chapter 1ABC
Why Study Public Speaking
Increase personal and social abilities
Enhance your academic and career skills
Refine your general communication abilities
Increase your public speaking abilities
….
Increase Personal and Social Abilities
self-awareness
self-confidence
dealing with the fear of communicating
Public Speaking VS Conversation
Purpose: both communicate with a certain purpose
Audience: a public speech is usually directed at more listeners.
Feedback: public speaking is relatively uninterrupted discourse.
Delivery: public speaking requires intensified volume of voice and bodily action.
Materials and organization: public speeches are mostly prepared ones. Impromptu speeches are rare.
The essentials of a speech
Objective: why am I making this speech?
Audience:whom am I making this speech to?
Place:where
Time and length
Method of delivery:how
Content:what
Notes
Rehearsal: identify weakness, practice difficult pronunciations
Dealing with nervousness
Acquire speaking experience
Prepare, prepare, prepare
Think positively
Use the power of visualization
Know that most nervousness is Not visible
Don’t expect perfection
Acquire Speaking Experience
Enrolled in a public speaking course
Stage fright: fear of the unknown
Learning to give a speech is not much different from learning any other skill---it proceeds
by trial and error. The purpose of your speech class is to shorten the process, to minimize the errors, to give you a nonthreatening arena---a sort of laboratory--- in which to undertake th e “trial”
Think positively
Confidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking.
Negative Thought & Positive Thought
I wish I didn’t have to give this speech.
This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker.
I am not a great public speaker.
No one is perfect, but I am getting better with each speech I give.
Terms
Positive nervousness---controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.
Visualization---mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures herself or himself giving a successful presentation.
Creat a vivid mental blurprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speech
Other tips for dealing with nervousness
Be at your best physically and mentally. A good night’s sleep will serve you better.
As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them. Such actions help reduce tension by providing an outlet for your extra adrenaline.
Take a couple slow, deep breaths before you start to speak. Most people take short and shallow breaths, which only reinforces their anxiety. Deep breathing breaks this cycle of tension and help calm your nerves.
Work especially hard on your introduction. Research has shown that a speaker’s anxiety level begins to drop significantly after the first 30 seconds of a presentation Make eye contact with members of your audience. Remember that they are individual people, not a blur of faces. And they are your friends.
Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your stage fright. If you get caught up in your speech, your audience will too.
Use visual aids. They create interest, draw attention away from you, and make you feel less self-conscious.
chapter 2 topic
Selecting a topic
?Speeches outside the classroom
the occasion, the audience, the speaker’s qualifications
?Speeches in the public speaking class
no designated topic
?What is a suitable speech topic?
?Worthwhile
?Appropriate
?Limited in scope
Suitable topic
?Worthwhile
significant implications for the audience
?Appropriate
know a lot, like to learn more
?Limited in scope
dividing the topic into several significant parts.
?General purpose: the broad goal 总体目标
?To inform: convey information
enhance the knowledge and understanding
?To persuade: advocate or partisan
Change or structure the attitudes or actions
Difference: explain or exhort
?Specific purpose 具体目标
to inform my audience about…
to persuade my audience to …
Explain ←→exhort
Specific Purpose
?Specific purpose: ( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to
accomplish in his or her speech.). 简单的肯定句
?Topic: Emergencies
?General purpose: To inform
?Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an
emergency
Tips for formulating the specific purpose statement
Tip 1: Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase(完整的短语）, not as a fragment（片段）
Tip 2
Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question陈述句
Tip 3 Avoid figurative language比喻语言
Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main point
Tip 5
Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general
Phrasing the central idea
(Also called thesis statement, subject sentence, major thought )
?What is the central idea?
?Guidelines for the central idea
What is the central idea?
? A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It is what you want
the audience to absorb from your speech.
?In persuasive speeches
arguable, debatable, take your stance
?In informative speeches
relatively neutral and objective
?The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish.
?The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.
?
Guidelines for the central idea
?The central idea
1. Should be expressed in a full sentence
2.should not be in the form of a question.
3. should avoid figurative language
4. should not be vague or overly general
Summary
?Selecting a topic
?Determining your general purpose
?Determining your specific purpose
?Phrasing your central idea
Four brainstorming procedures
?Make a quick inventory of your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs, and so
forth.
?Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the first topics that
come to mind in several categories.
?Look through a reference work for ideas
?Use a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help you scan possible topic.
chapter 3 Analysis
Analyzing the audience
1. Audience-centeredness 以听众为中心
2. The psychology of audience 听众的心理
3. Demographic audience analysis 听众分析统计
4. Situational audience analysis 听众分析的具体情形
5. Adapting to the audience 适应听众
1. Audience-centeredness
?Audience-centeredness: keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.
Questions to be asked when preparing
?To whom am I speaking?
?What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?
?What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?(how)
2. The psychology of audiences
?Question: what do you do when you listen to a speech?
?two messages:speaker, filter, listener
?people hear what they want to hear and disregard the rest.
