第15章美国历史(Ⅰ)(1600—1900)
15.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Discovery of the New World
Ⅱ. The Colonial Period
Ⅲ. The War of Independence
Ⅳ. A New Form of Government
Ⅴ. The War of 1812
Ⅵ. T erritorial Expansion and Westward Movement
Ⅶ. The Civil War
Ⅰ. Discovery of the New World
1. The “first Americans” were the Indians.
2. In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, thought he had reached Asia and didn’t know he had discovered a New Continent.
3. Another navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.
Ⅰ. 新世界的发现
1. 最早的“美国人”是印第安人。
2. 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯托弗?哥伦布认为他到达了亚洲，并不知道他发现了一
个新大陆。
3. 另一位航海家亚美利哥?韦斯普奇证明了这是一个新大陆。因此，这片陆地以他的名字命名为美国。
Ⅱ. The Colonial Period
1. The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.
2. Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom.
3. In 1620, the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.
4. The Puritans intended to establish what they considered the one true church. The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.
Ⅱ. 殖民地时期
1. 1607年，美国的第一个英国殖民地詹姆斯敦，弗吉尼亚建立了。
2. 很多来到英国殖民地的定居者是为了寻找宗教自由。
3. 1620年，清教徒乘坐五月花船航行来到了新世界。他们到达普利茅斯，建立了普利茅斯殖民地。
4. 清教徒想建立一个真正的教会。殖民者在新大陆建立了新的生活方式。
Ⅲ. The War of Independence
1. The people in the colonies opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies.
2. On April 19, 1775, when the British soldiers arrived at Lexington they were met by
several dozen armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired. And the War of Independence had begun.
3. The Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the Declaration of Independence. On July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the declaration.
4. In 1777, American troops defeated the British at Saratoga. This was a great turning point of the war.
5. In September, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
Ⅲ. 独立战争
1. 殖民地人民反对这些不公平的待遇和政策。
2. 1775年，4月19日，当英国士兵到达列克星敦时，他们遇到了一些武装民兵。突然有人开枪。独立战争开始了。
3. 第二次大陆会议在费城举行。弗吉尼亚的托马斯?杰斐逊起草了《独立宣言》。1776年7月4日，国会通过了《独立宣言》。
4. 1777年，美国军队在萨拉托加打败了英国军队。这是内战的重要转折点。
5. 1783年9月，《巴黎条约》签订。英国承认美国的独立。
Ⅳ. A New Form of Government
1. A draft of a confederation was accepted by Congress in November 1777. The document was accepted by all the states by March 1781. It was called the Articles of Confederation.
2. When the Congress of the confederation put the Constitution to the states for their consideration in September 1787, the struggle for ratification began.
3. After the Constitution was ratified, the first Congress met on April 6, 1789.
Ⅳ. 新形式的政府
1. 联邦草案于1777年11月被国会接受，1781年3月，所有州都接受这一法案，称为《联邦条例》。
2. 1787年9月，联邦国会把宪法交给各个州审议时，争取批准的斗争开始了。
3. 宪法得到批准后，第一届国会于1789年4月6号召开。
Ⅴ. The War of 1812
The United States went to war with Britain in 1812. The war went badly for the United States. In December 1814, British and American diplomats signed a peace treaty. Territory taken by each side was to be returned and neither side was to pay any compensation to the other side.
Ⅴ. 1812年战争
1812年，美国与英国开战。战争对美国很不利。1814年12月，英国和美国外交官签署和平条约。一方占领另一方的领土要归还给对方，双方都不需要再付任何补偿。
Ⅵ. T erritorial Expansion and Westward Movement
1. The United States grew from thirteen colonies along the Atlantic coast to a nation spanning across the continent to the Pacific coast.
2. The expansionist movement produced a theory of “Manifest Destiny”.
3. The War with Mexico started in 1846 and ended in 1848. As a result of the peace treaty, Mexico was forced to agree to give California and New Mexico to the United States.
