Nintendo's Disruptive Strategy Implications for the Video Game Industry
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任天堂游戏制作公司营销策略选择与制定的研究报告任天堂(日文:にんてんどう,英文:Nintendo)公司成立于1889年,原为生产纸牌的手工作坊,现是日本最著名的游戏制作公司,其制作的电子游戏及主机、掌机系列在全球范围内深受欢迎。
时隔100多年,任天堂公司旗下的产品依然备受欢迎。
任天堂这个名字,相信对于不少人来说还是很陌生的,但是对于像我们这种游戏玩家来说简直就是熟悉得不能再熟悉了。
即使你不是游戏迷,但假如你对游戏稍微有一点了解的话,你应该会知道,他们旗下的某些著名而又经典的游戏,例如:超级玛丽,魂斗罗(是根据当时著名的恐怖片《异形》所改编,人物造型是著名影星施瓦辛格和史泰龙。
)俄罗斯方块......这些游戏产品,不仅影响着全世界数以百万的青少年,更是陪伴着我们一代又一代人的成长,不管现在的你是小朋友还是成年人,任天堂的游戏无论是现在还是曾经都是我们最好的玩伴。
那么,下面我们就来分析一下,任天堂之所以能取得这么大的成功,它的秘诀究竟在于哪里。
任天堂在八十年代之前主要还是生产扑克牌的,但是当时的社长山内溥看中了当时的游戏市场,因此,从生产扑克牌就转向了游戏机。
当时,他们公司的游戏影响力颇大,使众多玩家深受其益。
70年代,雅达利公司开创了一个高科技的电脑游戏业。
任天堂公司在80年代初期把它的家庭电脑游戏机(FC)投放到市场后,掀起了一场轩然大波。
这个小小的日本株式会社,员工不足千人,却硬是把人们熟知的松下、日立、东芝、索尼等国际驰名大企业甩在后面。
1993年人均创利达到80万美元;1994年公司的税前利润竟排名于全日本上市公司的第二位,仅次于当时的汽车行业的霸主丰田公司。
但是,好景不长,当时日本正面临着石油危机,经济持续三年不景气;美国的游戏玩家也对老式节目日渐厌倦,游戏机销售量下跌到了历史最低点。
但是,任天堂并没有因此而放弃,并且借助廉价家庭游戏机的发展前景,接二连三的创造出一批又一批的新产品,新游戏。
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(EU)(M5).cia 上菜啦!0281 - Pinball Hall of Fame 3D - The Williams Collection (EU)(M5).cia 弹珠台名人堂威廉收藏版0282 - Reel Fishing 3D - Paradise (EU)(M6).cia 鱼之眼天堂0283 - Rollercoaster Tycoon (EU)(M5).cia 过山车大亨3D0284 - Shifting World (EU)(M7).cia 变幻世界白与黑之迷宫0285 - Transformers Prime - The Game (EU)(M7).cia 变形金刚领袖0286 - Winter Sports 2012 - Feel the Spirit (EU)(M4).cia 2012冬运会感受灵魂0287 - Word Wizard 3D (EU)(M6).cia 魔力单词3D0288 - Croods - Prehistoric Party, The (EU)(M5).cia 克鲁德一家史前聚会0289 - LEGO Legends of Chima - Laval's Journey (EU)(M7).cia 乐高赤马传奇拉法鲁的旅程0290 - Professor Layton und die Maske der Wunder (DE).cia 雷顿教授与奇迹假面0291 - Zero Escape - Virtue's Last Reward (EU).cia 极限脱出ADV 善人死亡AVG(文字类) 0292 - Sonic & All-Stars Racing - Transformed (EU)(M5).cia 索尼克与世嘉全明星赛车变形RAC(竞速类)0293 - Happy Feet 2 (EU)(M6).cia 快乐的大脚2 ACT(动作类)0294 - Naruto Shippuden 3D - The New Era (EU)(M5).cia 火影忍者疾风传忍立体绘卷!最强忍界决战! ACT(动作类)0295 - Mario & Luigi - Dream Team Bros. (EU)(M7).cia 马里奥与路易RPG4 梦世界冒险(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0296 - My Foal 3D (EU)(M6).cia 我的小马驹3D(欧)SIM(模拟养成类)0297 - Cats & Dogs - Pets at Play (EU)(M5).cia 阿猫阿狗宠物游戏(欧)SIM(模拟养成类) 0298 - LEGO The Lord of the Rings (US).cia 乐高指环王(欧)ACT(动作类)0299 - Rabbids Rumble (US)(M3).cia 疯狂兔子大混战(美)ACT(动作类)0300 - Transformers Prime - The Game (US)(M2).cia 变形金刚领袖(美)ACT(动作类)0301 - Funky Barn 3D (EU)(M5).cia 快乐动物牧场3D(欧)SIM(模拟养成类)0302 - LEGO Der Herr der Ringe (DE)(M7).cia 乐高指环王(欧)ACT(动作类)0303 - Spider-Man - Edge of Time (EU)(M4).cia 蜘蛛侠时空边缘(欧)ACT(动作类)0304 - DreamWorks Super Star Kartz (EU)(M7).cia 梦工厂全明星卡丁车(欧)RAC(竞速类) 0305 - Hotel Transylvania (EU)(M4).cia 精灵旅社(欧)AVG(冒险类)0306 - Monster High - Skultimate Roller Maze (EU)(M10).cia 精灵高中溜冰滚动迷宫(欧)RAC(竞速类)0307 - Pippi Longstocking 3D (EU)(M8).cia 长袜子皮皮3D(欧)PUZ(益智类)0308 - Ice Age 4 - Continental Drift - Arctic Games (EU)(M6).cia 冰河世纪4 大陆漂移北极运动会(欧)SPG(运动类)0309 - Angry Birds Trilogy (v01) (EU)(M5).cia 愤怒的小鸟三重包(欧)ETC(益智类)0310 - Shin Megami Tensei - Devil Survivor Overclocked (EU).cia 真女神转生恶魔幸存者超频(欧)SLG(策略类)0311 - Jewel Master - Atlantis 3D (EU)(M6).cia 珠宝大师亚特兰提斯传奇3D(欧)PUZ(益智类)0312 - Arcade Classics 3D (EU)(M6).cia 街机3D合集(欧)PUZ(益智类)0313 - Bella Sara - The Magical Horse Adventures (EU)(M11).cia 贝拉萨拉魔法飞马大冒险(欧)SIM(模拟养成类)0314 - Gummy Bears - Magical Medallion (EU)(M6).cia 橡皮糖熊的魔法勋章(欧)ACT(动作类) 0315 - Spy Hunter (EU)(M6).cia 间谍猎手(欧)RAC(竞速类)0316 - Puppies World 3D (EU)(M5).cia 小狗3D(欧)SIM(模拟养成类)0317 - Imagine - Babies 3D (EU)(M6).cia 幻想宝贝(欧)SIM(模拟类)0318 - Imagine - Champion Rider 3D (EU)(M9).cia 幻想冠军骑师3D(欧)SIM(模拟类)0319 - Imagine - Fashion World 3D (EU)(M9).cia 幻想时尚世界3D(欧)SIM(模拟类)0320 - Naruto Powerful Shippuden (EU)(M5).cia 火影忍者SD疾风传(欧)ACT(动作类)0321 - Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 3D (EU)(M2).cia 实况足球2012 3D(德)SPG(体育类)0322 - Pro Evolution Soccer 2013 3D (EU)(M2).cia 实况足球2013(欧)SPG(体育类)0323 - Azada (EU)(M4).cia 阿扎达(欧)PUZ(益智类)0324 - LEGO City Undercover - The Chase Begins (EU)(M8).cia 乐高都市伪装追捕(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0325 - LEGO Batman 2 - DC Super Heroes (DE)(M2).cia 乐高蝙蝠侠2 DC超级英雄(德)ACT(动作类)0326 - Pokemon Mystery Dungeon - Gates to Infinity (EU)(M5).cia 口袋妖怪不可思议迷宫玛古那之门与无限迷宫(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0327 - Petz Fantasy 3D (EU)(M9).cia 梦幻宠物3D(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0328 - Farming Simulator 2012 3D (EU)(M3).cia 模拟农场2012 3D(欧)SIM(模拟类)0329 - Mahjong Mysteries - Ancient Athena 3D (EU)(M6).cia 麻将探秘古雅典娜(欧)PUZ(益智类)0330 - Junior Games 3D (EU)(M6).cia 儿童经典游戏3D(欧)PUZ(益智类)0331 - Jewel Master - Cradle of Rome 2 (EU)(M6).cia 珠宝大师罗马起源2(欧)PUZ(益智类) 0332 - Bowling Bonanza 3D (EU)(M6).cia 保龄球富豪3D(欧)SPG(体育类)0333 - My Riding Stables 3D - Jumping for the Team (EU)(M5).cia 我的驯马场3D 为团队而跳跃(欧)SIM(模拟类)0334 - Rise of the Guardians (EU)(M5).cia 守护者联盟(欧)ACT(动作类)0335 - Ben 10 - Omniverse (EU)(M5).cia Ben 10 全能宇宙(欧)ACT(动作类)0336 - Profesor Layton y la Mascara de los Prodigios, El (ES).cia 雷顿教授与奇迹假面(西)AVG(冒险类)0337 - Harvest Moon 3D - The Tale of Two Towns (EU)(M3).cia 牧场物语3D 双子村(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0338 - Professor Layton e la maschera dei Miracoli, Il (IT).cia 雷顿教授与奇迹假面(意))AVG(冒险类)0339 - Disney Planes (EU)(M6).cia 飞机总动员(欧)RAC(竞速类)0340 - Fast & Furious - Showdown (EU)(M5).cia 速度与激情对决(欧)RAC(竞速类)0341 - Disney Princess - My Fairytale Adventure (EU)(M3).cia 迪士尼公主们我的童话冒险(欧)RPG(角色扮演)Disney Princess - My Fairytale Adventure 2012-08-17[512M]0342 - 50 Classic Games 3D (EU)(M6).cia 50款经典游戏3D(欧)PUZ(益智类)0343 - One Piece - Unlimited Cruise SP2 (EU)(M5).cia 海贼王无尽的航海SP2(欧)ACT(动作类) 0344 - Theatrhythm Final Fantasy (US).cia 最终幻想节奏剧场(美)Music(音乐类)0345 - Scribblenauts Unlimited (US).cia 涂鸦小子无限(美)RPG(角色扮演)0346 - Luigi's Mansion - Dark Moon (US)(M3).cia 路易鬼屋暗黑之月(美)ACT(动作类)0347 - Nintendogs + Cats - Toy Poodle & New Friends (JP).cia 任天猫狗玩具贵宾犬与新伙伴(日)SIM(模拟养成类)0348 - BioHazard - The Mercenaries 3D (JP).cia 生化危机佣兵3D(日)Action(动作射击类) 0349 - Theatrhythm Final Fantasy (JP).cia 最终幻想节奏剧场(日)Music(音乐类)0350 - Shin Hikari Shinwa - Palutena no Kagami (JP).cia 新光之神话帕鲁迪娜之镜(日)ACT(动作类)0351 - My Western Horse 3D (EU)(M5).cia 我的西部小马3D(德)SIM(模拟类)0352 - Viking Invasion 2 - Tower Defense (EU)(M5).cia 维京人的入侵2 塔防(欧)Strategy(策略) 0353 - Tobidase Doubutsu no Mori (JP).cia 来吧!动物之森(日)ETC(益智类)0354 - Gyakuten Saiban 5 (JP).cia 逆转裁判5(日)AVG(文字类)0355 - Bravely Default - Flying Fairy (JP).cia 勇气默示录飞舞的妖精(日)RPG(角色扮演) 0356 - AKB48+Me (JP).cia 秋叶原48 +我(日)SIM(模拟类)0357 - New Love Plus (JP).cia 新的爱情加(日)SIM(模拟类)0358 - Castlevania Lords of Shadow - Mirror of Fate (JP).cia 恶魔城暗影之王命运之镜(日)ACT(动作类)0359 - Super Robot Taisen UX (JP).cia 超级机器人大战UX(日)Strategy(策略)0360 - Dragon Quest VII - Eden no Senshitachi (JP).cia 勇者斗恶龙7 伊甸的战士们(日)RPG(角色扮演)0361 - Fantasy Life (JP).cia 幻想生活(日)RPG(角色扮演)0362 - Pokemon Fushigi no Dungeon - Magnagate to Mugendai no Meikyuu (JP).cia 口袋妖怪不可思议迷宫玛古那之门与无限迷宫(日)RPG(角色扮演)0363 - Labyrinth no Kanata (JP).cia 拉比利斯的彼方(日)RPG(角色扮演)0364 - Ken to Mahou to Gakuen Mono. 3D (JP).cia 剑、魔法与学园3D (日)RPG(角色扮演) 0365 - Bokujou Monogatari - Hajimari no Daichi (JP).cia 牧场物语起源的大地(日)Strategy(策略)0366 - Naruto Shippuden - Shinobi Rittai Emaki! Saikyou Ninkai Kessen!! (JP).cia 火影忍者疾风传忍立体绘卷!最强忍界决战!(日)ACT(动作类)0367 - Luigi Mansion 2 (JP).cia 路易鬼屋暗黑之月(日)ACT(动作类)0368 - Super Pokemon Scramble (JP).cia 超级口袋妖怪乱战(日)ACT(动作类)0369 - Steel Diver (JP).cia 钢铁机师(日)SIM(模拟类)0370 - Cubic Ninja (JP).cia 立体忍者(日)ETC(益智类)0371 - Rabbids Time Travel (JP).cia 疯狂兔子时间旅行(日)ACT(动作类)0372 - Touch! Double Pen Sports (JP).cia 双笔运动(日)SPG(体育类)0373 - Shin Megami Tensei IV (CN).cia 真女神转生4(港台)SIM(模拟养成类)0374 - Nintendogs + Cats - French Bulldog & New Friends (CN).cia 任天猫狗法国斗牛犬与新伙伴(港台)SIM(模拟养成类)0375 - Nintendogs + Cats - Shiba and New Friends (CN).cia 任天猫狗柴犬与新伙伴(港台)SIM(模拟养成类)0376 - Nintendogs + Cats - Toy Poodle & New Friends (CN).cia 任天猫狗玩具贵宾犬与新伙伴(港台)0377 - Mario Tennis Open (CN).cia 马里奥网球OPEN(港台)SPG(运动类)0378 - New Super Mario Brothers 2 (CN).cia 新超级马里奥兄弟2(港台)ACT(动作类)0379 - Super Mario 3D Land (CN).cia 超级马里奥3D 大陆(港台)SPG(运动类)0380 - Star Fox 64 3D (CN).cia 星际火狐64 3D(港台)STG(射击类)0381 - Tohoku Daigaku Karei Igaku Kenkyuusho - Monosugoku Nou wo Kitaeru 5-Funkan no Oni Training (CN).cia 突破极限脑的5分钟魔鬼锻炼(港台)ETC(益智类)0382 - Luigi's Mansion 2 (CN).cia 路易鬼屋暗黑之月(港台)ACT(动作类)0383 - Etrian Odyssey IV - Legends of the Titan (EU).cia 世界树迷宫4 传承的巨神0384 - Purr Pals - Purrfection (EU)(M5).cia 喵呜伙伴完美感受(欧)SIM(模拟养成类)0385 - Rune Factory 4 (JP).cia 符文工房4(日)RPG(角色扮演)0386 - Code of Princess (JP).cia 公主代码(日)ACT(动作类)0387 - Crayon Shin-Chan - Uchuu de Achoo! Yuujou no Oba-Karate!! (JP).cia 蜡笔小新宇宙友情大作战(日)ACT(动作类)0388 - Doctor Lautrec to Boukyaku no Kishidan (JP).cia 罗特雷克教授与忘却的骑士团(日)ETC(其他类)0389 - E.X. Troopers (JP).cia EX装甲骑兵日版游戏(日)Action(动作射击类)0390 - Inazuma Eleven Go - Shine (JP).cia 闪电十一人GO 光明(日)RPG(角色扮演)0391 - Inazuma Eleven Go 2 - Chrono Stone - Neppuu (JP).cia 闪电十一人GO2时空之石·热风(日)RPG(角色扮演)0392 - One Piece - Unlimited Cruise SP (JP).cia 海贼王无尽的航海SP(日)AVG(文字类)0393 - Layton Kyouju to Choubunmei A no Isan (JP).cia 雷顿教授与超文明A的遗产(日)ACT(动作类)0394 - SD Gundam G Generation 3D (JP).cia SD高达G世纪3D(日)Strategy(策略)0395 - Shin Sangoku Musou VS (JP).cia 真三国无双VS(日)ACT(动作类)0396 - Time Travelers (JP).cia 时间旅行者(日)ETC(其他类)0397 - Dead or Alive - Dimensions (JP).cia 死或生维度(日)FTG(格斗类)0398 - Deca Sporta - 3D Sports (JP).cia 十项全能3D(日)SPG(运动类)0399 - Guild 01 (JP).cia 吉尔德01(日)ETC(其他类)0400 - 3D Game Collection - 55 in 1 (EU)(M5).cia 3D游戏合集55合1(欧)PUZ(益智类)0401 - Puzzler Brain Games (EU)(M5).cia 解密者头脑游戏(欧)PUZ(益智类)0402 - Puzzler World 2012 3D (EU)(M5).cia 解密者头脑游戏谜题世界2012 3D(欧)PUZ(益智类)0403 - FIFA 13 (EU)(M3).cia 国际足球大联盟2013(欧)SPG(体育类)0404 - Animal Hospital (EU)(M6).cia 动物医院(欧)SIM(模拟养成类)0405 - Pac-Man & Galaga Dimensions (JP).cia 吃豆人与小蜜蜂维度(欧)ACT(动作类)0406 - Nicola Kanshuu - Model Oshare Audition 2 (JP).cia 妮可拉监修模特的养成2(日)SIM(模拟养成类)0407 - Nikoli no Sudoku 3D - 8-tsu no Puzzle de 1000-mon (JP).cia 数独与三大谜题(日)PUZ(益智类)0408 - Around the World with Hello Kitty and Friends (EU)(M5).cia 凯蒂猫的世界旅行(欧)ETC(其他类)0409 - Monster Hunter 4 (JP).cia 怪物猎人40410 - 3D MahJongg (EU)(M4).cia 3D麻将(欧)PUZ(益智类)0411 - Jewel Master - Cradle of Egypt 2 3D (EU)(M4).cia 珠宝大师埃及的摇篮(欧)PUZ(益智类)0412 - Gardenscapes (EU)(M4).cia 园艺别墅(欧)SIM(模拟类)0413 - LEGO Le Seigneur des Anneaux (FR)(M7).cia 乐高指环王(欧)ACT(动作类)0414 - Shin Megami Tensei IV (US).cia 真女神转生4(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0415 - Boulder Dash-XL 3D (US).cia 钻石小子(美)ACT(动作类)0416 - Style Savvy - Trendsetters (US).cia 任性时尚GIRL'S MODE 欲望宣言(美)PAR(派对类) 0417 - Real Heroes - Firefighter 3D (US).cia 火场英雄消防队员(美)ACT(动作类)0418 - Brain Age - Concentration Training (US)(M3).cia 突破极限脑的5分钟魔鬼锻炼(美)PUZ(益智类)0419 - Skylanders Giants (US)(M3).cia 小龙斯派罗巨人(美)ACT(动作类)0420 - Animal Resort - Dobutsuen o Tsukurou!! (JP).cia 动物园胜地创造动物园(日)SIM(模拟类)0421 - Yuugen Gaisha Brave Company (JP).cia 勇者会社(日)SIM(模拟类)0422 - Star Fox 64 3D (JP).cia 星际火狐64 3D (日)STG(射击类)0423 - Real 3D Bass Fishing - Fish On (JP).cia 真实3D钓鱼(日)Sport(休闲运动类)0424 - Pro Yakyuu Famista 2011 (JP).cia 职业棒球家庭竞技场2011(日)SPG(运动类)0425 - Minna no Ennichi (JP).cia 大众庙会(日)PUZ(益智类)0426 - Hana to Ikimo no Rittai Zukan (JP).cia 花与生物立体图鉴(日)PUZ(益智类)0427 - Heavy Fire - The Chosen Few (US).cia 战火纷飞阿富汗少数精锐3D(美)STG(射击类) 0428 - Turbo - Super Stunt Squad (US)(M3).cia 蜗牛超级特技队(美)RAC(竞速类)0429 - Shin Megami Tensei - Devil Summoner - Soul Hackers (US).cia 真女神转生恶魔召唤师灵魂黑客(美)RPG(角色扮演)0430 - Kokuga (JP).cia 哭牙(日)STG(射击类)0431 - Shinobi 3D (JP).cia 超级忍(日)ACT(动作类)0432 - My Pet Puppy 3D (US).cia 我的宠物小狗3D(美)SIM(模拟养成类)0433 - Spirit Camera - The Cursed Memoir (US).cia 心灵写真附体笔记(美)AVG(冒险类) 0434 - Etrian Odyssey Untold - The Millennium Girl (US).cia 新世界树迷宫千年少女(美)RPG(角色扮演)0435 - Alien Chaos 3D (US).cia 外星混沌3D(美)Action(动作射击类)0436 - Crosswords Plus (US).cia 交叉词汇加强版(美)PUZ(益智类)0437 - Rune Factory 4 (US).cia 符文工房4(美)RPG(角色扮演)0438 - Monster 4x4 3D (US)(M3).cia 异形4X4特技赛车(美)RAC(竞速类)0439 - Junior Classic Games 3D (US)(M3).cia 儿童经典游戏3D0440 - Myst (US)(M2).cia 神秘岛3D0441 - Hotel Transylvania (US).cia 精灵旅社0442 - Art Academy - Lessons for Everyone (US)(M3).cia 新绘心教室(美)PUZ(益智类)0443 - Amazing Spider-Man, The (US)(M3).cia 超凡蜘蛛侠(美)ACT(动作类)0444 - Trash Pack, The (US).cia 垃圾桶(美)PUZ(益智类)0445 - Top Trumps NBA All Stars (US).cia 顶级王牌NBA全明星(美)SPG(体育类)0446 - Adventure Time - Hey Ice King! Why'd You Steal Our Garbage!! (US).cia 探险活宝嘿!冰霸王你干嘛偷我们的垃圾?!(美)ACT(动作类)0447 - Hakuoki - Memories of the Shinsengumi (US).cia 薄樱鬼3D 新撰组的回忆(美)AVG(文字类)0448 - Wreck-It Ralph (US)(M2).cia 无敌破坏王(美)ACT(动作类)0449 - Hot Wheels - World's Best Driver (US)(M3).cia 风火轮赛车世界最强车手(美)RAC(竞速类)0450 - Pokemon X (EU)(M7).cia 口袋妖怪X(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0451 - Pokemon Y (EU)(M7).cia 口袋妖怪Y(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0452 - LEGO Batman 2 - DC Super Heroes (FR)(M2).cia 乐高蝙蝠侠2 DC超级英雄(欧)ACT(动作类)0453 - Boulder Dash-XL 3D (EU)(M5).cia 钻石小子(欧)ACT(动作类)0454 - Jewel Master - Cradle of Rome 2 (EU)(M3).cia 罗马发源地2(欧)RPG(角色扮演)0455 - FIFA 14 - Legacy Edition (EU)(M3).cia FIFA 14(欧)SPG(体育类)0456 - Pro Evolution Soccer 2013 3D (US)(M4).cia 实况足球2013(美)SPG(体育类)0457 - Wipeout 3 (US).cia 勇敢向前冲3(美)Sport(运动类)0458 - Finding Nemo - Escape to the Big Blue - Special Edition (US).cia 海底总动员逃出蓝海(美)ACT(动作类)0459 - Disney Princess - My Fairytale Adventure (US)(M3).cia 迪士尼公主们我的童话冒险(美)RPG(角色扮演)0460 - Lalaloopsy - Carnival of Friends (US).cia 拉拉小天使朋友嘉年华(美)PUZ(益智类) 0461 - Scribblenauts Unmasked - A DC Comics Adventure (US)(M4).cia 涂鸦小子DC漫画大冒险(美)ACT(动作类)0462 - Wipeout - Create and Crash (US).cia 勇敢向前冲创造与崩溃(美)Sport(运动类)0463 - Games Festival 1 (EU)(M11).cia 游戏日1(欧)PUZ(益智类)0464 - LEGO Marvel Super Heroes - Universe in Peril (US)(M4).cia 乐高Marvel 超级英雄(美))ACT(动作类)0465 - Nickelodeon - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (US)(M2).cia 忍者神龟(美)ACT(动作类) 0466 - Imagine - Fashion Life (US)(M3).cia 幻想时尚生活(美)SIM(模仿类)。
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
Section 6: Parts DataDC50X264310131211216547Cabinet GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity * 9960-285-008Door Assy., Loading Complete-Wht (2)* 9960-285-011Door Assy., Loading Complete-SS (2)* 9960-285-007Door Assy., Loading Complete-Chrome/BLK/SS (2)1 9960-284-002Door Assy., Loading-SS(ring only) (2)1 9960-284-004Door Assy., Loading-Chrome(ring only) (2)2 9982-353-002Plate Assy., Hinge (Wht) No Pin (2)2 9982-353-001Plate Assy., Hinge (SS) No Pin (2)* 9545-012-015Screw, Hinge to Door (8)* 8640-413-002Nut, Hinge to Door (8)3 9212-002-004Glass, Door (2)4 9206-413-002Gasket, Glass Black (2)* 9548-117-000Support, Door Glass (2)5 9206-420-005Gasket, Outer Rim Black (2)6 9244-082-001Handle, Loading Door (2)* 9545-018-017Screw, Handle 1/4-20 x 3/8 (4)* 9531-033-003Stud, Door Catch (2)* 8640-413-001Nut, Hex (2)* 8640-413-003Nut, Acorn (2)* 9086-015-002Catch, Loading Door (2)* 8638-190-009Pop Rivet for mtg. catch (4)* 8641-582-006Lockwasher (4)* 8640-399-001Spring Nut (6)7 9989-521-003Panel Assy., Front- Lower (Wht) (1)7 9989-521-001Panel Assy., Front- Lower (SS) (1)8 9989-517-003Panel Assy., Front- Upper (Wht) (1)8 9989-517-001Panel Assy., Front- Upper (SS) (1)* 9277-054-001Insulation Front Panel, half moon (top) (2)* 9277-054-002Insulation Front Panel, half moon (bottom) (2)9 9545-008-014Screw, FLHDCR, 10B x 1 (14) (6)* 8641-585-001 Lockwasher* 8640-399-001Nut, Spring (12)10 9544-069-002Strap, Hinge (Wht) (2)10 9544-069-005Strap, Hinge (SS/Black) (2)* 9545-012-028Screw, Hinge to Panel (8)11 9545-052-001Screw, Door to Hinge Strap (Special Black Type) (2)12 8641-436-003Washer, Fiber (2)13 9021-041-001Acceptor, Coin (1)* 9486-149-001Retainer, Coin Acceptor (2)14 9545-053-002Screw (4)* 9801-099-001Switch, Optical (1)Cabinet Group ContinuedKey Part Number Description Quantity15 9994-032-001Escutcheon, Upper (1)16 9435-039-002Trim, Overlay-Upper Blue (1)16 9435-039-001 Trim, Overlay-Upper Black (1)17 9994-033-001Escutcheon, Lower (1)18 9435-023-001Trim, Overlay-Lower Blue (1)18 9435-031-001Trim, Overlay-Lower Black (1)* 9545-020-009Screw (20)19 9412-167-002Nameplate Stack Dryer Express Blue (1)19 9412-167-001Nameplate Stack Dryer Express Black (1)20 9866-005-001Lint Drawer Assembly Blue (2)20 9866-005-004Lint Drawer Assembly Black (2)21 9435-024-001Overlay Trim, Lint Drwr-Blue (1)21 9435-032-001Overlay Trim, Lint Drwr-Black (1)* 9532-074-003Felt Seal ( back of lint screen assembly ) (2)* 9805-033-002Lint Screen Assembly ONLY (no front) (2)* 9555-057-008Replaceable Lint Screen Only (2)22 8650-012-004Lock and Key, Lint Drawer (2)* 6292-006-010Key 6101 only (2)* 9095-043-001Cam, Lock (2)* 9545-008-001Lint Screen Strap Hold Down Screws 10Bx 1/4 (32)23 9857-198-001Controls Assy, Blue (1)23 9857-198-003Controls Assy, Black (1)* 9627-869-001Harness, Electronic Control (1)24 8650-012-003Lock and Key, Control (1)* 9095-041-001Cam, Lock (1)* 6292-006-007Key only 6324 (1)* 9627-855-003Harness, Heat Sensor (1)* 8640-276-002Wire Nut Connector Grey (4)25 9501-004-003Sensor Temp Control (2)26 9501-008-001Bracket for Heat Sensor Mounting (Under Basket) w/ sensor..2* 9545-045-005Screw, Round Head (Mounts sensor; phillips head) (2)* 9209-037-002Gromm.et, 3/16 ID (2)* 8544-006-001Leg, Leveling 1/2” (4)* 9074-320-001 Cover, Cabinet (Top) (1)* 9277-041-017 Insulation Cabinet Cover (1)* 9732-276-001Kit for Dryers without Neutral and using 208-240 volt (1)* 