?Question: what do people want to hear?
?Meaningful
?Egocentrism: The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.
?Listeners typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind: “Why is this important to me?”
What do these psychological principles mean to you as a speaker?
?Listeners: what they already know
?Speakers: relate the message to
Two steps of demographic audience analysis
⑴identifying the general demographic features of your audience
⑵assessing the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation
Demographic Audience Analysis
?Age
?Gender
?Sexual orientation
?Racial, ethnic and cultural background
?Religion
4. Situational audience analysis:
?Situational factors
Size
Physical setting
Disposition toward the topic
Disposition toward the speaker
Disposition toward the topic
?Interest
?Knowledge
?Attitude
Disposition toward the speaker
?keep in mind that your listeners will always have some set of attitudes toward you as a speaker.
?Estimating what those attitudes are and how they will affect your speech is a crucial part of situational audience analysis.
Summary
?audience-centered.They know that the aim of speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners. When working on your speeches, keep three questions in mind:
(1)To whom am I speaking?
(2)What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?
(3)What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?
?Psychology of audience.
People hear what they want to hear.
Egocentric
Why is this important to me?
chapter4 ntroduction
1. Getting attention and interest
(1)Relate the topic to the audience
(2)State the importance of your topic
(3)Startle the audience
(4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience
(5)Question the audience
(6)Begin with a quotation
(7)Tell a story
2. Reveal the topic
3. Establish credibility
?Credibility: the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
Your credibility need not be based on firsthand knowledge and experience. It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends.
4 Preview the body of the speech
?Preview statement 预先叙说
? A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.
Tips for preparing the introduction
1.Keep the introduction relatively brief. Under normal circumstances it should not
constitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.
2. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are ready for them.
3. Be creative in devising your introduction. Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get the audience interested in your speech.
4. Don’t worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of the speech. After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.
5. Work out your introduction in detail. Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word; others prefer that you outline it. Whichever method you use, practice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact. This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.
Some common faults of introductions
?Don’t apologize.
?Don’t pretend
?Don’t make hollow promises ?Don’t rely on gimmicks ?Don’t preface your introduction
chapter 5 conclusion
To let the audience know you are ending the speech
?“In conclusion”
?“One last thought”
?“In closing”
?“My purpose has been”
?“Let me end by saying”
Reinforce the central idea
1. Summarize your speech
2. End with a quotation
3. Make a dramatic statement
4. Refer to the introduction
5. Motivate
Tips for preparing the conclusion
1. As with the introduction, keep an aye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech.
2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. Be creative in devising a conclusion that hits the hearts and minds of your audience. Work on several possible endings, and select the one that seems likely to have the greatest impact.
3.Do not be long-winded. The conclusion will normally make up no more than about 5 to
10 percent of your speech. Nothing aggravates audiences more than a speaker who says,
“In conclusion”and keeps on talking.
?chapter 6 -7 language_delivery
?Language is important
?Meaning of words
?Using language accurately
?Using language clearly
?Using language vividly
?Using language appropriately
? A note on inclusive language
Using language clearly
1. Use familiar words
2. Choose concrete words
3. Eliminate clutter
2. Choose concrete words
?Concrete words: words that refer to tangible objects
?Abstract words: words that refer to ideas or concepts
?Keep this in mind: few words are completely abstract or concrete. Abstractness and
concreteness are relative.
Two main ways to use moving and vivid language: imagery and rhythm
1. Imagery: (意象）
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas.
It is a word picture that gets you totally involved.
Three ways to generate imagery:
A. Concrete words
B. Simile（明喻）
An explicit comparison introduced with the word “like” or“as” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Example:
C. Metaphor （暗喻）
Unlike simile, metaphor does not contain the words “like” or “as”.
2. Rhythm（节奏）
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.
Four basic stylistic devices to improve the rhythm
A. Parallelism（排比）: the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Examples:
①Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and
woman---it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.
(Elizabeth Cady Stanton)
②There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem. (Lyndon Johnson)
③I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United Sates Senator. I speak as an American.
(Margaret Chase Smith)
B. Repetition
Repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
①When you see your street, see my street. When you see your house, see my house. When you see your children, see my children. (Whitney Young, Jr.)
②We will not tire, we will not falter, we will not fail. (George W .Bush)
C. Alliteration（头韵法）
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. Examples:
①Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for Peace. (Liaquat Ali Khan)
②In a nation founded on the promise of human dignity, our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it. (Hillary Rodham Clinton)
D. Antithesis 对比法
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Examples:
①Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (John. F. Kennedy)
②Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happens at the White House, but on what happens inside your house. (Barbara Bush)
Using language appropriately恰当地使用语言
1. Appropriate to the occasion
2. Appropriate to the audience
3. Appropriate to the topic
4. Appropriate to the speaker
A NOTE ON INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE
?Inclusive language: language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the
basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.
Four basic methods of delivering a speech
?Reading from a manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word and read to the
audience.