Ⅵ. 领土扩张和西进运动
1. 美国的领土从大西洋沿岸的13个殖民地，横跨北美大陆向东扩展至太平洋海岸。
2. 扩张运动产生了“天定命运”的理论。
3. 美国与墨西哥的战争开始于1846年，结束于1848年。根据和平条约，墨西哥被迫同意把加利福尼亚和新墨西哥让给美国。
Ⅶ. The Civil War
1. Problem of whether slavery should be allowed became a serious political issue.
2. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. Thus the war broke out on April 12, 1861.
3. The Union army defeated the Confederate army at Gettysburg. This victory was the turning point of the Civil War.
4. After a series of battles, Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 186
5.
Ⅶ. 内战
1. 是否应该保留奴隶制成为一个严肃的政治问题。
2. 亚伯拉罕?林肯当选为总统，南方各州形成了一个新的国家——美利坚联盟国。1861年4月12日，内战爆发。
3. 联邦军队在葛底斯堡打败了南方联盟军队。这一胜利是美国内战的转折点。
4. 经过一系列的战争，罗伯特?李在1865年4月9号投降。
Ⅷ. Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War
1. After the Civil War, the United States saw great developments in industry, agriculture, science and technology, and population.
2. During this period both production and capital became increasingly concentrated. Monopoly by big business became a strong trend in the American economy.
Ⅷ. 内战之后迅速发展的资本主义
1. 美国内战之后，工业，农业，科学技术发展很快，人口也不断增长。
2. 这一时期，生产和资本越来越集中。由大企业垄断已成为美国经济的强劲趋势。
15.2 课后习题详解
1. Who were the first Americans? How did they come to America? How was America discovered by Europeans in the 15th century?
Key: The “first Americans” were the Indians. No one knows just how they got to the United States. Some scientists think that they crossed from Asia on the land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska.
①In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, thought he had reached Asia and didn’t know he had discovered a New Continent. ②Another navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.
第17单元20世纪美国诗人（1） I.Fill in the blanks. 1.Author_____Title_____（南京大学2007研） The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet,black bough. 【答案】Author:Ezra Pound；Title:“In a Station of the Metro” 【解析】题目节选自庞德的《在一个地铁车站》，该诗是以一个意象作为叙述语言的典型范例。 2.Ezra Pound’s lifelong endeavor had been devoted to the writing of_____,which contains_____poems.（国际关系学院2007研） 【答案】The Cantos;117 【解析】庞德把毕生精力都投入到写作《诗章》当中，《诗章》共包括117首诗。 3.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____”movement. 【答案】imagism 【解析】庞德是意象主义运动的领军人物。 4._____was successful in two fields of activity which did not seem compatible with
one another:he was a very successful businessman and a very remarkable contemporary poet at the same time.（人大2006研） 【答案】Wallace Stevens 【解析】华莱士·史蒂文斯(Wallace Stevens)是美国20世纪的著名诗人。他集企业家和诗人于一身。 5.Winner of the National Book Award in1950and the Pulitzer Prize in1963,______ is the author of the five-volume epic Paterson which is a lucid statement of the author’s aesthetics. 【答案】William Carlos Williams 【解析】威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯的代表作是《佩特森》，它清晰地表达了诗人的美学观点。 6.At the age of44,Wallace Stevens was finally persuaded to publish a book of poems,entitled_____. 【答案】Harmonium 【解析】1923年，44岁的华莱士-史蒂文斯出版了他的第一部诗集《风琴》（Harmonium）。 7.After his death,Wallace Stevens’s previously uncollected works appeared under the title_____. 【答案】Opus Posthumous 【解析】华莱士·史蒂文斯死后，其之前未收集的诗作集合成册于1957年发表，名为《遗作》(Opus Posthumous)。