9732-102-013LP Kit for 50Lb Stk Dryers (1)* 9732-243-001Stack Dryer Trunion Puller (1)* 9544-041-002 Strap - Bead Tie (1)27 9942-038-005 Vault, Coin Box (1)* 9545-008-024 Screws, Mounting-Coin Vault (2)28 9897-099-002 Coin Box Assy, Large Blue (1)28 9807-099-004 Coin Box Assy, Large Black (1)191526252792531089Control Parts GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity * 9857-198-001Controls Assy, Electronic Mounted With Membrane Switch, BLU (1)* 9857-198-003Controls Assy, Electronic Mounted With Membrane Switch, BLK (1)1 9826-008-001 Trough Assembly (1)2 9032-062-002 Button-Push, Control, Blue (2)2 9032-062-001 Button-Push, Control, Black (2)3 9538-166-011Spacer-Metal, 4mm (4)4 9486-158-001 Retainer-Push Button (2)5 8640-424-002Nut-Hex, Elastic stop, #4-40 (4)6 8652-130-038Terminal-Grounding clip (1)7 9534-365-001Spring-Flat, Control (1)8 9545-008-001Screw-Hex, #10B x 1/4 (2)9 9545-044-010 Screw-Hex, #10B x 1/4 (10)9 8641-582-005Washer-External tooth, #6 (10)10 9435-038-001Overlay-Control, Coin, Black (1)10 9435-038-002Overlay-Control, Coin, Blue (1)11 9021-041-001Acceptor-Coin, Optical (1)* 9486-149-001Retainer, Coin Acceptor (1)12 9545-053-002Screw (4)* 9801-099-001 Optical Sensor, Replacement (1)Note: Jumpers required if using 1.5 Control on Older Machines (P9 Connection)* 8220-155-001 Wire Assy, Jumper, 30Lb Stack Coin (1)* 8220-155-002 Wire Assy, Jumper, 50Lb Stack Coin (1)Door Switch GroupPart NumberDescription Quantity9539-487-001Door Switches (2)Hinge Plate Cover1 9074-340-002 Cover-Hinge, Black .....................................................................22 8636-008-010 Screw-TRHDCR, 10B x 3/8, Black.. (4)12Bearing Housing GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity J1 9241-189-002 Housing, Bearing (2)J2 9036-159-003Bearing, Ball Rear..................................................................... .2 * 9538-183-001 Spacer, Bearing (2)* 9036-159-001Bearing, Ball Front .................................................................... .2 J5 9545-017-017Bolt, 1/2 x 3/4 . (8)J7 8640-417-002Nut, 1/2 (8)* 9803-201-001Bearing Housing Complete Ass’y (includes bearings,spacer) (2)J4 9545-017-018Screw 1/2 x 1 1/2 (4)Burner Housing GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity * 9803-207-001 Housing Assembly, Burner (2)1a 9452-730-001Service Burner Plate Front... (2)1 9452-729-001 Service Plate baffl e Recirculation Chamber Clean Out (2)* 9545-008-006Screws (8)2 9545-008-001Screw (16)18 9003-220-001Angle, Burner Support (2)* 9545-008-006Screw (4)17 9048-020-002Burner, Main (4)* 9545-008-006Screw 10AB x 3/8” (4)* 9454-824-001 Panel, Back Burner Housing (2)4 9545-008-001Screw 10B x1/4” (8)5 9875-002-003Electrode Assy, Ignition (2)19 9545-045-001Screw, Electrode Mtg 8B x 1/4” (4)7 9379-186-001Valve, Gas Shut Off (1)8 9857-134-001Control Assy, Gas (2)9 9381-012-001Manifold, Assy (2)* 9425-069-021Orifi ce, Burner-Natural #27 (4)* 9425-069-022Orifi ce, Burner-LP #44 (4)10 9029-175-001Bracket, Manifold (2)22 8615-104-038Pipe Plug in end of Burner Manifold (2)* 9545-008-006Screw (4)12 9576-203-002Thermostat, Hi-Limit (2)* 9538-142-001Spacer, Hi-Limit (4)* 9545-045-007 Screw 8B x 3/4” (4)13 9074-329-001Cover, Hi-Limit Stat Ignitor (2)* 9545-008-006Screw (6)* 9576-207-008Thermostat, Safety Shutoff (2)* 9545-008-006Screw (4)15 9825-062-001Cover, Safety Stat (2)* 9545-008-024Screw (6)16 9857-116-003Control, Ignition Fenwall (3 trybox) (2)* 9732-102-013Kit, LP Conversion 50Lb Stack Kit (2)* 9838-018-003Welded One Piece Gas Pipe Assembly (1)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Burner Housing Group Photos10221092221851A141594851613Rear ViewKey Part Number Description Quantity * 9627-861-001Wire Harness Overtemperature Switch/Air Switch (2)* 9801-098-001Switch Assy, Air Flow (2)1 9539-461-009Switch, Air Flow (2)2 9029-200-001 Bracket, Switch- Air Flow (2)3 9008-007-001Actuator, Switch (2)4 9451-169-002Pin, Cotter (2)5 9545-020-001Screw 4-40 x 5/8” (4)* 8640-401-001Nut, Special Twin .#4-40 (2)* 9550-169-003Shield, Switch (2)6 9376-322-001Motor, Drive (2)7 9452-770-001Plate, Motor Mounting (1)* 9545-029-008Bolt 3/8” - 16 x 3/4” (8)* 8641-582-003Lockwash Spring 3/8 (8)8 9545-018-019Screw, Motor Plate to Back Assy. 1/4-20x 2 1/2 (8)* 8641-582-007Lockwasher 1/4 (8)9 9538-163-006Spacr (8)* 8641-581-017Flat Washer 1/4 x 7/8 (24)* 9209-086-002Rubber Grommet (8)* 9538-166-006Grommet Spacers (8)* 9545-028-013Screw, Set (4)10 9962-018-002Back Assy, Blower Hsg (2)11 9991-053-001Support Assy, Intermed. Pulley (2)12 9545-029-010Bolt, Rd Hd 3/8-16 x 1 1/4 (6)12 8640-415-004Nut Flange Wizlock 3/8” - 16 (6)12 8641-581-035Washer, Flat (6)13 9545-029-003Bolt, 3/8-16 x 1 1/2 (2)14 9861-022-001Arm Assy-Tension, Complete (2)* 9487-200-003Ring-Retaining (6)15 9908-048-003Pulley Assy, Intermediate with bronze fl ange bearing (2)* 9036-145-002Bronze Flange Bearing (4)16 9908-047-002Pulley Driven Tumbler (2)17 9040-076-009Belt, Drive Motor (2)18 9040-073-011Belt, Driven Intermediate to Tumbler (2)19 9534-151-000Spring, Tension (2)20 9099-012-005Chain, Tension (2)21 9248-022-002Hook, Tension (2)* 9451-146-001Pin, Damper Hinge (2)* 9074-334-001 Cover Duct Upper (1)22 9973-032-001 Heat Recirculation Assembly Duct (2)* 9453-169-013Motor Pulley - Driver (1)* 9545-028-013Set Screws (2) (2)* 9278-043-001Impeller23 8641-581-026Washer, Flat 1/2” for Tumbler Pulley (2)24 9545-017-009Bolt, 1/2”-13 x 1 1/4 (2)25 8641-582-016Washer, Star 1/2” for Tumbler Pulley (2)* 9545-008-001Screw 10 Bx 1/4” (6)* 9545-014-004Bolt, 5/16-18 x 5/8” (8) (8)5/16-18* 8640-400-003Nut,* 9538-184-001Spacer, Shaft (2)* 9487-234-005Ring Tolerance (2)* 9125-007-001Damper Inside Duct Exhaust (2)* 9125-007-002Damper Inside Duct Exhaust (1)* 8520-141-000Nut, Spring (4)* 9074-335-001Cover Duct Lower (1)* 9545-008-024Screw 10ABx 3/8” (72)* 9029-173-001Bracket for Wire Harness Under Burner Housing (2)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Rear View Photos1264722Rear Panel & Cover GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity19208-090-001Rear Guard Side Panel 1 (2)4 9545-008-024Screws 10 AB x 3/8 (30)5 8502-649-001Label - Connection Electrical (1)8 9208-089-001Rear Guard Back Panel (2)10 8502-600-001Label Warning & Notice (1)11 8502-645-001Label - Instructions (1)12 9109-113-001Transition Assembly Outlet (1)13 9074-320-001 Top Cover Dryer Panel (1)14 9550-188-001 Top Burner Housing Heat Shield Inlet (1)15 9074-321-001 Top Panel Burner Housing Cover (1)Part # 8533-085-001 9/141851113121514Tumbler GroupKey Part Number Description Quantity 9848-131-001Tumbler Assembly Galvanized w/spider (2)G2 9568-013-001Spider Assembly (2)G3 9497-226-002Rod, Tumbler (6)G4 8640-417-005Nut, 1/2 - 13 (6)G6 8641-590-002Washer, Special (6).............................................................................AR G7 9552-013-000Shim* 9848-130-002Tumbler Assembly Stainless Steel (2)G1 9848-130-001Tumber Assembly Galvanized (2)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Control Assembly GroupKey Part Number DescriptionQuantity* 9857-189-001 Control Assmbly Complete (all below included) .............................1* 9108-117-001 Control Box Cover ..................................................................... 1* 8220-001-478 Wire Assembly Green 7” ............................................................ 