?Reciting from memory
?Speaking impromptu: a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.
?Speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is
presented from a brief set of notes.
The speaker’s voice
The aspects of voice you should work to control are:
?V olume 音量
?Pitch 音高
?Rate 频率
?Pauses 停顿
?V ocal variety 嗓音变化
?Pronunciation
The speaker’s voice
?volume : the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.
?Pitch: t he highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.
?Rate: the speed at which a person speaks.
T he speaker’s body
1. Personal appearance
2. Movement
3. Gestures
4. Eye contact
There are four basic methods of delivering a speech, They are
?Reading from a manuscript.
?Reciting from memory
?Speaking impromptu
?Speaking extemporaneously
chapter 8 Special
Speeches on special occasions
1. Speech of introduction介绍性演讲
2. Speech of presentation赠与演讲
3. Speeches of acceptance受奖演讲
4. Speeches of tribute赞扬
5. Speeches of welcome 欢迎
6. Speech of farewell欢送
1. Speech of introduction
? a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.
Three purposes be achieved in the introduction
?Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker
?Build enthusiasm for the speaker’s topic
?Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker’s credibility
Guidelines for speeches of introduction
?Be brief
?Make sure your remarks are completely accurate
?Don’t take the speaker’s job
?Adapt your remarks to the main speaker
?Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama
?Adapt your remarks to the audience比尔盖茨在清华大学的演讲.flv
2. Speech of presentation
? A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
Guidelines
?State the purpose of the award
?Focus on the accomplishments of the recipient
?Avoid over-praising
3. Speeches of acceptance
? A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition ? A speech of acceptance usually includes the following three steps.
The first step
?Thank those who grant you the award
The second step
?Thank those who helped you attain the award.
The third step
?Accept the award graciously
4.Speeches of tribute
5. A speech that honors a person, a group or an event.
6. A special form of the speech of tribute is the eulogy, a speech of praise usually given for those
who have recently died. A minister performing a funeral usually gives a speech of eulogy by praising and honoring the deceased.
Speeches of tribute 我有一个梦想.flv
?Establish noble themes
?Be sincere
?Connect with the audience
?Appeal to the audience
chapter 9 supporting
Three kinds of supporting materials
?examples 实例
?testimony 证词
?statistics 统计数据
Hypothetical example
?An example that describes an imagery or fictitious situation 描述的是想象或虚构的情
形
Tips for using examples
1. Use examples to clarify your ideas说明
2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas强化
3. Use examples to personalize your ideas使思想个人化
II．Testimony
?Testimony ---quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.引用或释义的用于支持
观点的话
---Expert testimony 专家证词
---Peer testimony 普通人证词
Tips for Using testimony
1. quote or paraphrase accurately: make sure you do not misquote someone; make sure you do not violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase; make sure you do not quote out of context
2. Use testimony from qualified sources. That is, use testimony from recognized experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the speech topic.
3. Use testimony from unbiased sources. Be sure to use testimony from credible, competent, objective authorities.
4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase. The usual way to identify your source is to name the person and sketch her or his qualifications before presenting the testimony
ask yourself the following two questions:
?Are the statistics representative?
?Are the statistics from a reliable source?
?
Tips for using statistics
1. Use statistics to quantity your ideas
2. Use statistics sparingly
3. Identify the source of your statistics
4. Explain your statistics
5. Round off complicated statistics
6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends
?C hapter 10 informative
?Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
?To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners--- to give them
information they did not have before
?Convey clearly accurately interestingly
Organizational methods
?Chronological order 编年顺序
?Spatial order 空间顺序
?Topical order 主题顺序
?Causal order
?Problem-solution order
Other methods of speech organization
?Causal order:A show a cause-effect relationship. method of speech organization in
which the main points
?Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point
deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
?(Problem-cause-solution order)
Speeches about process
?Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.
?Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how
something works.
3. Speeches about events
?Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.
?chronological order----to recount the history of an event,
?causal order ----to explain the causes and effects
4. Speech about concepts
?Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.
?Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order. One common approach is
to list the main features or aspects of your concept.
Guidelines for informative speaking
●Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.
* Lead your audience step by step and explain everything thoroughly.
2. Relate the subject directly to the audience
* What is fascinating to the speaker may not be fascinating to everybody.
* Get your listeners involved
3. Don’t be too technical
* Simple, clear language is needed.
4. Avoid abstractions
One way to avoid abstractions is through description (a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness)
Another way to escape abstraction is with comparisons (A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.)
5. Personalize your ideas
chapter11 persuasive
I. Persuasive speeches on questions of fact
?Questions of fact ---A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.
?We do not know enough information to know what it is
Will the economy be better or worse next year?
Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010?
?The facts are murky or inclusive
What will happen next in the Middle East?
Is sexual orientation genetically determined?
Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topically
II. Persuasive speeches on questions of value
?Questions of value? ---A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an
idea or action.
?What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable?
What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists?
?Matter of fact, value judgments
?