美国文学笔记 I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790） III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849） Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Herman Melville (1819-1891) Walt Whitman (1819~1892) Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918） Mark Twain (1835-1910) Henry James (1843-1916) Stephen Crane (1881-1900) V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945 F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) William Faulkner (1897-1962) Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) Robert Frost（1847-1963） Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953) VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ） I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）： 1. Summary: One of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation First great self-made man in America
A look at the history of the United States indicates that this country has often been called "a melting pot", where various immigrant and ethnic groups have learned to work together to build a unique nation. Even those "original" Americans, the Indians, probably walked a land bridge from Asia to North America some thousands of years ago. So, who are the real Americans? The answer is that any and all of them are! And you, no matter where you come from, could also become an American should you want to.. Then you would become another addition to America's wonderfully rich "nation of immigrants". 纵观美国历史，就可见这个国家经常被称为"一个熔炉"，在此，各种移民和种族团体学会了共同建设一个独特的民族。甚至那些"本土的"美国人--印第安人，也可能是几千年以前，从亚洲走过大陆桥来到北美洲的。所以，谁是真正的美国人？答案是他们中的任何一个人都是！无论你来自何处，如果你想成为美国人，就会成为美国人；你就会变成这个极其富有的"移民之国"的一个新份子。 The United States is currently shifting from being a nation of immigrants of mainly European descent to one of immigrants from other parts of the world, such as Asia and Latin America. The number of recent immigrants has skyrocketed. They desire to escape economic hardship and political oppression in their native countries as well as the desire to seek a better education and a more prosperous life in America, "the land of opportunity". Although there are frequent conflicts between the cultures they have brought with them from the "old country" and those found in America, most immigrants learn to adjust to and love their adopted land. 美国现在正由主要是欧洲血统移民的国家变为世界上其他各洲，如亚洲、拉丁美洲移民的国家。最近移民的数字急剧增长。他们希望摆脱在本国的经济困难、政治压迫，并在美国这片"充满机遇的土地上"寻找更好的教育和更富裕的生活。尽管他们从"故国"带来的文化与美国文化之间往往会产生冲突,但是多数移民还是学会了适应并热爱他们所归化的土地。 Americans have also learned much from the customs and ideas of the immigrants and are often influenced by them in subtle and interesting ways. Immigrants bring their native cultural, political, and social patterns and attitudes, varied academic and religious backgrounds, as well as their ethnic arts, sports, holidays, festivals, and foods. They have greatly enriched American life. 美国人从移民的风俗和观念中也学到了很多东西，并且在极其细微和有趣的方面受到了它们的影响。移民们带来了他们本族的文化、政治以及社会模式和态度，不同的学术和宗教背景，以及他们种族的艺术、体育、节日和饮食。这些极大地丰富了美国人的生活。 For immigrants from all parts of the would, the United States has been a "melting pot" in which the foreigners have sometimes remained culturally and linguistically what they were in their native lands even as they move toward becoming citizens of the United States, a country whose people share a common cultural outlook and set of values. The melting pot does not melt away all recollections of another way of life in another place----nor should it. On the contrary, immigrants should maintain the languages, skills, religions, customs and arts of their own heritage, even while they are working towards entering the mainstream of American culture.