1* 8639-621-007 Screw #10-32 x 12 Green ............................................................1* 8641-582-006 Lockwasher Ext Tooth #10 ..........................................................13 9897-026-002 Terminal Block Main Power Middle ...............................................14 9897-026-001 Terminal Block ............................................................................2* 9545-045-012 Screw #8 ABx 1/2 for terminal block ............................................6 5 8711-011-001 Transformer Ignition ...................................................................2* 9545-008-024 Screws 10AB x 3/8” ...................................................................46 9982-348-001 Plate Assembly MTG Ignition Control............................................2* 9545-008-024 Screws 10B x 1/4” MTG Above Plate and Others ...........................47 9857-116-003 Ignition Control ..........................................................................2* 8640-411-003 #6-32 Nuts ................................................................................48 9631-403-009 Wire Assembly High Voltage Upper ..............................................19 9627-860-001 Wire Harness Ignition Control Upper ............................................110 9627-860-002 Wire Harness Ignition Control Lower ............................................1* 9053-067-002 Bushing Wire 7/8” .......................................................................413 9200-001-002 Fuseholder Assembly ..................................................................314 8636-018-001 Fuse 1.5 Amp .............................................................................315 5192-299-001 Relay Power ...............................................................................216 9897-035-001 Terminal Block Assembly Main Power Inlet ...................................1* 9545-008-024 Screw #8 AB x 1/2” ....................................................................2* 8220-062-036 Wire Assembly Red/Black 14” ......................................................1* 8220-062-037 Wire Assembly Red/White 14” .....................................................1* 8220-062-038 Wire Assembly White 14” ............................................................221 9627-864-004 Wire Harness Motor Extension .....................................................2* 9527-007-001 Stand Off - Wire Saddle / Arrowhead ..........................................13* 9545-031-005 Screw 6 B x 3/8” ........................................................................422 9558-029-003 Strip Terminal Marker (Behind Input Power) ..................................124 9627-863-001 Wire Harness Main Extension Access Under Burner Housing .........123 9631-403-008 Wire Ass’y - High Voltage Lower ..................................................125 9627-859-001 Wire Harness - Main Power (1)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Control Assembly GroupPart # 8533-085-001 9/1416252223245Coin AccecptorKey Part Number Description Quantity1 9021-041-001Coin Accecptor, Optical (1)Replacement (1)2 9801-099-001Sensor-Optical,3 9545-039-002Screw, Heighth Bar, 3mm (2)* 9486-136-001 Retainer, Coin Acceptor (1)* 9545-053-002 Screw (4)Part # 8533-085-001 9/14NotesPart # 8533-085-001 9/14NotesPart # 8533-085-001 9/14Section 7: VoltageConversionPart # 8533-085-001 9/14Part # 8533-085-001 9/14Instructions - Convert a Dual Voltage Stack Dryer from 120V to 208-240V with Neutral Wire Only1. Remove incoming power from the dryer. Use a known working voltmeter to check power.2. Remove the cover of both the upper and lower control box assemblies from the dryer using a 5/16” wrench.3. Move the black/blue wire from the N position of the main power terminal block to the L2 position of the mainpower terminal block in the upper control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.4. Move the white wire of the upper motor harness to an upper inner left terminal in the middle terminal block in thelower control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.5. Move the orange wire of the upper motor harness to an upper inner left terminal in the middle terminal block inthe lower control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.6. Move the white wire of the lower motor harness to a lower inner left terminal in the middle terminal block in thelower control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.7. Move the orange wire of the lower motor harness to a lower inner left terminal in the middle terminal block in thelower control box assembly. See Figure 6 below.8. Reconnect power to the dryer and test to ensure proper operation; one line voltage to L1, one line voltage to L2,the neutral to N, and the earth ground to E.9. Reinstall the cover of both the upper and lower control box assemblies from the dryer using a 5/16” wrench.Part # 8533-085-001 9/14NotesPart # 8533-085-001 9/14Section 9: MaintenancePart # 8533-085-001 9/14MaintenanceDaily1. Clean lint screen by unlocking and sliding out in their tracks for access. Use soft brush ifnecessary. Failure to do so will slow drying and increase gas usage and temperatures through out the dryer.2. Check lint screen for tears. Replace if necessary.Monthly1. Remove lint accumulation from end bells of motor.2. Clean lint from lint screen compartment.3. Remove lint and dirt accumulation from top of the dryer and all areas above, and around theburners and burner housing. Failure to keep this portion of the dryer clean can lead to a buildup of lint creating a fi re hazard.4. Inspect Recirculation burner housing for excessive buildup.5. Place a few drops of light oil on top and bottom pivots of the clothes door hinge.6. Grease bearings and shaft of intermediate drive pulley.Quarterly1. Check belts for looseness, wear or fraying.2. Inspect gasket of door glass for excessive wear.3. Check tightness of all fasteners holding parts to support channel.4. Check tightness of tumbler shaft retaining nut. MUST MAINTAIN 150 FOOT LBS.5. Remove lint accumulation from primary air ports in burners.6. Grease pivot pins and tension arms where in contact with each other.Semiannually1. Remove and clean main burners.2. Remove all orifi ces and examine for dirt and hole obstruction.3. Remove all lint accumulation. Remove front panel, lint screen housing and remove lintaccumulation.Annually1. Check intermediate pulley bearings for wear.2. Check and remove any lint accumulation from exhaust system.NOTE: DRYER MUST NOT BE OPERATED WITHOUT LINT SCREEN IN PLACE。
X3最适用软件SingularityEngineTimeAccelerator| 奇点时间加快装置同意装载者使用时间加快(SETA)功能。
DockingComputer| 靠港电脑同意装载者在离空间站随意一部分5KM范围内直接停靠。
TransporterDevice| 传递装置同意装载者在离另一艘船5KM范围内对其进行货物传递(包含玩家自己)。
传递装置在光之家园有卖仿佛月球也有Jumpdrive|跳跃引擎同意装载者进行跳跃。
VideoEnhancementGoggles| 影像增益装置同意装载者对某一方向的影像进行放大(望远镜)。
Eclipticprojector| 黄道投影仪将星区的方向格显示在影像中,使装载者定位更方便。
CargoLifesupportSystem| 货仓生命保持系统同意装载者在货仓内搁置活物。
SpaceflyCollector| 太空飞虫采集器同意装载者采集被击晕的太空飞虫。
OreCollector|矿石采集器同意装载者采集矿石碎片。
DuplexScanner| 两倍扫描器使装载舰扫描范围圹大一倍。
TriplexScanner|三倍扫描器使装载舰扫描范围圹大两倍。
NavigationCommandSoftwareMK1|导航命令系统MK1同意装载舰使用导航的1级圹充命令。
TradeCommandSoftwareMK1| 贸易命令系统MK1同意装载舰使用贸易的 1级圹充命令。
TradeCommandSoftwareMK2| 贸易命令系统MK2同意装载舰使用贸易的 2级圹充命令。
FightCommandSoftwareMK1| 战斗命令系统MK1同意装载舰使用战斗的1级圹充命令。
同意装载舰使用自动对准系统。
FightCommandSoftwareMK2| 战斗命令系统MK2同意装载舰使用战斗的2级圹充命令。
SpecialCommandSoftwareMK1| 特种命令系统MK1同意装载舰使用特别的1级圹充命令。
Table of ContentsPage Enclosure with Pre-Drilled Handle Cutout 2- Install Disconnect Switch- Install Disconnect Switch StandoffsEnclosure without Pre-Drilled Handle Cutout 3- Locate Handle- Drill Handle HolesEnclosure Requiring Door Catch Mounting Bracket4Fuse Block Adapter Plate Installation (Switch Rating 30A - 60A - 100A)5, 6Fuse Block Adapter Plate Installation (Switch Rating 200A) 7Phase Barrier Replacement Kit and Fuse Clip Installation (Switch Rating 30A - 60A)8Phase Barrier Replacement Kit and Fuse Clip Installation (Switch Rating 100A)9Phase Barrier Replacement Kit (Switch Rating 200A) 10Fuse Clip Installation (Switch Rating 200A) 11Dimensions 12Fuse Clip Installation (200A) 12Installation--Vault Hardware Latching (1494F-L1)13Installation-- Vault Hardware Latching (1494F-L2, -L3, -L4)14Testing Vault Hardware Latching and Enclosure Seal 15Installation-- Vault Hardware Latching (Non Pre-Drilled Enclosures) 16, 17Bulletin 1494F Disconnect Switch Kits18Bulletin 1494F Disconnect Switch Kit Optional Accessory List19The following proc edures are c ritic al to the proper operation of the disc onnec t handle and switc h. Failure to follow these steps can result in damage to the equipment and/or serious injury or death to the operator.To prevent elec tric al shoc k, disc onnec t from power sourc e before installing or servic ing. Follow NFPA 70E requirements. Install in suitable enclosure. Keep free from contaminants.Bulletin 1494F Fixed Depth Disconnect Switch Installation Instructions(Cat 1494F-N30; -N60; -N100; -N200) (Series B)Install Disconnect Switch (Left-hand installation unavailable.)12Install Disconnect Switch StandoffsProvided by User or Enclosure with Pre-Drilled Handle CutoutEnclosure without Pre-Drilled Handle CutoutEnclosure Requiring Door Catch BracketRight-hand installation shown with or without enclosure door vault hardware (Left-hand installation unavailable)Door Catch Mounting Bracket:L Provided with projections for welding.L Projections can also be used as a guide for drilling holes.L Can be used as a template to drill corresponding holes in the enclosure door.L User to supply the hardware for fastening the bracket.L The bracket hardware must be inaccessible to unauthorized personnel.L Fasteners must provide the degree of ingress