Speeches on questions of value are mostly organized topically
?Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment. 树立价值判
断的标准
?Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.
III. Persuasive speeches on questions of policy
Questions of policy ---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动
What to do during spring vocation?
Which strategy to use in selling a product?
How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ?
?They are to decide whether something should or should not be done.
2. Organizing speeches on Questions of policy
●Problem-solution order
●Problem-cause-solution order
●Comparative Advantage order
●D. Monroe’s motivated sequence
D. Monroe’s motivated sequence
山东理工大学教案 注：教师讲稿附后
Lesson two Selecting a topic and purpose I am lucky, honored and humbled to stand here, so many students watch how I would perform on this small but terrifying platform. Frankly speaking, I am quite nervous standing here, especially before you, a large group of audience, no one is perfect, it is not shameful at all to admit my nervousness, because everybody will be nervous to some extent when asked to speak before a big audience. Why did I say so, I have proof. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. We may as well face the issue squarely. Many people who converse easily in all kinds of everyday situations become frightened ar the idea of standing up before a group to make a speech. If you are worried about stage fright, you may feel better knowing that you are not alone. A survey conducted in 1973 asked more than 2,500 Americans to list their greatest fears. To the surprises of the reserchers, the largest number fo people----41%----listed speaking before a group among their greatest fears. Amazing as it may seem, many Americans appear to consider public speaking a fate worse than death. This is A survey conducted in America Researchers asked their respondents to list their greatest fears, here is how they responded: Greatest Fears Percent Naming A party with strangers 74 Giving a speech 70 Asked personal questions in public 65 Meeting a date’s parents 59 First day on a new job 59 Victim of a practical joke 56 Talking with sb. in authority 53 Job interview 46 Formal dinner party 44 Blind date 42 From the chart, we can see that speechmaking ranks near the top in provoking anxiety. Therefore, we can say that speaking in public means a great challenge to everybody. Nervousness mainly comes from the fact that we do not know what to say, how to say and less training. There are a lot of things that make a successful speech, such as your topic, your delivery, your language. Among them, the organization of the speech is the first concern of the public speaker. Then comes the second problem, How to organize you speech well. It involves several factors, such as your topic, your purpose and your central idea, and so on. They are what we are going to discuss today. Today we mainly focus on the following matters: Choosing a topic Determining your purpose
材料力学阶段总结 一、 材料力学得一些基本概念 1. 材料力学得任务: 解决安全可靠与经济适用得矛盾。 研究对象:杆件 强度:抵抗破坏得能力 刚度:抵抗变形得能力 稳定性:细长压杆不失稳。 2、 材料力学中得物性假设 连续性:物体内部得各物理量可用连续函数表示。 均匀性:构件内各处得力学性能相同。 各向同性:物体内各方向力学性能相同。 3、 材力与理力得关系, 内力、应力、位移、变形、应变得概念 材力与理力:平衡问题,两者相同; 理力:刚体,材力:变形体。 内力:附加内力。应指明作用位置、作用截面、作用方向、与符号规定。 应力:正应力、剪应力、一点处得应力。应了解作用截面、作用位置(点)、作用方向、与符号规定。 正应力 应变:反映杆件得变形程度 变形基本形式:拉伸或压缩、剪切、扭转、弯曲。 4、 物理关系、本构关系 虎克定律;剪切虎克定律: ???? ? ==?=Gr EA Pl l E τεσ夹角的变化。剪切虎克定律：两线段 ——拉伸或压缩。拉压虎克定律：线段的 适用条件:应力～应变就是线性关系:材料比例极限以内。 5、 材料得力学性能(拉压): 一张σ-ε图,两个塑性指标δ、ψ,三个应力特征点:,四个变化阶段:弹性阶段、屈服阶段、强化阶段、颈缩阶段。 拉压弹性模量E ,剪切弹性模量G ,泊松比v , 塑性材料与脆性材料得比较: 安全系数:大于1得系数,使用材料时确定安全性与经济性矛盾得关键。过小,使构件安全性下降;过大,浪费材料。 许用应力:极限应力除以安全系数。 塑性材料 脆性材料 7、 材料力学得研究方法
1)所用材料得力学性能:通过实验获得。 2)对构件得力学要求:以实验为基础,运用力学及数学分析方法建立理论,预测理论 应用得未来状态。 3)截面法:将内力转化成“外力”。运用力学原理分析计算。 8、材料力学中得平面假设 寻找应力得分布规律,通过对变形实验得观察、分析、推论确定理论根据。 1) 拉(压)杆得平面假设 实验:横截面各点变形相同,则内力均匀分布,即应力处处相等。 2) 圆轴扭转得平面假设 实验:圆轴横截面始终保持平面,但刚性地绕轴线转过一个角度。横截面上正应力为零。 3) 纯弯曲梁得平面假设 实验:梁横截面在变形后仍然保持为平面且垂直于梁得纵向纤维;正应力成线性分布规律。 9 小变形与叠加原理 小变形: ①梁绕曲线得近似微分方程 ②杆件变形前得平衡 ③切线位移近似表示曲线 ④力得独立作用原理 叠加原理: ①叠加法求内力 ②叠加法求变形。 10 材料力学中引入与使用得得工程名称及其意义(概念) 1) 荷载:恒载、活载、分布荷载、体积力,面布力,线布力,集中力,集中力偶,极限荷 载。 2) 单元体,应力单元体,主应力单元体。 3) 名义剪应力,名义挤压力,单剪切,双剪切。 4) 自由扭转,约束扭转,抗扭截面模量,剪力流。 5) 纯弯曲,平面弯曲,中性层,剪切中心(弯曲中心),主应力迹线,刚架,跨度, 斜弯 曲,截面核心,折算弯矩,抗弯截面模量。 6) 相当应力,广义虎克定律,应力圆,极限应力圆。 7) 欧拉临界力,稳定性,压杆稳定性。 8)动荷载,交变应力,疲劳破坏。 二、杆件四种基本变形得公式及应用 1、四种基本变形:
英语演讲选修课教案11I n f o r m I I -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
山东理工大学教案
Lesson 10 Informative Speech II Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding. When your general purpose is to inform, you act as a teacher or lecturer. Your goal is to convey information ---and do it clearly, accurately and interestingly, your aim is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners---to give them information they did not have before. The informative speeches occur in a wide range of everyday situations. Types of informative speeches 5.Speeches about objects 6.Speeches about processes 7.Speeches about events 8.Speeches about concepts 1.Speeches about objects Object: anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form. Objects may have having parts or to be alive, they may include places, structures, animals, or even people. You will not have time to cover everything about an object, just focus on one aspect When you organize the speech you may choose one of the three organizational methods: chronological; spatial and topical. If your specific purpose is to explain the history or evolution of your subject, you can put your speech in chronological order (A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern). For instance: Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the major achievements of Frederick Douglass Central idea: Although born in slavery, Frederick Douglass became one of the greatest figures in American history. Main points: I. Douglass spent the first 20 years of his life as a slave in Maryland. II. After escaping to the North, Douglass became a leader in the abolitionist movement to end slavery III. During the Civil War, Douglass helped establish black regiments in the Union Army. IV. After the war, Douglass was a tireless champion of equal rights for his race. If your specific purpose is to describe the main features of your subject, you may organize your speech in spatial order (A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern). Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the major land regions in Spain Central idea: There are five major land regions in Spain. Main points: I. The Northern part… II. The western… III. The central… IV. The eastern… V. The Southern part…
材料力学阶段总结 一.材料力学的一些基本概念 1.材料力学的任务： 解决安全可靠与经济适用的矛盾。 研究对象：杆件 强度：抵抗破坏的能力 刚度：抵抗变形的能力 稳定性：细长压杆不失稳。 2.材料力学中的物性假设 连续性：物体内部的各物理量可用连续函数表示。 均匀性：构件内各处的力学性能相同。 各向同性：物体内各方向力学性能相同。 3.材力与理力的关系 , 内力、应力、位移、变形、应变的概念 材力与理力：平衡问题，两者相同； 理力：刚体，材力：变形体。 内力：附加内力。应指明作用位置、作用截面、作用方向、和符号规定。 应力：正应力、剪应力、一点处的应力。应了解作用截面、作用位置（点）、作用方向、 和符号规定。 压应力 正应力拉应力 线应变 应变：反映杆件的变形程度角应变 变形基本形式：拉伸或压缩、剪切、扭转、弯曲。 4.物理关系、本构关系虎 克定律；剪切虎克定律： 拉压虎克定律：线段的拉伸或压缩。 E —— Pl l EA 剪切虎克定律：两线段夹角的变化。Gr 适用条件：应力～应变是线性关系：材料比例极限以内。 5.材料的力学性能（拉压）： 一张σ - ε图，两个塑性指标δ 、ψ ，三个应力特征点：p、s、b，四个变化阶段：弹性阶段、屈服阶段、强化阶段、颈缩阶段。 拉压弹性模量，剪切弹性模量，泊松比 v ， G E （V） E G 2 1 塑性材料与脆性材料的比较： 变形强度抗冲击应力集中
塑性材料流动、断裂变形明显 较好地承受冲击、振动不敏感 拉压s 的基本相同 脆性无流动、脆断仅适用承压非常敏感 6.安全系数、许用应力、工作应力、应力集中系数 安全系数：大于 1的系数，使用材料时确定安全性与经济性矛盾的关键。过小，使 构件安全性下降；过大，浪费材料。 许用应力：极限应力除以安全系数。 s0 塑性材料 s n s b 脆性材料0b n b 7.材料力学的研究方法 1)所用材料的力学性能：通过实验获得。 2)对构件的力学要求：以实验为基础，运用力学及数学分析方法建立理论，预测理 论应用的未来状态。 3)截面法：将内力转化成“外力” 。运用力学原理分析计算。 8.材料力学中的平面假设 寻找应力的分布规律，通过对变形实验的观察、分析、推论确定理论根据。 1)拉（压）杆的平面假设 实验：横截面各点变形相同，则内力均匀分布，即应力处处相等。 2)圆轴扭转的平面假设 实验：圆轴横截面始终保持平面，但刚性地绕轴线转过一个角度。横截面上正应力 为零。 3)纯弯曲梁的平面假设 实验：梁横截面在变形后仍然保持为平面且垂直于梁的纵向纤维；正应力成线性分 布规律。 9小变形和叠加原理 小变形： ①梁绕曲线的近似微分方程 ② 杆件变形前的平衡 ③ 切线位移近似表示曲线 ④ 力的独立作用原理 叠加原理： ① 叠加法求内力 ② 叠加法求变形。 10材料力学中引入和使用的的工程名称及其意义（概念） 1)荷载：恒载、活载、分布荷载、体积力，面布力，线布力，集中力，集中力偶， 极限荷载。 2)单元体，应力单元体，主应力单元体。
