say that the Internet is your PC's window to the rest of the world.
互联网是最大的信息宝库，它可以提供非常巨大的网络资源。这种网络资源可分为网络设备资源和网络信息资源。网络设备资源使我们能够进行远程计算和通信。网络信息资源为我们提供各种各样的信息服务，如科学、教育、商务、历史、法律、艺术和娱乐等等。
最常被使用的网络服务是电子邮件。电子邮件允许网络用户彼此传送文本消息。计算机和网络负责传递邮件，这样一来，邮件用户不必关心传递的细节，而且没有必要在同一时间或地点出现。
在上网之前，你必须选择一种方法，在网络和你自己的电脑之间移动数据。这个连接可能是一个高速数据通信线路、局域网(LAN)、电话线或无线频道。大多数情况下，你可以使用一个连接到你的电话线上的调制解调器来实现网络连接。
2020年职称英语考试真题及答案(综合类C级) US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. (46) 2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. (47) 3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. (48)It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 4 (49) The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. (50)
试卷一 I. Vocabulary Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 1. It is possible to predict how much energy and water a building will consume, how much _______ will be needed. A. matter B. things C. material D. substance 2. They found that the positive thinkers sold 37 percent more insurance than did the_______ thinkers. A. negative B. positive C. active D. passive 3. In labs around the world, bad bugs are undergoing the ultimate rehabilitation, being _______ from life-threatening viruses and bacteria into lifesaving therapeutic agents. A. translated B. transported C. transformed D. transmitted 4. The fresh air is sometimes humid from the _______rainfall of this area. A. numerous B. abundant C. plenty D. substantive 5. We know that many animals _______ the deep seas at pressures of 15,000 pounds per square inch. A. live on B. live in C. live through D. live up to 6. Speakers and writers of the Germanic languages _______for a great deal of the world's output in everything from economics to literature to military to science and technology. A. account B. allow C. apply D. arrange 7. _______of the great state of Illinois, let me express my deepest gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. A. On account B. In honor C. In place D. On behalf 8. The companies that are finding ways to hang on to their older workers _______ from an intangible commodity: wisdom. A. obtain B. earn C. develop D. benefit 9. I raced to_______ Jill. A. keep on B. keep up with C. come up with D. come up to 10. Managers need to monitor inflation trends so they can make good _______. A. decisive B. decisions C. decide D. decided 11. Fluency can be _______ defined as "being able to communicate ideas without having to stop and think too much about what one is saying." A. simple B. simply C. similar D. simplify 12. The number of vehicles has been steadily increasing. _______, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide that exceed legally established limits. A. Continuously B. Consequently C. Constantly D. Consistently 13. A(An) _______ is better than the text and may make the point clear. A. interpretation B. representation C. illustration D. draw 14. Some of the world's best mountain _______ is available within the 500-kilometer long chain of the Southern Alps. A. scene B. scenery C. scarce D. scare 15. After a through research, the police __ most of the missing jewels. A. retreated B. refreshed C. recovered D. reminded 16. A gold-rated building is estimated to have reduced its environmental impact by 50% compared with a(an) __ conventional building. A. equivalent B. alike C. uniform D. likely 17. When pessimists __ in their first attempt, they usually say, "I can't do this." A. feel B. fail C. defeat D. lost 18. Six years __ before she got another note from Teddy. A. went into B. went around C. went by D. went on 19. The company owns a large number of _______ stores. A. export B. bargain C. retail D. trade 20. The cost of self-education has fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information _______ on CD-ROMs and the Internet. A. preferable B. ready C. available D. considerable II. Grammatical Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 21. Put things back _______ you found them.