protection for the environmental rating of the enclosure.Dimension K (3/4" to 1")L When installed in any size enclosure without door vault hardware, use door catch provided with disconnect switch kit.L When installed in small and intermediates size enclosures (15 inches to 40 inches) using door vault hardware kits(1494F-L1, 1494F-L2 and 1494F-L3), use door catch with pivot lever provided with disconnect switch kit. Discard the door catch supplied with the door vault hardware kit.Dimension K (1-1/8" to 1-3/8")L When installed in large enclosure using door vault hardware kit (1494F-L4), use the door catch assembly with the pivot leverincluded with the disconnect switch. Discard the door catch supplied with the door vault hardware kit.Hardware Torque (lb-in)Hardware Torque (lb-in)40-6022-3720-2520-25Fuse Block Adapter Kit Fuse Amps Fuse Clip Lug to Terminal Wire into Lug 40-6022-3740-6045-5040-6016-2240-6045-50Fuse Block Adapter Kit Fuse Amps Fuse Clip Lug to Terminal Wire into Lug Fuse Block Adapter Plate Installation (Switch Rating 30A - 60A - 100A)D FuseAmps Voltage Class PositionPositionD 2 - 13/16”5 - 5/8”2 - 13/16”4 - 3/16”3 - 5/8”6 - 1/8”3”4 - 3/16”Fuse3030303060606060250600600600250600600600H/R H/R J HRCII-C H/R H/R J HRCII-CAmps 30603060100Voltage Class 66234153160 Amp Fuse Block Adapter Plate Kit (1494F-F60)Hardware Torque (lb-in)40-6022-3790-110150-16540-6016-2290-110150-165Fuse Block Adapter Kit Fuse Amps Fuse Clip Lug to Terminal Wireinto Lug Fuse Block Adapter Plate Installation (Switch Rating 30A - 60A - 100A) - (Cont’d)60100200100 Amp Trailer Fuse Block (1494F-F100)DPositionFuseAmps Voltage Class 23Hardware Torque (lb-in)40-6016-22160-190275-30540-6016-22160-190275-305Fuse Block Adapter Kit Fuse Amps Fuse Clip Lug to Terminal Wire into Lug Fuse Block Adapter Plate Installation (Switch Rating 200A)100200400D Position5277314665 - 7/8”7 - 7/8”4 - 5/8”4 - 5/8”6 - 3/4”9 - 1/4”5 - 3/8”5 - 3/8”6 - 1/4”200 Amp Trailer Fuse Block (1494F-F200)Fuse100100100100200200200200400250600600600250600600600600H/R H/R J HRCII-C H/R H/R J HRCII-CJAmps Voltage Class 213Phase Barrier Replacement Kit (Switch Rating 30A - 60A)1494F-PH230 Amp Disconnect Switch and Fuse Block Shown Fuse Clip Installation (Switch Rating 30A - 60A)30 Amp Disconnect Switch and Fuse Block Shown1494F-PH31494F-PH422Fuse Clip Installation (Switch Rating 200A) for 400A Class J Fuses (Cat. No. 1401-N171)21Fusible Disconnect SwitchNon-Fusible Disconnect SwitchDimensions9 - 3/16” 9 - 3/16” 9 - 3/16”9 - 5/8”30A Switch Size60A 100A 200A4 - 5/16”4 - 5/16”4 - 5/16”4 - 3/4”1 - 1/8”1 - 1/8”1 - 1/8”1 - 5/32”3/8”3/8”3/8”1 - 9/16”1 - 9/16”1 - 9/16”2”10 - 1/2”10 - 1/2”10 - 1/2”10 - 29/32”8 - 1/2”8 - 1/2”9 - 3/4”9 - 3/4”6 - 7/8”6- 7/8”8 - 1/8”8 - 1/8”7/16”6”A B C E F GH (Min)J D 6”6”8 - 3/16”8”8”8”8”15/16”15/16”15/16”3 - 21/32”3 - 21/32”3 - 21/32”3 - 3/4”7 - 5/16”7 - 5/16”7 - 5/16”7 - 1/2”5 - 7/16”5 - 7/16”5 - 7/16”5 - 7/16”3”3”3”3”1 - 5/16”8 - 1/2”K M N P Q RL 8 - 1/2”8 - 1/2”8 - 1/2”Vault Hardware Latching (1494F-L1) - Top and Side Latching (40 Inches Maximum Enclosure Height)12 34Drive-Lok Pin(Optional screwand nut includedwith kit)Drive-Lok Pin1Vault Hardware Latching (1494F-L2, -L3) - Top and Bottom Latching or Top, Side and Bottom Latching(40 Inches Maximum Enclosure Height-1494F-L2)(60 Inches Maximum Enclosure Height-1494F-L2, -L3)Vault Hardware Latching (1494F-L4 for Large Enclosures) - Top, Side and Bottom Latching(84 Inches Maximum Enclosure Height)4Installation-- Vault Hardware Latching (Non Pre-Drilled Enclosures)- 1/8”- 1/8”* Non applicable for 1494F-L12 - 1/8” 2 - 1/8” 2 - 1/8” 2 - 1/8”30ASwitch SizeVault HardwareKits 1494F-L1 *1494F-L2 *1494F-L3 *1494F-L4 *60A 100A 200A3 - 1/16”3 - 1/16”3 - 1/16”3 - 1/16”3 - 13/16”3 - 13/16”3 - 13/16”3 - 13/16”1/4”1/4”1/4”1/4”8 - 1/8”8 - 1/8”8 - 1/8”8 - 1/8”3 - 7/8”3 - 7/8”3 - 7/8”3 - 7/8”4 - 1/2”A B C(Min)E(Min)Small and Intermediate EnclosuresLarge EnclosuresF G(Min)H(Min)K L D 4 - 1/2”4 - 1/2”4 - 1/2”2 - 1/8” 2 - 1/8” 2 - 1/8” 2 - 1/8”30A60A 100A 200A3 - 3/4”3 - 3/4”3 - 3/4”3 - 3/4”3 - 13/16”3 - 13/16”3 - 13/16”3 - 13/16”13”14”18 - 7/8”23 - 25/32”13 - 1/8”13 - 5/8”18 - 1/2”23 - 13/32”5/16”5/16”5/16”5/16”1/2”1/2”1/2”1/2”N3/4”3/4”3/4”3/4”1/2”1/2”1/2”1/2”5/8”5/8”5/8”5/8”9 - 13/16”9 - 13/16”9 - 13/16”9 - 13/16”3/8”3/8”3/8”3/8”1/2”1/2”1/2”1/2”4”4”4”4”5”5”5”5”-.0035”5”5”5”J(Min)6”6”6”6”M 11/16”11/16”11/16”11/16”1-1/4”1-1/4”1-1/4”1-1/4”* When using 1494F-L1, -L2, -L4 vault hardware kits with Series A 1494F-N30, 1494F-NF30, 1494F-N60, 1494F-NF60, 1494F-N100, 1494F-NF100, 1494D-N4, 1494D-N5, 1494M-N30, 1494M-NF30, 1494M-N60, 1494M-NF60, 1494M-N100 or 1494M-NF100 it may be necessary to order adapter 1494F-N13. (Required for Hoffman A22 Series B or later enclosures.)Testing Vault Hardware Latching and Enclosure SealClose door against enclosure base. The door handle should be in the 6 o’clock position in line with the length of the door when fully latched and the enclosure is sealed.Turn release screw counterclockwise and hold screw in that position to release initial catch from beneath enclosure flange.Handle should rotate clockwise to approximately the 9 o’clock position under spring action. The locking bars should have retracted from top and bottom of door and center latch cleared right hand flange.Reclose door against enclosure base. Turn door handle counterclockwise to the 6 o’clock position. You should hear two distinct clicks as you turn the handle.Handle should remain in this position.1234Testing Vault Hardware Latching and Enclosure Seal (Cont’d) Return to Step 3 to open door. Close the door on the base and turn the handle to the 6 o’clock position. Door should be sealed securely to the enclosure base.latching handle sooner.56Close the door and turn the door handle counterclockwise until the first “click” is heard. Move the disconnect handle to the ON position (do not force). If the disconnect handle can be moved, the defeater lever actuator is properly adjusted.Bulletin 1494F Disconnect Switch KitBulletin 1494F Disconnect Switch Optional Accessory List。
Havovi Joshi and Samuel Tsang prepared this case under the supervision of Prof. Ali Farhoomand for class discussion. This case is not intended to show effective or ineffective handling of decision or business processes.© 2009 by The Asia Case Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise (including the internet)—without the permission of The University of Hong Kong.Ref. 09/428CALI FARHOOMANDNINTENDO’S DISRUPTIVE STRATEGY:IMPLICATIONS FOR THE VIDEO GAMEINDUSTRYFor some time we have believed the game industry is ready for disruption.Not just from Nintendo, but from all game developers. It is what we all needto expand our audience. It is what we all need to expand our imaginations.- Satoru Iwata, president of Nintendo Co. Ltd 1In the 2008 BusinessWeek–Boston Consulting Group ranking of the world’s most innovative companies, Nintendo Co. Ltd (“Nintendo”) was ranked seventh, up from 39th the previousyear.2This recognised Nintendo’s significant transformation into an innovative design powerhouse that had challenged the prevailing business model of the video game industry.In 2000, when Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo (the “big three” of the video game console manufacturers) released their latest products, Sony's PlayStation 2 (“PS2”) emerged as the clear winner, outselling Microsoft’s Xbox and Nintendo’s GameCube. In 2006, a new generation of video game consoles was introduced by these players, precipitating a new competitive battle in the industry. Microsoft and Sony continued with their previous strategies of increasing the computing power of their newest products and adding more impressive graphical interfaces. However, Satoru Iwata, president of Nintendo, believed that the video game industry had been focusing far too much on existing gamers and completely neglecting non-gamers. Armed with this insight, the company repositioned itself by developing a radically different console, the Wii (pronounced “we”). The Wii was a nifty machine that used a wand-like remote controller to detect players’ hand movements, allowing them to emulate the real-life gameplay of such games as tennis, bowling and boxing. 1Iwata, S. (23 March 2006) “GDC Keynote Address”, Nintendo World Report ,/newsArt.cfm (accessed 31 July 2008). 