《经济计量学精要》笔记和课后习题详解 第一章经济计量学的特征及研究范围 1.1复习笔记 一、什么是经济计量学 经济计量学是利用经济理论、数学、统计推断等工具对经济现象进行分析一门社会科学。 经济计量学运用数理统计学分析经济数据，对构建于数理经济学基础之上的模型进行实证分析，得出数值结果。 二、为什么要学习经济计量学 经济计量学涉及经济理论、数理经济学、经济统计学（即经济数据）以及数理统计学。然而，它又是一门有独立研究方向的学科，原因如下： 1．经济理论所提出的命题和假说，多以定性描述为主。但是，经济理论本身却无法定量测度这两个变量之间的强度关系，经济计量学家的任务就是提供这样的数值估计。经济计量学依据观测或试验，对大多数经济理论给出经验解释。 2．数理经济学主要是用数学形式或方程（或模型）描述经济理论，而不考虑对经济理论的测度和经验验证。而经济计量学主要关注的却是对经济理论的经验验证。经济计量学家通常采用数理经济学家提出的数学模型，只不过是把这些模型转换成可以用于经验验证的形式。 3．经济统计学主要涉及经济数据的收集、处理、绘图、制表。经济统计学家的工作是收集GDP、失业、就业、价格等数据，而不是利用这些数据来验证经济理论。但这些数据恰恰是经济计量分析的原始数据。 虽然数理统计学提供了许多分析工具，但由于经济数据独特的性质（大多数经济数据的生成并非可控试验的结果），因此，经济计量学经常需要使用特殊方法。 三、经济计量学方法论 1．建立一个理论假说 首先要了解经济理论对这一问题是怎样阐述的，然后是对这个理论进行验证。 2．收集数据 一般来说，有三类数据可用于实证分析： （1）时间序列数据：时间序列数据是按时间跨度收集得到的。比如GDP、失业、就业、货币供给、政府赤字等，这些数据是按照规则的时间间隔收集得到的。这些数据可能是定量的，也可能是定性的。 （2）截面数据：截面数据是指一个或多个变量在某一时点上的数据集合。例如美国人口调查局每十年进行的人口普查。 （3）合并数据（时间序列数据与截面数据的组合）：合并数据既包括时间序列数据又包括截面数据。例如，20年间10个国家的失业率数据，那么这个数据集就是一个合并数据——每个国家20年间的失业率构成时间序列数据，而10个不同国家每年的失业率又组成截面数据。 （4）面板数据：面板数据是一种特殊类型的合并数据，也称纵向数据或微观面板数据。即同一个横截面单位（比如某个家庭或某个公司）的跨期调查数据。 与自然科学不同，许多收集的经济数据（比如GDP、货币供给、道琼斯指数、汽车销售量等）是非试验性的，也就是说，数据收集机构（比如政府）并不直接监控这些数据。 3．设定劳动力参与率的数学模型 根据变量之间的散点图确定变量之间的数学模型。 4．设定统计或经济计量模型 经济变量之间的关系往往不是数学模型中那么精确的函数关系，还受到其他未知因素的影响，因此需要设定计量模型，将一些未知因素包含在模型中。 5．估计经济计量模型参数 利用所获得的经济数据，通过一定的统计方法估计出模型中未知参数。 6．核查模型的适用性：模型设定检验
美国文学试题库 注：试题库内容仅作为学习参考使用，并不代表考试内容。任何一道题均可能变化为其它形式的试题。 1. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more_____________. A. rational B. humorous C. optimistic D. pessimistic 2.The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American___________ . A. local colorism B. vernacularism C. modernism D. naturalism 3. ____________were idealists, believing the church should be restored to complete “purity” and dreaming that they would build the new land to an Eden on earth. A. Calvinists B. Puritans C. Romanticists D. Transcendentalists 4. All of the following are the features of Puritans EXCEPT _____. A. wanting to make pure their religious beliefs and practices
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
第13单元凯萨琳?安?波特 13.1复习笔记 I.Introduction to author（作者简介） 1.Life（生平） Katherine Anne Porter(1890-1980)was born in Indian Greek,Texas.She began her life as a news reporter and sometimes as an actress and ballad https://www.doczj.com/doc/057270007.html,ter she stayed in Europe and Mexico which proved very valuable for her writing.She was basically a short-story writer.Her Collected Stories won her both a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award.She lectured at various universities and received honorary doctorates from various institutions.She was vice president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters from1950to1952. 凯萨琳·安·波特(1890—1980)出生于德克萨斯州印第安河市。她曾做过报社记者，演员和民谣歌手。后来她到过欧洲和墨西哥。这段经历对她日后的写作很有帮助。她主要是短篇小说家。她的《短篇小说集》获得了普利策奖和全国图书奖。她曾到许多大学做讲座，收到了许多机构授予的荣誉博士学位。从1950年到1952年她担任美国国家艺术与文学协会副主席。 2.Major Works（主要作品） The Flowering Judas(1930)《开花的紫荆树》 Pale Horse,Pale Rider(1939)《灰色骑士灰色马》