英语分级测试 第一篇How to be Happy 如何获得幸福 (2) 第二篇City Design 城市设计 (4) 第三篇Population 人口 (6) 第四篇Earthquake 地震 (7) 第五篇The Aftermath of BP Fulf Oil Spill----英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏 (9) 第六篇Green Computers“绿色’’电脑 (11) 第七篇Cell Phones手机 (12) 第八篇Touch Tech触屏技术 (13) 第九篇Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活 (15) 第十篇Carbon Emissions碳排放 (16) 第十一篇Marine Pollution海洋污染 (17) 第十二篇China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术 (18) 第十三篇Market Economy市场经济 (19) 第十四篇CPI消费者物价指数 (20) 第十五篇The Internet互联网 (21) 十六篇Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision苹果公司用iPad延续梦想 (22) 十七篇3G Technology技术 (23) 十八篇Carbon Capture and Storage碳捕获和储存 (24) 十九篇GlobaIWarming全球变暖 (25) 二十篇Alternate Energies替代能源 (26) 二十一篇Biofuels生物燃料 (27) 二十二篇Coal Chemicallndustry煤化学工业 (28) 二十三篇Resource Curse资源诅咒 (30) 二十四篇Company Management公司管理 (31) 二十五篇Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool人才库 (32) 二十六篇Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀 (33) 二十七篇Chinese Oil Market中国石油市场 (34) 二十八篇0il Trade石油贸易 (35) 二十九篇How I Lost My Head in the Volcanic Ash Cloud令人发疯的火山灰 (36) 三十篇Project Management项目管理 (37)
UNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福 In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient. 过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。 Step 1: Peace and quiet Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good. 第一步：平和宁静乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。 Step 2: Relationships This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. 第二步：人际关系这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。 Step 3: Share If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends. Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others. 第三步：分享如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。 1.What's the happiness formula according to the passage?(The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).) 2. Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution?(Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.) 3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?(If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.) 1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset. 2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. 3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing. 4．如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression. 5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead. There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and eam more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of w hat psychologists call “Duchenne" or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious. 幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。 According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specificallyi they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life. 全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯·福勒和尼古拉斯·克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。 Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace. 具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），1而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。 So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious. 那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
高化公司2009年初级任职资格外语考试试卷 英语 （120分钟内完成） 单位：姓名： 一、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分） 短文1（15分） A breakthrouth in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades,if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field,according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan. The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community’s solar energy program,Mr.Joachim Gretz,told journalists that at present levels of research spending,it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three per cent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums,devoted by the EEC to this work it was impossible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade. Mr.Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three per cent of the EEC’s need,this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year.And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be
AAPG(American Association of Petroleum Geologists) 美国石油地质学家协会 API(American Petroleum Institute) 美国石油协会 automotive engine oil 车用机油 brake fluid 剎车油 coal field 煤田 crude 原油 crude oil 原油 diesel oil 柴油 drilling 钻井 EA(Environmental Assessment) 环境评价 energy conservation 节约能源 fuel oil 燃料油 gasoline 汽油 exploration 探勘 filling station 加油站 LNG(liquefied natural gas) 液化天然气 LPG(liquefied petroleum gas) 液化石油气 motor oil 车用机油 offshore drilling 海域钻井 oil industry 石油工业
oil refinery 炼油厂 oil well 油井 petrochemicals 石油化学产品 petroleum geology 石油地质学 petroleum industry 石油工业 petroleum products 石油产品 pipeline 管线 premium gasoline 高级汽油 quality control 质量管理 quantitative analysis 定量分析 refinery 炼油厂 refining 炼油 tank lorry 油罐车 ultimate recovery 最终开采量，最大总产量unleaded gasoline 无铅汽油 solid body 固体 solid state 固态` air pollution 空气污染 gross national product 国民生产总值chemical products 化工产品 applied chemistry 应用化学 chemical engineering 化学工程