2 McGregor, J. (17 April 2008) “The World’s Most Innovative Companies”, Business Week ,/magazine/content/08 (accessed 10 July 2008). HKU 814The new console proved to be a runaway success. By September 2007, Nintendo had become Japan’s most valuable listed company after Toyota, and its market value had tripled since the launch of the Wii. In spite of this initial success, however, it was not clear whether Nintendo had really disrupted the industry and changed the name of the game.History of Nintendo—1889 to 2002Nintendo’s3 roots could be traced all the way back to 1889 in Kyoto, Japan, when Yamauchi, the founder of the company, started manufacturing playing cards. In 1907, the company began producing Western playing cards, and by 1951, it had become the Nintendo Playing Card Company. In 1959, it began making theme cards under a licensing agreement with Disney, and by 1963, the company had gone public and taken its current name.During the period 1970 to 1985, Nintendo began focusing on the manufacture of electronic toys and entered the budding field of video games [see Exhibit 1].Interestingly, 1991, the year when Nintendo launched the highly popular Super NES in the US, was also the year that saw Nintendo’s vision become Sony’s opportunity—and the creation of what could be described as Nintendo’s “greatest challenge” for over a decade — the Sony PlayStation (“PS”). Nintendo had wanted to incorporate CD-ROM into their Super NES, and Sony had agreed to create the PS for this purpose. However, over the next two years, conflicts of vision between Nintendo and Sony continued, and the two finally parted ways. Nintendo went ahead with Philips technology, 4and Sony was left with the PS, which the company decided to continue developing. Given Sony’s clout and resources, when the PS and its wide range of games were finally released in Japan in 1994, the console was an instant resounding success. In 1995, Sony released the PS in the US, totally uprooting Nintendo’s established name in the industry.For many years, Nintendo had been a dominant player in the video game industry. It had sold more than two billion games since 1985. Its top-selling series included non-violent and easy-to-play games such as Super Mario Bros and The Legend of Zelda. The huge success of its games portfolio could be attributed to its appeal to all age groups across different cultures. The title of a book published in 1993 summed up Nintendo’s supremacy: “Game Over: How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry, Captured Your Dollars, and Enslaved Your Children”. Now it was no longer the leader of the video game industry.Nintendo tried various strategies to counter Sony. However, competition continued to intensify, and the PS2 quickly captured a significant portion of the video game market, taking over the dominant position in the industry. In May 2001, Microsoft too entered the video game market by introducing the Xbox console, leaving Nintendo with an even smaller piece of the pie.In 2002 Nintendo appointed Iwata5as president of the company to bring a change in the company’s senior leadership. It was hoped that, with his experience and deep insights into 3“Nintendo”, loosely translated from Japanese, means “leave luck to heaven”.4Under this deal, Philips, one of Sony’s principal rivals, would produce an add-on device for Nintendo game players allowing them to use optical compact discs with greater storage capacities than game cartridges.5 Iwata joined HAL Laboratories in 1982 and shortly after became the company’s co-ordinator for software production, where he helped create video games such as Kirby. In 1993, he became president of HAL, a post he held until 2000, when he joined Nintendo as head of the corporate planning division. When Yamauchi retired in 2002, Iwata became president of Nintendo.how the market evolved, Iwata would help the company develop a brand-new vision and approach.6The Video Game IndustryHistoryThe video game industry was born in the 1970s. In the early days, notable players such as Atari from the US and Namco from Japan brought video games to teenagers in the form of arcade games found in malls and video game arcades. With the introduction of home consoles, video games began to make their way into households around the globe.In the 1980s and early 1990s, many new players came to the market. With the increasing popularity of personal computers (“PCs”), gamers were no longer limited to playing their favourite video game titles on proprietary consoles. Although the market was impacted by the introduction of PCs, video game makers achieved steady growth.Nevertheless, the target customer group of video game consoles was narrowly confined to teenagers. Armed with insightful targeting and positioning, image-conscious branding, and superb graphics technologies, Sony introduced the PS in the mid-1990s. The Japanese electronics giant revolutionised the perception of video game consoles and successfully captured new players, thereby helping the industry grow substantially. Video gaming suddenly became the new hype entertainment. It was especially well received by young adults, who were mostly male and in their late 20s or early 30s and had substantial disposable incomes. By the time Sony launched the PS2 in 2000, technology giant Microsoft realised that it could no longer ignore the runaway success of this product or the impact that the booming video game market may have on its traditional PC and software domains. Thus Microsoft’s video game console, the Xbox, was launched in 2001.Since the early 2000s, the convergence of information technology, telecommunications, media and entertainment had brought about dramatic social and technological changes. With the new socio-technological movement and a wider audience base, the big video game console makers such as Sony and Microsoft began to realise that there were new opportunities for their video gaming and console product offerings, which would play a far greater role in people’s lives than mere entertainment.Trends in the IndustryWith the broad availability of broadband internet, increasing sophistication of high-definition (“HD”) video technologies and decreasing cost of hard-drive storage, video game console manufacturers saw that their products should no longer be for gaming only. In fact, many players such as Sony and Microsoft had envisioned their game consoles as becoming all-encompassing home entertainment centres. Further, given the increasing speed achieved by broadband connections, internet users were increasingly able to access large quantities of data files, especially those containing HD audio and video. Consequently, these console producers developed and offered online libraries as a new service enabling users to download and stream a variety of movies, music and television shows through their consoles.As top-quality video materials became more easily available through HD broadcasting and internet downloads, a new recording medium with increased storage capacity was required.6 Colbert, C. (2007) “Nintendo Co. Ltd”, Hoover's Company Information; Sanchanta, M. (26 September 2007) “Nintendo Market Cap Rockets”, Financial Times; The Economist (26 October 2006) “Playing a Different Game”.Two formats, the Blu-ray format7 developed by a consortium led by Sony, and the HD-DVD format developed by a consortium led by Toshiba, were engaged in fierce competition in order to become the de facto standard in this area.By offering online games based on new and existing titles, console makers could provide similar social-networking or virtual-world services to get online gamers to play, connect and form loyal communities. Such communities were expected to help create a perpetual demand for services and products created by the video game makers and their alliance partners. In fact, in-game advertising had already started and offered a new revenue stream to video game developers.Nintendo—Innovation and the Launch of the Wii Traditionally, Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo would go into a new cycle or a new battle every five to six years, and in 2000, Sony’s PS2 had emerged as the clear winner.8 Since then, the focus of the industry had turned even more to the technological advancement of the console hardware, particularly in terms of faster processing speed, higher definition of video quality and increasing complexity of the games. The relentless pursuit of superior technologies became the convention that drove the industry’s dynamics.However, the former leader in the video game industry, Nintendo, adopted a vastly different viewpoint about the future development of the industry. Some years before the battle that