英语演讲课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语演讲课程编号： 学时/学分：32/2 课程类别/性质：通识教育/选修 适用专业：非英语专业本科生 一、课程目标与定位 英语演讲是一门通识教育选修课。本课程旨在通过讲授英语口才、基本演讲类型、演讲技巧，分析演讲实例，使学生全方位的了解英语演讲，培养学生的英语表达能力、英语演讲能力及沟通、领导能力，并训练学生用英语进行思辨的能力，达到使学生学会演讲稿的写作方法以及提高在公共场合演讲能力的目的。 二、课程从属项目关系 先修课程：大学英语 后续课程：无 三、课程知识、能力、素质培养目标 1. 了解演讲语言、演讲谋篇的基本特点。 2. 了解英语演讲技巧，做到语言上能达意，并且学会充分调动各种非语言因素进行表 达。 3. 具备能够在公共场合进行英语演讲的能力。 四、课程基本内容和学时安排 第一章公众演讲的基本概念（2学时） 教学内容：公共演讲的定义、演讲的类型、演讲的目的、演讲的特征以及演讲的构成。 教学目标：让学生真正了解什么是公共演讲以及组成演讲的必要元素。 重点：演讲的类型以及构成。 难点：演讲的构成。 第二章演讲稿的特征（2学时） 教学内容：演讲稿的作用、要求、特点和分类；以及如何准备演讲稿。 教学目标：让学生掌握演讲稿的基本特征。 重点：演讲稿要有针对性、可讲性和鼓动性。 难点：如何充分准备高质量的演讲稿。 第三章演讲稿的写作（10学时） 教学内容：定题演讲的三大组成要素：内容、结构和语言。内容要有明确的观点，要选择恰当并且新颖的题材和角度，要有充分支持观点的论据；清晰的结构会紧 紧抓住听众的注意力，应当包括开头正文和结尾三个部分。语言要准确、恰
英语演讲稿大学英语课前三分钟演讲稿 大学英语课前三分钟演讲稿 when i was seven, i started learning english. i played games and sang english songs with other children. sometimes, i watched english cartoons. it's funny. then i discovered the beauty of the language, and began my colorful dream in the english world. i hope i can travel around the world someday. i want to go to america to visit washington, because my cousin is over there. of course, i want to go to london too, because england is where english language developed. if i can ride my bike in cambridge university, i will be very happy. i hope i can speak english with everyone in the world. also i'll introduce china to them, such as the great wall, and the gardens in suzhou. i will teaching people of the world about the beautiful language of our country. i like the english language. to learn english is wonderful. i once wanted to be an english teacher . i also like chinese literature. when i was really young, i was able to remember lots of poems. i also wanted to be a teacher of chinese. now i think that both of my dreams
Chapter 7Methods of delivery Four basic methods of delivering a speech 1.Reading from a manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. 2.Reciting from memory 3.Speaking impromptu: a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation. 4.Speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. The speaker’s voice 1.volume : the loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice. Too loud, your listeners will think you boorish Too soft, your listeners will not understand you. To be heard clearly is the principle. 2.Pitch: t he highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice. Monotone: a constant pitch or tone of voice, (no variation in pitch) should be avoid. 3.Rate: the speed at which a person speaks. There is no uniform rate for effective speechmaking.Martin Luther King spoke at roughly 90 words per minute; Franklin Roosevelt spoke at 110 words per minute, John Kennedy at 180, A fast rate helps crate feelings of happiness, fear, anger, and surprise, while a slow rate is better for expressing sadness or disgust. Two obvious faults to avoid are speaking so slowly that your listeners become bored or so quickly that they lose track of your ideas. 4.Pauses: A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. Learning how and when to pause is a major challenge for most beginning speakers. Even a moment of silence can seem like an eternity. As you gain more poise and confidence, you will discover how useful the pause can be. It can signal the end of a thought unit, give an idea time to sink in, and lend dramatic impact to a statement. When you do pause, make sure you pause at the end of a thought unit and not in the middle. Otherwise, you may distract listeners from your ideas. Most important, do not fill the silence with vocalized pauses like “uh”, “er”, or “um”. Mark Twain: The right word may be effective, but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause. 5.vocal variety: changes in a speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness. Just as variety is the spice of life, so is it the spice of public speaking. A flat, listless, unchanging voice is just as deadly to speechmaking as a flat, listless, unchanging routine is to daily life. Diagnose your voice to decide which aspects need improvement. Record your speeches to hear how they sound. Try them out on your friends. And make adjustments.