2017年职称英语考试真题及解析 1．Many fine cooks insist on ingredients of the highest quality． A)demand B)rely on C)prepare for D)create 1．A insist on：坚持。与demand(要求；强求)意思比较接近。The Labour Party has demanded an explanation from the government．工党已要求政府作出解释。rely on：依靠。We have to rely on him for the tickets．我们不得不靠他搞票。prepare for：为……做准备。I have been preparing for the final exam．我一直在准备期末考试。create：产生；创建。His work created enormous interest in England．他的作品在英格兰引起很大关注。 2．Since the Great Depression，the United States government has protected farmers from damaging drops in grain prices. A)slight B)surprising C)sudden D)harmful 2．D damaging：有损害的。与harmful(有害的)意思相近。The rays of the sun，in excess，can be very harmful．过量的阳光可能会非常有害。slight：少量的。He has a slight German accent．他有一点德国口音。surprising：令人吃惊的。It was surprising that the little girl could answer this question．小女孩能回答这个问题，令人吃惊。sudden：突然的。There was a sudden drop in the temperature last night．昨夜气温突然下降。 3．Cement was seldom used in building during the Middle Ages. A)crudely B)rarely C)originally D)symbolically 3．B seldom：很少；不常。与rarely(难得；不常)意思相近。I rarely get up early on Sundays．星期天我很少早起。crudely：粗糙地；粗野地。Everyone was dressed in crudely sewn shorts and shirts．人人都穿着缝制得很粗糙的短裤和衬衫。originally：原来；创造性地。I stayed longer than I had originally planned．我逗留的时问比原来计划的要长。symbolically：象征性地：The park was decorated symbolically.公园只是象征性地装点了一下 4 Nerve signals may travel through nerve or muscle fibers at speeds as high as two hundred miles per hour. A)velocities B)impulses C)ratios D)atrocities 4．A speed：速度。与velocity(速度；快速)的意思相近。Scientists spent years studying the velocity of light．科学家们花了许多年研究光速。impulse：冲动。0n impulse，I went into the shop and bought this expensive watch．在一时冲动下，我走进商店，买下了这块昂贵的手表。ratio：比，比率。The ratio of pupils to teachers is 30 to 1．学生与教师之间的比例是30比1。atrocity：暴行。They were guilty of the most barbarous and inhuman atrocities．他们犯有最野蛮、最不人道的暴行。 5．The poet William Carlos Williams was a New Jersey physician． A)doctor B)professor C)physicist D)resident 5．A physician：内科大夫。doctor：大夫。professor：教授。physicist：物理学家。resident：居民。
1.Six Golden Rules for Meeting Managemen t主持会议六大准则 1.If you are asked to chair a meeting, remember the following six golden rules for meeting management. 1.如果要求你主持一个会议，记住以下有关主持会议的六大准则。 2.Always start the meeting on time. If you begin on time, group members who show up late will realize the value of time. Beginning on time reflects skill as an effective time manager and sets a precedent for others to follow. 2.总要准时开会。如果你准时开始，晚到的与会者意识到时间的价值。准时开始反应了一位善于掌握时间的人的技巧，也给其他人树立了榜样。 3.Assign a note-taker or arrange to have the meeting audiotaped. You may need to refer back to an issue that was discussed during the meeting at a later date. Good record-keeping is a sign of a good meeting manager as well. 3.安排一位会议记录或给会议录音。日后你可能需要参考会议中商讨的某个问题，做好记录也是优秀会议主持人的一个特点。 4.Learn to listen. So many times we think about what we are going to say and, in the process, block out valid points that other group members may be contributing. Additionally, we often hear only what we want to hear, rather than really listening to other people. Meeting that are characterized by effective listening are successful meetings. 4.学会倾听。常见的是，我们想的是我们将要说些什么，因此就妨碍了听取别的与会者说出的合理论点。再有，我们经常只听我们想要听的，而不是真正地倾听他人的意见。能有效倾听意见的会议是成功的会议。 5.Keep the discussion on track. Many times important issues can get sidetracked in a meeting, especially when everyone has a different opinion about the topic. If you anticipate a conflict prior to the meeting, discuss the issue with participants in advance. If an unanticipated conflict develops once the meeting is in progress, either appoint a subcommittee to look into the problem, or ask participants involved in the conflict to meet with you after the meeting. Doing so will help keep the discussion on track and minimize the chances of wasting participants’valuable time. 5.让讨论紧扣主题。往往许多重大问题在会议上容易离题，特别是当每位与会者对问题意见不同时。如果会前你已预料到会有冲突发生，那就提前与当事人交换一下意见。如果会议期间有未曾预料到的冲突发生，委派一个小组委员会对出现的问题予以调查，或者请卷入冲突的人员会后与你再谈。这样能够让讨论紧扣主题，并尽可能少浪费与会者的宝贵时间。 6.Give everyone an opportunity to be heard. Some people tend to monopolize meetings, whereas others wait to be asked their opinions. As the leader of the meeting, you need to keep an open mind and make sure everyone feels welcome to contribute and express ideas without criticism. 6.给每位与会者说出自己看法的机会。有些人易于滔滔不绝占据会议的大部分时间，而有些人则等着被别人叫才开口。作为会议主持人，你需要思想开阔，无偏袒之心，确保每位与会者都能感到，表达自己的想法是受欢迎的，不会受到别人非难。 7.End on time. If you said the meeting would last no longer than one hour, make sure the meeting lasts for noly an hour. Meeting participants tend to plan the rest of their day around the time allotted for the meeting. Running late with a meeting makes members tardy for other appointments, increases the chances that members will mentally leave the meeting, and reduces your credibility as an effective meeting manager. 7.准时结束会议。如果你说了会议不会超过1小时，那就要保证会议只持续1小时。与会者的日程安排往往受到会议的左右。会议超时会导致他们迟赴别的约会，增加他们心不在焉的可能性，也会降低你作为一位善于主持会议