began in 2006, Iwata saw the potential threats facing the industry. He observed that the video game market in Japan was shrinking. Based on various market trends and data, the key cause for this reduction appeared to be the increasing complexity of video games, which required players to invest a significant amount of their time to learn and play these games using increasingly complicated controllers with combinations of buttons and joysticks. Consequently, occasional gamers with busy lives had stopped playing. Further, for novices and non-gamers, the time required to learn and play these games was a big deterrent for potential newcomers to join the camp. Iwata also saw that the video game industry had largely ignored non-gamers and was focused on the existing ones. Armed with these insights, Iwata decided to lead Nintendo down an unorthodox path by devising a radically new strategy.The objective of this strategy was quite simply to reach out to non-gamers in order to create a bigger market. Iwata’s mandate was for simpler games to be developed, targeting all customers, irrespective of age, gender or gaming experience. These new games were to take no more than a few minutes to set up and play. In addition, they would require an easy-to-use controller. He also wanted the game scenarios to be largely based on real-life situations rather than fantasies.In order to pilot Iwata’s idea, Nintendo first developed a new handheld gaming device called the DS, which stood for “double screen” and was launched in 2004. The DS was positioned as “the machine that enriches the owner’s daily life”.9 One of the key features of this device was a touch-screen that gamers could tap or write on with a stylus. This innovative design enabled gamers to play without using complicated sets of buttons or a mini-joystick. The company then launched the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, an innovative service that allowed DS system players to play with other users through a wireless network. Ever since its rollout, the DS had 7 Blu-ray was a new DVD format derived from the blue laser, which had a short wavelength of 405nm. Blu-ray Discs could store substantially more data than the DVD format, which was derived from red-laser (650 nm) technology.8The PS2 had been updated since introduction and was available in a much smaller format than the original.9 Nintendo (25 October 2007) “Consolidated Financial Statements for the six months ending 30 September 2007”,/corp/report/FY07FinancialResults.pdf (accessed 1 August 2008).been a huge success and by April 2008, Nintendo had sold more than 70 million units worldwide.10Among the many DS game titles, the most popular was Nintendogs, particularly among female gamers. Players of Nintendogs could interact with their virtual pets through the DS’s built-in microphone and “touch” them via the touch-screen. They could take these dogs for walks, teach them tricks and enter them into competitions. Another popular game was Brainage, which featured brain-training games that were basically puzzles.Following the success of the DS, Nintendo rolled out the DS Lite in 2006. With its mature Game Boy and innovative DS systems, Nintendo remained the leader in the handheld console segment and continued to retain well over 90% of the handheld device market that it had captured since 1989.However, the deciding factor for Nintendo’s success was the video game console segment. Since 2000, Nintendo had lost control of the fixed console market to Sony’s PS. With its new strategy to capture non-gamers and expand the market, coupled with the lessons learnt from the DS handheld device, Nintendo developed its new console, the Wii, which arrived about the same time as the rollout of Microsoft’s Xbox 360 and Sony’s PS3, and just in time for the 2006 holiday shopping season [see Exhibit 2 for a timeline of the video game console industry].Our goal was to come up with a machine that moms would want—easyto use, quick to start up, not a huge energy drain, and quiet while it wasrunning. Rather than just picking new technology, we thoughtseriously about what a game console should be. Iwata wanted aconsole that would play every Nintendo game ever made.- Shigeru Miyamoto, member of the Wii development team11The Wii was an impressive, well-designed and tiny machine controlled with a wand-like controller that resembled a TV remote control. Without an elaborate joypad and wire, gamers could navigate the system simply by moving the controller. Motion detectors would then translate the movement of the wand into on-screen action, enabling simultaion of real-life games such as tennis, bowling and even boxing. The games were sold on optical discs similar to DVDs. The Wii could also be connected to the internet for online news and weather updates and to access Nintendo’s classic game catalogue (eg, the Super Mario series), which could be downloaded from the web. To do this, players could access the Virtual Console service, whereby games originally released for the SNES and N64 could be downloaded from the Wii Shop Channel and accessed from the Wii.Nintendo positioned the Wii as “a machine that puts smiles on surrounding people’s faces”, encouraging communication among family members as each of them found something personally relevant and were motivated to turn on the console every day in order to enjoy “the new life with Wii”. 12To promote the Wii, Nintendo adopted the same word-of-mouth strategy that had proved successful in promoting the DS. The company “recruited a handful of carefully chosen suburban housewives to spread the word among their friends that the Wii 10 Data sourced from (week ending 5 April 2008) “Hardware Table”, (accessed 1 August 2008).11Hall, K. (16 November 2006) “The Big Ideas behind Nintendo’s Wii”, Business Week,/technolgy/content/nov2006 (accessed 25 June 2008).12 Nintendo (25 October 2007) “Consolidated Financial Statements for the six months ending 30 September 2007”,/corp/report/FY07FinancialResults.pdf (accessed 1 August 2008).was a gaming console the whole family could enjoy together”13. The Wii was also featured in the gamers’ self made video, which was then shared through YouTube and social networking sites. This once experimental approach had proven to be more effective than the traditional advertising or mass-media campaigns used by Sony and Microsoft.In addition to becoming the home gaming system for the family, Wii also helped expand “exergaming”, which was the combination of on-screen action with physical exercise. The origins of exergaming could be traced back to 1989, when Nintendo released the Power Pad and Power Glove, two accessories for its gaming console. The Power Pad was a “large plastic platform that plugged into the console and contained pressure sensors on which gamers could step or jump to play sports games”14. The Power Glove was a “glove-like controller that translated various gestures into on-screen movements”15. However, these two accessories had not sold well. Now, with the introduction of the Wii into millions of households, boxing, tennis, bowling, golf and baseball games would require players to act out the physical movements involved in these sports. Consequently, it was predicted that the Wii would spawn a whole new generation of exergaming that would go far beyond the existing games that used dance mats or video cameras to detect players’ actions, as the Wii’s controller could detect more subtle movements and could be used to record and analyse these movements through intelligent software to determine the players’ physical fitness levels.16The Wii proved to be a runaway success and, by September 2007, Nintendo became Japan’s most valuable listed company after Toyota, having zipped past US$72 billion in market value and almost tripling in value since the launch of the Wii the previous year [see Exhibit 3 and Exhibit 4].17Key Players in the Video Game IndustryVideo Game HardwareOther than Nintendo, the video game hardware industry (essentially comprising the manufacture of consoles and devices) was dominated by Sony with its PS family and Microsoft with the Xbox 360.Sony18For decades, Sony had defined the leading edge in gadgetry, producing transistor radios in the 1950s, Trinitron TVs in the 1960s and the revolutionary Walkman in the 1970s.19Similarly, when the company introduced the PS in Japan in March 1994 and in the US in 1995, it brought the technology of video gaming to a whole new level [see Exhibit 5]. With Sony’s strategy of