《英语演讲》教学大纲 课程编号：课程类型： 课程名称：英语演讲英文名称：Public Speaking in English 学分：适用专业： 第一部分大纲说明 一、课程的性质、目的和任务 本课程向学生传授英语演讲的基本知识和演讲稿撰写技巧，通过对著名经典演讲词的学习鉴赏，了解英语演讲的目的、功能和修辞手段，通过对现代名人演讲词的赏析，了解当代演讲词的结构、风格和修辞特征；通过学习赏析和演讲实践，提高学生撰写演讲稿和进行即兴演讲的能力。目的是为了让学生了解英语演讲技巧及其发展的历史；从理论上与实践上提高学生在公共场合的英语演讲能力，使他们能够富有逻辑地、说服力地、艺术性地、策略性地、感人地、幽默地、流利地表达自己的观点，成功地说服听众；学会演讲稿的写作方法；学会利用现代技术进行演讲；通过分析中外名家的演讲，让学生了解演讲中的中西文化差异。 二、课程的基本要求 1.知识要求： 了解：通过本课程学习，初步掌握英语正式演讲和即兴口头演讲的基本知识。 熟悉：经典和功能性演讲材料，欧美英语文化特色，中西文化差异及其产生的根源。 掌握：正式演讲和即兴演讲的基本要求。 2.能力要求： 简单运用：进一步提高学生组织思想和口头表达能力。 熟练运用：凭借个人现有的英语基础，通过本课程实践，提高进行得体的功能性即兴演讲的能力。 三、本课程与相关课程的联系 作为一门英语基础课程，学生在学习本课程前需具备一定的语言基础和较好的阅读理解能力。因此，参加本课程学习的学生学习过《大学英语》相关课程，或学习过《基础英语》、《高级英语》、《英语语法学》《英语视听》和《英美文化》等课程，其后续课程主要有：《英语辩论》、《英语演讲艺术》等。
Lesson 10 Informative Teaching Aim and Requirement Aimed at ensuring the Ss to have a basic knowledge of public speaking. Teaching methods PPt, interact between teacher & student Assignments What are the essentials of an effective speech How to overcome nervousness Teaching procedures Informative speech: a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding To enhance the knowledge and understanding of your listeners--- to give them information they did not have before Convey clearly accurately interestingly Organizational methods Chronological order 编年顺序 Spatial order 空间顺序 Topical order 主题顺序 Causal order Problem-solution order Other methods of speech organization Causal order:A show a cause-effect relationship. method of speech organization in which the main points Problem-solution order: A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. (Problem-cause-solution order) Speeches about process Process: A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. Speeches of process explain how something is made, how something is done, or how something works. 3. Speeches about events Event: Anything that happens or is regarded as happening. chronological order----to recount the history of an event, causal order ----to explain the causes and effects 4. Speech about concepts Concept: A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. Speeches about concepts are usually organized in topical order. One common approach is to list the main features or aspects of your concept.
英语演讲教案课程 WTD standardization office【WTD 5AB- WTDK 08- WTD 2C】
I n t r o d u c t i o n What is public speaking? ?Public speaking, as its name implies, is a way of making your ideas public – of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people. A Brief Introduction to public speaking I. How to Prepare a Speech ?Stating Your Objectives： ◇inform ◇train ◇persuade ◇sell ?Analyzing Your Audience What to learn about the audience? Their opinions and levels of prior knowledge of your subject ; their likely bias, both personal and professional how do you learn it? Ask the person who has invited you to speak. Find out what the occasion is and if there is a program theme. ?Choosing a Speech Topic and the Speech Theme Six Criteria 1. The topic should be interesting to you. 2. It should be interesting to your audience or at least be capable of being made interesting to them. 3. It should be appropriate to the situation. 4. It should be appropriate to the time available. 5. It should be manageable.