王利平《管理学原理》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解[免费下载] 封面 内容简介、编委 目录 第一篇绪论 第1章管理的历史发展 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 课后习题详解 第2章组织管理基本原理 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 课后习题详解 第二篇企业环境管理 第3章企业环境管理概述 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 课后习题详解 第4章企业目标与竞争战略 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 课后习题详解 第5章多元化经营战略 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 课后习题详解 第6章国际化经营战略 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 课后习题详解 第7章企业制度与公司治理 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 课后习题详解 第8章企业外部关系协调 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 课后习题详解 第三篇企业组织管理 第9章企业组织管理概述 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 课后习题详解 第10章组织结构与制度规范 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 课后习题详解 第11章计划和控制 11.1 复习笔记 11.2 课后习题详解 第12章激励 12.1 复习笔记 12.2 课后习题详解 第13章领导
13.1 复习笔记 13.2 课后习题详解 第14章企业文化 14.1 复习笔记 14.2 课后习题详解 第四篇变革与发展过程管理 第15章变革与发展过程管理概述 15.1 复习笔记 15.2 课后习题详解 第16章模式转换与革新 16.1 复习笔记 16.2 课后习题详解 第17章发展过程管理 17.1 复习笔记 17.2 课后习题详解 第18章风险管理 18.1 复习笔记 18.2 课后习题详解 这本书内容太多了，可以到这里免费下载，王利平《管理学原理》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解[免费下载]》》https://www.doczj.com/doc/057270007.html,/DigitalLibrary/Show.aspx?Id=2871
美国文学复习题(有答案版)
美国文学复习提纲 第一部分连线题（1*10=10’） 1. Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence 2. Walt Whitman O’ Captain, My Captain 3. Mark Twain Jumping Frog 4. Robert Frost Mending Wall 5. Ezra Pound In a Station of the Metro 6. Carl Sandburg Chicago 7. Saul Bellow The Adventure of Augie March 8. Ernest Hemingway Men without Women 9. John Steinbeck The Grape of Wrath 10. Jack London The Call of the Wild 11. Sinclair Lewis Babbit 12. Flannery O’ Connor A Good Man Is Hard to Find 13. O. Henry The Last Leaf 14. Jerome David Salinger The Catcher in the Rye 15. William Falkner The Sound and the Fury 第二部分单项选择(1.5*20=30’) 1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “________” who appeared in America. A. Tenth Muse B. Ninth Muse C. Best Muse D. First Muse 2. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment. ________ was the dominant spirit. A. Humanism B. Rationalism C. Revolution D. Evolution 3. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic? A. The American Crisis B. The Federalist C. Declaration of Independence D. The Age of Reason 4. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ________. A. Chartist Movement B. Romanticist Movement C. Enlightenment Movement D. Modernist Movement 5. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with ________. A. nature B. transcendentalist ideas C. human beings D. celestial beings 6. ________tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. A. Twice-Told Tales B. The Scarlet Letter C. The House of the Seven Gables D. The Marble Faun
美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期 Part two: American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s L eaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”） 2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。 8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓
从综艺节目看美国移民文化的特征 美国移民文化的内涵包括很多方面，其中的包容性是造就今日的美国不可缺少的因素之一。文章以美国王牌选秀节目“美国偶像”这一综艺节目为切入点，回顾美国移民的历史以及美国移民文化的主要特点，试图在分析美国移民文化包容性具体体现的基础上，进一步探讨美国移民文化的内涵。 标签：美国移民；移民文化；多元化；包容性；综艺；美国偶像 1 如何成为“大熔炉”：美国移民的三次浪潮 从历史的角度看，美国文化的发展与汹涌的移民热潮密切相关。从“五月花号”带来的首批移民以及《五月花号公约》为美国政治文化奠定了基石到南北战争结束后，美国由于大规模的工业化和城市化的急速发展，需要引进大量劳力，从而使母语为非英语的大量欧洲移民涌入。1961-1984年间，美国通过了移民和归化法，移民政策的宽松带来了以亚洲、拉丁美洲移民占主导的热潮。回顾历史，可以发现美国移民可分为如上所述的三个阶段，时至今日，美国每年仍然不断的接受着新移民，这些来自世界不同区域的移民构成了美国人口的主体，并逐步改变着美国人口的种族、民族构成比率，为美国传统文化注入新鲜血液，随着时间推移，逐步形成了美国特有的移民文化。 2 美国移民文化的特点之多元化 移民的地域性决定了美国文化的多元化。地域的差异便衍生出了不同的民族多样的习俗。这些多样化的因素又在不同时代对美国文化的发展产生影响，甚至被应用和更新。因此，在美国文化的不同方面都可以找到这些来自不同地域多样因素的缩影。 首先，美国移民文化的多元化体现在语言上。语言是文化的载体与缩影。美国英语中丰富的外来词汇是美国移民文化中多元化的充分体现。这些外来词汇来自世界各地，包涵多种语系，有的甚至被沿用至今。例如，来源于法语résumé（简历），changier（即：change，改变）；来源于拉丁语cuppa（cup，杯子），cetel （即：kettle，壶）；来源于西班牙语puma（美洲豹），cigar（雪茄烟）；来源于汉语kowtow （磕头），qipao（旗袍）等等。除了来自世界各国移民能从美国英语中找到本民族的词汇以外，美国本土黑人也可以在美国英语中找到各自文化的缩影。例如，美国黑人在文艺和体育上有着卓越的成就。美国英语就从黑人文化中吸收了jazz（爵士乐）break dancing（霹雳舞）等词汇。 另外，美国移民文化的多元化在美国饮食文化中也有所体现。试图找出美国菜的典型代表并非像中国人的饺子、日本人的寿司、意大利人的千层饼、墨西哥人的粟米脆饼那样轻松。究竟什么是美国菜呢？在美国饮食文化中，美国菜的主要样式大部分为舶来品，随处可见世界各种菜系，从美国人民饮食的选择和餐饮业涉及的菜系种类不难体会到美国饮食文化中的多元化。
I. Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’) 1. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ____ was the dominant. 2. The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named ____. 3. Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism? 4. The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the __ attitude of its author.
5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by ___. 6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___ and Thoreau. 7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”? 8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.
I、Write the Names of the Authors、 1、Poor Richard’s Almanac 2、Common Sense 3、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 4、A Streetcar Named Desire 5、The Waste Land 6、Sister Carrie 7、The House of the Seven Gables 8、The Great Gatsby 9、The Bluest Eye 10、 A Farewell to Arms 11、R ip Van Winkle 12、Raven 13、The Call of the Wild 14、The Marble Faun 15、Moby Dick 16、The Wing of the Dove 17、Of Mice and Men 18、The Bluest Eye 19、The Great Gatsby 20、The Bluest Eye 21、The Sound and the Fury II、Multiple Choices(Choose the best answer from the four choices)、 1、From 1622 until his death, , one of the greatest of colonial American, was reelected thirty times as governor、 A、Anne Bradstreet B、William Bradford C、Edward Taylor D、Thomas Pain 2、carries the voice not of an individual but of a whole people、It is more than writing of the Revolutionary period, it defined the meaning of the American Revolution、 A、Common Sense B、The American Crisis C、Declaration of Independence D、Defense of the English People 3、usually was regarded as the first American writer、 A、William Bradford B、Anne Bradstreet C、Emily Dickinson D、Captain John Smith 4、Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet、Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the " "who appeared in America、 A、Ninth Muse B、Tenth Muse C、Best Muse D、First Muse 5、_____ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club、 A、Henry David Thoreau B、Ralph Waldo Emerson C、Nathanial Hawthorne D、Walt Whitman