attracting late teens and young adults (who had significantly more disposable income) by offering more sophisticated and often more violent games, the PS dominated the market.13 The Economist (7 April 2007) “Building Buzz: Marketing” 383(8525), pp. 64.14/words/exergaming.asp?r=16.9423217396108&svr=9&lang=en_us& (accessed 1 August 2008)15 Ibid16 Colbert. C. (2007) “Nintendo Co. Ltd”, Hoover's Company Information; The Economist (8 March 2007) “Let’s Get Physical”.17 Takenaka, K. (25 September 2007) “Nintendo Becomes Japan’s Second Most Valuable Company”, Reuters,/article/technology-media-telco (accessed 1 August 2008).18 This chapter contains excerpts from: Farhoomand, A. and Tsang, S. (2006) “Microsoft’s Diversification Strategy”, Asia Case Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong.19Stahl, L. (8 January 2006) “Sir Howard Stringer: Sony’s Savior”, CBS News 60 Minutes,/stories/2006/01/06/60minutes/main1183023_page3.shtml (accessed 25 June 2008).In 2000, the PS2 was released and completely won over the video game market. The PS2 was not only backward-compatible with the PS, but could also be used to play CDs and DVDs. For most people who bought the PS2, it was their first DVD player. By July 2008, Sony had announced that worldwide PS2 console sales had exceeded 140 million.20 This would make the PS2 the best-selling console in history.In order to compete against Nintendo, the ruler of the handheld video game market, Sony introduced the PlayStation Portable (“PSP”) in 2004.In the meantime, Sony continued to release other electronics: such as Sony Connect, an online music service, Vaio Pocket, a portable music player designed to compete with Apple’s iPod, and Network Walkman, which was its first Walkman with a hard drive.Although the PS product line dominated the market, the sales of Sony’s other electronics (eg, DVD recorders, TVs and computers) and music products dropped significantly. The consumer demand remained weak, there was a battle over prices, Apple’s iPod undermined the sales of Sony’s CD- and MiniDisc Walkmans, as well as their TV products. These challenges, in addition to the costs incurred in streamlining operations, had significantly decreased Sony’s market value and, in 2004, the company reported a loss. Sony, once acknowledged globally for its cutting-edge technological innovations, was coming to be perceived as a bureaucratic conglomerate.In order to rectify the situation, in 2005, Sony brought in Sir Howard Stringer to replace Nobuyuki Idei as chairman and chief executive. Stringer was the first non-Japanese chief of the company and, prior to this post, had been the head of the company’s US and electronics divisions. After taking over, Stringer announced Project Nippon, a corporate restructuring plan designed to revamp Sony’s electronics business and foster better collaboration between the company’s divisions. His plan called for eliminating 10,000 jobs (the company had 150,000 employees) and closing 11 of Sony’s 65 factories. Stringer also revealed plans to for a concrete research-and-development (“R&D”) scheme with a focus on consumer demand, aiming to re-establish Sony’s leading presence in Japan. Sony’s emphasis became HD products for consumers and broadcasters and semiconductors that aimed to improve performance in the company’s products.As one of the major weapons in Sir Stringer’s grand plan, Sony planned to introduce and leverage the PS3 to regain its position in the electronics industry. The PS3 was designed to be a multimedia entertainment hub. Thus, people would buy the PS3 to watch movies in addition to playing games. Its computing power would also allow users to chat online, listen to music and view high-quality animations. The machine would also be backward-compatible with games designed for previous PSs. Sony hoped that it would be able to utilize the Cell computer chip, jointly developed with IBM and Toshiba, in other products too, such as selling home servers broadband and high-definition television (“HDTV”) systems. This powerful chip would power the new PS3, whose games would also be the first mass utilisation of the Blu-ray format.21In November 2006, after several delays, Sony’s PS3 was released nearly a year after Microsoft’s Xbox 360 and within a week of the debut of Nintendo’s Wii. However, the results were largely disappointing. Supply problems and the high price tag of the PS3 resulted in Sony losing its dominant position in the console market to Nintendo. To boost sales, the 20Nutall, C. (20 July 2008) “Sony Sets 150m Sales Target for PS3”, Financial Times, /cms/s/0/1c46ad2e-5678 (accessed 14 August 2008).21 Sony had joined Matsushita and Samsung, plus a few other companies, to jointly develop the Blu-ray Disc. The alliance formed in 2004 aimed to establish the new DVD format for optical storage media. In late 2004, Disney agreed to use the Blu-ray format.company slashed the price of the PS3 in mid-2007. Around the same time, due to continuous setbacks in terms of delays and inability to ramp up production, Sony fired the chief architect of the PS product line, Ken Kutaragi.In July 2008, 20 months after the release of the PS3, the console had barely achieved 10% of its target. Sales by the end of Sony’s fiscal year in March 2008 were 12.85 million, and the company expected to sell just about 10 million in the fiscal year ending March 2009.22 Sony’s more pressing need was to steer the PS3 to profitability, which was only estimated to happen by 2009 [see Exhibit 6 and Exhibit 7]. Given the shaky situation, Sony had no plans to cease development of games for the older PS2 system and planned to continue rolling out titles specificall y for it..23MicrosoftEntering the video game business in 2001 was one of Microsoft’s diversification moves when the company recognised the remarkable success of Sony’s PS2 and the potential threat the video game market was posing to its stronghold in the PC market. The Xbox was the company’s first foray into the industry and was launched to compete directly with Sony’s PS2 and Nintendo’s GameCube. In November 2002, the company launched Xbox Live, allowing subscribers to play online Xbox games with other subscribers around the world. By mid-2005, the service had attracted about two million subscribers worldwide.However, by May 2005, the software giant had sold only 21.3 million Xbox units, which put the company in a distant second place behind Sony’s PS2 (which had sold 83.5 million units) and slightly ahead of Nintendo’s GameCube (with sales of 18.3 million units).24 By August 2005, Microsoft’s Xbox division had cost the company US$4 billion.25 Soon after, production of the Xbox ceased in favour of the Xbox 360.Microsoft was determined to capture the top spot in the market with the launch of the Xbox 360 in November 2005, several months ahead of its rivals (Sony’s PS3 appeared in the market in late 2006, about a week after Nintendo’s Wii). Some believed that the previous success of Sony’s PS2 was partly due to its advantage in reaching the market earlier than its rivals; thus, Microsoft had copied this marketing strategy by becoming the first game console in the new business cycle. Further, having learnt a hard lesson from the flop of the original Xbox in Japan, Microsoft had worked closely with the producers of Japanese games, hoping to neutralise the traditional advantages of its two main rivals. The company had also abandoned its previous approach of using off-the-shelf parts provided by Intel and Nvidia to build its consoles because, while such an approach was efficient, it lacked the flexibility that Microsoft’s rivals had enjoyed in reducing costs and increasing profit margins during a console’s lifetime.26 (For instance, Sony had gradually reduced the number of chips required by its PS2 without sacrificing its performance in its lifetime.) Subsequently, Microsoft adopted a new design for its Xbox 360, in the hope that this would achieve a new degree of 22Nutall, C. (20 July 2008) “Sony Sets 150m Sales Target for PS3”, Financial Times, /cms/s/0/1c46ad2e-5678 (accessed 14 August 2008).23 Colbert, C. (2007) “Nintendo Co. Ltd”, Hoover's Company Information.24 Data sourced from (28 May 2005) “Hardware Table”, (accessed 30 July 2008).25 Murphy, V. (13 September 2005) “Microsoft’s Midlife Crisis”, Forbes, /2005/09/12 (accessed 1 August 2008).26 Lifetime refers to the complete stages of the product’s life cycle: from conception, through design and production, to its service and finally disposal.。