大学英语演讲稿:选择的重要性 Over the past Spring Festival, I got involved in a family dispute. Right before I got home, four satellite channels of CCTV were added to the 14 channels we had already had. In prime time at night, they all had interesting shows. Therefore, the five of us-my parents, my sisters and I-had to argue over what to watch. Finally, we agreed that we should watch the "most interesting" program... If wecould agree what that was. However, all of us there remember that for a long time after we had TV, there were only one or two channels available. The increase in options reveals an important change in our life: the abundance of choice. Fifteen years ago we all dressed in one style and in one color. Today, we select from a wide variety of designs and shades. Fifteen years ago, we read few newspapers. Today, we read English newspapers like the China Daily and the 21st Century, as well as various Chinese newspapers. Fifteen years ago, English majors took only courses in language and literature. Today, we also study Western culture, journalism, business communications, international relations, and computer science. The emergence of choices marks the beginning of a new era in China's history; an era of diversity, of material and cultural richness, and an era of the rebirth of the Chinese nation. We enjoy the abundance of choice. But this has not come easily. About 150 years ago, China was forced to open up its door by Western canons and gunboats. It has been through the struggle and sacrifice of generations that we finally have gained the opportunity to choose for ourselves. The policy of reform and openness is the choice that has made all the difference. Like others of my age, I'm too young to have experienced the time when the Chinese people had no right to choose. However, as the next century draws near, it is time to ask: What does choice really mean to us young people? Is choice a game that relies on chance or luck? Is choice an empty promise that never materializes? Or is choice a puzzle so difficult that we have to avoid it? First, I would like to say: To choose means to claim opportunities. I am a third-year English major. An important choice for me, of course, is what to do upon graduation. I can go to graduate school, at home or abroad. I can go to work as a teacher, a translator, a journalist, an editor and a diplomat. Actually, the system of mutual selection has allowed me to approach almost every career opportunity in China. Indeed, this is not going to be an easy choice. I would love to work in such big cities as Beijing or Shanghai or Shenzhen. I would also love to return to my hometown, which is intimate, though slightly lagging in development. I would love to stay in the coastal area where life is
材料力学阶段总结 一.材料力学的一些基本概念 1. 材料力学的任务： 解决安全可靠与经济适用的矛盾。 研究对象：杆件 强度：抵抗破坏的能力 刚度：抵抗变形的能力 稳定性：细长压杆不失稳。 2. 材料力学中的物性假设 连续性：物体内部的各物理量可用连续函数表示。 均匀性：构件内各处的力学性能相同。 各向同性：物体内各方向力学性能相同。 3. 材力与理力的关系，内力、应力、位移、变形、应变的概念 材力与理力：平衡问题，两者相同； 理力：刚体，材力：变形体。 内力：附加内力。应指明作用位置、作用截面、作用方向、和符号规定。 应力：正应力、剪应力、一点处的应力。应了解作用截面、作用位置（点）、 作用方向、和符号规定。 变形基本形式：拉伸或压缩、剪切、扭转、弯曲。 4. 物理关系、本构关系 虎克定律；剪切虎克定律： 拉压虎克定律：线段的拉伸或压缩。 E ——I 巴 EA 剪切虎克定律：两线段 夹角的变化。 Gr 适用条件：应力?应变是线性关系：材料比例极限以内。 5. 材料的力学性能（拉压）： 一张C - &图，两个塑性指标3、书,三个应力特征点： p 、 s 、 b ，四个 变化阶段：弹性阶段、屈服阶段、强化阶段、颈缩阶段。 拉压弹性模量E ,剪切弹性模量G,泊松比v ， G E 2(1 V ) 正应力 压应力 拉应力 应变：反映杆件的变形程度 线应变 角应变
6. 安全系数、 许用应力、工作应力、应力集中系数 安全系数：大于1的系数，使用材料时确定安全性与经济性矛盾的关键。 过小，使构件安全性下降；过大，浪费材料。 许用应力：极限应力除以安全系数。 脆性材料 7. 材料力学的研究方法 1） 所用材料的力学性能：通过实验获得。 2） 对构件的力学要求：以实验为基础，运用力学及数学分析方法建立理 论，预测理论应用的 未来状态。 3） 截面法：将内力转化成“外力”。运用力学原理分析计算。 8. 材料力学中的平面假设 寻找应力的分布规律，通过对变形实验的观察、分析、推论确定理论根据。 1） 拉（压）杆的平面假设 实验：横截面各点变形相同，则内力均匀分布，即应力处处相等。 2） 圆轴扭转的平面假设 实验：圆轴横截面始终保持平面，但刚性地绕轴线转过一个角度。横截面 上正应力为零。 3） 纯弯曲梁的平面假设 实验：梁横截面在变形后仍然保持为平面且垂直于梁的纵向纤维； 正应力 成线性分布规律。 9小变形和叠加原理 小变形： ① 梁绕曲线的近似微分方程 ② 杆件变形前的平衡 ③ 切线位移近似表示曲线 ④ 力的独立作用原理 叠加原理： ① 叠加法求内力 ② 叠加法求变形。 10材料力学中引入和使用的的工程名称及其意义（概念） 1） 荷载：恒载、活载、分布荷载、体积力，面布力，线布力，集中力, 集中力偶，极限荷载。 2） 单元体，应力单元体，主应力单元体。 3） 名义剪应力，名义挤压力，单剪切，双剪切。 4） 自由扭转，约束扭转，抗扭截面模量，剪力流。 塑性材料 n s n b